Brewster F2A Buffalo

903:

no different in this regard. Its maneuverability was severely impaired (the aircraft was unable to perform loops), and initial rate of climb was reduced to 2,300 ft/min (700 m/min). The Wright Cyclone 1890-G-105 engine designated for use in the Brewster Mk I was in short supply; many aircraft were fitted with secondhand Wright engines sourced from Douglas DC-3 airliners and rebuilt to G105 or G102A specifications by Wright. In service, some effort was made by at least one Brewster squadron to improve the type's sluggish performance; a few aircraft were lightened by some 1,000 lb (450 kg) by removing armor plate, armored windshields, radios, gun camera, and all other unnecessary equipment, and by replacing the .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns with .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. The fuselage tanks were filled with a minimum of fuel, and run on high-octane aviation petrol where available. At Alor Star airfield in Malaya, the Japanese captured over 1,000 barrels (160 m) of high-octane aviation petrol from British forces, which they promptly used in their own fighter aircraft.

1319: 1048: 1404:

then attacked a Zero in a head-on pass, shooting his opponent down. In the battle, some F2A-3s suffered from inoperative guns. The nose-mounted guns' occasional failure to fire was noticed by other users as well; the phenomenon may have been caused by frayed electrical wires in the mechanism that synchronized the nose guns with the propeller. Other Buffalos had not been fitted with plate armor behind the pilot, making them vulnerable to even a single bullet or shell. Losses were aggravated due to the Japanese practice of strafing pilots who had bailed out. Second Lt. Charles S. Hughes, whose Buffalo was forced to retire at the start of the raid due to engine trouble, had a ringside view of the aerial combat:

642:, a "gentlemen's travelling plane". The Buffalo was also popular within the FAF because of its relatively long range and good maintenance record. This was in part due to the efforts of the Finnish mechanics, who solved a problem that plagued the Wright Cyclone engine by inverting one of the piston rings in each cylinder, which had a positive effect on reliability. The cooler weather of Finland also helped, because the engine was prone to overheating as noted in tropical Pacific use. The Brewster Buffalo earned a reputation in Finnish Air Force service as one of its more successful fighter aircraft, along with the Fiat G.50, which scored an unprecedented kill-loss ratio of 33-1. 412:

6 lb/U.S. gal (0.72 kg/L), the fuel alone weighed nearly 500 lb (230 kg). The addition of armor plating for the pilot and increased ammunition capacity further increased the aircraft's weight, resulting in a reduced top speed and rate of climb, while substantially degrading the Brewster's turning and maneuvering capability. The Navy found that the added weight of the F2A-3 also aggravated the problem of landing gear failure during carrier landings. However, the −40 two-speed supercharged Cyclone engine in the F2A-3 was an excellent "cruising" engine, and as such the F2A-3 had some value and saw initial service on the carriers

369: 384:, of which 43 were ordered by the U.S. Navy, included a more powerful R-1820-40 engine, a better propeller, and integral flotation gear, while still lacking pilot armor and self-sealing tanks. The increase in engine power was welcomed, but to some extent offset by the increased loaded weight (5,942 lb (2,695 kg)) of the aircraft; while top speed was increased to a respectable 323 mph (520 km/h) at 16,500 ft (5,000 m), initial climb rates dropped to 2,500 ft/min (760 m/min). Both the F2A-1 and the F2A-2 variants of the Brewster were liked by early Navy and Marine pilots, including 351: 2214: 812: 1213:"Oscar", although both the "Oscar" and the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero still out-climbed the B-339 at combat altitudes (the Zero was faster as well). After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammo load in the wing, which allowed their Buffalos (and their Hurricanes) to stay with the Oscars in turns. In February 1942 they received new model gunsights. Around the same time the Dutch started to use tracer ammunition as well. These two improved their hit ratio. Still, their lack of heavy machine guns (.50") meant their success rate wasn't as high as it could have been. 1623: 1299: 2100: 1929: 986:"Oscar" soon overwhelmed the Buffalo pilots, both in the air and on the ground. Another significant factor was the Brewster engine's tendency to overheat in the tropical climate, which caused oil to spray over the windscreen, usually forcing an aborted mission and greatly complicating attempts to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft. In the end, more than 60 Brewster Mk I (B-339E) aircraft were shot down in combat, 40 destroyed on the ground, and approximately 20 more destroyed in accidents. Only about 20 Buffalos survived to reach India or the 1634: 298: 1836: 936: 1763: 1220:. Although reinforced by British Commonwealth Buffalo Mk I (B-339E) aircraft retreating from Malaya, the Dutch squadrons faced superior numbers in the air, usually odds of one against two or three. Timely early warning from British radar would have countered this deficit, especially in avoiding unnecessary losses from raids on airfields, but the British government had decided too late to send these: the first British radar stations became operational only towards the end of February. 1177: 1494: 2114: 625: 1809: 40: 1730: 1699: 424:

the F2A-3 began, the Navy decided to eliminate the type altogether. However, a project was begun to replace the wing-mounted .50 M2 machine guns with two M2 20mm cannons. At least eight sets of wings were completed, and at least one F2A-3 was fitted with them (preserved photographically). By then, considered a second line aircraft, some were transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps, which deployed two F2A-3 squadrons to the Pacific, one at

907: 915:

Malaya and Singapore. The two RAAF, two RAF, and one RNZAF squadrons, during December 1941 – January 1942, were beset with numerous problems, including poorly built and ill-equipped aircraft. Aviation historian Dan Ford characterized it as, "The performance... was pathetic." Inadequate spare parts and support staff, airfields that were difficult to defend against air attack, lack of a clear and coherent command structure, a

482: 848: 1400:, the Marines, flying in two divisions of aircraft, downed several Japanese bombers before the escorting Zeros reacted; a furious dogfight developed. Thirteen out of 20 Buffalos were lost; of the six Wildcats, only two remained flyable at the end of the mission. The losses included the Marine air commander, Major Parks, who bailed out of his burning Buffalo, only to be strafed by Zeros after parachuting into the sea. 2413: 1745: 738:, as they called it, was already obsolete and only a single prototype was built. By late 1943, the lack of spares, wear-and-tear, and better Soviet fighters and training greatly reduced the effectiveness of Finnish B-239s, though LeLv 26 pilots would still claim some 35 victories against Soviet aircraft in mid-1944. The last victory by a Buffalo against Soviet aircraft was claimed over the 388:, who praised the good turning and maneuvering abilities of the aircraft: "the early models, before they weighed it all down with armor plate, radios, and other ... were pretty sweet little ships. Not real fast, but the ... could turn and roll in a phone booth". This might reasonably have been expected with the low wing loading in earlier variants, which was comparable with the 1193:("Military Air Service of the Royal Netherlands East Indian Army", ML-KNIL) had ordered 144 Brewster B-339C and 339D models, the former with rebuilt Wright G-105 engines supplied by the Dutch and the latter with new 1,200 hp (890 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines Brewster purchased from Wright. At the outbreak of war, only 71 had arrived in the 347:

specified by the Navy for combat operations reduced the initial rate of climb to 2,600 ft/min (790 m/min). Plagued by production difficulties, Brewster delivered only 11 F2A-1 aircraft to the Navy; the remainder of the order was later diverted to the Finnish Air Force in modified form under the export designation Model 239.

432:. Those which still remained on board aircraft carriers narrowly missed a combat opportunity when a relief mission was dispatched to Wake Island, but the relief force was withdrawn before completing the mission. Shortly thereafter, F2A-3s still in naval service were transferred to training squadrons for use as advanced trainers. 327:(4,900 m) without any increase in power. Other manufacturers took notice of this 10% increase in speed and efficiency, and wind tunnel tests became standard procedure in the US. With only a single-stage supercharger, high-altitude performance fell off rapidly. Fuselage armament was one fixed .50 in (12.7 mm) 783:-G-105 engine approved for export use. The G-105 engine had a power output of 1,000 hp (745.7 kW) (peak) on takeoff, some 200 hp (150 kW) less than the engine fitted to the U.S. Navy F2A-2. The arrestor hook and liferaft container were removed, and the aircraft was modified with a slightly longer tail. 233:"Oscar". The British attempted to lighten their Buffalos by removing ammunition and fuel and installing lighter guns to improve performance, but it made little difference. After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammunition load in the wings, which allowed their Buffalos (and their 1115:

prompted Buffalo pilots in Burma to employ different tactics; according to Flight Sergeant Vic Bargh, "come in from above, or at the same level at the very least, then dive away before they got onto you, because if they did get onto you, well, you were shot down". One of the Buffalo's final victories

902:

In its original form, the B-339 had a theoretical maximum speed of 323 mph (520 km/h) at a rather unrealistic 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but fuel starvation problems and poor supercharger performance at higher altitudes meant that this figure was never achieved in combat; the B-339E was

423:

Even in late 1940 it was apparent that the Buffalo was rapidly becoming obsolete. It badly needed a more powerful engine and an enlarged wing (to offset the increased weight), but the limits of the airframe had been reached, making installation of a larger engine impossible. Soon after deliveries of

399:

was the last version of the Buffalo to enter service with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. A total of 108 examples were ordered in January 1941. By this time, the Navy had become disenchanted with the Buffalo, and had become especially annoyed at Brewster Aeronautical Corporation's frequent production

346:

Service testing of the XF2A-1 prototype began in January 1938 and in June, production started on the F2A-1. They were powered by 940 hp (700 kW) Wright R-1820-34 engines and had larger fins. The added weight of two additional .50 in (12.7 mm) Browning wing guns and other equipment

1375:

From February - April 1942 the rebuilt squadron VMF-211 (most of which had been lost in the Battle of Wake Island) was re-equipped with F2A-3s and was ferried by the escort carrier Long Island to Palmyra Atoll, where it remained until recalled in July of that year, ferrying their aircraft to land on

1102:

light bombers and 30 Ki-27 fighters during a daylight raid on Rangoon. Together with twelve P-40s, they claimed 13 bombers destroyed and seven probable; four P-40s including two pilots were lost while all the Buffalos returned safely. Nevertheless, the Japanese succeeded in bombing Rangoon, its port

919:

in the Army air liaison staff, antagonism between RAF and RAAF squadrons and personnel, and inexperienced pilots lacking appropriate training would lead to disaster. Although the Mk I had .50-inch guns, many aircraft were equipped with .303 Browning mounts and electric firing solenoids, which tended

899:

substantially heavier due to all of the additional modifications by some 900 lb (410 kg). The semi-retractable tail wheel had been exchanged for a larger fixed model, which was also less aerodynamic. Top speed was reduced from 323 to 313 mph (520 to 504 km/h) at combat altitudes.

575:

flight-tested the first B-239 to become operational in Finland. Unfamiliar with the aircraft, he burned out the engine while flying very low at high speed; crashing on a snow-covered field, damaging the propeller and some belly panels. Initially unimpressed, the Finns later witnessed a demonstration

278:

eliminated early on when the prototype could not reach more than 267 mph (430 km/h). The XF2A-1 first flew on 2 December 1937 and early test results showed it was far in advance of the Grumman biplane entry. While the XF4F-1 did not enter production, it later re-emerged as a monoplane, the

1442:

With the emergence of new tactics for the F4F-3 and F4F-4 Wildcat, the Battle of Midway marked the end of the Buffalo in both U.S. Navy and Marine Corps fighting squadrons. Surviving F2A-3 aircraft were transported to the U.S. mainland, where they were used as advanced trainers. The introduction in

914:

Many of the pilots assigned the Buffalo lacked adequate training and experience in the type. A total of 20 of the original 169 Buffalos were lost in training accidents during 1941. By December 1941, approximately 150 Buffalo B-339E aircraft made up the bulk of the British fighter defenses of Burma,

528:

by Brewster. Unlike other fighters already in service, the F2A-1 and B-239E lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and cockpit armor. However, the B-239E was built with a more powerful engine than the F2A-1, in the form of the Wright R-1820-G5, producing 950 hp (710 kW), and the capacity to carry

1403:

The Marine pilots who managed to shake off the Zeros used high speed split-s turns or very steep dives. These maneuvers were later found to be the best means to evade pursuit by the highly maneuverable Japanese fighters. One F2A-3 pilot, Marine Captain William Humberd, dove away from his pursuers,

832:

acceptance personnel criticized it on numerous points including inadequate armament and lack of pilot armor, poor high-altitude performance, engine overheating, maintenance issues, and cockpit controls, while it was praised for its handling, roomy cockpit, and visibility. With a top speed of about

1430:

report on the Zero and air combat reached Washington in 1941, where it was disseminated to aviation forces of the U.S. Army and Navy. This information, along with the development of two-plane mutual defensive formations and tactics, were incorporated into U.S. and Marine Corps air combat training

1422:

fighter. I continued flying on a rapid turning course at full throttle when I was hit in the head by a glancing bullet. After he fired a few short bursts he left as I had been in a general direction of 205 degrees heading away from the island. My plane was badly shot up... In my opinion, the Zero

515:

In April 1939, the Finnish government contacted the Roosevelt administration, requesting the supply of modern combat aircraft as quickly as possible. On 17 October, the Finnish Embassy in Washington, D.C., received a telegram clearing the purchase of fighter aircraft. The only strict requirements

460:

wrote in late 1940 after visiting Britain that the Buffalo and other American aircraft "cannot compete with either the existing British or German fighters", so Britain used them "either as advanced trainers --or for fighting equally obsolete Italian planes in the Middle East. That is all they are

1110:

The Buffalos and P-40s carried out air defenses over Rangoon and Mingaladon as well as strafing missions on Japanese airfields. Like Malaya and Singapore, lack of effective early warning systems greatly hampered British and AVG efforts to defend Burma from air raids. Reports of Japanese aircraft

997:

It is not entirely clear how many Japanese aircraft the Buffalo squadrons shot down, although RAAF pilots alone managed to shoot down at least 20. Eighty were claimed in total, a ratio of kills to losses of just 1.3 to 1. Additionally, most of the Japanese aircraft shot down by the Buffalos were

882:

The B-339E, or Brewster Buffalo Mk I as it was designated in British service, was initially intended to be fitted with an export-approved Wright R-1820-G-105 Cyclone engine with a 1,000 hp (745.7 kW) (peak takeoff) engine. The Brewster aircraft delivered to British and Commonwealth air

827:

was established to acquire U.S. aircraft that would help supplement domestic production. Among the U.S. fighter aircraft that caught the Commission's attention was the Brewster. The remaining 32 B-339 aircraft ordered by the Belgians, suspended at the fall of France, were passed on to the United

411:

with self-sealing features and larger fuselage tanks which provided increased fuel capacity and protection, but this also increased the aircraft weight by more than 500 lb (230 kg). The wing and enlarged fuselage tank carried an additional 80 U.S. gal (300 L) of fuel; at

309:

construction, although control surfaces were still fabric-covered. The XF2A-1 also featured split flaps, a hydraulically operated retractable main undercarriage (and partially retractable tailwheel), and a streamlined framed canopy. However (as was still common at this time), the aircraft lacked

326:

full-scale wind tunnel, where it was determined that certain factors were contributing to parasitic drag. Based on the tests, improvements were made to the cowling streamlining and carburetor and oil cooler intakes, and the Buffalo's speed rose to 304 mph (489 km/h) at 16,000 ft

898:

The Brewster Model B-339E, as modified and supplied to Great Britain was distinctly inferior in performance to the F2A-2 (Model B-339) from the original order. It had a less powerful (1,000 hp (745.7 kW)) engine compared to the F2A-2's 1,200 hp (890 kW) Cyclone, yet was

2170:

In June 2012, divers discovered the partial wreckage of a Buffalo in shallow water just off Midway Atoll. The aircraft had been ditched during February 1942, after an aborted landing attempt in bad weather by 1st Lt Charles W. Somers Jr., USMC (later Colonel, USMC Ret). Officials at the

249:. Shown by the experience of Midway to be no match for the Zero, the F2A-3 was derided by USMC pilots as a "flying coffin". Indeed, the F2A-3s performance was substantially inferior to the F2A-2 variant used by the Navy before the outbreak of the war despite detail improvements. 1223:

In a major engagement above Semplak on 19 February 1942, eight Dutch Brewster fighters intercepted a formation of about 35 Japanese bombers with an escort of about 20 Zeros. The Brewster pilots destroyed 11 Japanese aircraft and lost four Brewsters; two Dutch pilots died.

833:

323 mph (520 km/h) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but with fuel starvation issues over 15,000 ft (4,600 m), it was considered unfit for duty in western Europe. Still desperately in need of fighter aircraft in the Pacific and Asia for British and

1235:

the most successful Dutch pilots on the Buffalo with three victories each. Altogether, 17 ML-KNIL pilots were killed, and 30 aircraft shot down; 15 were destroyed on the ground, and several were lost to misadventure. Dutch pilots claimed 55 enemy aircraft destroyed.

1417:

I was at an altitude of about 9,000 ft, and shoved over in a dive trying to shake the plane on my tail until I was about 20 feet from the water. I was making radical turns hoping the pilot couldn't get steadied on me. I glanced out of the rear and saw that it was a

982:"Nate", the overloaded Brewsters could at least hold their own if given time to get to altitude, and at first achieved a respectable number of kills. However, the appearance of ever greater numbers of Japanese fighters, including markedly superior types such as the 1408:

The Zeros came in strafing immediately afterward. I saw two Brewsters trying to fight the Zeros. One was shot down and the other was saved by ground fires covering his tail. Both looked like they were tied to a string while the Zeros made passes at

567:

T.h.m.40 gunsight, and four .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns. The top speed of the Finnish B-239s, as modified, was 297 mph (478 km/h) at 15,675 ft (4,778 m), and their loaded weight was 5,820 lb (2,640 kg).

1086:

to trade a squadron of P-40s for Buffalos. In response, Chennault arranged a mock dogfight between both fighters, with 1st Lieutenant Erik Shilling flying the P-40 and Squadron Leader Jack Brandt flying the Buffalo. Over their training base in

240:

The Buffalo was built in three variants for the U.S. Navy: the F2A-1, F2A-2 and F2A-3. (In foreign service, with lower horsepower engines, these types were designated B-239, B-339, and B-339-23 respectively.) The F2A-3 variant saw action with

209:

proved capable of engaging and destroying most types of Soviet fighter aircraft operating against Finland at that time, and claimed in the first phase of that conflict 32 Soviet aircraft shot down for every B-239 lost, producing 36 Buffalo

200:

Several nations, including Finland, Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands, ordered the Buffalo. The Finns were the most successful with their Buffalos, flying them in combat against early Soviet fighters with excellent results. During the

1423:

fighter has been far underestimated. I think it is probably one of the finest fighters in the present war. As for the F2A-3, (or Brewster trainer), it should be in Miami as a training plane, rather than used as a first-line fighter.

3244: 3219: 1208:

As the Brewster B-339 aircraft used by the ML-KNIL were lighter than the modified B-339E Brewster Mark Is used by British, Australian, and New Zealand air forces, they were able to successfully engage the Japanese Army

1160:. No. 67 Squadron claimed 27 Japanese aircraft destroyed; eight Buffalos were shot down and eight pilots were killed. For their actions, Squadron Leader Jack Brandt and Flight Lieutenant Colin Pinckney were awarded the 2589:

Some sources quote this engine as producing 1,100 hp (820.3 kW) peak takeoff power; there may also have been alternate use of the Wright GR-1820-G102A, which was also rated for 1,100 hp (820.3 kW)

1127:

secured air superiority over Rangoon by early February 1942, and with the situation on the ground rapidly deteriorating, No. 67 Squadron withdrew north to Toungoo. On 13 February, the squadron moved further north to

451:

air group. On 8 December 1939, VF-3 received 10 of the 11 Buffalos delivered to the U.S. Navy. The remaining 43 F2A-1s were declared surplus (to be replaced with an equal number of the improved F2A-2s) and sold to

520:

fuel. Part of an F2A-1 shipment – 44 aircraft originally intended for the US Navy – was diverted to Finland, by the US State Department, after the USN agreed to instead accept a later shipment of F2A-2 variants.

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in 1942, VMF-221 was destined to participate in one of the few aerial combats involving the Buffalo in U.S. military service. The initial Buffalo interception of the first Japanese air raid was led by Major

720:

was found to have been used to achieve 42½ kills in total by all pilots operating it, possibly making it the highest-scoring fighter airframe in the history of air warfare. The top scoring Finnish ace,

400:

delays and its frequent management difficulties. This order was seen more as a way of keeping Brewster's production lines running; they would eventually build Corsair fighters for the Navy as well as

779:

Just before the start of the war, Belgium sought more modern aircraft to expand and modernize its air force. Belgium ordered 40 Brewster B-339 aircraft, a de-navalized F2A-2, fitted with the

895:, a gun camera, a larger fixed pneumatic tire tail wheel, fire extinguisher, engine shutters, a larger battery, and reinforced armor plating and armored glass behind the canopy windshield. 5077: 700:" (swarm), with a pair flying lower as bait, and a higher pair to dive on enemy interceptors. The Soviet Air Force was never able to counter this tactic. The top-scoring B-239 pilot was 193:

biplane it replaced, and the early F4Fs, the Buffalo was largely obsolete when the United States entered the war, being unstable and overweight, especially when compared to the Japanese

322:

radial engine, it had a good initial climb rate of 2,750 ft/min (840 m/min) and a top speed of 277.5 mph (446.6 km/h). The aircraft was then tested in 1938 in the

3252: 844:

Delivery and assembly of the Buffalos in Singapore took place in the spring of 1941. The first Buffalo units (Nos 67 and 243 Squadron RAF) were formed at RAF Kallang in March 1941.

1091:, the P-40 proved to be superior to the Buffalo. When Shilling and Brandt met again fifty years later, the RAF pilot said, "how I wish I could have swapped my aircraft for yours". 3223: 4111:

Horn, Steve. "The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II". Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005.

1485:(RNZAF), with six air victories, and Doug Vanderfield (RAAF) with five individual kills, plus one shared. Alf Clare (RAAF) and Maurice Holder (RAF) had five victories each. 883:

forces were significantly altered from the B-339 type sold to the Belgium and French forces in accordance with their purchase order. The Brewster factory removed the Navy

305:

The new Brewster fighter had a modern look with a stubby fuselage, mid-set monoplane wings and a host of advanced features. It was all-metal, with flush-riveted, stressed

6651: 2475: 998:

bombers. The Hawker Hurricane, which fought in Singapore alongside the Buffalo from 20 January, also suffered severe losses from ground attack; most were destroyed. The

771:

Five B-239s continued to fly until 1948, with last flights of Brewsters by the Finnish Air Force on 14 September 1948, when they were stored until scrapped in 1953.

2636:

By the beginning of the Pacific War, the F2A, by then also known by the popular name 'Buffalo', was passing out of carrier squadron service in favor of the F4F-3.

1244:

Following the surrender of the Netherlands East Indies on 8 March 1942, a shipment of 17 Brewster B339-23 fighters ordered for the ML-KNIL was diverted to the US

1066:

was originally formed in Singapore before their redeployment to Burma in October 1941. They were equipped with thirty Buffalos inherited from 60 Squadron RAF at

6567: 1970: 1961: 1531:

Improved F2A-2 for the United States Navy with larger fuel tank, heavier armour, and provision to carry two underwing 100 lb (45 kg) bombs, 108 built

469:

instead of the Buffalo. Early in the war all modern monoplane fighter types were in high demand, however. Consequently, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the

1778: 6112: 1796: 1784: 1318: 6583: 6275: 5640: 5563: 1255:. They were used mainly for air defence duties outside frontline areas, photo-reconnaissance and as mock targets in gunnery training. They served with 537:

containers were removed. The upgraded engine and slightly reduced net weight (i.e. from the omitted armor and de-navalization) resulted in an improved

270:

biplane. The Brewster XF2A-1 monoplane, designed by a team led by Dayton T. Brown, was one of two aircraft designs that were initially considered. The

274:

with a double-row radial engine was a "classic" biplane. The U.S. Navy competition was re-opened to allow another competitor, the XFNF-1, a navalized

1014: 859: 3660: 1755:

Captured Buffalos were repaired and test flown, both in Japanese markings, and – starring in recreated combat footage – in incorrect RAF markings.

5535: 768:, claiming two, the last victories to be made by Brewster pilots in World War II. By the end of the war in Lapland, only eight B-239s were left. 2480: 6626: 6588: 6182: 2198:. The Cradle of Aviation Museum houses a static full-scale replica/model F2A-2, carrying the markings of unit "201-S-13" from VS-201, aboard 681:

The Brewsters had their baptism by fire in Finland on 25 June 1941, when a pair of Buffalos from 2/LLv24, operating from Selänpää airfield (

3374: 2141: 1773: 1188: 1181: 222: 93: 3712: 2540:

11 F2A-1s had been delivered to the US Navy; 44 would go to the Finnish Air Force before orders for more were cancelled at the end of the

678:

24 were Winter War combat veterans. This squadron claimed a total of 459 Soviet aircraft with B-239s, while losing 15 Buffalos in combat.

4557: 3736: 2619: 1161: 6302: 3049: 2172: 920:

to fail in service. Moreover, according to Flight Lieutenant Mowbray Garden of 243 Squadron RAF, the Buffalos were supplied with only

318:. Fuel capacity was only 160 US gal (610 L), stored in the fuselage. Powered by a 950 hp (710 kW) single-row 6656: 1152:, India on 11 March to re-equip with Hurricanes. They were swiftly relegated to training duties, though two were briefly acquired by 696:

Many Finnish pilots racked up enormous scores by using basic tactics against Soviet aircraft. The default tactic was the four-plane "

682: 529:

four machine guns (rather than the two carried by the F2A-1). The B-239E was also "de-navalized" before shipment: equipment such as

6631: 2076: 1022: 1018: 951: 1975: 1388:, whose 13-aircraft division did not fly in paired flights of mutually supporting aircraft. After attacking a formation of 30–40 4681: 4521:

Squadron Leader W.J. Harper, 1946, "Report on NO. 21 and NO. 453 RAAF squadrons" (transcribed by Dan Ford for Warbird's Forum.)

2071: 2066: 4515: 3900: 6646: 4388: 4373: 4358: 4226: 4185: 4116: 4039: 4024: 1047: 1136:

on ground attack missions. The Buffalo flew its last combat sortie with the RAF on 5 March, escorting Hawker Hurricanes and

4259: 1413:

Second Lt. Charles M. Kunz reported that after successfully downing two Val bombers, he was attacked by Japanese fighters:

287: 4002:

Buffaloes over Singapore: RAF, RAAF, RNZAF and Dutch Brewster Fighters in Action over Malaya and the East Indies 1941–1942

1439:

was developed for use by Wildcat pilots against the Zero and was later adopted by other Wildcat squadrons in the Pacific.

593:

The B-239E was never referred to as the name Buffalo in Finland; it was known simply as the Brewster, or by the nicknames

5528: 4791: 792:

in the West on 10 May 1940. The Buffalo was later captured intact by the Germans, and it was partially rediscovered near

716:

were claimed for the loss of just one B-239 (BW-378). After evaluation of claims against actual Soviet losses, aircraft

3111: 1349:

operated a mixed group of 20 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalos and seven Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats. They were originally assigned to

693:. Five SBs were claimed as downed. Subsequent attacks were repelled by LLv24 pilots who, by dusk, had flown 77 sorties. 3972: 2917: 2164: 2107: 1720: 1714: 1231:

led this flight on its final sortie that day, and was credited with a Zero before he was killed. This made him and Lt.

1124: 668: 646: 3880: 3274: 6462: 6307: 4703: 4566: 4502: 4467: 4452: 4437: 4422: 4403: 4336: 4321: 4306: 4291: 4241: 4168: 4154: 4140: 4091: 4054: 4009: 3987: 3398: 2747: 752:

After Finland signed an armistice with the Soviet Union in September, 1944, they had to drive Finland's former ally,

746: 336: 174: 75: 4201:

Ledet, Michel (April 2002). "Des avions alliés aux couleurs japonais" [Allied Aircraft in Japanese Colors].

1360:, but were diverted to Midway instead after the force was controversially recalled on 22 December 1941. Wake Island 6593: 6472: 6147: 5111: 2490: 1515:

engine and two guns above engine cowling, plus two optional guns in the wings) for the United States Navy, 11 built

524:

On 16 December, the Finnish government signed a contract to purchase 44 aircraft: a F2A-1 variant designated Model

17: 3697: 928:; Japanese aircraft lacked armor and self-sealing fuel tanks in the early years of the war, a fact unknown to the 728:

During the Continuation War, a lack of replacements led the Finns to develop a copy of the Buffalo built from non-

6636: 6392: 6172: 5857: 5038: 4550: 3071: 2137: 3245:"Some of the Belgian Brewster 339B Buffalo's in storage at La Pointe des Sables on the French island Martinique" 613:("flying beer-bottle"). The total of 44 examples of the B-239E fighters used by the FAF received serial numbers 5521: 5081: 4883: 3635: 916: 457: 181:

with an arrestor hook and other modifications for aircraft carriers. The Buffalo won a competition against the

6507: 4266:

Morareau, Lucien (September 1998). "Les oubliées des Antilles" [The Forgotten Ones of the Antilles].

3860: 2175:, where the wreckage was found, have not decided whether to recover any of the parts or leave them in place. 2086: 1939: 1157: 824: 1052: 704:, with 39 kills. Lt Hans Wind, with six other Buffalos of LeLv 24, intercepted some 60 Soviet aircraft near 667:

24 (Fighter Squadron 24) was equipped with the B-239s until May 1944, when the Buffalos were transferred to

563:

After delivery of the B-239E, the Finnish Air Force added armored backrests, metric flight instruments, the

5902: 5580: 5513: 1307: 1104: 6397: 6312: 4516:

Manual: (1939) AP 1806A – Pilot's Notes – The Buffalo I Aeroplane – Wright Cyclone GR. 1820 G. 105A Engine

583:

fighter from Italy; although the Fiat fighter was faster in level flight, the Brewster could out-turn it.

6492: 6432: 6427: 6032: 6012: 5160: 5023: 5016: 3657: 2132:

Only export models of the Buffalo are preserved. There is currently a complete Finnish B-239 (BW-372), a

2082: 1819: 1596: 1568: 1216:

Apart from their role as fighters, the Brewster fighters were also used as dive bombers against Japanese

3393:

Gunston, Bill “The Illustrated Directory of Fighting Aircraft of World War II.” Salamander Books, 1988.

1132:

with only eight Buffalos, where they continued to carry out reconnaissance flights as well as escorting

6641: 6621: 6002: 5817: 5615: 5389: 4674: 4581: 4543: 2313: 1952: 1644: 1342: 1165: 1042: 921: 332: 291: 242: 1120:

was claimed by Bargh; he found the wreckage of the bomber and had his picture taken with it as proof.

226: 6447: 6412: 6092: 6052: 5767: 5331: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 2179: 1326:

rests in the flight deck gallery walkway after suffering landing gear failure while landing on board

656:

warplanes destroyed, with the combat loss of just 19 Buffalos, an outstanding victory ratio of 26:1.

500: 368: 1070:; the aircraft they received in Singapore were passed on to 488 Squadron RNZAF. They were joined by 590:(1939–1940). However, five of the six delivered during the war became combat-ready before it ended. 5544: 5423: 5165: 5155: 4879: 4659: 2485: 1578: 1544: 1522: 1512: 1337:, 25 July 1942. VMF-211 was the last Marine Corps unit to operate the F2A in a front-line capacity. 1279: 1251:

All of these Buffalos were subsequently lent to the RAAF, which gave them the serial number prefix

1075: 749:

from Germany, and this much-superior fighter re-equipped most Finnish Air Force fighter squadrons.

1278:

Between August 1942 and November 1943, 10 of these Buffalos constituted the air defense force for

1094:

The squadron first saw action on 23 December 1941, when 15 Buffalos intercepted a formation of 42

516:

laid down by Finnish authorities were that the aircraft be already operational and able to use 87-

6327: 6157: 5942: 5752: 5732: 5682: 5625: 5605: 5257: 5125: 4839: 4638: 4633: 4596: 4586: 3835: 2199: 1327: 834: 470: 401: 373: 328: 323: 218: 4488: 4106: 4077: 3371: 3304: 2964: 1372:

was shot down by Captain James L. Neefus near Midway, the Buffalo's first kill in U.S. service.

803:

and languished on a coastal hillside, never to be flown. The rest of the order went to the RAF.

6527: 6407: 6337: 6260: 6205: 6017: 5952: 5907: 5877: 5150: 4966: 2182:

in Long Island, New York. The aircraft carries the markings of an ML-KNIL fighter flown by Lt.

1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1824: 990:. The last airworthy Buffalo in Singapore flew out on 10 February, five days before the island 929: 508: 311: 70: 3387: 2623: 811: 350: 229:

suffered severe losses in combat against the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero and the Japanese Army's

6532: 6517: 6195: 6152: 5992: 5937: 5927: 5867: 5782: 5101: 4928: 4916: 4911: 4901: 4854: 4667: 4530: 4525: 4248: 2213: 1681: 1676: 1609:

Export version of the F2A-3 for the Netherlands East Indies with 1,200 hp (890 kW)

1361: 940: 925: 538: 6497: 6457: 6437: 6362: 6215: 6117: 6067: 6062: 5987: 5982: 5972: 5957: 5947: 5807: 5792: 5486: 5401: 5318: 5308: 5285: 5249: 5096: 5067: 5006: 4976: 4923: 4849: 4711: 2562:

The Fiat G.50 had an all-out maximum speed of 301 mph (484 km/h) in level flight.

2051: 1873: 1867: 1686: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1622: 1610: 1427: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1228: 1153: 1083: 1071: 852: 3025: 8: 6522: 6467: 6417: 6382: 6357: 6250: 6245: 6162: 6087: 5932: 5822: 5742: 5687: 5463: 5419: 5384: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5143: 5138: 5106: 4989: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4829: 4034:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008 (Second edition). 2458: 2448: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1444: 1419: 1397: 1350: 1298: 1063: 991: 963: 445: 389: 359: 280: 271: 194: 182: 315: 6562: 6342: 6332: 6297: 6230: 6022: 5812: 5787: 5702: 5697: 5657: 5610: 5441: 5431: 5379: 5364: 5290: 5133: 5062: 5042: 5011: 4999: 4994: 4906: 4728: 4690: 4648: 4617: 3864: 2528: 2046: 1467: 1448: 944: 729: 722: 639: 186: 85: 4314:

Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930–1940

6487: 6265: 6077: 6027: 5374: 5272: 4699: 4498: 4484: 4463: 4460:

The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters

4448: 4433: 4418: 4399: 4384: 4369: 4354: 4332: 4317: 4302: 4287: 4271: 4255: 4237: 4222: 4206: 4181: 4164: 4150: 4136: 4112: 4102: 4087: 4073: 4050: 4035: 4020: 4005: 3983: 3968: 3631: 3538:

Air Battle for Burma: Allied Pilots' Fight for Supremacy (2016), Bryn Evans, p. 17-18

3394: 3356: 2913: 2822: 2743: 2531:) exceed 400 mph (640 km/h) in level flight with its huge Twin Wasp engine. 2163:

and was rediscovered in 1998 and is now on display at the Keski-Suomen Ilmailumuseo (

1790: 1709: 1582: 1553:

Export version for Belgium, 40 built (only two delivered to Belgium, the rest to the

1194: 1133: 987: 948: 628: 490: 466: 206: 97: 3929: 6542: 6482: 6477: 6422: 6372: 6322: 6317: 6255: 6210: 6127: 6047: 5967: 5962: 5862: 5777: 5692: 5481: 5280: 4824: 2453: 2152: 2099: 2020: 1380: 1283: 1272: 1137: 1112: 1099: 1095: 975: 959: 863: 837:

air forces, the UK ordered an additional 170 aircraft under the type specification

739: 660: 653: 632: 263: 246: 234: 202: 166: 55: 3893: 6547: 6502: 6292: 6220: 6167: 6122: 6107: 5852: 5827: 5772: 5727: 5707: 5672: 5630: 5595: 4746: 4410: 3884: 3664: 3378: 3075: 2463: 2418: 2183: 2118: 1846: 1592: 1464: 1245: 1129: 1082:). AVG crews were initially impressed with the Buffalo, some even urging General 1003: 892: 829: 713: 638:

Finnish pilots regarded the B-239E as being easy to fly, or in the words of ace

504: 462: 385: 297: 89: 4122:

Huggins, Mark. "Falcons on Every Front: Nakajima's KI-43-I Hayabusa in Combat."

2646: 2644: 1577:

Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with 1,200 hp (890 kW)

6347: 6235: 6225: 6190: 6082: 6057: 5997: 5722: 5677: 5221: 5121: 4844: 4834: 4591: 4479: 4124: 4068: 3091: 1841: 1475: 1471: 1385: 1210: 1117: 983: 979: 955: 875: 871: 856: 709: 572: 230: 2857: 2155:

and crashed in 1942 on Lake Big Kolejärvi, about 31 mi (50 km) from

6615: 6552: 6200: 6102: 5912: 5897: 5892: 5872: 5757: 5500: 5181: 5028: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4275: 4210: 2883:"Pappy Boyington and the Buffalo: Interview of Pappy Boyington, October 1977" 2641: 2599:

The initial rate of climb would be reduced with completely full petrol tanks.

2524: 2443: 1984: 1944: 1934: 1882: 1558: 1365: 1334: 1287: 1232: 1202: 1079: 999: 935: 888: 867: 816: 780: 765: 549: 425: 355: 319: 275: 5543: 5497:

Not assigned • Assigned to a different manufacturer's type

1364:

on the following day. The squadron first saw action on 10 March 1942 when a

799:

Six more Belgian Brewsters were offloaded at the French Caribbean island of

503:, it was destroyed on 24 October 1944. Future ace Paavo Mellin shot down an 6402: 6352: 6240: 6137: 6132: 6072: 6037: 5887: 5882: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5802: 5797: 5747: 5737: 5717: 5712: 5409: 5326: 5262: 5055: 5050: 4766: 3877: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3316: 2148: 2103: 1482: 1431:

doctrine by some prescient U.S. commanders, including Lieutenant Commander

1026: 1010: 978:

on 8 December 1941, the B-339E initially performed adequately. Against the

967: 753: 552:. The crated fighters were then sent by railway to Sweden and assembled by 429: 170: 4316:(in French). Artselaar, Belgium: J.P. Publications, 2003, pp. 70–71. 3489: 3095: 2660: 1176: 440:

The first unit to be equipped with the F2A-1 was Lt. Cdr. Warren Harvey's

6097: 6007: 5762: 5662: 5652: 5590: 5504: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5300: 5211: 5189: 4956: 4951: 4891: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4761: 4520: 3995:

Buffalo Down Under: The Modeller's Guide to Australia's Inherited Fighter

2622:. United States Navy Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from 2388: 2381: 2195: 2191: 2126: 2122: 2113: 1814: 1768: 1493: 1459:

The Finnish Air Force produced 36 Buffalo aces. The top three were Capt.

1443:

late 1943 of vastly superior American carrier-borne fighters such as the

1436: 1393: 1369: 1357: 1030: 757: 624: 407:

The F2A-3s were conceived as long range reconnaissance fighters with new

267: 190: 3607: 3498: 3325: 3313: 2882: 1290:. In 1944, all of the surviving aircraft were transferred to the USAAF. 576:

by a Brewster test pilot, who was able to stay on the tail of a Finnish

39: 6387: 5847: 5667: 5620: 5600: 5575: 5436: 4946: 4756: 4751: 4097:

Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Brewster's Benighted Buffalo".

4063:, July 1996. Expanded and revised digital edition, Warbird Books, 2013. 3819: 2797: 2541: 1734: 1729: 1554: 1432: 1164:(the latter posthumously), while Sergeant Gordon Williams received the 1141: 1067: 891:, while adding many new items of equipment, including a British Mk III 800: 788: 686: 587: 557: 211: 3997:. Glen Waverly, Victoria, Australia: Red Roo Models Publication, 1998. 3068: 2178:

In July 2008, a static full-scale replica B-339C was completed by the

1525:

engine and four guns) for the United States Navy and Marines, 43 built

6512: 6377: 6142: 6042: 5977: 5349: 4368:(Aircraft of the Aces). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. 3773: 3754: 1639: 1460: 1389: 1217: 1198: 884: 793: 705: 701: 577: 534: 306: 178: 4689: 4535: 4219:

The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway

3871: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3050:"Finnish Air Force Fighters 1939–1945 (Performance specifications)." 1156:

in early April, one of which was regularly flown by Squadron Leader

5585: 5089: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 2978: 2976: 2029: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1149: 1145: 906: 530: 408: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 2316:

9-cyl air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,200 hp (890 kW)

847: 786:

Only one aircraft reached France by the time Germany launched its

481: 5917: 5473: 5177: 4938: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3541: 3440: 2431: 2266: 2156: 2133: 2039: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1966: 1957: 1704: 1346: 1323: 1303: 1088: 1056: 1055:

of 67 Squadron RAF with a Nakajima Ki-27 that was shot down near

690: 564: 553: 453: 153: 3691: 3630:. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications. p. 216. 3575: 3559: 3550: 2973: 1613:

engines; 20 built (17 later to the RAAF, some used by the USAAF)

1197:, and not all were in service. A small number served briefly at 1190:

Militaire Luchtvaart van het Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger

1025:. New Zealander Fisken, the top-scoring pilot, later flew RNZAF 725:, scored 34 of his 94½ kills in B-239s, including 28 in BW-364. 5341: 4738: 4082:

Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Brewster F2A Buffalo".

3706: 3507: 2160: 1311: 545: 517: 205:

of 1941–1944, the B-239s (de-navalized F2A-1s) operated by the

4236:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1988. 4049:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1987. 3807: 189:'s first monoplane fighter aircraft. Although superior to the 3861:"10 Feet below waters off Midway Atoll, a famous flying dud." 3730: 3529:

The Battle for Burma (2009), Roy Conyers Nesbit, p. 17 and 19

3490:"Notable Brewster Buffalo pilots in Southeast Asia, 1941–42." 3176: 3034: 1750: 1029:

and became the highest-scoring Commonwealth pilot within the

486: 3140: 3008: 3006: 2167:). The Finnish museum also has components from FAF BW-393. 3836:"Charles Somers – Recipient – Military Times Hall Of Valor" 2938: 2702: 2700: 2476:

List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)

2281: 2061: 2056: 1148:. Only six Buffalos remained when the squadron withdrew to 815:

Brewster Buffalo Mk Is being inspected by RAF personnel at

734: 441: 4497:(bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2003. 4346:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1971. 3096:"Robert Winston and the Finnish Brewsters, 1940 (part 1)." 2553:

Contemporary of the Buffalo and renowned for its handling

2514:

The guns were mounted well aft, just ahead of the cockpit.

823:

Facing a shortage of combat aircraft in January 1940, the

3798: 3185: 3003: 1376:

Long Island to return to Hawaii to re-equip with F4F-4s.

331:

with 200 rounds and one fixed .30 in (7.62 mm)

4059:

Ford, Daniel. "The Sorry Saga of the Brewster Buffalo".

2947: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2697: 1227:

Only four airworthy Buffalos remained on 7 March. Capt.

4143:. Expanded and revised edition published in two parts: 3658:"U.S. Marine Fighting Squadron VMF-221 Defends Midway." 3431: 3203: 1451:

soon relegated the Brewster F2A-3 to a distant memory.

764:

took place on 3 October 1944 when HLeLV 26 intercepted

4299:

United States Naval Fighters of World War II in Action

2969:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 139, 154–156. 601:("pearl of the northern skies"). Other nicknames were 4430:

Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present

4086:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1976, pp. 5–15. 2753: 1201:

before being withdrawn for the defense of Borneo and

1009:

The Brewster Mark I produced four Commonwealth aces:

712:

bombers, one Soviet Hawker Hurricane fighter, and 12

4286:

Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2000.

4221:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. 3901:"Cradle Of Aviation Museum: Brewster F2-A2 Buffalo." 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 2985: 2858:"Chapter 2, New Facilities, New Designs (1930–1945)" 2408: 1567:

Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with

544:

In four batches the B-239E was shipped initially to

335:

with 600 rounds, both in the nose. The Navy awarded

4351:

Nakajima Ki.43 "Hayabusa": Allied Code Name "Oscar"

4032:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

3960:(in Italian). Modena: Mucchi editore, 1996. NO ISBN 3791: 3789: 2438:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

1478:also had victories in the type (22.5 out of 32.5). 6652:World War II fighter aircraft of the United States 4161:Brewster Model 239: Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 1B 4147:Brewster Model 239: Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 1A 3982:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 2006. 3923: 3921: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2094: 1002:also used the Buffalo in the Mediterranean in the 947:in November 1941. Buffalo AN185/TD-V was flown by 262:In 1935, the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a 4475:A Rotund New Yorker: Brewster's Embattled Buffalo 4163:. Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman Publishing, 2005. 4149:. Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman Publishing, 2005. 4084:WW2 Fact Files: US Navy and Marine Corps Fighters 3644: 372:F2A-3s serving as U.S. Navy training aircraft at 6613: 6604: Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes. 4250:Wake Island 1941: A Battle to Make the Gods Weep 4196:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 4178:The Flying Tigers Poke Payoff: They Saved China. 4131:Keskinen, Kalevi, Kari Stenman and Klaus Niska. 4000:Cull, Brian, Paul Sortenhaug and Mark Haselden. 3786: 3716:Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center. 2907: 2885:. www.warbirdforum.com. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 806: 4445:The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. 4398:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. 4383:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. 4135:(in Finnish). Espoo, Finland: Tietoteos, 1977. 3918: 2994: 2718: 2523:By the fall of 1940 the Navy had witnessed the 2147:Finnish B-239 (serial no. BW-372) flown by Lt. 548:, in Norway, in January and February 1940 from 4344:The Brewster Buffalo (Aircraft in Profile 217) 4019:. Simi Valley, CA: Ginter Publications, 2017. 3673: 3372:"1/48 Brewster B-339 Buffalo Pacific Theater." 3158: 2481:List of military aircraft of the United States 2144:markings and the other in U.S. Navy markings. 1543:Export version of the F2A-1 for Finland (with 1107:, inflicting extensive damage and casualties. 910:Buffalo Mk I formation over Malaya, late 1941. 874:. Damaged by ground fire, it was abandoned at 586:None of the B-239E fighters saw combat in the 5529: 4675: 4551: 4254:Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2011. 3909: 3906:, 16 August 2008. Retrieved: 26 January 2010. 3750: 3748: 3413: 3342: 3340: 3122: 3084: 2956: 2709: 2688: 2679: 2387:2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) wing-mounted 2380:2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) nose-mounted 2121:'s B-339C at the National Military Museum in 1603:; 170 built (also used by the RAAF and RNZAF) 1463:, with 39 Buffalo air victories (out of 75), 1036: 674:(Fighter Squadron 26). Most of the pilots of 4353:. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press, 1998. 4301:. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press, 1980. 4268:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 4203:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 4072:. No. 13, August–November 1980. p. 78. 3868:, 1 January 2013. Retrieved: 2 January 2013. 3461: 3459: 3310:, 27 June 2007. Retrieved: 6 September 2009. 2908:Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (2001). 954:, who shot down three Japanese bombers (two 609:("American hardware" or "American car") and 217:In December 1941, Buffalos operated by both 94:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force 4205:(in French). No. 109. pp. 17–21. 3063: 3061: 862:, who flew the first Buffalo sortie in the 339:a production contract for 54 aircraft, the 5536: 5522: 4682: 4668: 4558: 4544: 4428:Taylor, John W.R. "Brewster F2A Buffalo." 4329:Lentäjän näkökulma 2 – Pilot's viewpoint 2 4270:(in French). No. 66. pp. 30–37. 4047:U.S. Navy Carrier Fighters of World War II 3745: 3362:, 5 March 2003. Retrieved: 12 August 2010. 3337: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3081:, January 2006. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 2828:25 December 1999. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 2173:Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument 1239: 1171: 645:In service from 1941 to 1945, Buffalos of 3621: 3619: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3456: 3360:U.S. Navy Fighter Aircraft: Brewster F2A, 2962: 2826:U.S. Navy Fighter Aircraft: Brewster F2A, 2798:"The Sorry Saga of the Brewster Buffalo." 2349:965 mi (1,553 km, 839 nmi) 2343:161 mph (259 km/h, 140 kn) 2337:321 mph (517 km/h, 279 kn) 2208: 473:purchased several hundred export models. 252: 4417:. London: Putnam, Second Edition, 1976. 4366:Brewster F2A Buffalo Aces of World War 2 4265: 4191: 4017:Brewster F2A Buffalo and Export Variants 3504:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003, p. 26 3334:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003, p. 14 3322:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003, p. 15 3058: 2212: 2112: 2098: 1728: 1621: 1492: 1317: 1297: 1271:and the Air Gunnery Training School, at 1175: 1046: 934: 905: 846: 810: 745:From 1943, Finland's air force received 623: 480: 367: 349: 296: 3930:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 3878:"Netherlands Military Aviation Museum." 3853: 3290: 3020: 3018: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 1140:for an attack on a Japanese airbase in 266:-based fighter intended to replace the 14: 6614: 4432:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. 4415:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 3625: 3616: 3608:"Brewster 339/439 in the East Indies." 3477: 3305:"Brewster Buffalo in British Service." 3101:June 2008. Retrieved: 30 October 2010. 2934:Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of WWII 2527:XF4U-1 prototype (later to become the 2224:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 1733:Captured Dutch Buffalo displayed as a 1282:, while assigned to 25 and 85 Sqns at 435: 5517: 4663: 4565: 4539: 4458:Winchester, Jim. "Brewster Buffalo." 4200: 1689:(ex-Dutch, Photo Reconnaissance Unit) 499:was inscribed on BW-355. Operated by 257: 6627:1930s United States fighter aircraft 4331:(in Finnish). Self-published, 1993. 4128:, Issue 131, September/October 2007. 3927: 3015: 2846:Enzo Angelucci, The American Fighter 2803:, 2008. Retrieved: 6 September 2009. 2771: 1859:(ex-60 Sqn., most pilots were RNZAF) 1591:Export version of the F2A-2 for the 1474:, with 25.5 (out of 31.5). First Lt 1356:as part of a relief force bound for 1293: 631:Brewster B-239 formation during the 286:The Buffalo was manufactured at the 237:) to stay with the Oscars in turns. 4379:Stenman, Kari and Kalevi Keskinen. 3958:I caccia a motore radiale Fiat G.50 3915:Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 72. 3740:Naval History and Heritage Command. 3182:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 83–84. 3146:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 11–12. 3040:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 10–11. 2855: 2250:35 ft 0 in (10.67 m) 1626:U.S. Navy F2A being rearmed in 1943 1581:engines; 48 built (47 delivered to 1481:The non-Finnish Buffalo aces were: 571:In February 1940, pilot Lieutenant 507:and shared in the destruction of a 358:tipped this F2A-1 onto its nose on 24: 4462:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. 3713:"Photo #: 80-G-6170 picture data." 3613:, 2008. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 3495:, 2008. Retrieved: 3 October 2007. 2361:2,440 ft/min (12.4 m/s) 2256:12 ft 0 in (3.66 m) 2244:26 ft 4 in (8.03 m) 2186:(two kills). It was built for the 2165:Aviation Museum of Central Finland 2108:Aviation Museum of Central Finland 1793:(2-VLG-V, helped defend Singapore) 1781:(3-VLG-IV: 3rd Squadron, IV Group) 652:(Fighter Squadron 24) claimed 477 25: 6668: 4509: 4364:Stenman, Kari and Andrew Thomas. 3820:"Annals of the Brewster Buffalo." 3453:Stenman & Thomas 2010, p. 67. 3410:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003 3173:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 75. 3155:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 76. 3137:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 86. 3026:"Brewster F2A-1 & Model 239". 2982:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 74. 2944:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 6–7. 2620:"Brewster F2A 'Buffalo' Fighters" 2262:209 sq ft (19.4 m) 489:donated sufficient funds for the 337:Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 175:Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 76:Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 6657:World War II aircraft of Finland 4447:London: Chancellor Press, 1992. 4194:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 3556:Stenman & Thomas 2010, p.74. 2966:Report on England, November 1940 2593: 2580:Some sources claim two aircraft. 2491:List of aircraft of World War II 2411: 1927: 1834: 1807: 1761: 1743: 1697: 1632: 1547:engines and four guns), 44 built 1470:, with 34 (out of 94) and Capt. 878:before its fall to the Japanese. 851:Brewster B-339E (AN196/WP-W) of 541:and better general performance. 493:to purchase a B-239. In return, 38: 6632:Single-engined tractor aircraft 6594:Aircraft of the Australian Army 5547:aircraft serial-number prefixes 4483:105, May/June 2003, pp. 26–40. 4101:, No. 1, n.d., pp. 66–83. 4015:Dann, Richard S/Ginter, Steve. 3950: 3828: 3804:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 86. 3767: 3721: 3688:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 79. 3682: 3600: 3591: 3532: 3523: 3520:C O Lamp 2007, unspecified page 3468: 3428:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 46. 3422: 3404: 3384:. Retrieved: 10 September 2007. 3365: 3349: 3346:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 44. 3281: 3267: 3237: 3212: 3209:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 8." 3194: 3191:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 84. 3167: 3149: 3131: 3104: 3043: 3012:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 10. 2926: 2901: 2888: 2875: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2815: 2806: 2706:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 85. 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2534: 2517: 2508: 2138:Central Finland Aviation museum 2095:Surviving aircraft and replicas 1454: 966:on 13 December 1941, while his 756:out of the country during the " 177:, it was one of the first U.S. 4531:Finnish Buffalo BW372 recovery 4312:Pacco, John. "Brewster B-339" 3967:. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011. 3628:Military Aircraft of Australia 3287:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 8. 2953:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 7. 2732: 2653: 2612: 2571:High speed bomber air regiment 2355:33,200 ft (10,100 m) 2190:(Military Aviation Museum) at 1779:Vliegtuiggroep IV, 3e Afdeling 402:Buccaneer/Bermuda dive bombers 13: 1: 4693:fighter designations pre-1962 4004:. London: Grub Street, 2003. 3888:militaireluchtvaartmuseum.nl. 3701:Military Times Hall of Valor. 2496: 2400:2 x bombs on underwing racks. 2306:7,159 lb (3,247 kg) 2300:4,732 lb (2,146 kg) 2140:), and two replicas – one in 1940:United States Army Air Forces 1797:Vliegtuiggroep V, 3e Afdeling 1791:Vliegtuiggroep V, 2e Afdeling 1785:Vliegtuiggroep V, 1e Afdeling 866:on 8 December 1941, strafing 855:. This aircraft was flown by 825:British Purchasing Commission 807:British Commonwealth (Malaya) 732:such as plywood, however the 685::EFSE) intercepted 27 Soviet 556:at Trollhättan, northeast of 6647:Aircraft first flown in 1937 3825:. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 3742:Retrieved: 20 November 2010. 3670:. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 2740:The Battle Off Midway Island 2606: 2217:F2A-1 Buffalo 3-view drawing 1617: 1308:Marine Corps Air Station Ewa 511:whilst flying this aircraft. 173:. Designed and built by the 7: 5557:indicate prefixes not used. 4381:Finnish Aces of World War 2 3774:"Brewster Buffalo, Part 1." 3755:"'Brewster Buffalo Part 2." 3588:Stenman & Thomas, p.77. 3572:Stenman & Thomas, p.76. 3547:Stenman & Thomas, p.72. 3465:Dennis et al. 2008, p. 115. 3055:Retrieved: 25 October 2010. 2404: 1820:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1597:Wright GR-1820-G105 Cyclone 1569:Wright GR-1820-G105 Cyclone 1537:One converted from an F2A-3 1488: 760:". The only clash with the 169:which saw service early in 27:WWII American fighter plane 10: 6673: 4066:Gerdessen, F. "Talkback". 3727:Steve Horn 2005, page 137. 2910:The Great Book of Fighters 2314:Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone 9 2188:Militaire-Luchtvaartmuseum 1953:United States Marine Corps 1645:Royal Australian Air Force 1343:United States Marine Corps 1166:Distinguished Flying Medal 1162:Distinguished Flying Cross 1043:Japanese invasion of Burma 1040: 1037:Japanese invasion of Burma 974:When the Japanese invaded 922:armour-piercing ammunition 819:, Singapore in April 1941. 774: 599:Pohjoisten taivaiden helmi 476: 292:Long Island City, New York 243:United States Marine Corps 6602: 6576: 6274: 6181: 5639: 5562: 5552: 5495: 5472: 5418: 5400: 5340: 5317: 5299: 5271: 5248: 5220: 5176: 5120: 5076: 5037: 4937: 4878: 4790: 4737: 4698: 4626: 4605: 4574: 4192:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 4061:Air&Space/Smithsonian 3737:"Brewster F2A 'Buffalo'." 3663:October 11, 2008, at the 3377:October 28, 2007, at the 3069:"Jorma "Joppe" Karhunen." 2963:Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). 2180:Cradle of Aviation Museum 1774:Militaire Luchtvaart KNIL 1180:Brewster Buffalos of the 301:Brewster XF2A-1 prototype 225:(B-339C/D) air forces in 149: 141: 133: 125: 117: 112: 104: 81: 69: 61: 51: 46: 37: 32: 5545:Australian Defence Force 4409:Swanborough, Gordon and 4099:Air Enthusiast Quarterly 3890:Retrieved: 16 June 2012. 3783:Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 3764:Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 3703:Retrieved: 15 June 2011. 3626:Wilson, Stewart (1994). 3437:Huggins 2007, pp. 35–36. 3357:"Brewster Buffalo Mk I." 3220:"Brewster Buffalo NX56B" 3090:Ford. Dan (reprinted by 3031:Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 2742:. New York: Avon, 1982. 2501: 2486:List of fighter aircraft 2151:was damaged by a Soviet 1876:(most pilots were RNZAF) 1579:Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone 1545:Wright R-1820-G5 Cyclone 1523:Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone 1513:Wright R-1820-34 Cyclone 1280:Perth, Western Australia 1076:American Volunteer Group 1023:R. D. (Doug) Vanderfield 465:'s American pilots used 320:Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone 245:(USMC) squadrons at the 4493:Zbiegniewski, Andre R. 4284:In the Skies of Europe. 3934:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu 3840:valor.militarytimes.com 3795:Lundstrom 2005, p. 480. 3718:Retrieved: 22 May 2012. 3079:Fighter Tactics Academy 2229:General characteristics 2136:variant (HM-671 at the 1737:with Japanese roundels. 1468:Eino Ilmari Juutilainen 1240:USAAF/RAAF in Australia 1172:Netherlands East Indies 471:Netherlands East Indies 333:AN Browning machine gun 329:M2 Browning machine gun 324:Langley Research Center 312:self-sealing fuel tanks 6637:Carrier-based aircraft 4526:Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo 4252:(Osprey Campaign 144). 4133:Brewster B-239 ja Humu 3474:Wixey 2003, pp. 38–39. 3074:July 19, 2009, at the 2768:Lundstrom 2005, p. 12. 2667:. The Doublestar Group 2661:"Brewster F2A Buffalo" 2218: 2209:Specifications (F2A-3) 2129: 2110: 1947:, Australia (ex-Dutch) 1918:885 Naval Air Squadron 1913:813 Naval Air Squadron 1908:805 Naval Air Squadron 1903:804 Naval Air Squadron 1898:760 Naval Air Squadron 1893:759 Naval Air Squadron 1888:711 Naval Air Squadron 1825:No. 488 Squadron RNZAF 1738: 1627: 1498: 1497:Brewster Buffalo F2A-2 1425: 1411: 1338: 1315: 1184: 1060: 971: 911: 879: 828:Kingdom. Appraisal by 820: 747:Messerschmitt Bf 109Gs 689:from 201st SBAP near 635: 605:(lit. "butt-walter"), 573:Jorma "Joppe" Karhunen 512: 377: 365: 302: 253:Design and development 185:in 1939 to become the 4342:Shores, Christopher. 4282:Neulen, Hans Werner. 4234:F2A Buffalo in action 4030:Dennis, Peter et al. 3668:Pacific War Home Page 3419:Harper 1946, pp. 1–2. 3116:century-of-flight.net 2216: 2116: 2106:'s FAF BW-372 at the 2102: 1732: 1682:No. 452 Squadron RAAF 1677:No. 453 Squadron RAAF 1625: 1606:B-339-23 a.k.a. B-439 1496: 1415: 1406: 1321: 1302:F2A-3, probably from 1301: 1179: 1158:Count Manfred Czernin 1111:performance from the 1050: 941:No. 453 Squadron RAAF 938: 909: 850: 814: 627: 539:power-to-weight ratio 484: 380:A later variant, the 371: 353: 300: 6584:Aircraft of the RAAF 4495:Brewster F2A Buffalo 3980:Het Verlies van Java 3597:Stanaway 1998, p. 9. 3488:Flores, Santiago A. 3164:Neulen 2000, p. 208. 3112:"Ilmari Juutilainen" 3000:Stenman 2001, p. 39. 2991:Stenman 2001, p. 27. 2812:Shores 1971, p. 133. 2715:Ethell 1995, p. 213. 2694:Neulen 2000, p. 217. 2685:Ethell 1995, p. 212. 2665:www.warbirdalley.com 2650:Wheeler 1992, p. 58. 2454:Hawker Sea Hurricane 1971:Camp Kearney, Calif. 1962:Camp Kearney, Calif. 1874:No. 243 Squadron RAF 1868:No. 146 Squadron RAF 1671:No. 85 Squadron RAAF 1666:No. 43 Squadron RAAF 1660:No. 25 Squadron RAAF 1655:No. 24 Squadron RAAF 1650:No. 21 Squadron RAAF 1611:Wright GR-1820-G205A 1229:Jacob van Helsdingen 1154:No. 146 Squadron RAF 1019:A. W. B. (Alf) Clare 853:No. 243 Squadron RAF 670:Hävittäjälentolaivue 461:good for". Even the 219:British Commonwealth 163:Brewster F2A Buffalo 6589:Aircraft of the RAN 5503: • 4217:Lundstrom, John B. 3777:USMC Combat Reports 3758:USMC Combat Reports 3128:Arena 1996, p. 483. 2896:Baa Baa Black Sheep 2459:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 2449:Grumman F4F Wildcat 2426:Related development 2304:Max takeoff weight: 1863:No. 71 Squadron RAF 1857:No. 67 Squadron RAF 1852:No. 60 Squadron RAF 1064:No. 67 Squadron RAF 964:Butterworth, Penang 893:reflector gun sight 730:strategic materials 436:Operational history 390:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 195:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 183:Grumman F4F Wildcat 47:General information 6280:Tri-Service series 4691:United States Navy 4443:Wheeler, Barry C. 4297:O'Leary, Michael. 3904:williammaloney.com 3883:2010-10-23 at the 3865:The New York Times 3698:"James L. Neefus." 3679:Moran 2011, p. 24. 3606:Andriessen, Paul. 3255:on 18 January 2018 3200:Pacco 2003, p. 71. 2912:. MBI Publishing. 2856:Launius, Roger D. 2823:"Brewster XF2A-1." 2738:Theodore, Taylor. 2219: 2130: 2111: 2081:Training Units at 2047:United States Navy 1739: 1628: 1499: 1449:Vought F4U Corsair 1428:Claire Chennault's 1341:At Midway Island, 1339: 1316: 1185: 1134:Westland Lysanders 1098:heavy bombers, 27 1061: 1059:on 24 January 1942 972: 912: 880: 821: 723:Ilmari Juutilainen 640:Ilmari Juutilainen 636: 611:Lentävä kaljapullo 513: 378: 366: 303: 258:United States Navy 86:United States Navy 6642:Low-wing aircraft 6622:Brewster aircraft 6609: 6608: 6276:RAAF Series Three 5511: 5510: 4657: 4656: 4389:978-1-85532-783-2 4374:978-1-84603-481-7 4359:978-1-57638-141-0 4227:978-1-59114-471-7 4186:978-0-595-86785-1 4180:iUniverse, 2007. 4117:978-1-59114-388-8 4040:978-0-19-551784-2 4025:978-0-9968258-6-3 3928:Lednicer, David. 3818:Lindberg, Jarno. 3781:warbirdforum.com. 3762:warbirdforum.com. 3099:warbirdforum.com, 2729:Boer 2006, p. 83. 1710:Finnish Air Force 1583:Dutch East Indies 1571:engines; 24 built 1345:fighter squadron 1294:U.S. Marine Corps 1195:Dutch East Indies 1138:Bristol Blenheims 988:Dutch East Indies 742:on 17 June 1944. 629:Finnish Air Force 597:("sky pearl") or 497: 467:Hawker Hurricanes 428:, and another at 288:Brewster Building 207:Finnish Air Force 159: 158: 126:Introduction date 98:Finnish Air Force 16:(Redirected from 6664: 6286: 6285: 5645: 5568: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5460: 5455: 5450: 4898: 4821: 4720: 4700:General Aviation 4684: 4677: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4349:Stanaway, John. 4279: 4260:978-1-849086-035 4214: 4197: 3965:The Loss of Java 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3925: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3897: 3891: 3875: 3869: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3832: 3826: 3823:warbirdforum.com 3816: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3784: 3771: 3765: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3623: 3614: 3611:warbirdforum.com 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3573: 3570: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493:warbirdforum.com 3486: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3454: 3451: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3369: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3335: 3332: 3323: 3320: 3311: 3308:historyofwar.org 3301: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251:. Archived from 3249:belgian-wings.be 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3222:. 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Bowers 4394:Stenman, Kari. 4327:Raunio, Jukka. 3953: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3899:Maloney, Bill. 3898: 3894: 3885:Wayback Machine 3876: 3872: 3859:Eckholm, Erik. 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3817: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3772: 3768: 3753: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3711: 3707: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3665:Wayback Machine 3656: 3645: 3638: 3624: 3617: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3576: 3571: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3487: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3379:Wayback Machine 3370: 3366: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3302: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3076:Wayback Machine 3066: 3059: 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Air Force 1242: 1174: 1103:facilities and 1051:Flying officer 1045: 1039: 1031:Pacific theatre 1006:in early 1941. 1004:Battle of Crete 976:northern Malaya 970:was still down. 830:Royal Air Force 809: 777: 501:No. 24 Squadron 479: 463:Eagle Squadrons 458:Ralph Ingersoll 438: 386:Pappy Boyington 260: 255: 227:South East Asia 165:is an American 137:2 December 1937 100: 96: 92: 90:Royal Air Force 62:National origin 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6670: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 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3599: 3590: 3574: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3506: 3497: 3476: 3467: 3455: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3386: 3364: 3355:Baugher, Joe. 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3289: 3280: 3266: 3236: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3103: 3092:Jarmo Lindberg 3083: 3057: 3053:geocities.com. 3042: 3033: 3029:clubhyper.com. 3014: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2972: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2932:Graham White, 2925: 2919:978-0760311943 2918: 2900: 2887: 2874: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821:Baugher, Joe. 2814: 2805: 2770: 2752: 2731: 2717: 2708: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2652: 2640: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2592: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2533: 2516: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2422: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2363: 2362: 2359:Rate of climb: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2335:Maximum speed: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2210: 2207: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1973: 1964: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1937: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1844: 1842:United Kingdom 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1771: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1707: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1687:No. 1 PRU RAAF 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1642: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1604: 1589: 1586: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1490: 1487: 1476:Lauri Nissinen 1472:Jorma Karhunen 1456: 1453: 1386:Floyd B. Parks 1295: 1292: 1288:RAAF Guildford 1248:in Australia. 1241: 1238: 1211:Nakajima Ki-43 1173: 1170: 1118:Burma Campaign 1105:RAF Mingaladon 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1015:Maurice Holder 984:Nakajima Ki-43 980:Nakajima Ki-27 887:container and 876:RAF Kota Bharu 872:Kelantan River 868:landing barges 860:Maurice Holder 857:Flying Officer 808: 805: 776: 773: 766:Junkers Ju 87s 603:Pylly-Valtteri 478: 475: 444:, assigned to 437: 434: 259: 256: 254: 251: 231:Nakajima Ki-43 157: 156: 151: 150:Developed into 147: 146: 145:1948 (Finland) 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6669: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 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5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5506: 5502: 5501:Aeromarine AS 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 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4273: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4242:0-89747-196-2 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4169:952-99432-4-5 4166: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155:952-99432-3-7 4152: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141:951-9035-16-8 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4092:0-356-08222-9 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4055:0-89747-194-6 4052: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4010:1-904010-32-6 4007: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3988:90-6707-599-X 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956:Arena, Nino. 3955: 3954: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3400: 3399:0-86288-672-4 3396: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3284: 3276: 3275:"NewspaperSG" 3270: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3226:on 2018-09-09 3225: 3221: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3118:. 2019-11-15. 3117: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067:Lindberg, J. 3064: 3062: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2748:0-380-78790-3 2745: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2691: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2596: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2526: 2525:Chance-Vought 2520: 2511: 2507: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470:Related lists 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2444:CAC Boomerang 2442: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2409: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341:Cruise speed: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298:Empty weight: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2088: 2084: 2083:NAS Pensacola 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1985:Palmyra Atoll 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1945:5th Air Force 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1935:United States 1925: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883:Fleet Air Arm 1880: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559:Fleet Air Arm 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433:"Jimmy" Thach 1429: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1366:Kawanishi H8K 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1335:Palmyra Atoll 1332: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1237: 1234: 1233:August Deibel 1230: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1178: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1080:Flying Tigers 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1053:Edward Sadler 1049: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000:Fleet Air Arm 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 969: 968:undercarriage 965: 961: 957: 953: 950: 946: 945:RAF Sembawang 942: 937: 933: 932:at the time. 931: 927: 923: 918: 908: 904: 900: 896: 894: 890: 889:arrestor hook 886: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 854: 849: 845: 842: 840: 836: 831: 826: 818: 817:RAF Sembawang 813: 804: 802: 797: 795: 791: 790: 784: 782: 781:Wright R-1820 772: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 743: 741: 737: 736: 731: 726: 724: 719: 715: 711: 708:. Two Soviet 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 671: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 649: 643: 641: 634: 630: 626: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:Amerikanrauta 604: 600: 596: 595:Taivaan helmi 591: 589: 584: 582: 579: 574: 569: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 550:New York City 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 527: 522: 519: 510: 506: 502: 498: 492: 488: 483: 474: 472: 468: 464: 459: 455: 450: 449: 443: 433: 431: 430:Midway Island 427: 426:Palmyra Atoll 421: 419: 415: 410: 405: 403: 398: 393: 392:'s lb/sq ft. 391: 387: 383: 375: 370: 363: 362: 357: 356:John S. Thach 352: 348: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 299: 295: 293: 289: 284: 282: 277: 276:Seversky P-35 273: 269: 265: 250: 248: 244: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221:(B-339E) and 220: 215: 213: 208: 204: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 82:Primary users 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 65:United States 64: 60: 57: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 6557: 6537: 6452: 6442: 6367: 5922: 5554: 4723: 4643: 4612: 4575:Attack types 4494: 4478: 4474: 4473:Wixey, Ken. 4459: 4444: 4429: 4414: 4395: 4380: 4365: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4313: 4298: 4283: 4267: 4249: 4247:Moran, Jim. 4233: 4218: 4202: 4193: 4177: 4176:Lamp, C. O. 4160: 4146: 4132: 4123: 4098: 4083: 4067: 4060: 4046: 4031: 4016: 4001: 3994: 3979: 3964: 3957: 3951:Bibliography 3937:. Retrieved 3933: 3911: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3873: 3863: 3855: 3843:. 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Retrieved 2624:the original 2614: 2595: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2536: 2519: 2510: 2469: 2468: 2437: 2436: 2425: 2424: 2394: 2391:machine guns 2384:machine guns 2374: 2366: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2287: 2278: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2201: 2187: 2177: 2169: 2149:Lauri Pekuri 2146: 2131: 2104:Lauri Pekuri 1870:(ex-67 Sqn.) 1673:(ex-25 Sqn.) 1601:Buffalo Mk I 1600: 1483:Geoff Fisken 1480: 1458: 1455:Buffalo aces 1441: 1426: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1394:dive bombers 1378: 1374: 1352: 1340: 1329: 1277: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1189: 1186: 1122: 1109: 1093: 1072:Curtiss P-40 1062: 1011:Geoff Fisken 1008: 996: 973: 943:lined up at 939:Buffalos of 917:Japanese spy 913: 901: 897: 881: 843: 838: 835:Commonwealth 822: 798: 787: 785: 778: 770: 761: 754:Nazi Germany 751: 744: 733: 727: 717: 697: 695: 680: 675: 669: 664: 658: 647: 644: 637: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 592: 585: 580: 570: 562: 543: 525: 523: 514: 494: 447: 439: 422: 417: 413: 406: 396: 394: 381: 379: 364:, March 1940 360: 345: 340: 304: 285: 261: 239: 216: 199: 171:World War II 162: 160: 134:First flight 118:Manufactured 105:Number built 71:Manufacturer 5505:Vought VE-7 5301:Supermarine 4232:Maas, Jim. 3993:Byk, Gary. 3978:Boer, P.C. 3963:Boer, P.C. 3024:Maas, Jim. 2796:Ford, Dan. 2671:23 February 2529:F4U Corsair 2389:M2 Browning 2382:M2 Browning 2328:Performance 2320:Propellers: 2310:Powerplant: 2202:Long Island 2196:Netherlands 2192:Soesterberg 2127:Netherlands 2123:Soesterberg 2028:, based at 2010:, based at 2001:, based at 1992:, based at 1983:, based at 1969:, based at 1960:, based at 1881:Royal Navy 1815:New Zealand 1769:Netherlands 1723:(1944–1945) 1717:(1941–1944) 1445:F6F Hellcat 1437:Thach Weave 1379:During the 1370:flying boat 1358:Wake Island 1330:Long Island 1284:RAAF Pearce 758:Lapland War 687:Tupolev SBs 676:Lentolaivue 665:Lentolaivue 659:During the 648:Lentolaivue 376:, 1942–1943 316:pilot armor 268:Grumman F3F 191:Grumman F3F 33:F2A Buffalo 6616:Categories 6183:RAN Series 5499:See also: 3637:1875671080 3382:tamiya.com 3230:2018-09-09 2894:Boyington, 2542:Winter War 2497:References 2290:NACA 23009 2260:Wing area: 2019:, used in 1735:war trophy 1662:(ex-Dutch) 1555:Royal Navy 1218:troopships 1142:Chiang Mai 1068:Mingaladon 926:incendiary 801:Martinique 789:Blitzkrieg 588:Winter War 558:Gothenburg 235:Hurricanes 179:monoplanes 129:April 1939 5082:McDonnell 5029:F12F (II) 4884:McDonnell 4639:Buccaneer 4489:0143-5450 4276:1243-8650 4211:1243-8650 4107:0143-5450 4078:0143-5450 2607:Citations 2248:Wingspan: 2222:Data from 2087:NAS Miami 1799:(3-VLG-V) 1787:(1-VLG-V) 1640:Australia 1618:Operators 1505:Prototype 1461:Hans Wind 1390:Aichi D3A 1351:USS 1328:USS 1322:F2A-3 of 1199:Singapore 885:life raft 796:in 1945. 794:Darmstadt 762:Luftwaffe 702:Hans Wind 578:Fiat G.50 535:life raft 531:tailhooks 446:USS 418:Lexington 409:wet wings 374:NAS Miami 187:U.S. Navy 121:1938–1941 6013:A68 (II) 5424:CC&F 5402:Lockheed 5319:Northrop 5250:Lockheed 5043:Goodyear 5039:Eberhart 5024:F12F (I) 4995:-6 to -8 4990:-1 to -5 4704:Brewster 4606:Fighters 4569:aircraft 4567:Brewster 3939:16 April 3881:Archived 3661:Archived 3375:Archived 3072:Archived 2405:See also 2367:Armament 2322:3-bladed 2030:MCAS Ewa 2012:MCAS Ewa 2003:MCAS Ewa 1994:MCAS Ewa 1489:Variants 1392:1 "Val" 1368:"Emily" 1353:Saratoga 1150:Calcutta 1146:Thailand 958:and one 706:Kronstad 448:Saratoga 414:Saratoga 361:Saratoga 307:aluminum 6488:A40/N40 6398:A22/N22 6373:A17/N17 6284:present 6008:A68 (I) 5644:1935–63 5567:1921–34 5555:Italics 5474:Convair 5263:FO (II) 5178:Loening 4939:Grumman 4880:Douglas 4792:Curtiss 4649:Corsair 4644:Buffalo 4634:Bermuda 3845:4 April 3259:4 April 2867:4 April 2590:engine. 2432:VL Humu 2267:Airfoil 2254:Height: 2242:Length: 2157:Segezha 2142:ML-KNIL 2134:VL Humu 2040:VMO-251 2035:VMF-224 2026:VMF-222 2017:VMF-221 2008:VMF-214 1999:VMF-213 1990:VMF-212 1981:VMF-211 1967:VMF-112 1958:VMF-111 1705:Finland 1347:VMF-221 1324:VMF-211 1304:VMF-212 1182:ML-KNIL 1116:of the 1089:Toungoo 1057:Rangoon 962:) over 924:and no 870:on the 775:Belgium 691:Heinola 581:Freccia 565:Väisälä 477:Finland 454:Finland 281:Wildcat 264:carrier 154:VL Humu 142:Retired 113:History 5420:Wright 5342:Vought 5258:FO (I) 5207:F2L-1K 4739:Boeing 4501: 4487: 4466: 4451: 4436: 4421: 4402: 4387: 4372: 4357: 4335: 4320: 4305: 4290: 4274: 4258: 4240: 4225: 4209: 4184: 4167: 4153: 4139: 4115: 4105: 4090: 4076: 4053: 4038: 4023: 4008: 3986: 3971: 3634: 3397: 2916: 2746: 2395:Bombs: 2347:Range: 2194:, the 2161:Russia 2077:VS-201 1932: 1839: 1812: 1766: 1748: 1702: 1637: 1588:B-339E 1574:B-339D 1564:B-339C 1550:B-339B 1534:XF2A-4 1521:(with 1511:(with 1502:XF2A-1 1435:. The 1333:, off 1312:Hawaii 1269:85 Sqn 1265:25 Sqn 1261:24 Sqn 956:Ki-48s 949:Flt Lt 930:Allies 839:B-339E 718:BW-364 619:BW-394 615:BW-351 546:Bergen 526:B-239E 518:octane 341:F2A-1s 272:XF4F-1 6577:Lists 6282:1964– 5202:F2L-1 5017:-1F/2 4627:Names 4592:XA-32 2502:Notes 2375:Guns: 2284:23018 2279:Root: 2236:Crew: 1976:VMD-2 1751:Japan 1595:with 1540:B-239 1528:F2A-3 1518:F2A-2 1508:F2A-1 1409:them. 1398:Zeros 1306:, at 1257:1 PRU 1130:Magwe 1125:IJAAF 1100:Ki-30 1096:Ki-21 1027:P-40s 960:Ki-51 714:I-16s 698:parvi 509:MiG-3 487:Nokia 397:F2A-3 382:F2A-2 223:Dutch 6173:A100 5273:Ryan 5182:Bell 5161:-2/3 5078:Hall 5012:F11F 5007:F10F 4986:F9F 4870:F15C 4865:F14C 4860:F13C 4855:F12C 4850:F11C 4845:F10C 4597:A-34 4587:SB2A 4499:ISBN 4485:ISSN 4464:ISBN 4449:ISBN 4434:ISBN 4419:ISBN 4400:ISBN 4385:ISBN 4370:ISBN 4355:ISBN 4333:ISBN 4318:ISBN 4303:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4272:ISSN 4256:ISBN 4238:ISBN 4223:ISBN 4207:ISSN 4182:ISBN 4165:ISBN 4151:ISBN 4137:ISBN 4113:ISBN 4103:ISSN 4088:ISBN 4074:ISSN 4051:ISBN 4036:ISBN 4021:ISBN 4006:ISBN 3984:ISBN 3969:ISBN 3941:2019 3847:2018 3779:via 3760:via 3632:ISBN 3395:ISBN 3261:2018 2914:ISBN 2869:2018 2744:ISBN 2673:2015 2632:2013 2312:1 × 2288:Tip: 2282:NACA 2200:USS 2085:and 2072:VJ-6 2067:VJ-5 2062:VF-9 2057:VF-3 2052:VF-2 1447:and 1420:Zero 1362:fell 1286:and 1253:A51– 1203:Java 1187:The 1123:The 1021:and 992:fell 735:Humu 710:Pe-2 683:ICAO 554:SAAB 533:and 505:I-16 496:NOKA 442:VF-3 416:and 395:The 314:and 212:aces 161:The 52:Type 6568:A69 6563:A56 6558:A55 6553:A54 6548:A53 6543:N52 6538:A51 6533:N49 6528:N48 6523:A47 6518:A46 6513:A45 6508:A44 6503:A43 6498:N42 6493:A41 6483:A39 6478:A38 6473:A37 6468:A36 6463:A35 6458:A34 6453:A33 6448:A32 6443:A31 6438:A30 6433:N29 6428:N28 6423:A27 6418:A26 6413:A25 6408:N24 6403:A23 6393:A21 6388:A20 6383:A19 6378:A18 6368:A16 6363:A15 6358:A14 6353:A13 6348:A12 6343:A11 6338:A10 6266:N16 6261:N15 6256:N14 6251:N13 6246:N12 6241:N11 6236:N10 6168:A99 6163:A98 6158:A97 6153:A96 6148:A95 6143:A94 6138:A93 6133:A92 6128:A91 6123:A90 6118:A89 6113:A88 6108:A87 6103:A86 6098:A85 6093:A84 6088:A83 6083:A82 6078:A81 6073:A80 6068:A79 6063:A78 6058:A77 6053:A76 6048:A75 6043:A74 6038:A73 6033:A72 6028:A71 6023:A70 6018:A69 6003:A67 5998:A66 5993:A65 5988:A64 5983:A63 5978:A62 5973:A61 5968:A60 5963:A59 5958:A58 5953:A57 5948:A56 5943:A55 5938:A54 5933:A53 5928:A52 5923:A51 5918:A50 5913:A49 5908:A48 5903:A47 5898:A46 5893:A45 5888:A44 5883:A44 5878:A43 5873:A42 5868:A41 5863:A40 5858:A39 5853:A38 5848:A37 5843:A37 5838:A37 5833:A36 5828:A35 5823:A34 5818:A33 5813:A32 5808:A31 5803:A30 5798:A30 5793:A29 5788:A28 5783:A27 5778:A26 5773:A25 5768:A24 5763:A23 5758:A22 5753:A21 5748:A20 5743:A19 5738:A18 5733:A17 5728:A16 5723:A15 5718:A14 5713:A13 5708:A12 5703:A11 5698:A10 5631:A12 5626:A11 5621:A10 5487:F2Y 5464:F4W 5459:F3W 5454:F2W 5442:F3W 5437:F2W 5385:F8U 5380:F7U 5375:F6U 5370:F5U 5365:F4U 5360:F3U 5355:F2U 5332:F2T 5291:F3R 5286:F2R 5240:F3M 5235:F2M 5212:F3L 5144:F3J 5139:F2J 5112:F4H 5107:F3H 5102:F2H 5068:F2G 5056:F2G 4982:F8F 4977:F7F 4972:F6F 4967:F5F 4962:F4F 4957:F3F 4952:F2F 4929:F2D 4917:F6D 4912:F5D 4907:F4D 4902:F3D 4897:F2D 4840:F9C 4835:F8C 4830:F7C 4825:F6C 4820:F5C 4815:F4C 4810:F3C 4805:F2C 4782:F8B 4777:F7B 4772:F6B 4767:F5B 4762:F4B 4757:F3B 4752:F2B 4729:F3A 4724:F2A 4618:F3A 4613:F2A 4582:SBA 3094:). 2238:one 1557:'s 617:to 491:FAF 354:LT 290:in 214:". 108:509 6618:: 6333:A9 6328:A8 6323:A7 6318:A6 6313:A5 6308:A4 6303:A3 6298:A2 6293:A1 6231:N9 6226:N8 6221:N7 6216:N6 6211:N5 6206:N4 6201:N3 6196:N2 6191:N1 5693:A9 5688:A8 5683:A7 5678:A6 5673:A5 5668:A4 5663:A3 5658:A2 5653:A1 5616:A9 5611:A8 5606:A7 5601:A6 5596:A5 5591:A4 5586:A3 5581:A2 5576:A1 5482:FY 5449:FW 5432:WP 5410:FV 5390:-3 5350:FU 5327:FT 5309:FS 5281:FR 5230:FM 5197:FL 5190:FL 5166:-4 5156:-1 5151:FJ 5134:FJ 5097:FH 5090:FH 5063:FG 5051:FG 5000:-9 4947:FF 4924:FD 4892:FD 4800:FC 4747:FB 4719:FA 4712:FA 4477:. 4413:. 3932:. 3920:^ 3838:. 3809:^ 3788:^ 3747:^ 3646:^ 3618:^ 3577:^ 3561:^ 3509:^ 3479:^ 3458:^ 3442:^ 3339:^ 3327:^ 3315:^ 3292:^ 3247:. 3114:. 3060:^ 3017:^ 3005:^ 2975:^ 2860:. 2773:^ 2755:^ 2720:^ 2699:^ 2663:. 2643:^ 2634:. 2205:. 2159:, 2125:, 1465:WO 1310:, 1275:. 1267:, 1263:, 1259:, 1205:. 1168:. 1144:, 1033:. 1017:, 1013:, 994:. 841:. 672:26 663:, 650:24 621:. 560:. 456:. 420:. 404:. 343:. 294:. 283:. 197:. 5537:e 5530:t 5523:v 4683:e 4676:t 4669:v 4559:e 4552:t 4545:v 4505:. 4470:. 4455:. 4440:. 4425:. 4406:. 4391:. 4376:. 4361:. 4339:. 4324:. 4309:. 4294:. 4278:. 4262:. 4244:. 4229:. 4213:. 4188:. 4171:. 4157:. 4119:. 4094:. 4042:. 4027:. 4012:. 3990:. 3975:. 3943:. 3849:. 3640:. 3401:. 3277:. 3263:. 3233:. 2922:. 2898:, 2871:. 2750:. 2675:. 2544:. 2269:: 1585:) 1561:) 1078:( 210:" 20:)

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