Hawker Hurricane - Knowledge

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and possessed less flying time over Dunkirk than did the "Hurricanes" and "Spitfires" operating from southern England. German bombers were still located in western Germany and had even farther to fly. Thus, the Luftwaffe could not bring its full weight to bear so that when its bombers hammered those on the beaches or embarking, the RAF intervened in a significant fashion. German aircraft losses were high, and British fighter attacks often prevented German bombers from performing with full effectiveness. Both sides suffered heavy losses. During the nine days from May 26 through June 3, the RAF lost 177 aircraft destroyed or damaged; the Germans lost 240. For much of the Luftwaffe, Dunkirk came as a nasty shock. Fliegerkorps II reported in its war diary that it lost more aircraft on the 27th attacking the evacuation than it had lost in the previous ten days of the campaign.

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as the flames did not blind the pilot. Our planes were much worse in this respect. But at negative G-forces the engine choked. There was no compensating tank. This was very bad because we had to execute any manoeuvre with positive G-forces. It had a very thick wing profile and poor acceleration characteristics. It was not slow in responding to the control stick, but everything happened smoothly, slowly. It had good lifting strength and was very good in horizontal manoeuvrability. But the Hurricane was very poor in vertical manoeuvre, due to thick wing profile. We mostly tried to impose a battle in the horizontal plane and would not go into a vertical one. The Hurricane burned rapidly — and to cinders like a match — as it had

31: 2446: 1010: 643: 1811: 3101: 2981: 2951: 3632: 3446: 1612: 559: 3406: 3541: 3353: 3473: 3488: 3366: 2893: 1761: 612: 3580: 2133: 3645: 3327: 829:. Upon its entry to service, much of the performance data was intentionally concealed from the general public, but it was known that the type possessed a speed range of 6:1. A simple steel tube structure supported the engine; detachable cowling panels allowed access to most of the engine's areas for maintenance. Installed underneath the fuselage, the liquid-cooled radiator has a rectangular opening to its aft; this is covered by a hinged flap, allowing the pilot to control the cooling level. An atypical feature for the era was the use of 3074:

to the USSR, to be shipped across the Pacific. Amended to all 400 for the RCAF. Originally designated the Mk.IIB (Can), designation changed to Mk.XII in April 1943. Single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber, powered by a 1,300 hp (970 kW) Packard Merlin 29, armed with twelve 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, production starting in June 1942, 250 served with the RCAF and 150 were sent to Britain in 1943 either without an engine or fitted with a Merlin 28 which was replaced by a Merlin XX on arrival and they became Mk.IIs

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was still capable of destroying the German fighter, especially at lower altitudes. The standard tactic of the 109s was to attempt to climb higher than the RAF fighters and "bounce" them in a dive; the Hurricanes could evade such tactics by turning into the attack or going into a "corkscrew dive", which the 109s, with their lower rate of roll, found hard to counter. If a 109 was caught in a dogfight, the Hurricane was just as capable of out-turning the 109 as the Spitfire. In a stern chase, the 109 could evade the Hurricane.

635:. As war was looking likely, and time was of the essence in providing the RAF with an effective fighter, the authorities expected there to be problems with the more advanced Spitfire, while the Hurricane made use of well proven manufacturing techniques. The service squadrons were also already experienced in maintaining aircraft structurally similar to the Hurricane. A fabric-covered wing was initially adopted in order to accelerate production, while a higher-performing stressed-skin metal wing was introduced in late 1939. 3669: 3340: 1947:, which managed to hold out against vastly superior numbers of the Italian air force during the following 17 days. Initially there were six Gladiators, though after a while, only three were able to be flown at any one time because of a shortage of spare parts, and for whatever reason (five different explanations have been given), they became known as "Faith, Hope and Charity". Four Hurricanes joined them at the end of June, and together they faced attacks throughout July from the 200 enemy aircraft based in 1660: 1648:

damaged yet returned to base. The Hurricane's construction made it dangerous if it caught fire; the wood frames and fabric covering of the rear fuselage allowed fire to spread through the rear fuselage structure easily. The gravity fuel tank in the forward fuselage sat right in front of the instrument panel, without any form of protection for the pilot. Many Hurricane pilots were seriously burned as a consequence of a jet of flame which could burn through the instrument panel. This became of such concern to

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as a stressed-skin metal construction. This form of construction resembled that of earlier biplanes and was already considered to be somewhat outdated when the Hurricane was introduced to service . The Hurricane was initially armed with an arrangement of eight remotely-operated wing-mounted Browning machine guns, intended for conducting rapid engagements. The Hurricane was typically equipped for flying under both day and night conditions, being provided with navigation lights, Harley

3502: 837: 3433: 3009: 899:, was even flown with a fabric-covered port wing and metal-covered starboard wing. The great advantage of the metal-covered wings over the fabric ones was that the metal ones could carry far greater stress loads without needing as much structure." Several fabric-wing Hurricanes were still in service during the Battle of Britain, although a good number had had their wings replaced during servicing or after repair. Changing the wings required only three hours work per aircraft. 3131:

downwards when it hit the water, while also acting as a very efficient scoop, helping to flood the Hurricane so that a quick exit was necessary before the aircraft sank. Then the pilot had to be picked up by a ship. More than 80 modifications were needed to convert a Hurricane into a Sea Hurricane, including new radios to conform with those used by the Fleet Air Arm and new instrumentation to read in knots rather than miles per hour. They were informally known as "Hurricats".

1231: 3515: 3554: 3127:), whose ships' crews were Merchant Marine and whose Hurricanes were crewed and serviced by RAF personnel, or Fighter Catapult Ships, which were Naval Auxiliary Vessels crewed by naval personnel and aircraft operated by the Fleet Air Arm. These ships were equipped with a catapult for launching an aircraft, but without facilities to recover them. Consequently, if the aircraft were not in range of a land base, pilots had to bail out or to ditch. 3147: 462:, at the time assistant director of armament research and development, said "The battle was brisk and was carried into very high quarters before the implementing authority was given. My Branch had made out a sound case for 8-gun fighters and if this recommendation had not been accepted and we had been content with half-measures, it might indeed have gone ill for us during the late summer of 1940". Present at the meeting was Squadron Leader 3392: 3459: 3567: 2710: 3606: 3528: 489: 3379: 3883: 2242: 3293: 1713:. McKellar has remained in relative obscurity in Battle of Britain history, as he was killed in action one day after the date set by the War Ministry (after the war) as the official end date for the Battle of Britain. He died on 1 November 1940 while taking on a superior number of Bf 109s. As in the Spitfire, the Merlin engine suffered from negative-G cut-out, a problem not cured until the introduction of 2112:

because of the thicker wing profile of the British fighter. But the main source of complaints was the Hurricane's armament. On occasion, the eight or 12 rifle-calibre machine guns did not damage the sturdy and heavily armoured German aircraft; consequently, Soviet ground crews started to remove the Brownings. Retaining only four or six of the 12 machine guns, two 12.7 mm (0.50 in)

1656:, a self-expanding rubber coating. If the tank happened to be punctured by a bullet, the Linatex coating expanded when soaked with petrol and sealed it. However, some Hurricane pilots felt that the fuel tanks in the wings, although they were also protected with a layer of Linatex, were vulnerable from behind, and it was thought that those, and not the fuselage tank, were the main fire risk. 2847: 3268:

in March 1941, and two were converted in a similar manner in Malta during April 1941. During October 1941 a batch of six Hurricane Mk.IIs were converted to PR Mk.II status and a final batch, thought to be of 12 aircraft, was converted in late 1941. The PR Mk.II was said to be capable of slightly over 350 mph (560 km/h) and was able to reach 38,000 ft (12,000 m).

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fighters, leaving Hurricanes to concentrate on the bombers, and, despite the undoubted abilities of the "thoroughbred" Spitfire, it was the "workhorse" Hurricane that scored the higher number of RAF victories during this period, accounting for 55% of the 2,739 German losses, according to Fighter Command, compared with 42% by Spitfires. On 8 August 1940, Hurricanes of

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the engine was nearly always removed upon arrival and a Merlin XX fitted instead. These aircraft were considered a Mk.II by the RAF. Apart from some test flights in Canada and England no Hurricane flew powered by a Merlin 28. Canada only imported 285 Merlin 28 for Hurricanes, all of which were shipped to Britain either as a separate engine or attached to a Hurricane.

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immediately modify the planned four-gun installation. By January 1935, a wooden mock-up had been finished, and although a number of suggestions for detail changes were made, construction of the prototype was approved, and a new specification (F.36/34) was written around the design. In July 1935, this specification was amended to include installation of eight guns.

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engine life and greater reliability. The new engine was longer than the earlier Merlin and so the Hurricane gained a 4.5 in "plug" in front of the cockpit, which made the aircraft slightly more stable due to the slight forward shift in centre of gravity. First flew on 11 June 1940 and went into squadron service in September 1940. Hawker built 418 and

895:(a DERD specification similar to AA2024) was introduced in April 1939 and was used for all of the later marks. "The metal skinned wings allowed a diving speed that was 80 mph (130 km/h) higher than the fabric-covered ones. They were very different in construction but were interchangeable with the fabric-covered wings; one trials Hurricane, 3004:, intending to enable supplies of the British-built engines for other designs. Probably two Canadian built aircraft test flown in Britain with a Merlin 28 starting in May/June 1942 before becoming mark IIB with Merlin XX. By the time production was to have started, British Merlin production had increased to the point where the idea was abandoned. 2941:, one under each wing and a single Browning machine gun in each wing loaded with tracers for aiming purposes. The first aircraft flew on 18 September 1941 and deliveries started in 1942. Had additional armour for the pilot, radiator and engine, and were armed with a Rolls-Royce gun with 12 rounds, later changed to the 40 mm (1.57 in) 911:

retraction of the undercarriage; in the event of both failing, pilots can release the retaining catches holding the undercarriage in place, deploying the wheels to the 'down' position using weight alone. A wide wheel-track was used to allow for considerable stability during ground movements and to enable tight turns to be performed.

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the Hurricanes themselves. By the end of the year, the RAF's direct role in the region had ended, but the aircraft themselves remained behind and became the first of thousands of Allied aircraft that were accepted by the Soviet Union. Although Soviet pilots were not universally enthusiastic about the Hurricane, twice

2156:; 10 were in crates, the others partially disassembled, these and the 24 pilots (many of whom were veterans of the Battle of Britain), who had been transferred to the theatre, formed the nucleus of five squadrons. They arrived on 13 January 1942, by which time the Allied fighter squadrons in Singapore, flying 3134:

The majority of the aircraft modified had suffered wear-and-tear serving with front line squadrons, so much so that at least one example used during trials broke up under the stress of a catapult launching. CAM Sea Hurricanes were launched operationally on eight occasions and the Hurricanes shot down

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Both of these options had their problems—there was always a chance of striking part of the fuselage when bailing out, and a number of pilots had been killed in this way. Ditching the Hurricane in the sea called for skill as the radiator housing acted as a water brake, pitching the nose of the fighter

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rockets. Two .303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings were fitted to aid aiming of the heavier armament. Despite persistent reports, Mk.IVs were actually fitted with the same Merlin XX as the Mk.II. All Merlin 27s were modified to Merlin 25 and used in Mosquitoes, there were only 16 production Merlin 24s

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Not an official Mark number. First used informally by the RAF for 100 mark IIB factory fitted with bomb racks built September to December 1941, which were then redesignated mark IIBB. Also used by the Ministry of Aircraft Production March to October 1942 for further production, all up 270 considered

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The Hurricanes first saw action on the morning of 20 January 1942, when twelve aircraft of 232 Squadron intercepted a mixed IJN and IJAAF formation of about 80 bombers escorted by fighters, the heaviest air raid on Singapore. Eight were claimed shot down and three probables, but three Hurricanes were

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The British archives file AIR 22/310 reports 218 Mk.IIA sent to the Soviet Union or handed over, 22 lost before arrival, 1,884 Mk.IIB sent or handed over, 278 lost before arrival, 1,182 Mk.IIC sent or handed over, 46 lost before arrival, 117 rejected, 60 IID sent or handed over, 14 rejected, 30 Mk.IV

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on 28 August 1941, and another 15 crated aircraft on board merchant vessels. In addition to their convoy protection duties, the aircraft also acted as escorts to Soviet bombers. Enemy attention to the area declined in October, at which point the RAF pilots trained their Soviet counterparts to operate

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dive bombers to try to destroy the airfields. Finally, in an attempt to overcome the stiff resistance put up by these few aircraft, the Luftwaffe took up base on the Sicilian airfields, only to find that Malta was not an easy target. After numerous attacks on the island over the following months, and

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From 10 July to 11 August 1940, RAF fighters fired at 114 German bombers and shot down 80, a destruction ratio of 70%. Against the Bf 109, the RAF fighters attacked 70 and shot down 54 of these, a ratio of 77%. It has been suggested that part of the success of the British fighters was possibly due to

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gave the fuselage a rounded section. The majority of the external surfaces were linen, except for a section between the cockpit and the engine cowling which used lightweight metal panels instead. Camm had decided to use traditional Hawker construction techniques instead of more advanced options, such

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In the course of RAF trials, despite the problems with the Merlin engine, which had suffered numerous failures and necessitating several changes, enthusiastic reports were produced on the aircraft and its performance. The trials had proved the aircraft to possess a maximum level speed of 315 mph

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Soviet pilot Nikolai G. Golodnikov remembered: "The Hurricane's engine was powerful, but it couldn't stand long periods of work at maximum regimes and would quickly break down. The engine worked very clean, it had exhaust stacks and flame suppressors, mounted like mufflers. This was very comfortable

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Canadian-built variant. On 19 August 1941, the Canadian government placed an order with Canadian Car and Foundry for 400 Hurricanes, with 100 meant for the Netherlands and 300 for China, the Netherlands order was amended to 72, the Chinese decided to buy American, which resulted in 328 being offered

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The last major change to the Hurricane was the introduction of the "universal wing", a single design able to mount two 250 or 500 lb (110 or 230 kg) bombs,or two 40 mm (1.57 in) Vickers S guns, or two 40 mm (1.57 in) Rolls-Royce B.H. type guns, two SBC (small bomb containers) or

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to the oil fields in the south. Britain's decision to aid the Soviets meant sending supplies by sea to the far northern ports, and as the convoys needed to sail within range of enemy air attack from the Luftwaffe based in neighbouring Finland, it was decided to deliver a number of Hurricane Mk.IIBs,

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As a fighter, the Hurricane had some drawbacks. It was slightly slower than both the Spitfire I and II and the Messerschmitt Bf 109E, and the thicker wing profiles compromised acceleration; but it could out-turn both of them. In spite of its performance deficiencies against the Bf 109, the Hurricane

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Another thing we did was to devise a manoeuvre which was aimed at getting us out of a difficult corner if we ever got into one. This may sound very extraordinary, probably, to practising pilots today, but it consisted of putting everything into the left hand front corner of the cockpit. If you saw a

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The extra supercharger boost, which increased engine output by nearly 250 hp (190 kW), gave the Hurricane an approximate increase in speed of 25 to 35 mph (40 to 56 km/h), under 15,000 ft (4,600 m) altitude and greatly increased the aircraft's climb rate. "Overboost" or

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On 13 May 1940, a further 32 Hurricanes arrived. All 10 requested Hurricane squadrons were then operating from French soil and felt the full force of the Nazi offensive. The following day, Hurricanes suffered heavy losses: 27 being shot down, 22 by Messerschmitts, with 15 pilots killed (another died

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By the middle of 1938, the first 50 Hurricanes had reached squadrons and, at that time, it had been assessed that the rate of production was slightly greater than the RAF's capacity to introduce the new aircraft, which had already been accelerated. Accordingly, the British government gave Hawker the

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construction and was thus both lighter and stronger, though less tolerant of bullet damage. With its ease of maintenance, widely set landing gear and benign flying characteristics, the Hurricane remained in use in theatres of operations where reliability, easy handling and a stable gun platform were

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The first production Hurricane I first flew on 12 October 1937, flown by Flight Lieutenant Philip Lucas and powered by a Merlin II engine. While a contract for 600 Hurricanes was received on 2 June 1936, deliveries lagged by roughly six months due to a decision in December 1936 to replace the Merlin

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The Hurricane went into production for the Air Ministry In June 1936 and entered squadron service in December 1937. Its manufacture and maintenance were eased by using conventional construction methods so that squadrons could perform many major repairs without external support. The plane was rapidly

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with 8-inch focal length lenses. The third carried one vertical and two oblique F24s with 14-inch focal length lenses mounted in the rear fuselage, close to the trailing edge of the wing, and a fairing was built up over the lenses aft of the radiator housing. A further five Hurricanes were modified

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Not an official Mark. number. Designation used by many references for 150 aircraft from the RCAF Mk.XII order sent to Britain, these aircraft had many items and their Merlin 29 removed before being shipped without an engine or fitted with a Merlin 28. Fitted with Merlin XX on arrival in Britain and

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report building a total of 915 Mk.II airframes for Holland (one), the RAF (514) and the RCAF (400), between November 1941 and May 1943. About two thirds of the Canadian Car and Foundry built Mk.II airframes shipped to Britain did so without an engine, the remainder being fitted with Merlin 28s, but

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Carrying four additional wing-mounted .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns; for a total of 12 guns, 230 were factory fitted with racks allowing them to carry two 250 lb (110 kg) or two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs. This lowered the top speed of the Hurricane to 301 mph

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in 1943 represented the last large-scale use of the Hurricane as a pure fighter. However, in Burma, several squadrons flew Mk II and Mk IV Hurricanes, in the ground attack role, until the end of the war. Its pilots were occasionally caught up in air combat; for example, on 15 February 1944, Flg Off

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service. Many Soviet pilots were disappointed by the Hawker fighter, regarding it as inferior to both German and Soviet aircraft. In July 2023, a crate of 8 Hurricanes was found buried in Ukraine. These had been supplied by the US but under the terms of Lease Lend, the Russians did not have to pay

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The 109 was faster, had a better climb and much better altitude performance, which constantly enabled it to attack with the advantage of height but the old 'Hurri' provided some considerable comfort in its ruggedness and extreme manoeuvrability. I certainly had the feeling that with this ruggedness

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officially lasted from 10 July until 31 October 1940, but the heaviest fighting took place between 8 August and 21 September. Both the Supermarine Spitfire and the Hurricane are renowned for their part in having defended Britain against the Luftwaffe; generally, the Spitfires intercepted the German

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Ian Gleed of 87 Squadron wrote about the effect of using the extra boost on the Hurricane while chasing a Bf 109 at low altitude on 19 May 1940: "Damn! We're flat out as it is. Here goes with the tit. A jerk – boost's shot up to 12 pounds; speed's increased by 30 mph. I'm gaining ground –

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Over Dunkirk, the Luftwaffe suffered its first serious rebuff of the war. As Galland has noted, the nature and style of the air battles over the beaches should have provided a warning as to the inherent weaknesses of the Luftwaffe's force structure. ...he Bf 109 was at the outer limits of its range

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to allow the strut to be perpendicular to the thrust line when extended and angle rearwards when retracted to clear the forward spar. A hydraulic jack actuated the undercarriage. Two separate hydraulic systems, one being power-operated and the other hand-operated, are present for the deployment and

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For duties closer to the front lines some Hurricanes were converted to Tactical Reconnaissance (Tac R) aircraft. An additional radio was fitted for liaison with ground forces who were better placed to direct the Hurricane. Some Hurricane Tac R aircraft also had a vertical camera fitted in the rear

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with 15 rounds. The outer wing attachments were strengthened so that 4G could be pulled at a weight of 8,540 lb (3,870 kg). The weight of guns and armour protection marginally impaired the aircraft's performance. These Hurricanes were nicknamed "Flying Can Openers", perhaps a play on the

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The "Soviet" IIB Hurricane as a multi-role fighter-bomber had quite a few drawbacks. First of all, it was 25–31 mph (40–50 km/h) slower than its main opponent, the Bf 109E interceptor, at low and medium height, and had a slower rate of climb. The Messerschmitt could outdive the Hurricane

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Throughout the bad days of 1940, 87 Squadron had maintained a proficient formation aerobatic team, the precise flying controls and responsive engines permitting precision formation through loops, barrel rolls, 1 g semi-stall turns and rolls off half-loops ... My Hurricane was never hit in the

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Hurricane Mk.I powered by the improved Merlin XX engine with two-speed supercharger. This new engine used a coolant mix of 30% glycol and 70% water. Pure glycol is flammable, so not only was the new mix safer, but the engine also ran approximately 21 °C (38 °F) cooler, which gave longer

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as a result of an action on 16 August 1940 when his section of three Hurricanes was "bounced" from above by Bf 110 fighters. All three were hit simultaneously. Nicolson was badly wounded, and his Hurricane was damaged and engulfed in flames. While attempting to leave the cockpit, Nicolson noticed

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In the afternoon of 20 May 1940, the Hurricane units based in northern France were ordered to abandon their bases on the continent and return to Great Britain. On the same day, "Bull" Halahan requested the repatriation of the pilots serving in 1 Squadron. During the previous 10 days, the unit had

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commented of this arrangement: "Many have expressed surprise that the Hurricane is not fitted with variable-pitch airscrews". The original two-bladed propeller was found to be inefficient at low airspeeds and the aircraft required a long ground run to get airborne, which caused concern at Fighter

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A Sea Hurricane Mk.I version reported equipped with the four-cannon wing. Despite persistent reports of hundreds converted from early 1942 only eight have been traced, all from a batch of 10 Sea Hurricanes that were sent to General Aircraft Limited in February 1943 from The Merchant Ship Fighter

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Canadian built variant. RAF serial airframe AM270 was completed around early March 1942 to Dutch standards, including US built Merlin, instruments and gun sight, as the prototype of an order for the Netherlands East Indies (KM/KNIL). Given the Dutch serial HC3-287, its subsequent fate is unclear

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that had been surprised in flight by the raid. The RAF claimed 18 Japanese aircraft destroyed, seven probably destroyed and nine damaged, with one aircraft claimed by a Fulmar and five by anti-aircraft fire. This compared with actual Japanese losses of one Zero and six D3As, with a further seven

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In September 1940, the more powerful Mk.IIa series 1 Hurricanes started entering service, although only in small numbers. This version was capable of a maximum speed of 342 mph (550 km/h). The Hurricane was a steady gun platform and had demonstrated its ruggedness as several were badly

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During the 11 days of fighting in France and over Dunkirk from 10 to 21 May, Hurricane pilots claimed 499 kills and 123 probables. Contemporary German records, examined postwar, attribute 299 Luftwaffe aircraft destroyed and 65 seriously damaged by RAF fighters. The last 66 Hurricanes of the 452

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By 17 May, the end of the first week of fighting, only three of the squadrons were near operational strength, but the Hurricanes had managed to destroy nearly twice as many German aircraft. On 18 May 1940, air combat continued from dawn to dusk; Hurricane pilots claimed 57 German aircraft and 20

1259:. Mould was the first RAF pilot to down an enemy aircraft on the European continent in the Second World War. According to Mason, the experiences gained in these early engagements proved invaluable in developing tactics which became tried and tested, and rapidly spread throughout Fighter Command. 1178:

While the two squadrons of No. 60 Wing had their Hurricanes painted in the standard colour scheme and markings of Home-based fighters, those of No. 67 Wing differed considerably. It was probably because No. 1 and No. 73 Squadrons were operating in close proximity to French fighter squadrons that

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were shipped to Canada. In 1938/39 the RCAF ordered 24 Hurricanes to equip one fighter squadron, 20 of which were delivered, and two were supplied to Canadian Car and Foundry as pattern aircraft but one probably did not arrive, while the other was returned to Britain in 1940. The first Hurricane

3227:(1,070 kW) at 11,000 ft (3,400 m). Top speed was 322 mph (518 km/h) at 13,500 ft (4,100 m) and 342 mph (550 km/h) at 22,000 ft (6,700 m). Another 47 mark IIB converted to Sea mark II, with 45 of them given C wings as part of the conversion. 2175:

Thanks to the efforts of No. 151 Maintenance Unit RAF, the 51 Hurricanes were assembled and ready for testing within 48 hours and of these, 21 were ready for operational service within three days. The Hurricanes, originally intended for the Middle East theatre, were fitted with bulky Vokes dust

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As the French squadrons were not familiar with the British use of code letters, and there could have been cause for error in aircraft identification, both Hurricane squadrons removed their squadron identification letters, leaving the grey-painted aircraft letter aft of the fuselage roundel. The

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Then, with tail trimmer set, throttle and mixture lever fully forward... and puffs of grey exhaust smoke soon clearing at maximum r.p.m. came the surprise! There was no sudden surge of acceleration, but with a thunderous roar from the exhausts just ahead on either side of the windscreen, only a

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of the Air Ministry's Operational Requirements branch, who played an important role in the decision. In November 1934, the Air Ministry issued Specification F.5/34 which called for new fighter aircraft to be armed with a total of eight guns. However, by this time, work had progressed too far to

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The final variant to be produced. Only one was purpose built and two Mk.IV converted, though the variant never reached full-scale production. This was planned to be powered by a Merlin 27 but also tested with a Merlin 32 boosted engine to give 1,700 hp (1,300 kW) at low level and was

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Overall, some 14,487 Hurricanes and Sea Hurricanes were produced in England and Canada. The majority of Hurricanes, 9,986 were built by Hawker (who produced the type at Brooklands from December 1937 to October 1942 and Langley from October 1939 to July 1944), while Hawker's sister company, the

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By March 1936, the prototype had completed ten flying hours, covering all major portions of the flight envelope. Early testing had gone reasonably well, especially in light of the trial status of the Merlin engine, which had yet to achieve full flight certification at this time and thus severe

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60 built by Hawker between November 1942 and May 1943, version equipped with naval radio gear; other standard Mk.IICs were converted and used on fleet carriers. The Merlin XX engine on the Sea Hurricane generated 1,460 hp (1,090 kW) at 6,250 ft (1,900 m) and 1,435 hp

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Initial engagements with the Luftwaffe had showed the Hurricane to be a tight-turning and steady platform, but the Watts two-bladed propeller was clearly unsuitable. At least one pilot complained of how a Heinkel 111 was able to pull away from him in a chase, yet by this time the Heinkel was

2334:. Sixteen Hurricanes opposed the raid, of which eight were lost with a further three damaged. They claimed eight Japanese aircraft destroyed with a further four probably destroyed and at least five damaged. Actual Japanese losses were three A6Ms and two B5Ns, with a further 10 B5Ns damaged. 966:

An advantage of the steel-tube structure was that cannon shells could pass right through the wood and fabric covering without exploding. Even if one of the steel tubes were damaged, the repair work required was relatively simple and could be done by ground crew at the airfield. Damage to a

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constant-speed propellers were delivered to RAF squadrons in May 1940, with deliveries continuing throughout the Battle of Britain. According to aviation author David Donald, the Rotol propeller had the effect of transforming the Hurricane's performance from "disappointing" to "acceptable

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was prepared and discussed with Roger Liptrot of the Air Ministry in December 1933. The design was reworked with the PV.12, following detailed work working drawings of the "Interceptor Monoplane" were begun in May 1934. The complete design was presented to the Air Ministry on 4 September.

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by the time over 300 Mk.IV had been delivered. The individual aircraft cards held by the RAF museum reports the final Mk.IV had a Merlin XX. The radiator was deeper and armoured. Additional armour was also fitted around the engine. 524 built by Hawker between December 1942 and March 1944.

996:. The Hurricane proved to be a relatively simple aircraft to fly at night, and shot down several German aircraft on night raids. From early 1941 the Hurricane was also used as an "intruder" aircraft, patrolling German airfields in France at night to catch bombers taking off or landing. 308:

had modifications including an arrestor hook near the tail, enabling operation from ships. Some were converted as catapult-launched convoy escorts. By the end of production in July 1944, 14,487 units had been completed in Britain and Canada, with others built in Belgium and Yugoslavia.

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Naval Air Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm. The Hurricanes mainly tried to shoot down the attacking bombers, but were engaged heavily by the escorting Zeros. A total of 21 Hurricanes were shot down (although two of these were repairable), together with four Fulmars and six Swordfish of

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in Romania, these planes never reached Poland and ultimately were sold to Turkey), seven ex-RAF Hurricanes had been sent to South Africa, while another 13 ex-RAF Hurricanes were sent to Turkey, 13 Hurricanes had been built for Belgium, 21 for Canada including one as a pattern for

1437:). On these two days Hurricanes suffered heavier losses, with 68 Hurricanes shot down or forced to crash-land due to combat damage. Fifteen pilots were killed, eight were taken prisoner and 11 injured. Two-thirds of the Hurricanes had been shot down by Messerschmitt Bf 109s and 3082:

Canadian-built variant. The survivors of a batch of 30 RAF order Mk.I airframes retained in Canada in late 1941 that were fitted with Merlin III and propellers from Fairey Battles, became Mk. XIIA when fitted with Merlin 29. Armed with eight 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine

2234:, with only 18 serviceable Hurricanes out of the original 99. That month, 12 Hurricane Mk.IIB Trops were supplied to the Dutch forces on Java. With dust filters removed and fuel and ammo load in wings halved, these were able to stay in a turn with the Oscars they fought. After 3142:, shot down on 2 August 1941. The Hurricanes performance was somewhat hindered as a result of the extra equipment carried that was necessary for carrier operations, although this doesn't seem to have effected its reputation among FAA pilots, with whom it was extremely popular. 1409:(1 Squadron). On the same day, 3 Squadron claimed 17 German aircraft shot down, 85 and 87 Squadrons together claimed four victories, while 607 Squadron claimed nine. During the following three days (15–17 May), no fewer than 51 Hurricanes were lost, in combat or in accidents. 1154:

Owing to the Hurricane's rugged construction, ease of maintenance and repair in the field, and its docile landing and take-off characteristics, coupled with a wide-track undercarriage, it was selected to go to France as the principal RAF fighter. Two Hurricane squadrons,

1528:

escorted by 20 Bf 110s; during the ensuing battle, 11 Heinkels were claimed as "kills" and others damaged, with little damage to the Hurricanes. On 7 June 1940, "Cobber" Kain, the first RAF ace of the war, got word that he was to return to England for "rest leave" at an

1367:. The Dornier went away unscathed, while Orton was hit by defensive fire and had to force land. On the same day the Hurricane squadrons claimed 42 German aircraft, none of them fighters, shot down during 208 sorties; seven Hurricanes were lost but no pilots were killed. 1752:

that one of the Bf 110s had overshot his aircraft. He returned to the cockpit, which by now was in an inferno, engaged the enemy, and may have shot down the Bf 110. Afterward, he parachuted to safety, although he was mistakenly shot at by the Home Guard after landing.

470:

The mock-up conference with Air Ministry staff was on 10 January 1935 at Kingston. The ministry order to purchase a prototype to the September proposal was placed on 21 February 1935. At the time the armament was two Vickers Mark V machine guns in the fuselage and one

2217:

Because of inadequate early warning systems (the first British radar stations became operational only towards the end of February), Japanese air raids were able to destroy 30 Hurricanes on the ground in Sumatra, most of them in one raid on 7 February. After Japanese

2108:"loved the Hurricane", and RAF Hurricane Mk.IIB fighters operating from Soviet soil in defence of Murmansk, destroyed 15 Luftwaffe aircraft for only one loss in combat. However, in some Soviet war memoirs, the Hurricane has been described in very unflattering terms. 619:

In June 1936 the Air Ministry placed its first order for 600 aircraft. On 26 June 1936 the Air Ministry approved the type name of "Hurricane" that had been proposed by Hawker, and an informal naming ceremony occurred the following month during an official visit by

937:

steady increase in speed... In retrospect that first Hurricane sortie was a moment of elation, but also of relief. Apart from the new scale of speeds that the pilot had to adapt to, the Hurricane had all the qualities of its stable, secure biplane predecessor the

1793:

proved the top scorer, with 15 Luftwaffe bombers claimed shot down. The year 1942 also saw the manufacture of 12 Hurricane II C(NF) night fighters, equipped with pilot-operated air interception Mark VI radar. After a brief operational deployment with No. 245 and

3311:

The Hurricane had a long operational life in many theatres of war and was also built by, or exported to, several other countries. In some cases such as Portugal and Ireland, the Hurricane was pressed into service after being forced to land in a neutral country.

1493:), the Hawker Hurricanes operated from British bases. Between 26 May and 3 June 1940, the 14 Hurricane units involved were credited with 108 air victories. A total of 27 Hurricane pilots became aces during Operation Dynamo, led by Canadian Pilot Officer W. L. 1784:

of 1941 it was the principal single-seat night fighter in Fighter Command. F/Lt. Richard Stevens claimed 14 Luftwaffe bombers flying Hurricanes in 1941. In 1942 the cannon-armed Mk.IIc performed further afield, as a night intruder over occupied Europe. F/Lt.

1976:

Fs in Sicily – outperformed, the pilots of the few old aircraft which the ground crews struggled valiantly to keep serviceable, went on pressing their attacks, ploughing their way through the German fighter screens, and our flak, to close in with the

602:

had decided, in the absence of official authorisation and at company expense, to proceed with the issue of the design drawings to the production design office and to start tooling-up for a production line capable of producing a batch of 1,000 Hurricanes.

1058:, one for Iran, one for Poland, three for Romania and 12 for Yugoslavia. All the built for export aircraft were taken from the RAF order and so all originally had an RAF serial. Further exports were done in the final four months of 1939 and early 1940. 570:(507 km/h) at an altitude of 16,200 ft (4,900 m), climb to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) in 5.7 minutes, and a stalling speed of 57 mph (92 km/h) (only marginally higher than the Gladiator biplane), the last achieved using its 1552:. From early 1940, increasing quantities of 100 octane fuel imported from the U.S. became available. In February 1940, Hurricanes with the Merlin II and III engines began to receive modifications to allow for an additional 6 psi (41 kPa) of 3216:

The RAF reports as of end June 1944 a total of 378 conversions to Sea Hurricane I, less any conversions back to standard Hurricanes, photographic evidence suggests it was 378 transfers to the Royal Navy, most of which were converted to Sea versions.

2887:

For use in North Africa the Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIB (and other variants) were tropicalised. They were fitted with Vokes and Rolls-Royce engine dust filters and the pilots were issued with a desert survival kit, including a bottle of water behind the

959:" mounted below the trailing edge of the port wing. This was linked to a spring-loaded hinged flap which covered a handhold on the fuselage, just behind the cockpit. When the flap was shut, the footstep retracted into the fuselage. In addition, both 954:

Camm's priority was to provide the pilot with good all-round visibility. To this end, the cockpit was mounted reasonably high in the fuselage, creating a distinctive "hump-backed" silhouette. Pilot access to the cockpit was aided by a retractable

1246:

While the opening months of the war were characterised by little air activity in general, there were sporadic engagements and aerial skirmishes between the two sides. On 30 October 1939 Hurricanes saw action over France. That day, Pilot Officer

971:

structure, as used by the Spitfire, required more specialised equipment to repair. The old-fashioned structure also permitted the assembly of Hurricanes with relatively basic equipment under field conditions. Crated Hurricanes were assembled at

2912:

cannons, two per wing. The new wings later included a hardpoint for a 500 or 250 lb (230 or 110 kg) bomb and, later again, fuel tanks. By then performance was inferior to the latest German fighters, and the Hurricane changed to the

3207:

had their Merlin III engines modified to accept 16 psi (110 kPa) boost, and could generate more than 1,400 hp (1,000 kW) at low altitude. Lt. R. J. Cork was credited with five kills while flying a Sea Hurricane I during

3039:. All three prototypes had four-bladed propellers. The Mk. V replaced the twin 7.7mm machine guns on the Mk. IV with two 20mm cannons, only completed on the third prototype. Speed was 326 mph (525 km/h) at 500 ft (150 m) 3173:(MAC) ships, which were large cargo vessels with a flight deck fitted, enabling aircraft to be launched and recovered. The first Sea Hurricane Mk.IB kill occurred on 31 July 1941 when Sea Hurricanes of 880 squadron FAA operating from HMS 1579:

700, 600, 500 yards. Give him a burst. No, hold your fire you fool! He hasn't seen you yet..." Gleed ran out of ammunition before he could shoot the 109 down although he left it heavily damaged and flying at about 50 ft (15 m).

1018:

clearance to sell excess aircraft to nations that were likely to oppose German expansion. As a result, there were some modest export sales made to other countries; at the earliest opportunity, a former RAF Hurricane I was dispatched to

2249:

sent to Australia in May 1941, arriving in August, was the only Hurricane based in Australia during the Second World War. The tropicalised Vokes air filter, which was fitted to many types operating in the Pacific, is visible under the

734:, constructed 2,750. The Austin Aero Company completed 300 Hurricanes. Canada Car and Foundry produced 1,451 Hurricanes. However those shipped to Britain were often incomplete airframes and about 80% were delivered without an engine. 441:

tests confirmed the aerodynamics were satisfactory, and in September 1934 Camm again approached the Air Ministry. This time, the Ministry's response was favourable, and a prototype of the "Interceptor Monoplane" was promptly ordered.

381:

had conducted discussions with Major John Buchanan of the Directorate of Technical Development on a monoplane based on the existing Fury. Mason attributes Camm's discussions with figures within the RAF, such as Squadron Leader

1626:

109 on your tail, and it hadn't shot you down at that point, you put on full throttle, fine pitch, full left rudder, full left stick and full forward stick. This resulted in a horrible manoeuvre which was, in fact, a negative

1203:

B floatplanes from 1/KüFlGr 906, searching for ships to attack in the North Sea. The Heinkels, which were flying at sea level in an attempt to avoid fighter attacks, had already been attacked and damaged by two Spitfires from

2176:

filters under the nose and were armed with 12, rather than eight, machine guns. The additional weight and drag made them slow to climb and unwieldy to manoeuvre at altitude, although they were more effective bomber killers.

453:

presented his calculation showing that future fighters must carry no fewer than eight machine guns, each capable of firing 1,000 rounds per minute./ Hill's assistant in making his calculations was his 13-year-old daughter

281:

procured prior to the outbreak of the Second World War; in September 1939, the RAF had 18 Hurricane-equipped squadrons in service. It was relied upon to defend against German aircraft operated by the Luftwaffe, including

1692:

of 605 Squadron. He is credited with 21 kills, 19 of those in a Hurricane during the Battle of Britain. On 7 October he is credited with shooting down five Bf 109s, making him one of only two RAF pilots (the other being

475:

in each wing. Work on stressed skin outer wings to replace the fabric covered ones began in July and the contract was altered in August to include another set of wings with eight guns in them; the guns were to be either

2191:; 232 Squadron became operational on 22 January and suffered the first losses and victories for the Hurricane in Southeast Asia. Between 27 and 30 January, another 48 Hurricanes Mk.IIB arrived with the aircraft carrier 681:

through which a number of manufacturers were to repair and overhaul battle-damaged aircraft including Hurricanes. Some of these were later sent to training units or to other air forces. Factories involved included the

401:, However, the P.V.3 was not among the proposals which the Air Ministry selected to be built as prototype to official contract. After the rejection of the P.V.3 proposal, Camm started work on a new design involving a 658:, a failed competitor to the Battle briefly adapted as a target tug which shared common elements with the Hurricane design. By the following December, the first four aircraft to enter service with the RAF had joined 2464:

were in dire need of modern fighters and sourced them from several countries, including the United Kingdom. Finland bought 12 Hurricanes and the delivery commenced on 2 February 1940. The Hurricanes were flown from

1869:. However, fighter-bomber variants ("Hurribombers") retained an edge in the ground attack role, due to their impressive armament of four 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon and a 500 lb (230 kg) bomb load. 926:

demonstrated a reduction in the Hurricane's take-off run from 1,230 to 750 ft (370 to 230 m). Deliveries of these began in April 1939: this was later replaced by the hydraulically operated constant-speed

594:

and extension of the bottom of the rudder. This discovery had come too late for the changes to be incorporated in the first production aircraft, but were introduced upon the 61st built and all subsequent aircraft.

3186:

Apart from the conversions in Britain, 50 Sea Hurricane Mk.I were built in Canada and delivered in late 1941 and early 1942. Initially fitted with a Merlin III, they became Mk.XIIA when later fitted with a Merlin

420:

Camm's response to this rejection was to further develop the design, introducing a retractable undercarriage and replacing the unsatisfactory Goshawk engine with a new Rolls-Royce design, initially designated the

2536:, with 35 Hawker fighter victories (out of career 50 total, with two shared) serving with No. 80 and 33 Squadrons. All of his Hurricane kills were achieved over Greece in 1941. He was shot down and killed in the 1390:. Two Battles and two Hurricanes (including Halahan's) were shot down, two more Battles were brought down by flak and the fifth bomber had to crash-land. The 1 Squadron pilots claimed four Messerschmitts and two 4045:

was credited with 16 individual air victories, one shared and one not confirmed. Postwar research reduced his score to nine individual kills and three shared. According to some sources, he was killed on 15 May

1445:

been the most successful of the campaign; it had claimed 63 victories for the loss of five pilots: two killed, one taken prisoner and two hospitalised. 1 Squadron was awarded 10 DFCs and three DFMs during the

585:

authority could be lost due to shielding of the rudder. Hawker's response to the issue was to request that spinning tests be waived, but the Air Ministry refused the request; the situation was resolved by the

3686:

Of more than 14,483 Hurricanes that were built, approximately 16 (including three Sea Hurricanes) are in airworthy condition worldwide, although many other non-flying examples survive in various air museums.

2015:, the Luftwaffe returned with a vengeance for a second assault on the island at the beginning of 1942. It was not until March, when the onslaught was at its height, that 15 Spitfires arrived from the carrier 1120:(AASF) and flew from bases at Abingdon, Harwell, Benson, Boscombe Down and Bicester. The group HQ became the AASF when the order to move to France was received and the home station HQs, 71, 72 74–76 Wings. 2842:

33. The series 1 may refer to the first production batch which did not have all the proposed changes incorporated, becoming series 2 when the changes were made. 33 Mk. IIA built by Gloster, 418 by Hawker.

2064:

During 1941, Mk.II Hurricanes played an important air defence role when the Soviet Union found itself under threat from the approaching German Army, who were advancing across a broad front stretching from

992:

more important than performance, typically in roles like ground attack. One of the design requirements of the original specification was that both the Hurricane and the Spitfire were also to be used as

512:, where Hawker had an assembly shed; the prototype was fully re-assembled on 23 October 1935. Ground testing and taxi trials took place over the following two weeks. On 6 November 1935 the prototype 713:, became known as the "Queen of the Hurricanes". The initiative was commercially driven, but was endorsed by the British government. Hawker recognised that a major conflict was inevitable after the 555:, was the RAF test pilot for the Hurricane: his report was favourable, stating that: "The aircraft is simple and easy to fly and has no apparent vices" and proceeded to praise its control response. 749:. Of these, 20 were built by Zmaj by April 1941. Recognising that the supply of British-made Merlin engines might not be guaranteed, it was decided to fit one of the Yugoslavian Hurricanes with a 666:. By February 1938, No. 111 Squadron had received 16 Hurricanes. Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, over 550 Hurricanes had been produced equipping 18 squadrons, with 3,500 more on order. 1587:

mediocrity"; modified aircraft were reportedly much sought after among squadrons which had also been equipped with Hurricanes that were fitted with the older de Havilland two-position propeller.

5126: 1386:. The escort consisted of eight Hurricanes of 1 Squadron, with Squadron Leader P. J. H. "Bull" Halahan in the lead. When the formation approached Maastricht, it was bounced by 16 Bf 109Es from 1905:, 42 guns, 200 various other vehicles and four small fuel and ammunition dumps, flying 842 sorties with the loss of 11 pilots. Whilst performing in a ground support role, Hurricanes based at 2963:

built, comprising 230 IIBB and 40 IICB by the later RAF designation (230 IIB and 40 IIC). A signal to the Middle East dated 31 October 1942 states the IIE was not an official mark. The

4082:

As far as can be determined, no Messerschmitt Bf 110 crashes on land for 16 August 1940 could be attributed to Nicolson, although Nicolson himself believed the 110 crashed into the sea.

1183:

decision to adopt these special changes in markings seems to have been made at 67 Group HQ (the immediate command authority for the two squadrons involved) to suit local circumstances.

417:

to fire through the propeller arc. By January 1934, the proposal's detail drawings had been finished, but these failed to impress the Air Ministry enough for a prototype to be ordered.

3277:

fuselage, so to compensate for the extra weight either one or two Brownings or two cannon would be omitted. Externally these aircraft were only distinguishable by the missing armament.

1572:, especially at low altitude. With the +12 psi (83 kPa) "emergency boost", the Merlin III was able to generate 1,310 hp (980 kW) at 9,000 ft (2,700 m). 1143:, were relocated to France, keeping Spitfires back for "Home" defence. The first to arrive was 73 Squadron on 10 September 1939, followed shortly by the other three. A little later, 5060: 876:

were fitted to the inner end of the wings. This wing was predominantly fabric-covered, like the fuselage, although some lightweight metal sheets were used on the inner wing and its

984:

aircraft carriers carried their reserve Sea Hurricanes dismantled into their major assemblies, which were slung up on the hangar bulkheads and deckhead for reassembly when needed.

1285:

of the war, being credited with 16 kills. On 22 December, the Hurricanes in France suffered their first losses: three, while trying to intercept an unidentified aircraft between

1116:) sent its 10 Fairey Battle day-bomber squadrons to France, according to plans established by the British and French earlier in the year. The group was the first echelon of the 906:, the main undercarriage units being housed in recesses in the wing. Hinged telescopic Vickers-built legs are attached to the bottom boom of the wing's forward spar, but with a 590:(RAE), who established that the aerodynamic problem had been caused by a breakdown of the airflow over the lower fuselage, and could be cured by the addition of a small ventral 386:, as having provoked the specification and some of its details, such as the preference for armaments being installed within the wings instead of within the aircraft's nose. 1179:

these units painted red, white, and blue stripes over the entire height of the rudders on their Hurricanes in a similar manner to the standard French AF National markings.

717:

of 1938 and drew up preliminary plans to expand Hurricane production at a new factory in Canada. Under this plan, samples, pattern aircraft, and design documents stored on

8276: 3235:

50 Canadian built Sea Hurricane I delivered in late 1941 and early 1942. Initially fitted with Merlin III as Mk.I, the survivors became Mk.XII when fitted with Merlin 29.

2022:

to bolster the defence, but many of the new aircraft were lost on the ground and the Hurricane bore the brunt of the early fighting until further reinforcements arrived.

7320:

Bloody Shambles, The First Comprehensive Account of the Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 – April 1942. Volume One: Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore

3263:

The Service Depot at Heliopolis in Egypt converted several Hurricanes Is for photo reconnaissance. The first three were converted in January 1941. Two carried a pair of

1865:. They suffered heavy losses over North Africa after the arrival of Bf 109E and F-variants and were progressively replaced in the air superiority role from June 1941 by 709:, Canada was a major Hurricane manufacturer, producing them from November 1938 after receiving their initial contract for 40 Hurricanes. The facility's chief engineer, 1215:

subsequently flew operationally with 87 Squadron, claiming three enemy aircraft during the French campaign, and delivered great praise for his aircraft's performance:

8643: 1688:. The Hurricane with the highest number of kills during the Battle of Britain was P3308, a Mk.I, flown between 15 August and 7 October 1940 by RAF (auxiliary) pilot 1127:, Commander-in-Chief of RAF Fighter Command, insisted that this number would deplete British defences severely, and so initially only four squadrons of Hurricanes, 8610: 8570: 8550: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8271: 8266: 2387: 2817:

constant speed propeller (from February 1940), metal-covered wings, armour and other improvements. A total of 4,200 Mk.Is were built; 1,924 by Hawker, 1,850 by

10904: 10820: 3952: 2639:

scored 18 victories with No. 1 Squadron. He was the first Canadian ace of the Second World War and was killed on a strafing mission in Sicily in November 1941.

3247:

slip-wing biplane/monoplane, using a Hawker Hurricane Mk.I returned from Canada as RCAF ser no 321 (RAF serial L1884). Taxi and flight trials carried out at

2366: 1208:

when six Hurricanes intercepted them. The Hurricanes shot down four of the enemy in rapid succession, 46 Squadron claiming five and the Spitfire pilots two.

977: 2590: 1433:

probables (Luftwaffe records show 39 aircraft lost). The following day, 1 and 73 Squadrons claimed 11 German aircraft (three by "Cobber" Kain and three by

551:, to participate in initial service trials under the direction of Squadron Leader D.F. Anderson. Sammy Wroath, later to be the founding commandant of the 10365: 2188: 1564:

as it was called in later Second World War aircraft, was an important wartime modification that allowed the Hurricane to be more competitive against the

10836: 10528: 9893: 9816: 7558: 3252: 5903: 1720: 1604:

were recorded as having fired the first shots of the Battle of Britain. The highest scoring Hurricane squadron during the Battle of Britain was the

1255:

P from 2(F)/123. The German aircraft, sent to photograph Allied airfields close to the border, fell in flames about 10 mi (16 km) west of

257:, Hawker refined its monoplane proposal, incorporating several innovations which became critical to wartime fighter aircraft, including retractable 6815: 5223: 4419: 2677:, VC, DFC. The only Battle of Britain pilot and the only pilot of RAF Fighter Command to be awarded the Victoria Cross during the Second World War. 2361:

and at home as well where it was used mainly for second-line tasks and occasionally flown by ace pilots. For example, in mid-1944, Squadron Leader

865:

to attach the two spars, after which the wing ribs were installed using horizontal bolts, forming separate units between the front and rear spars.

7531: 9788: 8251: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8186: 8181: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8091: 8061: 8051: 8036: 8031: 8016: 8011: 8001: 7996: 7986: 7971: 7961: 7941: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7801: 7786: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7751: 7746: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7691: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7641: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7586: 10909: 4742: 10841: 10435: 8636: 3319:

ordered and paid for 30 Hurricane fighters, but due to the start of the Second World War later that year, the aircraft were never delivered.

2496:

on 25 June 1941, the Hurricanes were allocated to LLv 30. On 2 July 1941, a Hurricane were mistakenly shot down by friendly anti-aircraft at

1833:

biplanes. The Hurricane claimed its first kill in the Mediterranean on 19 June 1940, when F/O P.G. Wykeham-Barnes reported shooting down two

1501:(seven victories), who served in No. 242 Squadron, consisting mostly of Canadian personnel. Losses were 22 pilots killed and three captured. 430: 6551:

Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and Nei Fighters in Action Against the Japanese Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942

3255:, Boscombe Down from September 1943. The upper wing was not released in flight before the programme was terminated due to poor performance. 7229:

Roba, Jean-Louis & Cony, Christophe (September 2001). "Donnerkeil: 12 février 1942" [Operation Donnerkeil: 12 February 1942].

2647: 1951:, with the loss of one Gladiator and one Hurricane. Further reinforcements arrived on 2 August in the form of 12 more Hurricanes and two 1706: 2004:

the arrival of an extra 23 Hurricanes at the end of April 1941, and a further delivery a month later, the Luftwaffe left Sicily for the

1123:

In response to a request from the French government for the provision of 10 fighter squadrons to provide air support, Air Chief Marshal

10555: 9000: 8995: 5249: 2762: 1595:

At the end of June 1940, following the fall of France, 31 of Fighter Command's 61 fighter squadrons were equipped with Hurricanes. The

2946:

logo of No. 6 Squadron, which flew the Hurricane starting in 1942. A total of 296 built by Hawker from January 1942 to February 1943.

2879:

built November 1941 to March 1943. Many of the Canadian built aircraft being fitted with C (cannon) wings before delivery to the RAF.

769:

in May 1940, with at least 12 more constructed by Avions Fairey armed with the conventional eight rifle calibre machine gun armament.

10919: 1653: 777: 631:

and took 10,300 person hours per airframe to produce, compared to 15,200 for the Spitfire, which had many parts formed by hand, with

2551:. He was credited with 22 aerial victories, four shared victories, six probables, one shared probable and 11 enemy aircraft damaged. 10914: 8629: 3650: 3096:

for test flying. AM270 was also used by the RAF for a Consolidated San Diego built Catalina, creating a further level of confusion.

1698: 753:

engine instead. This aircraft was flown in 1941. In 1938, a contract for 80 Hurricanes was placed with Fairey's Belgian subsidiary

722:

built at Canadian Car and Foundry was completed in February 1940. Canadian-built Hurricanes shipped to Britain participated in the

366: 350:

wooden propellers and non-retractable undercarriages. At the time, there was an institutional reluctance towards change within the

2929:

with about three quarters converted to fighter bombers. There were 4,751 IICs built by Hawker between February 1941 and July 1944.

2500:. The Finnish Hurricanes' first combat came on 3 July, when three Hurricanes encountered several Soviet fighters and shot down an 2036: 10879: 1533:. On leaving his airfield, he put on an impromptu aerobatic display and was killed when his Hurricane crashed after completing a 409:

engine. The original 1934 armament specifications for what evolved into the Hurricane were for a similar armament fitment to the

2124:

handed over, total 3,374 Hurricanes sent or handed over, 346 lost before delivery, 2,897 accepted by the Soviets, 131 rejected.

1412: 7551: 3896: 923: 7108: 4064:

Gleed rose through the ranks to become a wing commander flying Spitfire VBs over North Africa; he was shot down and killed by

3695: 1085: 10884: 7454: 7402: 7373: 7312: 7279: 7268: 7254: 7162: 7085: 6976: 6946: 6808: 6793: 6710: 6678: 6543: 6528: 6404: 5536:

Raskin, Richard (2015). "Five explanations as to who named Malta's Gloster Gladiators Faith, Hope and Charity in 1940–1941".

5306: 4498: 9750: 9301: 3901: 2230:

on 14 February but lost seven aircraft in the process. On 18 February, the remaining Allied aircraft and aircrews moved to

1073:, there were only two fully operational RAF squadrons of the planned 12 to be equipped with Hurricanes. By the time of the 6625:

The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and the Retreat to Moscow – Recollections of Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front

9781: 3663: 1608:. This squadron also had the distinction of having the highest ratio of enemy aircraft destroyed to own losses suffered. 9276: 7290: 6345: 3287: 3678:. A Mk.IIc version, originally known as "The Last of the Many" and owned by Hawker, this aircraft is now flown by the 397:

Camm's initial submission in response to the earlier fighter specification F.7/30 was a development of the Fury, the

10715: 10560: 9296: 9291: 7544: 7491: 7476: 7432: 7417: 7387: 7356: 7341: 7327: 7222: 7180: 7146: 7121: 7100: 7028: 7006: 6991: 6961: 6880: 6856: 6841: 6778: 6754: 6725: 6696: 6663: 6632: 6617: 6588: 6573: 6558: 6513: 6495: 6479: 6464: 6449: 6434: 6419: 6389: 6372: 6357: 6330: 6291: 6276: 6174: 6091: 5952: 3679: 2749: 2727: 2222:, on 10 February, the remnants of 232 and 488 Squadrons were withdrawn to Palembang. Japanese paratroopers began the 766: 670: 6904:

Ledet, Michel (April 2002). "Des avions alliés aux couleurs japonais" [Allied Aircraft in Japanese Colors].

4107:

Soviet Hurricanes were fuelled with 95 octane avgas, not the 100 Octane fuel that the Merlin XX was designed to use.

2396: 1798:

during which these aircraft proved too slow for operations in Europe, the aircraft were sent to India to serve with

1077:

there were 16 operational Hurricane squadrons as well as a further two more that were in the process of converting.

10846: 10725: 10400: 9553: 9281: 8945: 8865: 3957: 2330:

On 9 April 1942, the Japanese task force sent 91 B5Ns escorted by 41 Zeros against Trincomalee port and the nearby

2165: 855:

wing consisted of two steel spars, which possessed considerable strength and stiffness. The wing was described by

1821:

A Hurricane Mk.I undertook tropical trials in Sudan in mid 1939, and a number were hastily tropicalised following

10889: 10645: 10425: 10110: 9286: 2603:

Sea Hurricane ace, with nine destroyed, two shared, one probable, four damaged and seven destroyed on the ground.

1901:-armed Hurricane Mk.IID version, claimed to have destroyed 39 tanks, 212 lorries and armoured troop-carriers, 26 1724: 1664: 1605: 1450: 1352:, of 73 Squadron, were the first RAF pilots to engage enemy aircraft in the campaign. They attacked one of three 1124: 1117: 674: 446: 5510: 914:

The prototype and early production Hurricanes were fitted with a Watts two-bladed fixed-pitch wooden propeller.

9774: 9614: 9105: 7506: 3967: 3297: 2731: 2572:

achieved all of his 18 air victories with the Hurricane, most as an intruder night fighter with No. 1 Squadron.

3162:

Hurricane Mk.I version equipped with catapult spools plus an arrester hook. From July 1941 they operated from

1931:, Hurricane IIDs conducted many sorties after fog had lifted, helping to blunt the final attack at Hunts Gap. 10760: 5749: 1940: 1897:

artillery barrage that commenced on the night of 23 October 1942, six squadrons of Hurricanes, including the

1882:. The Italian aircraft proved superior to the Hawker fighter and, thanks to its excellent agility and a new, 1825:'s entry into the war in June 1940. These aircraft were initially ferried through France and Malta by air to 1461:

engaged during the Battle of France left France on 21 June; 178 were abandoned at several airfields, notably

1069:. Expansion scheme E included a target of 500 fighters of all types by the start of 1938. By the time of the 907: 552: 30: 9535: 4946: 2445: 10155: 9833: 9766: 9052: 8952: 2005: 1743:, and the only one awarded to a member of Fighter Command during the war, was awarded to Flight Lieutenant 678: 587: 389:

An outline of the "Fury Monoplane" armed with two guns in the wings and two in the nose and powered by the

10650: 10565: 8621: 7187: 1685: 1277:, a New Zealander, was responsible for 73 Squadron's first victory, on 8 November 1939 while stationed at 10745: 10685: 10680: 10285: 10265: 9348: 8977: 8972: 7524: 6887:

Kulikov, Victor (December 1998). "Les Hurricanes à l'étoile rouge" [Hurricanes of the Red Star].

3135:

six enemy aircraft for the loss of one Hurricane pilot killed. The first Sea Hurricane Mk.IA kill was an

1999:

The increasing number of British aircraft on the island, at last, prompted the Italians to employ German

1894: 1702: 1489:(the evacuation from Dunkirk of British, French and Belgian troops cut off by the German army during the 6825: 5280: 5227: 4429: 2621:, flying with 303 Polish Squadron, had 15 confirmed kills and one probable during the Battle of Britain. 2579:(33 and 213 Squadrons) was another top-scoring ace with 14 (out of 18 total, three of which are shared). 1009: 10899: 10255: 10070: 9868: 9645: 9311: 9306: 9143: 8987: 8874: 8849: 8560: 2989: 2798: 1714: 1668: 762: 472: 351: 6656:

Sydney Camm and the Hurricane: Perspectives on the Master Fighter Designer and his Finest Achievement.

2516:, with two I-153 claimed as being shot down. The last aircraft shot down by Finnish Hurricanes was an 2056:

with a total of 2,952 Hurricanes eventually delivered, becoming the most numerous British aircraft in

1972:

and the airfields. Outnumbered, usually, by 12 or 14 to one and, later – with the arrival of the

1872:

From November 1941, beginning in the Libyan desert, it had to face a new formidable opponent: the new

1630:

spiral dive. But you would come out of the bottom with no 109 on your tail and your aeroplane intact.

543:

restrictions had been imposed upon use of the engine. In early 1936, the prototype was transferred to

10874: 10700: 10665: 10345: 10305: 10020: 9686: 9640: 9361: 9195: 9190: 9078: 8957: 8869: 8861: 8840: 8813: 8796: 8705: 8700: 8431: 3170: 2699: 2655: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2382: 1810: 1672: 1530: 1074: 7519: 4732: 1364: 1278: 1168: 792:

with retractable undercarriage and an enclosed cockpit. The primary structure of the fuselage was a

642: 10894: 9797: 9604: 9158: 9148: 9125: 9070: 8835: 8715: 8710: 8514: 6251:

Axworthy, Mark (September–October 1999). "Flank Guard: Romania's Advance on Stalingrad, Part Two".

5127:"Our forgotten freedom fighter: Why the unsung Hurricane is the true ace of the Battle of Britain." 4138: 3962: 3136: 3112: 3100: 3093: 3052: 3048: 2980: 2954:

A Hurricane IID of 6 Squadron, showing the Vokes tropical filter and RAF desert camouflage in 1942.

2950: 2876: 2868: 2839: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2576: 2450: 2101: 1098: 1055: 1023: 731: 702: 539:

to represent the aircraft's armament prior to the acceptance of the final multi-gun wing armament.

146: 116: 111: 781:

Mk.I in France, November 1939, showing original fabric-covered outer wing and two-bladed propeller

405:

monoplane arrangement with a fixed undercarriage, armed with four machine guns and powered by the

10580: 10410: 10195: 10005: 9985: 9935: 9878: 9858: 9371: 9323: 9318: 9153: 8930: 8585: 8510: 8500: 4055:

This was the pilot's term for the Boost Cut-Out Control which was adjacent to the throttle lever.

3930: 2720: 2674: 2537: 2207: 2187:, flying Buffalos, converted to Hurricanes. On 18 January, the two squadrons formed the basis of 1744: 1498: 1425: 1402:

some days later), including Squadron Leader J. B. Parnall (504 Squadron), and the Australian ace

881: 687: 253:

in the early 1930s. Despite an institutional preference for biplanes and lack of interest by the

7208: 6649: 3790:

V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 1,185 hp (884 kW) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m)

1220:

Battles of France and Britain, and in over 700 hr on type I never experienced an engine failure.

1022:

for evaluation purposes. Shortly after this evaluation, an order for 24 Hurricane Mk.Is for the

535:

conducted the firm's production flight trials. As completed, the prototype had been fitted with

10780: 10660: 10590: 10513: 10458: 10270: 10205: 10160: 10130: 9431: 9384: 9210: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9100: 9090: 8844: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8580: 8575: 8565: 8545: 8437: 8421: 8261: 8256: 8246: 8176: 7671: 7053:

Matos, José (2015). "Anjos um Cinco! Portugal's Hurricanes and the Making of Angels One Five".

3674: 2914: 2667: 2347: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2286: 2282: 2184: 2137: 2012: 1035: 450: 71: 2172:

Oscar, had been underestimated in its capability, numbers and the strategy of its commanders.

1611: 10785: 10770: 10448: 10405: 10245: 10190: 10180: 10120: 10035: 9333: 9328: 9220: 8920: 8915: 8831: 8768: 8763: 8555: 8525: 7532:

A Hurricane pilot talks about the plane and compares it to flying a Spitfire. Video Interview

7364: 5326:

Shores, Christopher and Williams, Clive. (1966). Aces High. Neville Spearman. p. 226. No ISBN

4070: 3986:

PV standing for "private venture", a design manufactured by Hawker without government backing

3839: 3787: 3637: 3001: 2926: 2650:

for his flying during the Burma campaign. He went on to become the Chief of Air staff of the

1556:

boost for five minutes (although there are accounts of its use for 30 minutes continuously).

1019: 706: 558: 532: 524: 7285:

Schlaifer, Robert "Development of Aircraft Engines". Andover: The Andover Press, LTD, 1950.

6137: 5375: 5354: 2614:, shot down at least 17 enemy aircraft over southeast England during September–October 1940. 10750: 10710: 10690: 10615: 10468: 10370: 10320: 10315: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10210: 10200: 10175: 10060: 10045: 9676: 9671: 9525: 9389: 9060: 6820: 4424: 4008: 3861: 2909: 2872: 2787: 2780: 2555: 2306: 2192: 2180: 2079: 1973: 1921: 1799: 1795: 1748: 1601: 1569: 1565: 1438: 1417: 1267: 1148: 1144: 1065:

aircraft as well as re-equip existing squadrons and newly formed ones such as those of the

856: 683: 659: 628: 544: 501: 493: 414: 286: 222: 101: 6954:

Aermacchi Bagliori di guerra – Flashes of War (Macchi MC.200- MC.202 – MC.205/V)

2892: 2654:

and was given the honorary rank of Marshal of the Air Force for his leadership during the

1802:

in the defence of Calcutta. They were withdrawn from service at the end of December 1943.

1760: 611: 238:

The Hurricane originated from discussions between RAF officials and aircraft designer Sir

8: 10775: 10720: 10670: 10635: 10610: 10503: 10498: 10415: 10340: 10185: 10075: 9995: 9940: 9561: 9421: 9356: 9338: 9268: 9015: 8910: 8823: 8773: 8505: 3464: 2683:

flew a Hurricane in the Battle of Athens, which he describes in his second autobiography

2629: 2611: 2569: 2302: 2298: 2223: 2219: 2132: 2075: 1964:'s masterly controlling, had been meeting, against all the odds, the rising crescendo of 1883: 1826: 1786: 1773: 1728: 1561: 1235: 1205: 1192: 1172: 1160: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1090: 1066: 1027: 813: 750: 650:

Merlin I production ended after 180 were built. This engine had been prioritised for the

578: 459: 406: 390: 327: 7486:. Aircraft of the Aces. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1996 (Edizioni Del Prado, 1999). 7175:(bilingual French/Dutch). Aartselaar, Belgium: J.P. Publications, 2003, pp. 60–65. 6824:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 1533. Iliffe. 12 May 1938. pp. 467–473. Archived from 1917:, a gun and trailer, and a wireless van on 10 March 1943, with no losses to themselves. 1370:

On 12 May several Hurricanes units were committed to escort bombers. That morning, five

10815: 10595: 10585: 10550: 10483: 10275: 10065: 10040: 9955: 9950: 9910: 9863: 9632: 9571: 9480: 9394: 9030: 6195: 5380: 5359: 4142: 4032:

J. B. Parnall was the first RAF flight commander to be killed in action during the war.

3203: 2791: 2414:. The Sea Hurricane scored an impressive kill-to-loss ratio, primarily while defending 2343: 2031: 1790: 1616: 1538: 1534: 1486: 1327: 1239: 1156: 1128: 873: 691: 599: 571: 426: 262: 7536: 6803:(Aircraft of the Aces: Men and Legends Ser.# 7). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. 5716:

Imperial War Museum (Printer: Fosh and Cross Ltd, London). Accessed: 17 November 2011.

5713: 4168: 3935: 3051:

built Mk.I but many references define it as Mk.II airframes fitted with a Merlin 28

2607: 2369:, used a Hurricane to courier documents to Allied ground forces in France, during the 10740: 10518: 10330: 10280: 9597: 9579: 9120: 9005: 8884: 7502: 7487: 7472: 7450: 7428: 7413: 7398: 7383: 7369: 7352: 7337: 7323: 7308: 7286: 7275: 7264: 7250: 7234: 7218: 7204: 7176: 7173:

Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het Militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique Militare 1930–1940

7158: 7142: 7117: 7096: 7081: 7058: 7024: 7002: 6987: 6972: 6957: 6942: 6926: 6909: 6892: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6837: 6804: 6789: 6774: 6762: 6750: 6721: 6706: 6692: 6674: 6659: 6645: 6628: 6613: 6584: 6569: 6554: 6539: 6524: 6509: 6491: 6475: 6460: 6445: 6430: 6415: 6400: 6385: 6368: 6353: 6341: 6326: 6287: 6272: 6256: 6087: 5948: 5545: 5302: 5243: 3120: 2618: 2596: 2548: 2461: 2427: 2411: 2370: 2259: 1965: 1944: 1928: 1906: 1873: 1830: 1596: 1575: 1490: 1359: 1300: 1295: 1062: 845: 758: 723: 521: 429:. In August 1934, a one-tenth scale model of the design was produced and sent to the 410: 226: 156: 40: 6311:

magazine, Volume 22, No. 2, Issue 250, February 1994. London: IPC Magazines Limited.

6222: 3047:

Not an official Mark number. The Mk.X designation is used by some RAF documents for

2255: 1701:

during the Battle of Britain. During his brief fighting career, McKellar earned the

1449:. On the evening of 21 May, the only Hurricanes still operational were those of the 1338:

In May 1940, Nos. 3, 79 and 504 Squadrons reinforced the earlier units as Germany's

1304: 10795: 10735: 10730: 10675: 10625: 10575: 10570: 10508: 10463: 10380: 10300: 10215: 10115: 10030: 9945: 9722: 9709: 9135: 9025: 8791: 8520: 7155:

Hawker Hurricane, Fury & Hind: The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1931–1941

7127: 6304:

magazine, Volume 22, No. 1, Issue 249, January 1994. London: IPC Magazines Limited.

5624: 4906: 4004: 4000: 3478: 3163: 2651: 2636: 2513: 2501: 2493: 2400: 2161: 2157: 2087: 2083: 2066: 2016: 1862: 1834: 1822: 1345: 1113: 1110: 973: 714: 621: 591: 374: 210: 56: 3668: 1187:

The Hurricane had its first combat action on 21 October 1939, at the start of the

761:, and it was intended to arm these aircraft with four 13.2 mm (0.52 in) 10800: 10755: 10545: 10473: 10420: 10375: 10360: 10105: 10080: 10025: 9980: 9960: 9925: 9883: 9848: 9755: 9497: 9490: 9411: 8940: 8935: 8808: 8803: 8682: 8492: 8482: 8457: 8452: 8397: 8372: 8362: 8317: 8041: 7946: 7916: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7761: 7756: 7741: 7696: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7571: 7567: 6921:

Lopez, Mario Canoniga (August–November 1990). "Fighters of the Cross of Christ".

6378: 5942: 5301:

Holmes, Tony. (1998) Hurricane Aces 1939–1940. Osprey Publishing. London. p. 128

4746: 4092: 4012: 3888: 3493: 3244: 2867:

A total of 3,178 IIBs built in Britain to November 1942, 2,011 by Hawker, 867 by

2583: 2517: 2419: 2091: 2041: 1961: 1902: 1815: 1780:

Following the Battle of Britain the Hurricane continued to give service; through

1769: 1689: 1494: 1106: 941:, but enhanced by livelier controls, greater precision and all this performance. 370: 339: 323: 297: 218: 214: 139: 76: 8447: 6691:

Golley, John. "Hurricanes over Murmansk". Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing, 2001.

2988:

Two-seat training version of the Mk. IIC. Only two aircraft were built, for the

2776:

First production version, with fabric-covered wings, a wooden two-bladed, fixed-

2547:

was a legendary flying ace who flew Hurricanes with No. 242 Squadron during the

1659: 1105:

On 24 August 1939, the British government gave orders partially to mobilise and

10600: 10488: 10478: 10443: 10335: 10310: 10250: 9975: 9930: 9717: 9699: 9694: 9507: 9457: 9416: 9225: 9215: 9205: 9095: 9042: 8967: 8925: 8477: 8472: 8462: 8412: 8407: 8352: 8337: 8322: 7706: 7701: 7666: 7646: 7636: 7631: 7200: 6640: 6297: 4902: 4736: 4091:

This was code-named Operation Hurry. These aircraft were flown off the carrier

3940: 3913: 3624: 3036: 2434: 2331: 2278: 2235: 2227: 2169: 1952: 1910: 1776:

in the RDM2 ("Special Night") scheme and used on intruder operations 1941–1942.

1740: 1635: 1525: 1462: 1403: 1391: 1271: 1212: 1200: 1030:

for the Hurricane by Yugoslavia. Yugoslavian Hurricanes saw action against the

946: 500:

By the end of August 1935, work on the airframe had been completed at Hawker's

335: 293: 235:

in the campaign, and fought in all the major theatres of the Second World War.

2512:

bomber. Other encounters with Soviet fighters took place on 15 July above the

2399:

became operational in mid-1941 and scored its first kill while operating from

10868: 10805: 10453: 10355: 10165: 10150: 10145: 10125: 10010: 9622: 9485: 9465: 9248: 8962: 8783: 8467: 8442: 8417: 8392: 8377: 8367: 8332: 8312: 8307: 8191: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8096: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8056: 8046: 8026: 8021: 8006: 7991: 7981: 7976: 7966: 7956: 7951: 7936: 7911: 7891: 7841: 7616: 7601: 7591: 7238: 7062: 6969:

Rise from the East: The Story of 247 (China British) Squadron Royal Air Force

6930: 6913: 6896: 6260: 5707: 5549: 3996: 3178: 3151: 2942: 2922: 2825:

between December 1937 and October 1941. Apart from 30 retained in Canada the

2600: 2544: 2486: 2470: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2362: 2338: 2310: 2231: 2214:

lost along with two pilots, including Squadron Leader Leslie Ninian Landels.

2105: 2011:

As Malta was situated on the increasingly important sea supply route for the

2000: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1849: 1814:

Maintenance work being carried out on a Hurricane of 274 Squadron during the

1694: 1379: 1371: 1353: 1311: 1252: 1070: 993: 968: 870: 822: 817: 754: 742: 710: 655: 651: 632: 492:

An early mock-up for the Hurricane's fuselage, showing side fuselage-mounted

274: 126: 106: 9796: 5735: 3021:

SCI (smoke curtain installation),or two 45 or 90 gallon drop tanks or eight

1943:. When Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940, Malta's air defence rested on 1322: 1061:

Hurricane production was increased as part of a plan to create a reserve of

836: 746: 358:

fighter aircraft, while mid-level officers were typically more open-minded.

292:

The Hurricane was developed through several versions: bomber-interceptors,

121: 10655: 10605: 10493: 10390: 10385: 10325: 10290: 10140: 10135: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10055: 10050: 10000: 9990: 9970: 9965: 9727: 9406: 9401: 9379: 9235: 8743: 8725: 8651: 8382: 8286: 8281: 7274:

Sarkar, Dilip (Ed.). "Hurricane Manual 1940". Stroud (UK): Amberley, 2013.

5177:

Merlin In Perspective p136, Alec Harvey-Bailey, Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust.

4397: 4066: 3598: 3585: 3411: 3008: 2810: 2795: 2562: 2410:

Sea Hurricanes were to feature prominently while operating from Royal Navy

2290: 2117: 2057: 2053: 1876: 1866: 1735:, P/O Łokuciewski, F/O Henneberg, Sgt Rogowski, Sgt Szaposznikow (in 1940). 1649: 1553: 1349: 1263: 1196: 1164: 920: 903: 877: 793: 663: 577:

In the course of further testing, it was found that the Hurricane had poor

528: 463: 398: 383: 362: 258: 254: 6399:(Avions et Pilotes 14) (in French). Paris: Histoire et Collections, 2010. 6182: 3811:

340 mph (550 km/h, 300 kn) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m)

1843:

and manoeuvrability no one could get me as long as I could see him coming

1314:

shot down the Hurricanes of Sergeant R. M. Perry and J. Winn for no loss.

1230: 1050: 639:

I with the improved Merlin II, which resulted in many detail alterations.

10350: 10260: 10015: 9915: 9905: 9843: 9520: 9515: 9475: 8854: 8692: 8666: 8402: 8387: 8357: 8347: 8342: 8327: 8302: 3520: 3507: 3438: 3248: 2814: 2784: 2777: 2643: 2351: 2271: 2149: 2141: 1991: 1732: 1583: 1434: 1375: 1331: 1274: 1039: 938: 861:

as relatively straightforward to manufacture, employing simple vertical

438: 378: 347: 331: 247: 239: 87: 7334:

Bloody Shambles: Volume Two: The Defence of Sumatra to the Fall of Burma

6382:

Scontro di Ali — L'aviazione militare nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale

5335:

Baker, E.C.R (1962). The Fighter Aces of the RAF. p. 95. William Kimber.

2354:– the only air-to-air victory for the RIAF during the Second World War. 527:. Bulman was assisted by two other pilots in subsequent flight testing; 229:

in 1940, but the Hurricane inflicted 60% of the losses sustained by the

10640: 10100: 9920: 9873: 9853: 9828: 9742: 9650: 9543: 9470: 9447: 9426: 9243: 9200: 9110: 9085: 8892: 8738: 6440:

Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN.; William Green and Gordon Swanborough.

4042: 3925: 3264: 3124: 2734: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2685: 2680: 2533: 2509: 2497: 2457: 2113: 2049: 1914: 1887: 1406: 1383: 1340: 1290: 1282: 1188: 981: 866: 862: 852: 830: 786: 765:. Three were built and two flown with this armament by the time of the 738: 695: 517: 505: 455: 434: 402: 301: 151: 39:, currently the world's only airworthy Hurricane to have fought in the 7526:

Hurricane operational characteristics – Report by Sqn Ldr Gillan, 1938

6718:

Camouflage and Markings, RAF Fighter Command Northern Europe 1936–1945

6638:

Ellis, Ken. "Back to the Biplane: The 'Slip-wing' and the Hurricane".

2908:

Replaced the machine-gun armament with four 20 mm (0.79 in)

1652:

that he had Hawker retrofit the fuselage tanks of the Hurricanes with

931:

propeller, which came into service in time for the Battle of Britain.

646:

Trainee aircraft fitters working on instructional Hurricanes 1939–1940

565:, the prototype, photographed before its first flight in November 1935 10765: 10630: 10395: 10295: 10230: 9732: 9258: 9253: 7249:(Osprey Aircraft of the Aces; 107). Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012. 4118: 3332: 3146: 2625: 2294: 2238:, some of the New Zealand pilots were evacuated by sea to Australia. 2199: 2153: 1898: 1861:

Hurricanes served with several British Commonwealth squadrons in the

1781: 1710: 1466: 1395: 1248: 1045:

To the end of August 1939, 14 Hurricanes had been sent to Poland (SS

1031: 988: 960: 892: 801: 797: 789: 718: 355: 243: 231: 2709: 2120:

were substituted, but overall performance deteriorated as a result.

1270:. After the dogfight, he came back with five holes in his fuselage. 9838: 9655: 9589: 9185: 9180: 9037: 8902: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8733: 7307:(Classic WWII Aviation). London: Tempus Publishing, Limited, 2000. 6442:

Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two.

3559: 3301: 3116: 2937:

Armed with two 40 mm (1.57 in) anti-tank autocannon in a

2565:

totalled 20 kills (of 30) in Greece and Syria with No. 80 Squadron.

2466: 2096: 488: 282: 804:

cross-bracing, which were mechanically fastened rather than being

516:

took to the air for the first time at the hands of Hawker's chief

10170: 6875:(bilingual Finnish/English). Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman, 2005. 6627:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2007. 4122: 3750: 3572: 3397: 3345: 2938: 2358: 2267: 2203: 1545:

obsolete. At the start of the war, the engine ran on standard 87

956: 885: 805: 548: 536: 477: 449:(director of training), the Air Ministry Science Officer Captain 343: 250: 6766:, July 1987, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 26–35, 49. ISSN 0306-5634. 2558:

claimed 28 air victories while flying Hurricanes during 1939–43.

2254:

When a Japanese carrier task force under the command of Admiral

2241: 1913:, knocked out six tanks, 13 armoured vehicles, 10 lorries, five 8658: 7095:(in Italian). Milan: Edizioni del Prado/Osprey Aviation, 1999. 4137:

records 28 Sea Hurricane victories against eight losses during

3611: 3546: 3533: 3425: 3384: 3358: 3316: 3305: 3292: 2422:

in the Atlantic Ocean. For example, on 26 May 1944, Royal Navy

2357:

The Hurricane remained in service as a fighter-bomber over the

2263: 2198:, from which they flew to airfields code-named P1 and P2, near 2070: 1948: 1676: 1546: 1474: 1454: 809: 582: 509: 413:: four machine guns; two in the wings and two in the fuselage, 213:

of the 1930s–40s which was designed and predominantly built by

5162: 4769:

Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939 Autorzy Robert Forczyk

2646:, DFC, was a British Indian fighter pilot who was awarded the 2628:

claimed most of his 13 victories while flying Hurricanes with

1225:

Roland Beamont, summarising his wartime experience as a pilot.

1163:, formed 67 Wing of the Advanced Air Striking Force (No. 1 to 949:

describing his first flight in a Hurricane as a trainee pilot.

354:; some senior figures were prejudiced against the adoption of 221:(RAF). It was overshadowed in the public consciousness by the 7427:. Aircraft of the Aces. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003. 7368:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire; Pen & Sword Aviation, 2013. 3371: 2829:

Hurricanes were shipped to England to be fitted with engines.

2086:, to provide protection. Twenty-four were transported on the 1960:

For weeks a handful of Hurricane IIs, aided by Group Captain

1549: 1470: 1421: 1094: 928: 826: 6971:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996. 6868:, January 1991, Vol 19 No 1. ISSN 0143-7240. pp. 18–23. 6742:(in Italian). Milan: Alberto Peruzzo editore, 1984. NO ISBN. 4909:

were awarded the Victoria Cross for pressing home the attack

2846: 2593:

claimed all of his 14.5 enemy aircraft flying the Hurricane.

6773:

Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1995 (4th edition).

6536:

Gladiators over Malta: The Story of Faith, Hope and Charity

5765: 3451: 3296:

Hawker Hurricane Mk.IVRP with Yugoslav Air Force markings,

3022: 1520:

On 27 May 1940, in one of the final mass encounters of the

1293:, were jumped by four Bf 109Es from III./JG 53, with their 1286: 1256: 458:. Of the decision to place eight machine guns in fighters, 7263:. Redbourn, Herts, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2006. 7116:, Princeton, New Jersey: University Press of the Pacific, 6873:

Hurricane & Gladiator (Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 25)

6269:

Fight for the Sky: The Story of the Spitfire and Hurricane

5756: 5680: 5066:, 2 April, 18 May, 7 August 1940. Retrieved: 15 June 2009. 2301:

fighters. They were opposed by 35 Hurricane I and IIBs of

7016:(Macdonald Aircraft Monographs). London: Macdonald, 1962. 6488:

British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950

5750:"When Hurricanes took on Japanese in fight for Singapore" 5625:"Ukraine finds British WW2 Hurricane planes outside Kyiv" 4499:"Hawker Hurricane XII – Canada Aviation and Space Museum" 3111:

The Sea Hurricane Mk.IA was a Hurricane Mk.I modified by

3035:

intended as a dedicated ground-attack aircraft to use in

2767:

Mk Is in France with original two-bladed Watts propellers

2152:, 51 Hurricane Mk.IIBs en route to Iraq were diverted to 1199:

coast, and was directed to intercept a formation of nine

504:

facility and the aircraft components were transported to

7469:

Hurricane w obcej służbie — Hurricane in Foreign Service

5714:"Your Planes and Your Work Defend Your Empire (Poster)." 2437:

reconnaissance aircraft during the defence of a convoy.

1211:

After his first flight in October 1939, Hurricane pilot

300:

aircraft as well as fighters. Versions designed for the

8652:

Certified/factory-built aircraft manufactured in Canada

7566: 4073:

on 16 April 1943. Gleed was credited with 15 victories.

1638:

describing how a Hurricane can get away from an Bf 109.

737:

In 1939, production of 100 Hurricanes was initiated in

480:

or Brownings. These wings were delivered in June 1936.

6788:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2003. 5881: 5879: 4396:"World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines – 5th edition" by 3953:

List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II

2794:

Mk.II (first 364) or III engines and armed with eight

1378:

base to bomb Vroenhoven and Veldwezelt bridges on the

1195:

took off from North Coates satellite airfield, on the

1175:

and No. 87, formed 60 Wing of the Air Component, BEF.

987:

In contrast, the contemporary Spitfire used all-metal

808:. Over this, a secondary structure composed of wooden 5736:"Battle of Britain London Monument - P/O L N Landels" 5076: 5074: 5072: 4482: 2266:

saw action against Nagumo's forces during attacks on

1026:

was received; this was followed by the purchase of a

7347:

Shores, Christopher, Brian Cull and Nicola Malizia.

7071:

Aerei militari: Caccia e ricognitori — Volume 1

6720:

London: Ducimus Books Ltd/Doubleday & Co, 1971.

6523:(Air Vanguard; 6). Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013. 6105: 6103: 6060: 6058: 5774: 4949:

BBC, 8 September 2010. Retrieved: 29 September 2010.

3878: 3690: 2670:. ATA Pilot. First female to fly a Hawker Hurricane. 2040:

Hurricane Mk.IIB of No. 81 Squadron RAF at Murmansk-

1348:, Flight Lieutenant R. E. Lovett and Flying Officer 445:

In July 1934, at a meeting chaired by Air Commodore

5876: 5780:

Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, pp. 392–393, 395, 399.

4023:

The Heinkel He 112 was never operational in France.

3920:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

1568:and to increase its margin of superiority over the 1416:Mechanics servicing the engine of a Hurricane I of 1344:gathered momentum. On 10 May, the first day of the 1251:of 1 Squadron, flying Hurricane L1842, shot down a 496:

machine gun, like earlier British biplane fighters.

7471:. Książki Militarne. Warsaw, Poland: AJaKS, 2001. 6941:. Sparkford, Yeovil, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2010. 6851:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: Crowood Press, 1998. 6318:(in Italian). Milan: Milano Edizioni E.C.A., 2000. 6286:Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2000. 6284:The Hurricats: The Fighters That could not Return. 6032: 5979: 5069: 5061:"10/282 Minutes of Oil Policy Committee meetings." 4251: 4249: 4247: 4121:covering only on the tail and wings, the rest was 2632:from the Battle of France through the end of 1941. 2226:on 13 February. Hurricanes destroyed six Japanese 2025: 1731:, F/Lt Lt Kent, F/O Grzeszczak, P/O Radomski, P/O 1242:, May 1940. This aircraft was abandoned in Norway. 976:in West Africa and flown across the Sahara to the 531:flew some of the experimental test flights, while 377:. Earlier, during 1933, British aircraft designer 7332:Shores, Christopher, Brian Cull and Yasuho Izawa. 7300:(in Italian). Parma, Italy: Delta Editrice, 2005. 6862:Jarrett, Philip. "Nothing Ventured...:Part Ten". 6828:on 6 March 2012 – via FlightGlobal Archive. 6644:No. 107, September/October 2003. pp. 47–51. 6581:Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain. 6100: 6055: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6016: 6014: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5644: 5591: 5589: 5570: 5568: 4921: 4886: 4844: 3870:2 × 250 or 500 lb (110 or 230 kg) bombs 3253:Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment 2489:, two further Hurricanes were lost in accidents. 1524:, 13 Hurricanes from 501 Squadron intercepted 24 627:It was significantly cheaper to produce than the 10866: 10857: Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes. 7449:Aircraft of the Aces. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2007. 7093:Gli assi Sovietici della Seconda guerra mondiale 7039:, Profile 111, Windsor, UK: Profile Publications 6705:. Hinkley, UK: Midland /Allan Publishing, 2008. 6153: 5867: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5476: 4975: 4973: 4879: 4877: 4858: 4856: 4680: 4678: 4676: 7048:, Profile 24, Windsor, UK: Profile Publications 6474:. Auckland, New Zealand: Random Century, 1992. 6427:Hurricane Mk.IIA: The Alpine Fighter Collection 6410:Bridgman, Leonard, ed. "The Hawker Hurricane". 6138:"Data on the Merlin III engine and 16 lb boost" 5725:Cull, Brian and Brian and Paul Sortehaug, p.154 5607: 5485: 4244: 3000:Version of the Hurricane Mk.II powered by a US 2391:Sea Hurricane Mk.IB in formation, December 1941 1939:The Hurricane played a significant role in the 1755: 1374:volunteer crews from 12 Squadron took off from 1266:from 73 Squadron was the first to clash with a 825:, complete blind-flying equipment, and two-way 7464:Modena: Coop Giornalisti Storici, August 1995. 7460:Vaccari, Pier Francesco. "Indian Ocean Raid." 7197:Second to None: Homage to the Hawker Hurricane 6041: 6023: 6011: 5997: 5988: 5926: 5912: 5858: 5849: 5813: 5792: 5783: 5586: 5565: 4952: 4687: 4646: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 2406:on 31 July 1941. During the next three years, 2376: 2116:or two or even four 20 mm (0.79 in) 1281:. He went on to become one of the RAF's first 963:were coated with strips of non-slip material. 10905:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) 9782: 8637: 7552: 7001:(3rd revised edition). London: Putnam, 1991. 6538:. Rabat, Malta: Wise Owl Publications, 2008. 5622: 5470:Hurricane : The plane that saved Britain 4991: 4970: 4961: 4930: 4912: 4874: 4853: 4826: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4617: 4615: 4528: 3672:The last of the 14,583 Hurricanes built, s/n 2809:A revised Hurricane Mk.I series built with a 2790:, powered by the 1,030 hp (770 kW) 2508:. In the next day, the Hurricane shot down a 2179:The recently arrived pilots were formed into 2061:for equipment which didn't survive the war. 1854:Hurricane : The plane that saved Britain 16:British fighter aircraft of the 1930s and 40s 7365:Fighters Under Construction in World War Two 7231:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 7110:Strategy for Defeat. The Luftwaffe 1935–1945 6906:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 6889:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 6771:The Merlin in Perspective: The Combat Years. 5443: 4521: 4519: 3694: 3243:A full-scale version of the Hills & Son 1514:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1935–1945 1049:left Liverpool on 30 August 1939 heading to 851:Initially, the structure of the Hurricane's 7520:WW2 aircraft performance and combat reports 7438:Thomas, Andrew. "India's Night Guardians". 7412:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. 7382:. Bristol, UK: Factfinders Parragon, 1997. 7217:. London: After the Battle Magazine, 1989. 7078:Hurricane: Victor of the Battle of Britain. 6429:. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books, 2000. 6086:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2018. p. 54. 5961: 5909:14 June 2009. Retrieved: 20 September 2010. 5806: 5804: 5110: 5009: 5000: 4817: 3699:3-view line drawing of the Hawker Hurricane 2586:scored at least 17 victories in Hurricanes. 9789: 9775: 8644: 8630: 7559: 7545: 7215:The Battle of Britain Then and Now, Mark V 7023:. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing, 2001. 6549:Cull, Brian and Brian and Paul Sortehaug. 4810: 4808: 4806: 4756: 4754: 4723:Simmons 2013, ch. "Hundreds of Hurricanes" 4658: 4627: 4612: 4552: 4540: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4428:, p. 83, 16 July 1936, archived from 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4312: 4310: 4295:. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, 1946 2048:The Hawker Hurricane was the first Allied 1663:Groundcrew refuelling a Hurricane Mk.I of 269:in late 1934, and the prototype Hurricane 265:engine. The Air Ministry ordered Hawker's 7141:. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, 2006. 7073:. Milan: Mondadori Electa, 2006. No ISBN. 6939:Hawker Hurricane: Owners' Workshop Manual 6444:London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980. 5873:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, pp. 421–422. 5846:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, pp. 403–404. 5837:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, pp. 395–397. 5828:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, pp. 397–398. 5689: 5452: 5407: 5119: 5101: 4794: 4516: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4403: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4201: 4199: 3402: 3169:and from October 1941, they were used on 2750:Learn how and when to remove this message 2327:D3As, five B5Ns and three Zeros damaged. 1920:In the spring of 1943, during the German 330:had just 13 squadrons, equipped with the 7395:Brewster F2A Buffalo Aces of World War 2 7228: 7152: 6412:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II 6325:. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing, 1986. 6271:. London: Cassell Military Books, 2004. 6250: 5801: 5374: 5353: 5135: 4448:Postan 1952, p. Chapter IV, footnote 89. 4208: 3707:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II 3667: 3291: 3145: 3099: 3012:Hurricane Mk.IV, armed with RP-3 rockets 3007: 2979: 2949: 2891: 2845: 2761: 2444: 2386: 2240: 2131: 2035: 1809: 1759: 1719: 1658: 1610: 1411: 1363:that were flying over their airfield at 1321: 1229: 1084: 1008: 835: 776: 641: 610: 557: 487: 425:, which went on to become famous as the 7397:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. 6956:(in Italian). Rome: Ibn Editore, 2002. 6886: 6733:Famous Fighters of the Second World War 6568:. London: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1999. 6485: 6223:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 5467: 4901:Two of the crew of the leading Battle, 4803: 4791:Vol 1 p. 14, Air Research Publications. 4751: 4460: 4352: 4307: 3835:29.8 lb/sq ft (145 kg/m) 3817:600 mi (970 km, 520 nmi) 3484: 3469: 3115:. They were modified to be carried by 2289:, led a strike against Colombo with 53 2262:in April 1942, RAF Hurricanes based on 581:recovery characteristics, in which all 483: 10867: 7106: 6801:Hurricanes to the Fore: The First Aces 6397:Hawker Hurricane — de 1935 à 1945 6307:Beamont, Roland. "Hurricane Testing." 6214: 6189: 5535: 5248:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4437: 4217: 4196: 3897:Flying Legend Hawker Hurricane Replica 1764:Wartime colour photo of Hurricane IIC 999: 902:The Hurricane had a inward-retracting 10910:Retractable conventional landing gear 9770: 8625: 7540: 7171:Pacco, John. "Hawker Hurricane Mk.I" 7052: 7043: 7034: 6920: 6903: 6760:"Half-Century Hurricane": Part Four. 6566:The Military Propeller Aircraft Guide 6504:Cacutt, Len, ed. "Hawker Hurricane." 6205: 5168:Gretzyngier and Matusiak 1998, p. 25. 4895: 4334: 4163: 4161: 3740:13 ft 1.5 in (4.001 m) 3657: 1890:, could outperform it in a dogfight. 833:pipes throughout the cooling system. 9324:DH.82C Tiger Moth & Menasco Moth 7247:Soviet Hurricane Aces of World War 2 6731:Green, William. "Hawker Hurricane." 6605:. Modena: Stem Mucchi Editore, 1994. 6598:. Modena: Stem Mucchi Editore, 1994. 6508:. London: Marshall Cavendish, 1989. 6490:. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. 6220: 5864:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, p. 420. 5855:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, p. 413. 5819:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, p. 403. 5798:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, p. 397. 5789:Shores, Cull and Izawa 1993, p. 395. 5195:Ramsay 1989, pp. 415, 516, 526, 796. 4187: 3902:Hawker Hurricane in Yugoslav service 3746:257.5 sq ft (23.92 m) 3196:Unit, 7 being returned in May as Ic. 2732:adding citations to reliable sources 2703: 1590: 1453:that had been moved to bases around 919:Command. Accordingly, trials with a 891:An all-metal, stressed-skin wing of 7322:. London: Grub Street Press, 1992. 7203:87, May–June 2000, pp. 26–40. 6937:Lowe, Malcolm V. and Paul Blackah. 6871:Keskinen, Kalevi and Kari Stenman. 6836:. London: Sphere Books Ltd., 1989. 6671:Spitfire: The Illustrated Biography 6384:(in Italian). Milan: Mursia, 1997. 6200:The Aviation History On-Line Museum 3734:40 ft 0 in (12.19 m) 3664:List of surviving Hawker Hurricanes 2917:role, sometimes referred to as the 1934: 1480: 1317: 796:box-girder with high-tensile steel 785:The Hawker Hurricane is a low-wing 690:and David Rosenfield Ltd, based at 13: 6583:New York: Ballantine Books, 1977. 6196:"Hawker Hurricane – Great Britain" 6172: 5904:"Obituary of Lt-Cdr Sammy Mearns." 5363:. 13 September 1940. p. 5487. 4400:, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p. 188. 4158: 3728:32 ft 3 in (9.83 m) 3288:List of Hawker Hurricane operators 2426:operating from the escort carrier 2160:, had been overwhelmed during the 2127: 1893:During and following the five-day 1262:On 6 November 1939, Pilot Officer 369:in response to demands within the 14: 10931: 7513: 7410:British Naval Aircraft Since 1912 7393:Stenman, Kari and Andrew Thomas. 6534:Cull, Brian and Frederick Galea. 5384:. 26 November 1940. p. 6753. 4714:Beamont January 1994, pp. 17, 18. 4420:"The King Inspects his Air Force" 3844:0.15 hp/lb (0.25 kW/kg) 3829:2,780 ft/min (14.1 m/s) 3691:Specifications (Hurricane Mk.IIC) 3680:Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 2801:. Produced between 1937 and 1939. 2523: 2477:. Later they were transferred to 2433:claimed the destruction of three 1985:as they dived for their targets. 1537:and attempting some low altitude 1497:(10 victories) and Pilot Officer 1167:, north-west of Paris; No. 73 to 844:, a preserved Hurricane from the 326:company developed the Hurricane, 10920:World War II aircraft of Finland 6673:. London: Atlantic Books, 2006. 6367:. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1974. 6166: 6144: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6076: 6067: 5970: 5935: 5897: 5888: 5742: 5728: 5719: 5698: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5635: 5616: 5598: 5577: 5556: 5529: 5503: 5494: 5461: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5398: 5389: 5368: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5295: 5286: 5274: 5265: 5256: 4339:. London: MacDonald. p. 21. 4128: 4110: 4101: 4085: 4076: 3958:List of aircraft of World War II 3881: 3643: 3630: 3617: 3604: 3591: 3578: 3565: 3552: 3539: 3526: 3513: 3500: 3486: 3471: 3457: 3444: 3431: 3418: 3404: 3390: 3377: 3364: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3201:The Sea Hurricane I used during 2783:(first 435) or three blade two - 2708: 2166:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force 2136:Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIB/Trop of 2052:aircraft to be delivered to the 1899:40 mm (1.57 in) cannon 289:in multiple theatres of action. 29: 10915:Single-engined tractor aircraft 10847:Aircraft of the Australian Army 9800:aircraft serial-number prefixes 7499:Soviet Air Power in World War 2 7447:Royal Navy Aces of World War 2. 6786:Hawker Hurricane Inside and Out 6703:Soviet Air Power in World War 2 6688:. New York: Random House, 1942. 6243: 5947:. Penguin UK. 2 February 2012. 5281:Wilkinson Rubber Linatex advert 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5153: 5144: 5092: 5083: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 4982: 4939: 4865: 4835: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4491: 4451: 4412: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4343: 4328: 4319: 4298: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4058: 4049: 4035: 4026: 4017: 3989: 3150:Preserved Sea Hurricane of the 2921:. The Mk. IIC also served as a 2719:needs additional citations for 2026:Air defence in the Soviet Union 1805: 1606:No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron 1398:actually lost only one Bf 109. 1118:RAF Advanced Air Striking Force 675:Minister of Aircraft Production 615:Hurricane production line, 1942 10880:1930s British fighter aircraft 9615:Ontario Provincial Air Service 7442:, 30 October–12 November 1996. 6984:The British Fighter Since 1912 6749:. London: Robson Books, 2006. 6740:Aerei della 2a Guerra Mondiale 5562:Shores et al. 1987, pp. 43–47. 5404:Ramsay 1989, pp. 306–313, 362. 5051:Wood and Dempster 1990, p. 87. 4258: 4235: 3980: 3968:List of most-produced aircraft 3860:4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) 3823:36,000 ft (11,000 m) 3298:Museum of Aviation in Belgrade 3260:Hurricane Photo Reconnaissance 2568:Czech pilot Flight Lieutenant 2528:Top scoring Hurricane pilots: 2449:Finnish Hurricane Mk.I at the 2148:Following the outbreak of the 1560:"pulling the plug", a form of 373:(RAF) for a new generation of 312: 1: 7351:. London: Grub Street, 1987. 7336:. London: Grub Street, 1993. 7157:. Belgrade: LeadenSky Books. 7153:Ognjevic, Aleksandar (2019). 6814: 6608:Dibbs, John and Tony Holmes. 6553:. London: Grub Street, 2004. 6459:. London: Aurum Press, 2000. 6352:. De Bataafsche Leeuw, 2006. 6202:. Retrieved: 17 January 2011. 5472:, Canelo History, p. 290 5262:Bungay 2000, pp. 77, 197–198. 4152: 4135:Malta: The Spitfire Year 1942 3780:8,710 lb (3,951 kg) 3774:7,670 lb (3,479 kg) 3768:5,745 lb (2,606 kg) 2350:(RIAF), shot down a Japanese 2297:dive bombers, escorted by 36 1697:of New Zealand) to become an 1619:flown by Plt Off A.V. Clowes. 1080: 888:, also had fabric coverings. 606: 322:During the early 1930s, when 317: 10885:Aircraft first flown in 1935 9116:Hurricane Mk.X, XI & XII 9053:Canadian Associated Aircraft 7380:World War II Combat Aircraft 7107:Murray, Willamson. (2002) , 6610:Hurricane: A Fighter Legend. 6348:. And earlier Dutch version 6181:(in Latvian). Archived from 5159:Zaloga and Hook 1982, p. 15. 4841:Beamont January 1994, p. 19. 4733:"Best of Battle of Britain." 3281: 3251:during May 1943, and at the 3240:Hillson F.40 (a.k.a. F.H.40) 2260:sortie into the Indian Ocean 1867:Curtiss Tomahawks/Kittyhawks 1756:Night fighters and intruders 1013:Yugoslavian Hurricane Mk. IV 679:Civilian Repair Organisation 588:Royal Aircraft Establishment 431:National Physical Laboratory 7: 9810:indicate prefixes not used. 7501:. Midland Publishing, 2008 7080:London: John Murray, 2010. 6506:Great Aircraft of the World 6211:Bridgman 1946, pp. 128–129. 5623:James Landale (July 2023). 5089:Harvey-Bailey 1995, p. 155. 4947:"France, 1940: 1 Squadron." 4789:Fighter Command War Diaries 4741:February–March 2008, p. 4. 3874: 3002:Packard-built Merlin engine 2693: 2377:Aircraft carrier operations 1895:Second Battle of El Alamein 1884:more powerful inline engine 1739:The only Battle of Britain 1307:, in the lead. Mölders and 10: 10936: 9536:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm 9018:Toronto Curtiss Aeroplanes 8988:Canadian Aerodrome Company 7349:Malta: The Hurricane Years 7233:(in French) (102): 46–53. 7044:Mason, Francis K. (1971), 7035:Mason, Francis K. (1967), 6999:Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 6908:(in French) (109): 17–21. 6735:. London: MacDonald, 1957. 6612:Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1995. 5677:Drabkin 2007, pp. 127–128: 5538:Journal of Maltese History 4778:Shacklady 2000, pp. 47–49. 4609:12 May 1938, pp. 468, 473. 4585:12 May 1938, pp. 467, 468. 4573:12 May 1938, pp. 469, 470. 4335:Mason, Francis K. (1962). 3661: 3285: 3088:Holland standard Hurricane 3065:called a Mk.II by the RAF. 2990:Imperial Iranian Air Force 2796:.303 in (7.7 mm) 2697: 2648:Distinguished Flying Cross 2440: 2380: 2342:Jagadish Chandra Verma of 2029: 1191:. That day, "A" Flight of 1004: 767:German invasion of Belgium 598:In early 1936, the Hawker 553:Empire Test Pilots' School 217:Ltd. for service with the 10855: 10829: 10527: 10434: 9892: 9815: 9805: 9741: 9708: 9685: 9664: 9631: 9613: 9588: 9570: 9554:National Research Council 9552: 9534: 9506: 9456: 9440: 9370: 9347: 9267: 9234: 9134: 9069: 9051: 9014: 8986: 8901: 8885:Bristol/McDonald Brothers 8883: 8822: 8784:Boeing Aircraft of Canada 8782: 8724: 8691: 8675: 8657: 8491: 8295: 7579: 7046:The Hawker Hurricane II C 6891:(in French) (69): 18–20. 5762:Derry and Robinson, p. 27 5440:Thomas 1996, pp. 550–554. 5431:Marchant 1996, pp. 53–54. 5292:Bungay 2000, pp. 200–201. 5204:Mason 1991, pp. 279, 300. 5186:Bungay 2000, pp. 264–267. 4696:12 May 1938, pp. 471–472. 4655:12 May 1938, pp. 469–471. 4597:12 May 1938, pp. 467–470. 4316:Cacutt 1989, pp. 204–212. 3995:Competition included the 3171:merchant aircraft carrier 2834:Hurricane Mk.IIA Series 1 2700:Hawker Hurricane variants 2656:Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 2642:Marshal of the Air Force 2383:Hawker Hurricane variants 2277:On 5 April 1942, Captain 2274:harbour on 9 April 1942. 1968:'s relentless attacks on 1686:de Wilde incendiary round 1582:Hurricanes equipped with 1531:Operational Training Unit 1075:German invasion of Poland 980:and, to save space, some 884:, such as the Frise-type 772: 209:is a British single-seat 195: 187: 179: 174: 166: 135: 94: 82: 70: 62: 52: 47: 28: 23: 9798:Australian Defence Force 9071:Canadian Car and Foundry 6986:. London: Putnam, 1992. 6816:"The Hurricane Unveiled" 6457:The Most Dangerous Enemy 6414:. London: Studio, 1946. 6163:January 1991, pp. 18–23. 5985:Schlaiefer 1950, p. 220. 5932:Wawrzyński 2001, pp. 60. 5923:Wawrzyński 2001, pp. 59. 5668:Yefim 2008, pp. 483–484. 5641:Bader 2004, pp. 135–137. 5583:Bader 2004, pp. 125–127. 5574:Bader 2004, pp. 147–155. 5500:Bader 2004, pp. 165–167. 5468:Stewart, Adrian (1982), 5042:Burns 1992, pp. 165–167. 3973: 3963:List of fighter aircraft 3113:General Aircraft Limited 3094:Canadian Car and Foundry 3053:Canadian Car and Foundry 3049:Canadian Car and Foundry 2877:Canadian Car and Foundry 2869:Gloster Aircraft Company 2850:Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIB 2840:Gloster Aircraft Company 2827:Canadian Car and Foundry 2823:Canadian Car and Foundry 2819:Gloster Aircraft Company 2806:Hurricane Mk.I (revised) 2577:Vernon Crompton Woodward 2451:Finnish Air Force Museum 2102:Hero of the Soviet Union 1966:Field Marshal Kesselring 1420:at No. 1 Repair Centre, 1101:, France, on 10 May 1940 1056:Canadian Car and Foundry 1024:Royal Yugoslav Air Force 924:variable-pitch propeller 732:Gloster Aircraft Company 703:Canadian Car and Foundry 147:Royal Canadian Air Force 117:Gloster Aircraft Company 112:Canadian Car and Foundry 9633:Ottawa Car and Aircraft 9126:Harvard Mk.IIB and Mk.4 9121:Norseman Mk.V & VII 6658:London: Airlife, 1991. 6603:Macchi MC. 200 "Saetta" 6521:Hawker Hurricane MK I-V 6300:. "Hurricane Baptism." 6227:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu 5686:Cull and Sortehaug 2004 5650:Jacobs 1998, pp. 84–85. 5024:Murray 2002, pp. 38–39. 4927:Holmes 1996, pp. 48–49. 4892:Holmes 1996, pp. 41–42. 4850:Holmes 1999, pp. 15–16. 4745:29 October 2013 at the 4325:Bader 2004, pp. 37, 40. 3931:Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 3713:General characteristics 2900:of 3 Squadron RAF, 1942 2675:James Brindley Nicolson 2485:. During the period of 2293:torpedo bombers and 38 2270:on 5 April 1942 and on 2208:Netherlands East Indies 1745:James Brindley Nicolson 1715:Miss Shilling's orifice 1499:Percival Stanley Turner 1093:next to a Hurricane I, 882:flight control surfaces 10890:Carrier-based aircraft 9756:CL-515 First Responder 9086:Anson Mk.II & Mk.V 7484:Bf 109D/E Aces 1939/41 7467:Wawrzyński, Mirosław. 7425:Hurricane Aces 1941–45 7189:British War Production 7139:In the Skies of Europe 7055:The Aviation Historian 7037:The Hawker Hurricane I 6486:Buttler, Tony (2004). 6150:Thetford 1994, p. 231. 6118:Thetford 1994, p. 228. 5449:Mason 1967, pp. 14–15. 5116:Mason 1967, pp. 12–13. 5064:National Archives AVIA 5033:Bader 2004, pp. 50–55. 4871:Burns 1992, pp. 56–57. 4378:McKinstry 2010, p. 64. 4349:McKinstry 2010, p. 52. 4304:McKinstry 2010, p. 40. 4282:McKinstry 2010, p. 34. 4273:McKinstry 2010, p. 30. 3700: 3683: 3308: 3155: 3104: 3013: 2984: 2955: 2901: 2884:Hurricane Mk.IIB Trop. 2875:, plus another 515 by 2854: 2769: 2668:Winifred Crossley Fair 2534:Marmaduke "Pat" Pattle 2453: 2392: 2348:Royal Indian Air Force 2324:788 Naval Air Squadron 2287:attack on Pearl Harbor 2283:Imperial Japanese Navy 2251: 2164:. The fighters of the 2145: 2045: 2013:North African campaign 1994:quoted in Bader (2004) 1987: 1845: 1818: 1777: 1736: 1680: 1632: 1620: 1509: 1429: 1335: 1243: 1234:Hurricane Mk.I of the 1228: 1102: 1036:invasion of Yugoslavia 1014: 943: 880:. The majority of the 848: 782: 647: 616: 566: 497: 261:and the more powerful 170:14,487 (UK and Canada) 9079:Maple Leaf Trainer II 7318:Shores, Christopher. 7213:Ramsay, Winston, ed. 7137:Neulen, Hans Werner. 6654:Fozard, John W., ed. 6395:Breffort, Dominique. 5482:Glancey 2006, p. 165. 5386:Retrieved 2008-01-07. 5365:Retrieved 2008-01-07. 4945:Shores, Christopher. 4823:Goulding 1971, p. 56. 4705:McKnstry 2010, p. 87. 4488:Thetford 1994, p. 232 4071:Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert 3788:Rolls-Royce Merlin XX 3698: 3671: 3638:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 3295: 3232:Sea Hurricane Mk.XIIA 3149: 3103: 3092:beyond being used by 3011: 2983: 2953: 2895: 2849: 2799:Browning machine guns 2765: 2597:Richard "Dickie" Cork 2563:William "Cherry" Vale 2481:and finally moved to 2448: 2418:, and operating from 2390: 2244: 2220:landings in Singapore 2135: 2039: 1958: 1840: 1813: 1763: 1723: 1662: 1623: 1614: 1504: 1415: 1325: 1233: 1217: 1088: 1012: 934: 839: 780: 763:Browning machine guns 707:Fort William, Ontario 654:light bomber and the 645: 624:to Martlesham Heath. 614: 561: 491: 287:Messerschmitt Bf 109s 267:Interceptor Monoplane 10837:Aircraft of the RAAF 9016:Canadian Aeroplanes/ 8941:CL-415 Super Scooper 7021:The Hawker Hurricane 7014:The Hawker Hurricane 6350:Het Verlies van Java 6185:on 18 February 2014. 6052:Hiscock 2003, p. 20. 6029:Hiscock 2003, p. 17. 6020:Hiscock 2003, p. 19. 6008:Hiscock 2003, p. 18. 5994:Hiscock 2003, p. 16. 5810:Vaccari 1995, p. 39. 5704:Shores 1992, p. 297. 5613:Drabkin 2007, p. 11. 5491:Snedden 1997, p. 51. 5422:Ramsay 1989, p. 311. 5395:Ramsay 1989, p. 306. 5271:Bungay 2000, p. 198. 5150:Olson and Cloud 2003 5107:Mason 1967, pp. 5–6. 4800:Mason 1967, pp. 8–9. 4684:Hiscock 2003, p. 12. 4670:12 May 1938, p. 471. 4643:12 May 1938, p. 472. 4624:12 May 1938, p. 473. 4561:12 May 1938, p. 469. 4549:12 May 1938, p. 468. 4525:Mason 1967, pp. 6–7. 4409:Mason 1967, pp. 4–5. 4337:The Hawker Hurricane 4214:Mason 1967, pp. 3–4. 4173:BAE Systems Heritage 4009:Supermarine Type 224 3223:Sea Hurricane Mk.IIC 2728:improve this article 2556:Frank Reginald Carey 2492:At the start of the 2309:, together with six 2095:, arriving just off 1829:in Egypt, replacing 1800:No. 176 Squadron RAF 1796:No. 247 Squadron RAF 1268:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1249:P. W. O. "Boy" Mould 688:Cofton Hackett plant 629:Supermarine Spitfire 545:RAF Martlesham Heath 502:Kingston upon Thames 484:Prototype and trials 473:Browning machine gun 437:, where a series of 367:Specification F.5/34 361:In 1934 the British 277:on 6 November 1935. 223:Supermarine Spitfire 102:Austin Motor Company 10842:Aircraft of the RAN 9269:de Havilland Canada 8338:F.20/27 Interceptor 7303:Shacklady, Edward. 7192:London: HMSO, 1952. 7186:Postan, Michael M. 7069:Matricardi, Paolo. 6967:Marchant, David J. 6747:The Chianti Raiders 6669:Glancey, Jonathan. 6340:. NUS Press, 2011. 6314:Bignozzi, Giorgio. 6127:Brown 1980, p. 115. 6109:Brown 1980, p. 114. 6073:Brown 1980, p. 109. 6064:Brown 1980, p. 112. 6038:Mason 1991, p. 285. 5976:Thomas 2007, p. 87. 5967:Thomas 2003, p. 83. 5894:Shores et al., 1987 5885:Thomas 2003, p. 81. 5752:. 30 December 2022. 5659:Yefim 2008, p. 482. 5604:Yefim 2008, p. 480. 5595:Morgan 1999, p. 55. 5317:Holmes 1998, p. 106 5213:Bungay 2000, p. 82. 5098:Donald 1999, p. 38. 5015:Holmes 1996, p. 57. 5006:Holmes 1996, p. 58. 4997:Holmes 1996, p. 23. 4988:Holmes 1998, p. 47. 4979:Holmes 1996, p. 55. 4967:Holmes 1996, p. 52. 4958:Holmes 1996, p. 51. 4936:Holmes 1996, p. 49. 4918:Holmes 1996, p. 47. 4883:Holmes 1996, p. 24. 4862:Holmes 1999, p. 18. 4832:Holmes 1999, p. 12. 4537:, July 1987, p. 34. 4387:Mason 1992, p. 254. 4264:Mason 1992, p. 242. 3908:Related development 3778:Max takeoff weight: 3192:Sea Hurricane Mk.IC 3159:Sea Hurricane Mk.IB 3108:Sea Hurricane Mk.IA 2873:Austin Aero Company 2630:No. 87 Squadron RAF 2612:303 Polish Squadron 2570:Karel Kuttelwascher 2520:on 6 January 1942. 2367:No. 1687 Flight RAF 2299:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 2224:invasion of Sumatra 2008:in June that year. 1787:Karel Kuttelwascher 1725:303 squadron pilots 1562:war emergency power 1330:being refuelled at 1067:Auxiliary Air Force 1000:Operational history 978:Middle East theatre 751:Daimler-Benz DB 601 684:Austin Aero Company 460:Claude Hilton Keith 407:Rolls-Royce Goshawk 328:RAF Fighter Command 48:General information 10533:Tri-Service series 9572:National Steel Car 8936:CL-215 Waterbomber 8308:Australian Fighter 7133:on 16 October 2004 7019:Mason, Francis K. 7012:Mason, Francis K. 6997:Mason, Francis K. 6982:Mason, Francis K. 6834:The Forgotten Aces 6769:Harvey-Bailey, A. 6601:De Marchi, Italo. 6594:De Marchi, Italo. 6519:Chorlton, Martyn. 6470:Burns, Michael G. 5695:Mason 1967, p. 17. 5458:Mason 1967, p. 15. 5413:Mason 1967, p. 13. 5381:The London Gazette 5360:The London Gazette 5344:Baker 1962, p. 134 5141:Mason 1967, p. 12. 5125:Bywater, Michael. 5080:Gleed 1942, p. 61. 4503:ingeniumcanada.org 4457:Bader 2004, p. 41. 4432:on 10 October 2017 4193:Bader 2004, p. 36. 4169:"Hawker Hurricane" 4143:Operation Pedestal 3701: 3684: 3658:Surviving aircraft 3309: 3210:Operation Pedestal 3204:Operation Pedestal 3156: 3105: 3014: 2985: 2976:Hurricane Mk.T.IIC 2956: 2902: 2855: 2792:Rolls-Royce Merlin 2770: 2591:Richard P. Stevens 2589:Flight Lieutenant 2454: 2393: 2332:China Bay airfield 2252: 2146: 2138:488 Squadron RNZAF 2046: 2032:Operation Benedict 1945:Gloster Gladiators 1819: 1778: 1737: 1681: 1621: 1430: 1336: 1244: 1240:Norwegian campaign 1171:) while two more, 1103: 1028:production licence 1015: 849: 840:Underside view of 783: 677:, established the 648: 617: 600:board of directors 567: 498: 451:F.W. "Gunner" Hill 263:Rolls-Royce Merlin 246:derivative of the 10900:Low-wing aircraft 10862: 10861: 10529:RAAF Series Three 9764: 9763: 9665:Reid/Curtiss-Reid 9006:Hubbard Monoplane 8946:CL-600 Challenger 8792:C-204 Thunderbird 8619: 8618: 7580:By project number 7455:978-1-84603-178-6 7403:978-1-84603-481-7 7378:Snedden, Robert. 7374:978-1-78159-034-8 7362:Simmons, Graham. 7313:978-0-75242-000-4 7280:978-1-4456-2120-3 7269:978-83-89450-32-6 7255:978-1-84908-741-4 7195:Prins, François. 7164:978-86-917625-3-7 7086:978-1-84854-339-3 6977:978-0-85130-244-7 6952:Malizia, Nicola. 6947:978-1-84425-955-7 6865:Aeroplane Monthly 6832:Jackson, Robert. 6809:978-84-8372-221-3 6794:978-1-86126-630-9 6784:Hiscock, Melvyn. 6763:Air International 6716:Goulding, James. 6711:978-1-85780-304-4 6679:978-1-84354-799-0 6544:978-99932-92-78-4 6529:978-1-78096-602-1 6455:Bungay, Stephen. 6405:978-2-915239-86-7 6309:Aeroplane Monthly 6302:Aeroplane Monthly 6221:Lednicer, David. 6161:Aeroplane Monthly 5771:Boer 2006, p. 83. 5511:"Hunt's Gap 1943" 5307:978-1-85532-597-5 5283:27 September 1945 5230:on 9 January 2015 4814:Mason 1967, p. 9. 4760:Mason 1967, p. 6. 4535:Air International 4479:Mason 1967, p. 7. 4369:Mason 1967, p. 5. 4232:Mason 1967, p. 4. 4205:Mason 1967, p. 3. 4139:Operation Harpoon 3179:Do 18 flying-boat 3079:Hurricane Mk.XIIA 3023:"60 pounder" RP-3 2967:was not an early 2939:gondola-style pod 2896:Hurricane Mk.IIC 2760: 2759: 2752: 2619:Witold Urbanowicz 2549:Battle of Britain 2540:on 20 April 1941. 2462:Finnish Air Force 2412:aircraft carriers 2371:Normandy invasion 2337:Air battles over 2185:488 (NZ) Squadron 2168:, especially the 2158:Brewster Buffalos 1907:RAF Castel Benito 1886:licence-built by 1874:Regia Aeronautica 1835:Fiat CR.42 Falcos 1768:flown by Sqn Ldr 1597:Battle of Britain 1591:Battle of Britain 1576:Flight Lieutenant 1491:Battle of Dunkirk 1365:Rouvres-en-Woevre 1301:Spanish Civil War 1296:Gruppenkommandeur 846:Battle of Britain 759:Belgian Air Force 724:Battle of Britain 522:Flight Lieutenant 411:Gloster Gladiator 242:about a proposed 227:Battle of Britain 203: 202: 188:Introduction date 157:Soviet Air Forces 41:Battle of Britain 10927: 10875:Hawker Hurricane 10539: 10538: 9898: 9821: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9768: 9767: 9751:DHC-6 Twin Otter 9733:York C.1 Special 9710:Victory Aircraft 9441:Federal Aircraft 9349:Diamond Aircraft 9319:DH.60 Gipsy Moth 9302:DHC-6 Twin Otter 9191:CH-300 Pacemaker 9136:Canadian Vickers 9096:CBY-3 Loadmaster 8769:505 Jet Ranger X 8764:429 GlobalRanger 8676:Avian Industries 8646: 8639: 8632: 8623: 8622: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7445:Thomas, Andrew. 7423:Thomas, Andrew. 7408:Thetford, Owen. 7305:Hawker Hurricane 7296:Sgarlato, Nico. 7261:Hawker Hurricane 7242: 7168: 7134: 7132: 7126:, archived from 7115: 7076:McKinstry, Leo. 7066: 7049: 7040: 6934: 6917: 6900: 6849:Hawker Hurricane 6829: 6745:Haining, Peter. 6686:Arise to Conquer 6623:Drabkin, Artem. 6596:Fiat CR.42 Falco 6501: 6379:Boyne, Walter J. 6365:Hurricane at War 6338:The Loss of Java 6321:Bishop, Edward. 6267:Bader, Douglas. 6264: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6053: 6050: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6009: 6006: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5910: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5226:. Archived from 5220: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5133: 5132:17 January 2011. 5130:The Independent, 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4749: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4671: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4435: 4433: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4255:Buttler, 2005 p9 4253: 4242: 4241:Buttler, 2005 p8 4239: 4233: 4230: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4146: 4132: 4126: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4005:Bristol Type 133 4001:Bristol Type 123 3993: 3987: 3984: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3852: 3821:Service ceiling: 3804: 3762:Clark YH (12.2%) 3758:Clark YH (19%); 3715: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3070:Hurricane Mk.XII 2997:Hurricane Mk.III 2959:Hurricane Mk.IIE 2934:Hurricane Mk.IID 2905:Hurricane Mk.IIC 2858:Hurricane Mk.IIB 2755: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2712: 2704: 2652:Indian Air Force 2637:Mark Henry Brown 2599:was the leading 2561:Squadron Leader 2543:Squadron Leader 2538:Battle of Athens 2532:Squadron Leader 2514:Karelian Isthmus 2494:Continuation War 2236:Java was invaded 2162:Malayan campaign 2084:No. 151 Wing RAF 1995: 1941:defence of Malta 1935:Defence of Malta 1863:Desert Air Force 1857: 1639: 1602:No. 145 Squadron 1516: 1487:Operation Dynamo 1481:Operation Dynamo 1346:Battle of France 1318:Battle of France 1226: 1125:Sir Hugh Dowding 1114:Patrick Playfair 1111:Air Vice-Marshal 950: 869:-actuated split 671:Lord Beaverbrook 660:No. 111 Squadron 622:King Edward VIII 375:fighter aircraft 211:fighter aircraft 207:Hawker Hurricane 57:Fighter aircraft 35:Hurricane Mk I, 33: 21: 20: 10935: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10925: 10924: 10895:Hawker aircraft 10865: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10851: 10825: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10523: 10430: 9896: 9895: 9894:RAAF Series Two 9888: 9819: 9818: 9817:RAAF Series One 9811: 9801: 9795: 9765: 9760: 9737: 9704: 9681: 9660: 9627: 9609: 9584: 9566: 9562:tailless glider 9548: 9530: 9502: 9452: 9436: 9366: 9343: 9329:DH.83C Fox Moth 9263: 9259:J-5 Cub Cruiser 9230: 9211:Super Universal 9130: 9065: 9047: 9017: 9010: 8982: 8963:Freedom Fighter 8911:CL-4 North Star 8897: 8879: 8818: 8778: 8720: 8687: 8683:2/180 Gyroplane 8671: 8653: 8650: 8620: 8615: 8493:Hawker Siddeley 8487: 8291: 7575: 7572:Hawker Siddeley 7565: 7516: 7511: 7497:Yefim, Gordon. 7462:Historic Revue. 7165: 7130: 7124: 7113: 6847:Jacobs, Peter. 6738:Gunston, Bill. 6701:Gordon, Yefim. 6579:Deighton, Len. 6564:Donald, David. 6498: 6298:Beamont, Roland 6282:Barker, Ralph. 6246: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6194: 6190: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6012: 6007: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5913: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5517:(1–9): 14. 1974 5509: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5373: 5369: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5224:"Archived copy" 5222: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5070: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747:Wayback Machine 4737:Air & Space 4731: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4438: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4133: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4041:Australian ace 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4013:Westland F.7/30 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3936:Rogožarski IK-3 3889:Aviation portal 3887: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3853: 3848: 3800: 3711: 3693: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3616: 3605: 3603: 3592: 3590: 3579: 3577: 3566: 3564: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3525: 3514: 3512: 3501: 3499: 3487: 3485: 3472: 3470: 3458: 3456: 3445: 3443: 3432: 3430: 3419: 3417: 3405: 3403: 3391: 3389: 3378: 3376: 3365: 3363: 3352: 3350: 3339: 3337: 3326: 3324: 3290: 3284: 3273:Hurricane Tac R 3061:Hurricane Mk.XI 3017:Hurricane Mk.IV 2871:and 300 by the 2768: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2725: 2713: 2702: 2696: 2673:Wing Commander 2662:Pilots of Note 2635:Wing Commander 2624:Wing Commander 2608:Josef František 2584:Willie McKnight 2582:Flying Officer 2554:Wing Commander 2526: 2443: 2420:escort carriers 2385: 2379: 2228:transport ships 2130: 2128:South-East Asia 2042:Vaenga airfield 2034: 2028: 1997: 1990:Wing Commander 1989: 1953:Blackburn Skuas 1937: 1859: 1848:Wing Commander 1847: 1816:siege of Tobruk 1808: 1770:Denis Smallwood 1758: 1717:in early 1941. 1690:Archie McKellar 1684:the use of the 1669:RAF Biggin Hill 1641: 1634: 1615:Hurricane I of 1593: 1550:aviation spirit 1526:Heinkel He 111s 1518: 1511: 1495:Willie McKnight 1483: 1392:Heinkel He 112s 1326:Hurricane I of 1320: 1227: 1224: 1186: 1107:No. 1 Group RAF 1083: 1038:in 1941 by the 1007: 1002: 952: 945: 775: 694:aerodrome near 662:, stationed at 609: 486: 371:Royal Air Force 340:Bristol Bulldog 324:Hawker Aircraft 320: 315: 294:fighter-bombers 219:Royal Air Force 215:Hawker Aircraft 199:6 November 1935 162: 161: 140:Royal Air Force 131: 90: 77:Hawker Aircraft 63:National origin 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10933: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10542: 10540: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10440: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9823: 9813: 9812: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9794: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9718:Lancaster Mk.X 9714: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9623:CA-6M Airsedan 9619: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9558: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9526:Centennial 100 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9466:1,2,5 & 21 9462: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9334:DH.98 Mosquito 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9277:DHC-1 Chipmunk 9273: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9022: 9020: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8931:CL-84 Dynavert 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8862:Challenger 300 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8841:Global Express 8838: 8832:CRJ100/200/440 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8774:525 Relentless 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8706:C-102 Jetliner 8703: 8697: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8626: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8601:P.1127 Kestrel 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8425: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7514:External links 7512: 7510: 7509: 7495: 7480: 7465: 7458: 7443: 7436: 7421: 7406: 7391: 7376: 7360: 7345: 7330: 7316: 7301: 7294: 7291:978-0827720206 7283: 7272: 7257: 7245:Rybin, Yuriy. 7243: 7226: 7211: 7201:Air Enthusiast 7193: 7184: 7169: 7163: 7150: 7135: 7122: 7104: 7091:Morgan, Hugh. 7089: 7074: 7067: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7017: 7010: 6995: 6980: 6965: 6950: 6935: 6923:Air Enthusiast 6918: 6901: 6884: 6869: 6860: 6845: 6830: 6812: 6797: 6782: 6767: 6758: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6714: 6699: 6689: 6682: 6667: 6652: 6641:Air Enthusiast 6636: 6621: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6577: 6562: 6547: 6532: 6517: 6502: 6496: 6483: 6468: 6453: 6438: 6423: 6408: 6393: 6376: 6363:Bowyer, Chaz. 6361: 6346:978-9971695132 6334: 6319: 6316:Aerei d'Italia 6312: 6305: 6295: 6280: 6265: 6253:Air Enthusiast 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6213: 6204: 6188: 6165: 6152: 6143: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6099: 6092: 6075: 6066: 6054: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6010: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5953: 5934: 5925: 5911: 5896: 5887: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5741: 5727: 5718: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5585: 5576: 5564: 5555: 5528: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5433: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5367: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5294: 5285: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5068: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4903:Donald Garland 4894: 4885: 4873: 4864: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4802: 4793: 4787:John Foreman, 4780: 4771: 4762: 4750: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4686: 4672: 4657: 4645: 4626: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4490: 4481: 4459: 4450: 4436: 4411: 4402: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4351: 4342: 4327: 4318: 4306: 4297: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4243: 4234: 4216: 4207: 4195: 4186: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4127: 4109: 4100: 4084: 4075: 4057: 4048: 4034: 4025: 4016: 3988: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3944: 3943: 3941:Yakovlev Yak-1 3938: 3933: 3928: 3917: 3916: 3914:Hawker Hotspur 3905: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3846: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3827:Rate of climb: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3809:Maximum speed: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3692: 3689: 3662:Main article: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3640: 3627: 3625:United Kingdom 3614: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3549: 3536: 3523: 3510: 3497: 3482: 3467: 3454: 3441: 3428: 3415: 3400: 3387: 3374: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3321: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3213: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3160: 3144: 3143: 3132: 3128: 3109: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3045: 3044:Hurricane Mk.X 3041: 3040: 3032: 3031:Hurricane Mk.V 3028: 3027: 3018: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2906: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2774: 2773:Hurricane Mk.I 2766: 2758: 2757: 2716: 2714: 2707: 2698:Main article: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2678: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2640: 2633: 2622: 2615: 2610:, flying with 2604: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2575:Pilot Officer 2573: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2541: 2525: 2524:Hurricane aces 2522: 2442: 2439: 2424:Sea Hurricanes 2381:Main article: 2378: 2375: 2344:No. 6 Squadron 2311:Fairey Fulmars 2285:, who led the 2279:Mitsuo Fuchida 2256:Chūichi Nagumo 2170:Nakajima Ki-43 2150:war with Japan 2144:, January 1942 2129: 2126: 2027: 2024: 1957: 1936: 1933: 1839: 1807: 1804: 1757: 1754: 1741:Victoria Cross 1699:"ace in a day" 1636:Roland Beamont 1622: 1592: 1589: 1503: 1482: 1479: 1404:Flying Officer 1354:Dornier Do 17s 1319: 1316: 1305:Werner Mölders 1272:Flying Officer 1222: 1213:Roland Beamont 1201:Heinkel He 115 1082: 1079: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 994:night fighters 947:Roland Beamont 933: 823:landing lights 774: 771: 633:English wheels 608: 605: 533:John Hindmarsh 485: 482: 391:Goshawk engine 319: 316: 314: 311: 298:ground support 273:performed its 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 160: 159: 154: 149: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 96: 92: 91: 86: 84: 80: 79: 74: 68: 67: 66:United Kingdom 64: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49: 45: 44: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10932: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10854: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9891: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9792: 9787: 9785: 9780: 9778: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9728:Lincoln Mk.XV 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9605:Harvard Mk.II 9603: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9433: 9432:SBF Helldiver 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9362:DA40-180 Star 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:DHC-5 Buffalo 9295: 9293: 9292:DHC-4 Caribou 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9254:J-4 Cub Coupe 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111:Goblin/Delfín 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9101:SBW Helldiver 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 9001:Baddeck No. 2 8999: 8997: 8996:Baddeck No. 1 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8814:PB2B Catalina 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8701:CF-100 Canuck 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8659:Airbus Canada 8656: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8635: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492:84-8372-203-8 7489: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477:83-914521-0-7 7474: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7440:Aviation News 7437: 7434: 7433:1-84176-610-0 7430: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7418:0-85177-861-5 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388:0-7525-1684-1 7385: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7358: 7357:0-948817-06-2 7354: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7342:0-948817-67-4 7339: 7335: 7331: 7329: 7328:0-948817-50-X 7325: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7224: 7223:0-900913-46-0 7220: 7216: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7181:90-801136-6-2 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7148: 7147:1-86126-799-1 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7125: 7123:0-89875-797-5 7119: 7112: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7101:84-8372-203-8 7098: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7057:(13): 35–45. 7056: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7030: 7029:0-947554-86-6 7026: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007:0-85177-839-9 7004: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6992:0-85177-852-6 6989: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6962:88-7565-030-6 6959: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6925:(13): 13–25. 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6881:952-99432-0-2 6878: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6858: 6857:1-86126-126-8 6854: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842:0-7474-0310-4 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6799:Holmes, Tom. 6798: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779:1-872922-06-6 6776: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6756: 6755:1-86105-829-2 6752: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6726:0-90323-400-9 6723: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6697:1-84037-298-2 6694: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6664:1-85310-270-9 6661: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6634: 6633:1-84415-563-3 6630: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618:1-85532-498-9 6615: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589:0-586-04611-9 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574:0-7858-1023-4 6571: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559:1-904010-80-6 6556: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514:1-85435-250-4 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6497:1-85780-179-2 6493: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6480:0-9583693-2-1 6477: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465:1-85410-721-6 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450:0-7106-0002-X 6447: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435:0-7900-0717-7 6432: 6428: 6425:Brodie, Ian. 6424: 6421: 6420:1-85170-493-0 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6390:88-425-2256-2 6387: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6373:0-7110-0665-2 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358:90-6707-599-X 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6331:0-906393-62-0 6328: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292:0-7524-2005-4 6289: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6277:0-304-35674-3 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255:(65): 72–75. 6254: 6249: 6248: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6208: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6093:9781472831552 6089: 6085: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6035: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5956: 5954:9780141965338 5950: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5908: 5907:The Telegraph 5905: 5900: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5751: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5701: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5590: 5580: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5471: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5131: 5128: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4974: 4964: 4955: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4346: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4311: 4301: 4294: 4293:I Hold My Aim 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4190: 4175:. BAE Systems 4174: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4097: 4096: 4088: 4079: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997:Blackburn F.3 3992: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3947:Related lists 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3879: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862:Hispano Mk II 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833:Wing loading: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772:Gross weight: 3770: 3767: 3766:Empty weight: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3697: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3665: 3652: 3641: 3639: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3613: 3602: 3600: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3574: 3563: 3561: 3550: 3548: 3537: 3535: 3524: 3522: 3511: 3509: 3498: 3495: 3483: 3480: 3468: 3466: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3427: 3416: 3413: 3401: 3399: 3388: 3386: 3375: 3373: 3362: 3360: 3349: 3347: 3336: 3334: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3152:Fleet Air Arm 3148: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2944: 2943:Vickers S gun 2940: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:night fighter 2920: 2916: 2915:ground-attack 2911: 2910:Hispano Mk.II 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2751: 2743: 2740:November 2020 2733: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2717:This section 2715: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617:Polish pilot 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601:Fleet Air Arm 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545:Douglas Bader 2542: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2487:Interim Peace 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:Malta convoys 2413: 2409: 2408:Fleet Air Arm 2405: 2404: 2398: 2397:Sea Hurricane 2389: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:"Jas" Storrar 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:258 Squadrons 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2118:ShVAK cannons 2115: 2109: 2107: 2106:Boris Safonov 2103: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:134 Squadrons 2077: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2006:Russian Front 2002: 2001:Junkers Ju 87 1996: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970:Grand Harbour 1967: 1963: 1962:A.B. Woodhall 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850:George Keefer 1844: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Brian Carbury 1691: 1687: 1679:, August 1940 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1539:"flick" rolls 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Fairey Battle 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1350:"Fanny" Orton 1347: 1343: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1312:Hans von Hahn 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1253:Dornier Do 17 1250: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1151:joined them. 1150: 1149:615 Squadrons 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089:Personnel of 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071:Munich Crisis 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1011: 997: 995: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 970: 969:stressed skin 964: 962: 958: 951: 948: 942: 940: 932: 930: 925: 922: 917: 912: 909: 905: 904:undercarriage 900: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 872: 871:trailing edge 868: 867:Hydraulically 864: 860: 859: 854: 847: 843: 838: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 816:covered with 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 779: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:Avions Fairey 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 727: 725: 720: 716: 715:Munich Crisis 712: 711:Elsie MacGill 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 676: 672: 669:During 1940, 667: 665: 661: 657: 656:Hawker Henley 653: 652:Fairey Battle 644: 640: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 613: 604: 601: 596: 593: 589: 584: 580: 575: 573: 564: 560: 556: 554: 550: 546: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:George Bulman 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 495: 490: 481: 479: 474: 468: 465: 461: 457: 452: 448: 447:Arthur Tedder 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 392: 387: 385: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 310: 307: 306:Sea Hurricane 304:known as the 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 278: 276: 275:maiden flight 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 198: 194: 191:December 1937 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 169: 165: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 136:Primary users 134: 128: 127:Zmaj Aircraft 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 107:Avions Fairey 105: 103: 100: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 55: 51: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 10810: 10790: 10705: 10695: 10620: 10220: 9807: 9481:50 Freighter 9385:45-80 Sekani 9339:CS2F Tracker 9282:DHC-2 Beaver 9236:Cub Aircraft 9115: 9091:T-34A Mentor 9026:JN-4C Canuck 8953:Cosmopolitan 8836:700/900/1000 8726:Bell Textron 8716:VZ-9 Avrocar 8711:CF-105 Arrow 8427: 7596: 7525: 7498: 7483: 7482:Weal, John. 7468: 7461: 7446: 7439: 7424: 7409: 7394: 7379: 7363: 7348: 7333: 7319: 7304: 7297: 7260: 7259:Ryś, Marek. 7246: 7230: 7214: 7196: 7188: 7172: 7154: 7138: 7128:the original 7109: 7092: 7077: 7070: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7020: 7013: 6998: 6983: 6968: 6953: 6938: 6922: 6905: 6888: 6872: 6863: 6848: 6833: 6826:the original 6819: 6800: 6785: 6770: 6761: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6717: 6702: 6685: 6684:Gleed, Ian. 6670: 6655: 6639: 6624: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6580: 6565: 6550: 6535: 6520: 6505: 6487: 6471: 6456: 6441: 6426: 6411: 6396: 6381: 6364: 6349: 6337: 6336:Boer, P.C.. 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6283: 6268: 6252: 6244:Bibliography 6230:. 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Retrieved 4172: 4134: 4130: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4087: 4078: 4067:Oberleutnant 4065: 4060: 4051: 4037: 4028: 4019: 3991: 3982: 3946: 3945: 3919: 3918: 3907: 3906: 3867: 3857: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3685: 3673: 3599:Soviet Union 3586:South Africa 3314: 3310: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3177:shot down a 3174: 3165: 3138: 2968: 2964: 2918: 2897: 2851: 2811:de Havilland 2746: 2737: 2726:Please help 2721:verification 2718: 2684: 2666:2nd Officer 2661: 2606:Czech pilot 2527: 2503: 2491: 2455: 2429: 2402: 2394: 2356: 2336: 2329: 2291:Nakajima B5N 2276: 2253: 2246: 2216: 2212: 2194: 2181:232 Squadron 2178: 2174: 2147: 2122: 2110: 2090: 2074:flying with 2063: 2054:Soviet Union 2047: 2018: 2010: 1998: 1988: 1959: 1938: 1922: 1919: 1892: 1879: 1877:Macchi C.202 1871: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1820: 1806:North Africa 1779: 1765: 1749:249 Squadron 1738: 1682: 1650:Hugh Dowding 1646: 1642: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1594: 1581: 1574: 1558: 1554:supercharger 1543: 1521: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1484: 1459: 1446: 1443: 1431: 1418:501 Squadron 1400: 1394:, while the 1387: 1369: 1357: 1339: 1337: 1308: 1303:ace Captain 1294: 1283:fighter aces 1264:Peter Ayerst 1261: 1245: 1218: 1210: 1197:Lincolnshire 1185: 1181: 1177: 1165:Berry-au-Bac 1153: 1122: 1104: 1060: 1046: 1044: 1016: 986: 965: 953: 944: 935: 921:de Havilland 915: 913: 908:angled pivot 901: 896: 893:duraluminium 890: 878:leading edge 857: 850: 841: 831:Tungum alloy 794:Warren truss 784: 736: 728: 700: 668: 664:RAF Northolt 649: 637: 626: 618: 597: 576: 568: 562: 541: 529:Philip Lucas 513: 499: 494:synchronised 469: 464:Ralph Sorley 444: 422: 419: 415:synchronised 399:Hawker P.V.3 396: 388: 384:Ralph Sorley 363:Air Ministry 360: 336:Hawker Demon 321: 305: 291: 279: 270: 266: 259:landing gear 255:Air Ministry 237: 230: 206: 204: 196:First flight 180:Manufactured 167:Number built 72:Manufacturer 36: 18: 9723:Lancastrian 9448:Anson Mk.II 9422:Bolingbroke 9287:DHC-3 Otter 9196:PBV-1 Canso 8978:Starfighter 8973:Silver Star 8926:CL-44 Yukon 8921:CL-41 Tutor 8916:CL-28 Argus 8797:A-213 Totem 8693:Avro Canada 6472:Cobber Kain 5515:War Monthly 5376:"No. 35001" 5355:"No. 34945" 4907:Thomas Gray 3802:Performance 3794:Propellers: 3784:Powerplant: 3521:New Zealand 3508:Netherlands 3439:British Raj 3265:F24 cameras 3249:RAF Sealand 3125:merchantman 2919:Hurribomber 2821:and 426 by 2644:Arjan Singh 2469:, Wales to 2456:During the 2352:Ki-43 Oscar 2272:Trincomalee 2195:Indomitable 2142:RAF Kallang 2114:Berezin UBs 1992:Percy Lucas 1915:half-tracks 1827:80 Squadron 1774:87 Squadron 1727:. L-R: F/O 1665:32 Squadron 1435:Paul Richey 1376:Amifontaine 1358:4. Staffel/ 1332:Vassincourt 1275:Cobber Kain 1238:during the 1236:46 Squadron 1206:72 Squadron 1193:46 Squadron 1091:85 Squadron 1040:Axis powers 1034:during the 818:doped linen 757:SA for the 439:wind tunnel 379:Sydney Camm 346:with fixed- 332:Hawker Fury 313:Development 283:dogfighting 248:Hawker Fury 240:Sydney Camm 225:during the 88:Sydney Camm 10869:Categories 10436:RAN Series 9743:Viking Air 9390:F-11 Husky 9031:C-1 Canada 8893:Anson Mk.V 8824:Bombardier 8277:A.P.D.1019 7507:1857803043 7298:Fiat CR.42 5944:Going Solo 5234:13 October 4291:Keith CH. 4153:References 4043:Les Clisby 4011:, and the 3926:Miles M.20 3840:Power/mass 3744:Wing area: 3651:Yugoslavia 3286:See also: 2686:Going Solo 2681:Roald Dahl 2510:Tupolev SB 2498:Vainikkala 2458:Winter War 2245:Hurricane 2050:Lend-Lease 2030:See also: 1923:Ochsenkopf 1888:Alfa Romeo 1791:1 Squadron 1617:1 Squadron 1522:Blitzkrieg 1447:Blitzkrieg 1407:Les Clisby 1384:Maastricht 1341:Blitzkrieg 1328:1 Squadron 1291:Thionville 1189:Phoney War 1081:Phoney War 1020:Yugoslavia 982:Royal Navy 961:wing roots 853:cantilever 787:cantilever 747:Rogožarski 739:Yugoslavia 696:Manchester 607:Production 518:test pilot 506:Brooklands 456:Hazel Hill 435:Teddington 403:cantilever 318:Background 302:Royal Navy 152:Royal Navy 122:Rogožarski 9491:80 Canuck 9372:Fairchild 9226:Viking IV 9221:Stranraer 9181:Avro 504N 9144:Vancouver 8855:CS100/300 8581:Sea Vixen 8506:Buccaneer 8428:Hurricane 7239:1243-8650 7209:0143-5450 7063:2051-1930 6931:0143-5450 6914:1243-8650 6897:1243-8650 6650:0143-5450 6323:Hurricane 6261:0143-5450 6175:"Latavio" 6084:Hurricane 5550:2077-4338 4093:HMS 3732:Wingspan: 3704:Data from 3333:Australia 3282:Operators 3164:HMS 3117:CAM ships 2788:propeller 2781:propeller 2626:Ian Gleed 2401:HMS 2295:Aichi D3A 2200:Palembang 2193:HMS 2189:226 Group 2154:Singapore 2104:Lt. Col. 2067:Leningrad 2017:HMS 1925:offensive 1831:Gladiator 1782:the Blitz 1467:Abbeville 1426:Champagne 1396:Luftwaffe 1063:attrition 1051:Constanza 1032:Luftwaffe 989:monocoque 814:stringers 802:duralumin 798:longerons 790:monoplane 719:microfilm 356:monoplane 352:Air Staff 338:, or the 244:monoplane 232:Luftwaffe 183:1937–1944 24:Hurricane 10266:A68 (II) 9687:Saunders 9598:Norseman 9590:Noorduyn 9580:Lysander 9476:16 Finch 9395:Super 71 9186:Avro 552 9038:Avro 504 8903:Canadair 8515:variants 8483:Woodcock 8458:Sea Hawk 8453:Sea Fury 8432:variants 8422:variants 8398:Hornbill 8373:Hedgehog 8363:Hawfinch 8318:Danecock 7574:aircraft 6232:16 April 6173:Ilmārs. 6159:Jarrett 5629:BBC News 5244:cite web 4743:Archived 4179:23 March 3875:See also 3850:Armament 3796:3-bladed 3560:Portugal 3315:In 1939 3302:Belgrade 3137:Fw 200C 3121:catapult 2927:intruder 2888:cockpit. 2694:Variants 2471:Västerås 2467:St Athan 2097:Murmansk 2044:, Russia 1512:Murray. 1463:Merville 1428:, France 1388:2./JG 27 1334:, France 1309:Leutnant 1223:— 974:Takoradi 886:ailerons 344:biplanes 95:Built by 83:Designer 10741:A40/N40 10651:A22/N22 10626:A17/N17 10537:present 10261:A68 (I) 9897:1935–63 9820:1921–34 9808:Italics 9677:Rambler 9672:Courier 9656:Prefect 9498:Cornell 9486:60 Fort 9412:Cornell 9249:J-3 Cub 9244:J-2 Cub 9159:Vedette 9149:Vanessa 9061:Hampden 8586:Trident 8511:Harrier 8501:Andover 8478:Typhoon 8473:Tornado 8463:Tempest 8438:Kestrel 8413:Hotspur 8408:Horsley 8353:Harrier 8323:Dantorp 8296:By name 6179:lffb.lv 4123:percale 3751:Airfoil 3738:Height: 3726:Length: 3573:Romania 3465:Ireland 3412:Germany 3398:Finland 3346:Belgium 3245:Bi-mono 3175:Furious 3166:Furious 3123:-armed 2502:I-153 " 2441:Finland 2430:Nairana 2403:Furious 2359:Balkans 2281:of the 2268:Colombo 2258:made a 2206:in the 2204:Sumatra 2088:carrier 2076:Nos. 81 1929:Tunisia 1911:Tripoli 1903:bowsers 1880:Folgore 1733:Zumbach 1673:Bromley 1654:Linatex 1570:Bf 110C 1566:Bf 109E 1485:During 1439:Bf 110s 1279:Rouvres 1169:Rouvres 1005:Pre-war 957:stirrup 810:formers 592:fairing 549:Suffolk 537:ballast 478:Vickers 365:issued 251:biplane 175:History 9646:Siskin 9544:Bo 105 9471:7 Fawn 9312:Dash 8 9307:Dash 7 9154:Varuna 8875:Dash 8 8845:Global 8611:P.1202 8606:P.1154 8596:P.1017 8591:P.139B 8576:Nimrod 8571:HS.803 8566:HS.748 8561:HS.681 8556:HS.146 8551:HS.145 8546:HS.141 8541:HS.140 8536:HS.138 8531:HS.133 8526:HS.125 8468:Tomtit 8448:Osprey 8443:Nimrod 8418:Hunter 8403:Hornet 8393:Hoopoe 8378:Henley 8368:Hector 8333:Duiker 8313:Cygnet 8272:P.1217 8267:P.1202 8262:P.1155 8257:P.1154 8252:P.1152 8247:P.1150 8242:P.1149 8237:P.1143 8232:P.1141 8227:P.1140 8222:P.1139 8217:P.1137 8212:P.1136 8207:P.1134 8202:P.1132 8197:P.1131 8192:P.1130 8187:P.1129 8182:P.1128 8177:P.1127 8172:P.1126 8167:P.1125 8162:P.1124 8157:P.1123 8152:P.1122 8147:P.1121 8142:P.1120 8137:P.1118 8132:P.1116 8127:P.1115 8122:P.1114 8117:P.1109 8112:P.1108 8107:P.1107 8102:P.1106 8097:P.1105 8092:P.1104 8087:P.1103 8082:P.1102 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