Battle of Britain - Knowledge

4146: 4107: 4946:, Stephen Bungay asserts German fighter and bomber "strength" declined without recovery, and that from August–December 1940, the German fighter and bomber strength declined by 30 and 25 per cent. In contrast, Williamson Murray argues (using translations by the Air Historical Branch) that 1,380 German bombers were on strength on 29 June 1940, 1,420 bombers on 28 September, 1,423 level bombers on 2 November and 1,393 bombers on 30 November 1940. In July–September the number of Luftwaffe pilots available fell by 136, but the number of operational pilots had shrunk by 171 by September. The training organisation of the Luftwaffe was failing to replace losses. German fighter pilots, in contrast to popular perception, were not afforded training or rest rotations, unlike their British counterparts. The first week of September accounted for 25% of Fighter Command's and 24% of the Luftwaffe's overall losses. Between the dates 26 August – 6 September, on only one day (1 September) did the Germans destroy more aircraft than they lost. Losses were 325 German and 248 British. 3936: 2065:, Halifax argued for negotiations involving the Italians, but this was rejected by Churchill with majority support. An approach made through the Swedish ambassador on 22 June was reported to Hitler, making peace negotiations seem feasible. Throughout July, as the battle started, the Germans made wider attempts to find a diplomatic solution. On 2 July, the day the armed forces were asked to start preliminary planning for an invasion, Hitler got von Ribbentrop to draft a speech offering peace negotiations. On 19 July Hitler made this speech to the German Parliament in Berlin, appealing "to reason and common sense", and said he could "see no reason why this war should go on". His sombre conclusion was received in silence, but he did not suggest negotiations and this was perceived as being effectively an ultimatum by the British government, which rejected the offer. Halifax kept trying to arrange peace until he was sent to Washington in December as ambassador, and in January 1941 Hitler expressed continued interest in negotiating peace with Britain. 4367: 3275:

109s. Thus, the Luftwaffe operated "blind" for much of the battle, unsure of its enemy's true strengths, capabilities, and deployments. Many of the Fighter Command airfields were never attacked, while raids against supposed fighter airfields fell instead on bomber or coastal defence stations. The results of bombing and air fighting were consistently exaggerated, due to inaccurate claims, over-enthusiastic reports and the difficulty of confirmation over enemy territory. In the euphoric atmosphere of perceived victory, the Luftwaffe leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality. This lack of leadership and solid intelligence meant the Germans did not adopt a consistent strategy, even when the RAF had its back to the wall. Moreover, there was never a systematic focus on one type of target (such as airbases, radar stations, or aircraft factories); consequently, the already haphazard effort was further diluted.

4619:, agreed that lack of pilots, especially experienced ones, was the RAF's greatest problem. He states that between 8 and 18 August 154 RAF pilots were killed, severely wounded, or missing, while only 63 new pilots were trained. Availability of aircraft was also a serious issue. While its reserves during the Battle of Britain never declined to a half dozen planes as some later claimed, Richards describes 24 August to 6 September as the critical period because during these two weeks Germany destroyed far more aircraft through its attacks on 11 Group's southeast bases than Britain was producing. Three more weeks of such a pace would indeed have exhausted aircraft reserves. Germany had seen heavy losses of pilots and aircraft as well, thus its shift to night-time attacks in September. On 7 September RAF aircraft losses fell below British production and remained so until the end of the war. 5079:

morale, the Luftwaffe could have achieved no more than a Pyrrhic victory. During the action on 18 August, it had cost the Luftwaffe five trained aircrew killed, wounded or taken prisoner, for each British fighter pilot killed or wounded; the ratio was similar on other days in the battle. And this ratio of 5:1 was very close to that between the number of German aircrew involved in the battle and those in Fighter Command. In other words, the two sides were suffering almost the same losses in trained aircrew, in proportion to their overall strengths. In the Battle of Britain, for the first time during the Second World War, the German war machine had set itself a major task which it patently failed to achieve, and so demonstrated that it was not invincible. In stiffening the resolve of those determined to resist Hitler the battle was an important turning point in the conflict.

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aviation industry. As the battle was fought, both sides exaggerated the losses inflicted on the other by an equally large margin. The intelligence picture formed before the battle encouraged the Luftwaffe to believe that such losses pushed Fighter Command to the very edge of defeat, while the exaggerated picture of German air strength persuaded the RAF that the threat it faced was larger and more dangerous than was the case. This led the British to the conclusion that another fortnight of attacks on airfields might force Fighter Command to withdraw their squadrons from the south of England. The German misconception, on the other hand, encouraged first complacency, then strategic misjudgement. The shift of targets from air bases to industry and communications was taken because it was assumed that Fighter Command was virtually eliminated.

4561:, head of the RAF Museum, discussed the logistics of the battle in 2000 and 2010, dealing specifically with the single-seat fighters. Dye contends that not only was British aircraft production replacing aircraft, but replacement pilots were keeping pace with losses. The number of pilots in RAF Fighter Command increased during July, August and September. The figures indicate the number of pilots available never decreased: from July, 1,200 were available, and from 1 August, 1,400 were available. Just over that number were in the field by September. In October the figure was nearly 1,600. By 1 November 1,800 were available. Throughout the battle, the RAF had more fighter pilots available than the Luftwaffe. Although the RAF's reserves of single-seat fighters fell during July, the wastage was made up for by an efficient 3549: 3147:), some operating close to the bombers and others a few hundred yards away and a little above. If the formation was attacked from the starboard, the starboard section engaged the attackers, the top section moving to starboard and the port section to the top position. If the attack came from the port side the system was reversed. British fighters coming from the rear were engaged by the rear section and the two outside sections similarly moving to the rear. If the threat came from above, the top section went into action while the side sections gained height to be able to follow RAF fighters down as they broke away. If attacked, all sections flew in defensive circles. These tactics were skilfully evolved and carried out and were difficult to counter. 3528:, who was the senior Air Staff representative in the Secret Intelligence Service, Ultra helped establish the strength and composition of the Luftwaffe's formations, the aims of the commanders and provided early warning of some raids. In early August it was decided that a small unit would be set up at FCHQ, which would process the flow of information from Bletchley and provide Dowding only with the most essential Ultra material; thus the Air Ministry did not have to send a continual flow of information to FCHQ, preserving secrecy, and Dowding was not inundated with non-essential information. Keith Park and his controllers were also told about Ultra. In a further attempt to camouflage the existence of Ultra, Dowding created a unit named 5226: 3608: 5286: 5262: 3266:... At present the British aircraft industry produces about 180 to 300 first line fighters and 140 first line bombers a month. In view of the present conditions relating to production (the appearance of raw material difficulties, the disruption or breakdown of production at factories owing to air attacks, the increased vulnerability to air attack owing to the fundamental reorganisation of the aircraft industry now in progress), it is believed that for the time being output will decrease rather than increase. In the event of an intensification of air warfare it is expected that the present strength of the RAF will fall, and this decline will be aggravated by the continued decrease in production. 3932:("nuisance raids") which involved only a few aeroplanes, sometimes just one, were used to train bomber crews in both day and night attacks, to test defences and try out methods, with most flights at night. They found that, rather than carrying small numbers of large high explosive bombs, it was more effective to use more small bombs, similarly incendiaries had to cover a large area to set effective fires. These training flights continued through August and into the first week of September. Against this, the raids also gave the British time to assess the German tactics, and invaluable time for the RAF fighters and anti-aircraft defences to prepare and gain practice. 5250: 4638: 3858: 3118:("Free Hunts": a free-roving fighter sweep preceded a raid to try to sweep defenders out of the raid's path). The Ju 87 units, which had suffered heavy casualties, were only to be used under favourable circumstances. In early September, due to increasing complaints from the bomber crews about RAF fighters seemingly able to get through the escort screen, Göring ordered an increase in close escort duties. This decision shackled many of the Bf 109s to the bombers and although they were more successful at protecting the bombers, casualties amongst the fighters mounted primarily because they were forced to fly and manoeuvre at reduced speeds. 2680: 2831: 4910: 2625:. "Altogether in the fighter battles, the bombing raids, and the various patrols flown between 10 July and 31 October 1940 by the Royal Air Force, 1495 aircrew were killed, of whom 449 were fighter pilots, 718 aircrew from Bomber Command, and 280 from Coastal Command. Among those killed were 47 airmen from Canada, 24 from Australia, 17 from South Africa, 30 from Poland, 20 from Czechoslovakia and six from Belgium. Forty-seven New Zealanders lost their lives, including 15 fighter pilots, 24 bomber and eight coastal aircrew. The names of these Allied and Commonwealth airmen are inscribed in a memorial book that rests in the 3151: 416: 3604:

fallen apart, stragglers could be picked off one by one. Where multiple squadrons reached a raid the procedure was for the slower Hurricanes to tackle the bombers while the more agile Spitfires held up the fighter escort. This ideal was not always achieved, resulting in occasions when Spitfires and Hurricanes reversed roles. Park also issued instructions to his units to engage in frontal attacks against the bombers, which were more vulnerable to such attacks. Again, in the environment of fast-moving, three-dimensional air battles, few RAF fighter units were able to attack the bombers from head-on.

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Air Intelligence branch. Under pressure from American journalists and broadcasters to prove that the RAF's claims were genuine, RAF intelligence compared pilots' claims with actual aircraft wrecks and those seen to crash into the sea. It was soon realised that there was a discrepancy between the two, but the Air Ministry decided not to reveal this. In fact, it was not until May 1947 that the actual figures were released to the public, by which time it was of far less importance. Many though refused to believe the revised figures, including Douglas Bader.

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barges, and to have created widespread chaos and disruption to German invasion preparations. Given the volume of British propaganda interest in these bomber attacks during September and earlier October, it is striking how quickly this was overlooked once the Battle of Britain had been concluded. Even by mid-war, the bomber pilots' efforts had been largely eclipsed by a continuing focus on the Few, this a result of the Air Ministry's continuing valorisation of the ″fighter boys″, beginning with the March 1941 Battle of Britain propaganda pamphlet.

3440: 1995:(German Navy) was to blockade UK ports with sea mines. They were to attack shipping and warships and make air attacks on shore installations and industrial production. This directive remained in force in the first phase of the Battle of Britain. It was reinforced on 24 May during the Battle of France by "Directive No. 13", which authorised the Luftwaffe "to attack the English homeland in the fullest manner, as soon as sufficient forces are available. This attack will be opened by an annihilating reprisal for English attacks on the Ruhr Basin." 1840: 3425: 5057:

aircraft downed. Total losses, and start and end dates for recorded losses, vary for both sides. Luftwaffe losses from 10 July to 30 October 1940 total 1,977 aircraft, including 243 twin- and 569 single-engined fighters, 822 bombers and 343 non-combat types. In the same period, RAF Fighter Command aircraft losses number 1,087, including 53 twin-engined fighters. To the RAF figure should be added 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft lost conducting bombing, mining, and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country.

4569: 1960:"will only be successful if the Western Powers keep out of it. If this is impossible, then it will be better to attack in the West and to settle Poland at the same time" with a surprise attack. "If Holland and Belgium are successfully occupied and held, and if France is also defeated, the fundamental conditions for a successful war against England will have been secured. England can then be blockaded from Western France at close quarters by the Air Force, while the Navy with its submarines extend the range of the blockade." 5238: 4767: 4704: 17561: 2213: 3662: 4026:("Eagle Attack"). Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated, and raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down. The strategy agreed on 6 August was to destroy RAF Fighter Command across the south of England in four days, then bombing of military and economic targets was to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain, culminating in a major bombing attack on London. 18130: 5512: 3179:

visible presence of the protective fighters gave the bomber pilots a greater sense of security. However, this was a faulty conclusion, because a fighter can only carry out this purely defensive task by taking the initiative in the offensive. He must never wait until attacked because he then loses the chance of acting. We fighter pilots certainly preferred the free chase during the approach and over the target area. This gives the greatest relief and the best protection for the bomber force.

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300 planes each week, only 200 pilots were trained in the same period. In addition, more pilots were allocated to squadrons than there were aircraft, as this allowed squadrons to maintain operational strength despite casualties and still provide for pilot leave. Another factor was that only about 30% of the 9,000 pilots were assigned to operational squadrons; 20% of the pilots were involved in conducting pilot training, and a further 20% were undergoing further instruction, like those

4063:. Three were briefly taken off the air but were back working within six hours. The raids appeared to show that British radars were difficult to knock out. The failure to mount follow-up attacks allowed the RAF to get the stations back on the air, and the Luftwaffe neglected strikes on the supporting infrastructure, such as phone lines and power stations, which could have rendered the radars useless, even if the towers themselves (which were very difficult to destroy) remained intact. 4843:

The raids were intended to carry out precision bombing on military or economic targets, but it was hard to achieve sufficient accuracy with the single bomb. Sometimes, when attacked, the fighter-bombers had to jettison the bomb to function as fighters. The RAF was at a disadvantage and changed defensive tactics by introducing standing patrols of Spitfires at high altitude to monitor incoming raids. On a sighting, other patrols at lower altitude would fly up to join the battle.

3259:, produced a report on the RAF and on Britain's defensive capabilities which was adopted by the frontline commanders as a basis for their operational plans. One of the most conspicuous failures of the report was the lack of information on the RAF's RDF network and control systems capabilities; it was assumed that the system was rigid and inflexible, with the RAF fighters being "tied" to their home bases. An optimistic (and, as it turned out, erroneous) conclusion reached was: 3459: 2239:; Hurricanes outnumbered Spitfires in RAF Fighter Command by about 2:1 when war broke out. The Bf 109E had a better climb rate and was up to 40 mph faster in level flight than the Rotol (constant speed propeller) equipped Hurricane Mk I, depending on altitude. The speed and climb disparity with the original non-Rotol Hurricane was even greater. By mid-1940, all RAF Spitfire and Hurricane fighter squadrons converted to 100 octane aviation fuel, which allowed their 2176:... on its own and independent of the other services", according to an April 1944 German account of their military mission. Göring was convinced that strategic bombing could win objectives that were beyond the army and navy, and gain political advantages in the Third Reich for the Luftwaffe and himself. He expected air warfare to decisively force Britain to negotiate, as all in the OKW hoped, and the Luftwaffe took little interest in planning to support an invasion. 3380: 4736:, Luftwaffe Chief of Staff, begged for a last chance to defeat the RAF and for permission to launch attacks on civilian residential areas to cause mass panic. Hitler refused the latter, perhaps unaware of how much damage had already been done to civilian targets. He reserved for himself the power to unleash the terror weapon. Instead, political will was to be broken by destroying the material infrastructure, the weapons industry, and stocks of fuel and food. 2002:, issued his review of options to increase pressure on Britain to agree to a negotiated peace. The first priority was to eliminate the RAF and gain air supremacy. Intensified air attacks against shipping and the economy could affect food supplies and civilian morale in the long term. Reprisal attacks of terror bombing had the potential to cause quicker capitulation, but the effect on morale was uncertain. On the same day, the Luftwaffe Commander-in-Chief, 4671:'s enthusiastic support, having received reports the average strength of RAF squadrons was down to five or seven fighters out of twelve and their airfields in the area were out of action. Hitler issued a directive on 5 September to attack cities including London. In his widely publicised speech delivered on 4 September 1940, Hitler condemned the bombing of Berlin and presented the planned attacks on London as reprisals. The first daylight raid was titled 4865:, and attrition of Britain's military and economic resources. The Luftwaffe wanted to achieve victory on its own and was reluctant to cooperate with the navy. Their strategy for the blockade was to destroy ports and storage facilities in towns and cities. Priorities were based on the pattern of trade and distribution, so for these months, London was the main target. In November their attention turned to other ports and industrial targets around Britain. 3410: 4679: 3646:

Group's airfields. Dowding, to highlight the problem of the Big Wing's performance, submitted a report compiled by Park to the Air Ministry on 15 November. In the report, he highlighted that during the period of 11 September – 31 October, the extensive use of the Big Wing had resulted in just 10 interceptions and one German aircraft destroyed, but his report was ignored. Post-war analysis agrees Dowding and Park's approach was best for 11 Group.

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that the UK would feel open to air attack, and would begin peace negotiations. It was also to isolate the UK and damage war production, beginning an effective blockade. Following severe Luftwaffe losses, Hitler agreed at a 14 September OKW conference that the air campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans. On 16 September, Göring gave the order for this change in strategy, to the first independent strategic bombing campaign.

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were killed or missing and 128 were wounded, which represented a total wastage of 120 pilots per week out of a fighting strength of just fewer than 1,000. They conclude that during August no more than 260 fighter pilots were turned out by OTUs and casualties in the same month were just over 300. A full squadron establishment was 26 pilots whereas the average in August was 16. In their assessment, the RAF was losing the battle.

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a long way". Hitler was against cancelling the invasion as "the cancellation would reach the ears of the enemy and strengthen his resolve". On 19 September, Hitler ordered a reduction in work on Operation Sea Lion. He doubted if strategic bombing could achieve its aims, but ending the air war would be an open admission of defeat. He had to maintain the appearance of concentration on defeating Britain, to conceal from

2565: 5498: 1928:. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new 2251: 2145:

postponement until the following year, but Hitler preferred September. He then told von Brauchitsch and Halder that he would decide on the landing operation eight to fourteen days after the air attack began. On 1 August, he issued Directive No. 17 for intensified air and sea warfare, to begin with Adlertag on or after 5 August, subject to weather, keeping options open for negotiated peace or blockade and siege.

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Dowding on its committee. By July 1947 when the window was unveiled, the Battle of Britain had already attained central prominence as Fighter Command's most notable victory, the fighter pilots credited with preventing invasion in 1940. Although given widespread media coverage in September and October 1940, RAF Bomber and Coastal Command raids against invasion barge concentrations were less well-remembered.

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re-created. This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level, covering a much smaller area. Looking over their maps, Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets. From that point, the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception, as well as return them to base. Sector stations also controlled the

4897:) and Margaret. Buckingham Palace was damaged by bombs which landed in the grounds on 10 September and, on 13 September, more serious damage was caused by two bombs which destroyed the Royal Chapel. The royal couple were in a small sitting room about 80 yards from where the bombs exploded. On 24 September, in recognition of the bravery of civilians, King George VI inaugurated the award of the 5319: 3079:, where each Bf 110 guarded the tail of the aircraft ahead of it. Göring ordered that they be renamed "offensive circles" in a vain bid to improve rapidly declining morale. These conspicuous formations were often successful in attracting RAF fighters that were sometimes "bounced" by high-flying Bf 109s. This led to the often repeated misconception that the Bf 110s were escorted by Bf 109s. 5074:

seemed as if there was a narrow margin between victory and defeat. Nevertheless, even if the German attacks on the 11 Group airfields which guarded southeast England and the approaches to London had continued, the RAF could have withdrawn to the Midlands out of German fighter range and continued the battle from there. The victory was as much psychological as physical. Writes Alfred Price:

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Training manuals discouraged heroism, stressing the importance of attacking only when the odds were in the pilot's favour. Despite the high levels of experience, German fighter formations did not provide a sufficient reserve of pilots to allow for losses and leave, and the Luftwaffe was unable to produce enough pilots to prevent a decline in operational strength as the battle progressed.

2354:("Destroyer") was also expected to engage in air-to-air combat while escorting the Luftwaffe bomber fleet. Although the 110 was faster than the Hurricane and almost as fast as the Spitfire, its lack of manoeuvrability and acceleration meant that it was a failure as a long-range escort fighter. On 13 and 15 August, thirteen and thirty aircraft were lost, the equivalent of an entire 4667:

Clouds prevented accurate identification and the bombs fell across the city, causing some casualties among the civilian population as well as damage to residential areas. Continuing RAF raids on Berlin led to Hitler withdrawing his directive on 30 August, and giving the go-ahead to the planned bombing offensive. On 3 September Göring planned to bomb London daily, with General

3705:. The RAF lacked accurate night navigation and carried small bomb loads. As the threat mounted, Bomber Command changed targeting priority on 3 June 1940 to attack the German aircraft industry. On 4 July, the Air Ministry gave Bomber Command orders to attack ports and shipping. By September, the build-up of invasion barges in the Channel ports had become a top priority target. 4525:

during the Battle of Britain, but was able to crash land in Britain or bail out each time. For Luftwaffe aircrews, a bailout over England meant capture – in the critical August period, almost exactly as many Luftwaffe pilots were taken prisoner as were killed – while parachuting into the English Channel often meant drowning or death from exposure. Morale began to suffer, and

2141:, at the Berchtesgaden on 13 July where they presented detailed plans on the assumption that the navy would provide safe transport. Von Brauchitsch and Halder were surprised that Hitler took no interest in the invasion plans, unlike his usual attitude toward military operations, but on 16 July he issued Directive No. 16, ordering preparations for Operation Sea Lion. 2319:... the differences between the Spitfire and the Me 109 in performance and handling were only marginal, and in a combat they were almost always surmounted by tactical considerations of which side had seen the other first, which had the advantage of sun, altitude, numbers, pilot ability, tactical situation, tactical co-ordination, amount of fuel remaining, etc. 2794:; the destruction of RAF Fighter Command in the south of England was to take four days, with lightly escorted small bomber raids leaving the main fighter force free to attack RAF fighters. Bombing of military and economic targets was then to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain. 1700:, and that the only defence was a deterrent bomber force capable of matching retaliation. Predictions were made that a bomber offensive would quickly cause thousands of deaths and civilian hysteria leading to capitulation. However, widespread pacifism following the horrors of the First World War contributed to a reluctance to provide resources. 2098:

food shortages were expected to break morale and lead to capitulation. Destruction of the RAF was the first priority, and invasion would be a last resort. Göring's operational directive issued the same day ordered the destruction of the RAF to clear the way for attacks cutting off seaborne supplies to Britain. It made no mention of invasion.

5823:"Satellite" airfields were mostly fully equipped but did not have the sector control room which allowed "Sector" airfields such as Biggin Hill to monitor and control RAF fighter formations. RAF units from Sector airfields often flew into a satellite airfield for operations during the day, returning to their home airfield in the evenings. 3791:

coast. In all, some 9,180 sorties were flown by bombers from July to October 1940. Although this was much less than the 80,000 sorties flown by fighters, bomber crews suffered about half the total casualties borne by their fighter colleagues. The bomber contribution was, therefore, much more dangerous on a loss-per-sortie comparison.

2247:. In September 1940, the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricanes started entering service in small numbers. This version was capable of a maximum speed of 342 mph (550 km/h), some 20 mph more than the original (non-Rotol) Mk I, though it was still 15 to 20 mph slower than a Bf 109 (depending on altitude). 3500:

average rate over 75%, with several examples of 100% rates – every fighter dispatched found and intercepted its target. In contrast, Luftwaffe fighters attempting to intercept raids had to randomly seek their targets and often returned home having never seen enemy aircraft. The result is what is now known as an example of "

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cross-Channel traffic meant that there was no need for a rescue service to cover these areas. Downed pilots and aircrew, it was hoped, would be picked up by any boats or ships which happened to be passing by. Otherwise, the local life boat would be alerted, assuming someone had seen the pilot going into the water.

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undermine morale, as that was considered a waste of strategic effort, but the doctrine allowed revenge attacks if German civilians were bombed. A revised edition was issued in 1940, and the continuing central principle of Luftwaffe doctrine was that destruction of enemy armed forces was of primary importance.

5166:. In 1960 the Conservative government decided against a further monument, taking the view that the credit should be shared more broadly than Fighter Command alone, and there was little public appetite for one. All subsequent memorials are the result of private subscription and initiative, as discussed below. 3783:. One Blenheim returned early (the pilot was later charged and due to appear before a court martial, but was killed on another operation); the other eleven, which reached Denmark, were shot down, five by flak and six by Bf 109s. Of the 33 crewmen who took part in the attack, 20 were killed and 13 captured. 1902:, and certain elements of the British public favoured a negotiated peace with an ascendant Germany, Churchill and a majority of his Cabinet refused to consider an armistice. Instead, Churchill used his skilful rhetoric to harden public opinion against capitulation and prepare the British for a long war. 5864:

Nearly all our engagements with Me 109s took place at around 20,000 – 25,000 ft. The Spitfire had the edge over them in speed and climb, and particularly in turning circle. (...) One engagement with several Me 109s at about 25,000 ft over the Channel sticks in my memory...I was now convinced that the

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on 10 July 1947. Although not actually an 'official' memorial to the Battle of Britain in the sense that government paid for it, the window and chapel have since been viewed as such. During the late 1950s and 1960, various proposals were advanced for a national monument to the Battle of Britain, this

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Central to the propaganda war on both sides of the Channel were aircraft claims, which are discussed under 'Attrition statistics' (above). These daily claims were important both for sustaining British home front morale and persuading America to support Britain, and were produced by the Air Ministry's

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Due to the failure of the Luftwaffe to establish air supremacy, a conference assembled on 14 September at Hitler's headquarters. Hitler concluded that air superiority had not yet been established and "promised to review the situation on 17 September for possible landings on 27 September or 8 October.

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From July to September, the Luftwaffe's loss records indicate the loss of 1,636 aircraft, 1,184 to enemy action. This represented 47% of the initial strength of single-engined fighters, 66% of twin-engined fighters, and 45% of bombers. This indicates the Germans were running out of aircrew as well as

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The most damaging aspect to the Luftwaffe of targeting London was the increased distance. The Bf 109E escorts had a limited fuel capacity resulting in only a 660 km (410-mile) maximum range solely on internal fuel, and when they arrived had only 10 minutes of flying time before turning for home,

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Fighter Command had been at its lowest ebb, short of men and machines, and the break from airfield attacks allowed them to recover. 11 Group had considerable success in breaking up daytime raids. 12 Group repeatedly disobeyed orders and failed to meet requests to protect 11 Group airfields, but their

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had frequently bombed residential areas. The Germans assumed this was deliberate, and as the raids increased in frequency and scale the population grew impatient for measures of revenge. On 25 August 1940, 81 bombers of Bomber Command were sent out to raid industrial and commercial targets in Berlin.

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in fighters from 3 August to 7 September, 1,061 on strength and 708 serviceable to 1,161 on strength and 746 serviceable. Moreover, Overy points out that the number of RAF fighter pilots grew by one-third between June and August 1940. Personnel records show a constant supply of around 1,400 pilots in

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were badly damaged, four were sunk and only four reached their destination. The RAF lost 19 fighters and shot down 31 German aircraft. The Navy now cancelled all further convoys through the Channel and sent the cargo by rail. Even so, these early combat encounters provided both sides with experience.

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raids, both day and night, were made daily through August, September and into the winter, with aims including bringing RAF fighters up to battle, destruction of specific military and economic targets, and setting off air-raid warnings to affect civilian morale: four major air-raids in August involved

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The issue caused intense friction between Park and Leigh-Mallory, as 12 Group was tasked with protecting 11 Group's airfields whilst Park's squadrons intercepted incoming raids. The delay in forming up Big Wings meant the formations often did not arrive at all or until after German bombers had hit 11

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Because of this statement, reinforced by another more detailed report, issued on 10 August, there was a mindset in the ranks of the Luftwaffe that the RAF would run out of frontline fighters. The Luftwaffe believed it was weakening Fighter Command at three times the actual attrition rate. Many times,

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to the Commonwealth trainees, although already qualified. The rest were assigned to staff positions, since RAF policy dictated that only pilots could make many staff and operational command decisions, even in engineering matters. At the height of the fighting, and despite Churchill's insistence, only

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By mid-1940, there were about 9,000 pilots in the RAF to man about 5,000 aircraft, most of which were bombers. Fighter Command was never short of pilots, but the problem of finding sufficient numbers of fully trained fighter pilots became acute by mid-August 1940. With aircraft production running at

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From the outset of his rise to power, Adolf Hitler expressed admiration for Britain, and throughout the Battle period he sought neutrality or a peace treaty with Britain. In a secret conference on 23 May 1939, Hitler set out his rather contradictory strategy that an attack on Poland was essential and

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of industries and transport could be decisive longer-term options, dependent on opportunity or preparations by the army and navy. It could be used to overcome a stalemate, or used when only destruction of the enemy's economy would be conclusive. The list excluded bombing civilians to destroy homes or

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Some historians are more cautious in assessing the significance of Germany's failure to knock Britain out of the war. Bungay writes, "Victory in the air achieved a modest strategic goal, for it did not bring Britain any closer to victory in the war, but merely avoided her defeat." Overy states, "The

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describes Dowding and Park's strategy of choosing when to engage the enemy whilst maintaining a coherent force as vindicated; their leadership, and the subsequent debates about strategy and tactics, had created enmity among RAF senior commanders and both were sacked from their posts in the immediate

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after 15 September. According to Ingersoll, " majority of responsible British officers who fought through this battle believe that if Hitler and Göring had had the courage and the resources to lose 200 planes a day for the next five days, nothing could have saved London"; instead, " morale in combat

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possessed only 67% of their operational crews against authorised aircraft. For Bf 110 units it was 46 per cent; and for bombers it was 59 per cent. A week later the figures had dropped to 64 per cent, 52% and 52 per cent. Serviceability rates in Fighter Command's fighter squadrons, between 24 August

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campaign, in hopes of a political success forcing the British to give up. Hitler hoped it might result in "eight million going mad" (referring to the population of London in 1940), which would "cause a catastrophe" for the British. In those circumstances, Hitler said, "even a small invasion might go

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on 18 August, Luftwaffe aircrew said they had been unopposed, the airfield was "completely destroyed", and asked, "Is England already finished?" In accordance with the strategy agreed on 6 August, defeat of the RAF was to be followed by bombing military and economic targets, systematically extending

3786:

As well as the bombing operations, Blenheim-equipped units had been formed to carry out long-range strategic reconnaissance missions over Germany and German-occupied territories. In this role, the Blenheims again proved to be too slow and vulnerable against Luftwaffe fighters, and they took constant

3696:

squadrons sent to France, it became clear that they would have to operate mainly at night to avoid incurring very high losses. Churchill came to power on 10 May 1940, and the War Cabinet on 12 May agreed that German actions justified "unrestricted warfare", and on 14 May they authorised an attack on

3512:

While Luftwaffe intelligence reports underestimated British fighter forces and aircraft production, the British intelligence estimates went the other way: they overestimated German aircraft production, numbers and range of aircraft available, and numbers of Luftwaffe pilots. In action, the Luftwaffe

3359:

unable, however, to grant immunity to such aircraft flying over areas in which operations are in progress on land or at sea, or approaching British or Allied territory, or territory in British occupation, or British or Allied ships. Ambulance aircraft which do not comply with the above will do so at

3178:

We had the impression that, whatever we did, we were bound to be wrong. Fighter protection for bombers created many problems which had to be solved in action. Bomber pilots preferred close screening in which their formation was surrounded by pairs of fighters pursuing a zigzag course. Obviously, the

3105:

tactics were influenced by their fighters. The Bf 110 proved too vulnerable against the nimble single-engined RAF fighters and the bulk of fighter escort duties devolved to the Bf 109. Fighter tactics were then complicated by bomber crews who demanded closer protection. After the hard-fought battles

2930:

estimates were that it would take four days to defeat RAF Fighter Command in southern England. This would be followed by a four-week offensive during which the bombers and long-range fighters would destroy all military installations throughout the country and wreck the British aircraft industry. The

2122:

Hitler first discussed the idea of an invasion at a 21 May 1940 meeting with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, who stressed the difficulties and his own preference for a blockade. OKW Chief of Staff Jodl's 30 June report described invasion as a last resort once the British economy had been damaged and the

2118:

viewed control of airspace as a necessary precondition. The German navy thought air superiority alone was insufficient; the German naval staff had already produced a study (in 1939) on the possibility of an invasion of Britain and concluded that it also required naval superiority. The Luftwaffe said

1641:

night raids disrupted the German preparation of converted barges, and the Luftwaffe's failure to overwhelm the RAF forced Hitler to postpone and eventually cancel Operation Sea Lion. The Luftwaffe proved unable to sustain daylight raids, but their continued night-bombing operations on Britain became

4987:

Propaganda was an important element of the air war which began to develop over Britain from 18 June 1940 onwards, when the Luftwaffe began small, probing daylight raids to test RAF defences. One of many examples of these small-scale raids was the destruction of a school at Polruan in Cornwall, by a

4743:

Two days after the German defeat Hitler postponed preparations for the invasion of Britain. Henceforth, in the face of mounting losses in men, aircraft and the lack of adequate replacements, the Luftwaffe completed their gradual shift from daylight bomber raids and continued with nighttime bombing.

4593:

the crucial weeks of the battle. In the second half of September it reached 1,500. The shortfall of pilots was never above 10%. The Germans never had more than between 1,100 and 1,200 pilots, a deficiency of up to one-third. "If Fighter Command were 'the few', the German fighter pilots were fewer".

4587:

agrees with Dye and Bungay. Overy asserts only one airfield was temporarily put out of action and "only" 103 pilots were lost. British fighter production produced 496 new aircraft in July and 467 in August, and another 467 in September (not counting repaired aircraft), covering the losses of August

4013:

decided convoys should travel at night: the RAF shot down 16 raiders but lost 7 aircraft. By 8 August 18 coal ships and 4 destroyers had been sunk, but the Navy was determined to send a convoy of 20 ships through rather than move the coal by railway. After repeated Stuka attacks that day, six ships

3708:

On 7 September, the government issued a warning that the invasion could be expected within the next few days and, that night, Bomber Command attacked the Channel ports and supply dumps. On 13 September, they carried out another large raid on the Channel ports, sinking 80 large barges in the port of

3603:

The weight of the battle fell upon 11 Group. Keith Park's tactics were to dispatch individual squadrons to intercept raids. The intention was to subject incoming bombers to continual attacks by relatively small numbers of fighters and try to break up the tight German formations. Once formations had

3568:

In the late 1930s, Fighter Command expected to face only bombers over Britain, not single-engined fighters. A series of "Fighting Area Tactics" were formulated and rigidly adhered to, involving a series of manoeuvres designed to concentrate a squadron's firepower to bring down bombers. RAF fighters

3191:

of just over an hour and, for the 109E, a 600 km (370 mi) range. Once over Britain, a 109 pilot had to keep an eye on a red "low fuel" light on the instrument panel: once this was illuminated, he was forced to turn back and head for France. With the prospect of two long flights over water

5073:

The Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries, but they could not destroy the British industrial potential, and made little systematic effort to do so. Hindsight does not disguise the fact the threat to Fighter Command was very real, and for the participants it

5056:

Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down. In general, claims were two to three times the actual numbers. Postwar analysis of records has shown that between July and September, the RAF claimed 2,698 kills, while the Luftwaffe fighters claimed 3,198 RAF

5004:

sold in huge numbers internationally, leading even Goebbels to admire its propaganda value. Focusing only upon the fighter pilots, with no mention of RAF bomber attacks against invasion barges, the Battle of Britain was soon established as a major victory for Fighter Command. This inspired feature

4949:

Luftwaffe losses for August numbered 774 aircraft to all causes, representing 18.5% of all combat aircraft at the beginning of the month. Fighter Command's losses in August were 426 fighters destroyed, amounting to 40 per cent of 1,061 fighters available on 3 August. In addition, 99 German bombers

4842:

raids escorted by large escort formations of about 200 to 300 combat fighters. They flew at altitudes over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) where the Bf 109 had an advantage over RAF fighters, except the Spitfire. The raids disturbed civilians, and continued the war of attrition against Fighter Command.

4789:

proposed attacking residential areas to cause "mass panic", but Hitler turned this down: he reserved to himself the option of terror bombing. British morale was to be broken by destroying infrastructure, armaments manufacturing, fuel and food stocks. On 16 September, Göring gave the order for this

3865:

The battle covered a shifting geographical area, and there have been differing opinions on significant dates: when the Air Ministry proposed 8 August as the start, Dowding responded that operations "merged into one another almost insensibly", and proposed 10 July as the onset of increased attacks.

3790:

Coastal Command directed its attention towards the protection of British shipping, and the destruction of enemy shipping. As invasion became more likely, it participated in the strikes on French harbours and airfields, laying mines, and mounting numerous reconnaissance missions over the enemy-held

2951:

kept broadly to this scheme but its commanders had differences of opinion on strategy. Sperrle wanted to eradicate the air defence infrastructure by bombing it. Kesselring championed attacking London directly – either to bombard the British government into submission or to draw RAF fighters into a

2097:

After the defeat of France, the OKW felt they had won the war, and some more pressure would persuade Britain to give in. On 30 June, the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his paper setting out options: the first was to increase attacks on shipping, economic targets and the RAF: air attacks and

2093:

was to block imports to Britain and attack seaports. "Should the enemy resort to terror measures – for example, to attack our towns in western Germany" they could retaliate by bombing industrial centres and London. Parts of this appeared on 29 November in "Directive No. 9" as future

2056:

met Churchill with a similar proposal; when rebuffed, he told Churchill that interference with German domination would mean war. To Hitler's great annoyance, all his diplomacy failed to stop Britain from declaring war when he invaded Poland. During the fall of France, he repeatedly discussed peace

2032:

campaign was to start around 5 August, subject to weather, with the aim of gaining air superiority over southern England as a necessary precondition of invasion, to give credibility to the threat and give Hitler the option of ordering the invasion. The intention was to incapacitate the RAF so much

4695:

The German press jubilantly announced that "one great cloud of smoke stretches tonight from the middle of London to the mouth of the Thames." Reports reflected the briefings given to crews before the raids – "Everyone knew about the last cowardly attacks on German cities, and thought about wives,

4645:

Hitler's "Directive No. 17 – For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England" issued on 1 August 1940, reserved to himself the right to decide on terror attacks as measures of reprisal. Hitler issued a directive that London was not to be bombed save on his sole instruction. In preparation,

4608:

believed that the two weeks from 24 August to 6 September represented a real danger. According to them, from 24 August to 6 September 295 fighters had been totally destroyed and 171 badly damaged, against a total output of 269 new and repaired Spitfires and Hurricanes. They assert that 103 pilots

3986:

were not sure about what else to do, and partly because it gave German aircrews some training and a chance to probe the British defences. Dowding could provide only minimal shipping protection, and these battles off the coast tended to favour the Germans, whose bomber escorts had the advantage of

3927:

Following Germany's rapid territorial gains in the Battle of France, the Luftwaffe had to reorganise its forces, set up bases along the coast, and rebuild after heavy losses. It began small scale bombing raids on Britain on the night of 5/6 June, and continued sporadic attacks throughout June and

3641:

Proponents of this tactic claimed interceptions in large numbers caused greater enemy losses while reducing their own casualties. Opponents pointed out the big wings would take too long to form up, and the strategy ran a greater risk of fighters being caught on the ground refuelling. The big wing

3578:

change tactics during the battle because replacement pilots – often with only minimal flying time – could not be readily retrained, and inexperienced pilots needed firm leadership in the air only rigid formations could provide. German pilots dubbed the RAF formations

2388:

had some initial success over Dunkirk because of its resemblance to the Hurricane; Luftwaffe fighters attacking from the rear were surprised by its unusual gun turret. During the Battle of Britain, it proved hopelessly outclassed. For various reasons, the Defiant lacked any form of forward-firing

2144:

The navy insisted on a narrow beachhead and an extended period for landing troops; the army rejected these plans: the Luftwaffe could begin an air attack in August. Hitler held a meeting of his army and navy chiefs on 31 July. The navy said 22 September was the earliest possible date and proposed

2060:

When Churchill came to power, there was still wide support for Halifax, who as Foreign Secretary openly argued for peace negotiations in the tradition of British diplomacy, to secure British independence without war. On 20 May, Halifax secretly requested a Swedish businessman to make contact with

2047:

mostly set out his hatreds: he only admired ordinary German World War I soldiers and Britain, which he saw as an ally against communism. In 1935 Hermann Göring welcomed news that Britain, as a potential ally, was rearming. In 1936 he promised assistance to defend the British Empire, asking only a

1854:

The early stages of the Second World War saw successful German invasions on the continent, aided decisively by the air power of the Luftwaffe, which was able to establish tactical air superiority with great effectiveness. The speed with which German forces defeated most of the defending armies in

5780:

representing 5% of all the pilots of the RAF taking part in the battle. Poles shot down about 170 German aircraft, damaged 36, representing about 12% of the losses of the Luftwaffe. Squadron 303 was the best unit air, taking part in the Battle of Britain – reported shot down 126 Luftwaffe planes.

4686:

On 7 September, a massive series of raids involving nearly four hundred bombers and more than six hundred fighters targeted docks in the East End of London, day and night. The RAF anticipated attacks on airfields and 11 Group rose to meet them, in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected. The

3585:

Front line RAF pilots were acutely aware of the inherent deficiencies of their own tactics. A compromise was adopted whereby squadron formations used much looser formations with one or two "weavers" flying independently above and behind to provide increased observation and rear protection; these

3499:

The Dowding system dramatically improved the speed and accuracy of the information that flowed to the pilots. During the early war period, it was expected that an average interception mission might have a 30% chance of ever seeing their target. During the battle, the Dowding system maintained an

3274:

Throughout the battle, the Luftwaffe had to use numerous reconnaissance sorties to make up for the poor intelligence. Reconnaissance aircraft (initially mostly Dornier Do 17s, but increasingly Bf 110s) proved easy prey for British fighters, as it was seldom possible for them to be escorted by Bf

2478:

were both light bombers; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping, ports, airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night. The Fairey Battle squadrons, which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks

5779:

Polish units in the composition of the RAF taking part in the Battle of Britain, first in composition, and then alongside the RAF fought four Polish squadrons: two bomber (300 and 301), 2 Hunting (302 and 303) and 81 Polish pilots in British squadrons, a total of 144 Polish pilots (killed 29 ),

5215:

In 2015 the RAF created an online 'Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic' composed of pictures of "the few" – the pilots and aircrew who fought in the battle – and "the many" – 'the often unsung others whose contribution during the Battle of Britain was also vital to the RAF's

5078:

The truth of the matter, borne out by the events of 18 August is more prosaic: neither by attacking the airfields nor by attacking London, was the Luftwaffe likely to destroy Fighter Command. Given the size of the British fighter force and the general high quality of its equipment, training and

4957:

Throughout the battle, the Germans greatly underestimated the size of the RAF and the scale of British aircraft production. Across the Channel, the Air Intelligence division of the Air Ministry consistently overestimated the size of the German air enemy and the productive capacity of the German

4658:

in July. The port areas were crowded next to residential housing and civilian casualties would be expected, but this would combine military and economic targets with indirect effects on morale. The strategy agreed on 6 August was for raids on military and economic targets in towns and cities to

4524:

The RAF had the advantage of fighting over home territory. Pilots who bailed out of their downed aircraft could be back at their airfields within hours, while if low on fuel and/or ammunition they could be immediately rearmed. One RAF pilot interviewed in late 1940 had been shot down five times

3577:

at the front was free to watch for the enemy; the other pilots had to concentrate on keeping station. Training also emphasised by-the-book attacks by sections breaking away in sequence. Fighter Command recognised the weaknesses of this structure early in the battle, but it was felt too risky to

3491:

were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters (FCHQ) at Bentley Priory where they were "filtered" to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks. Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters, where the map would be

2445:

The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities; the Dornier Do 17 was the slowest and had the smallest bomb load; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped; and the He 111 had the largest (internal) bomb load. All three bomber types suffered heavy

1985:

dislocate English imports, the armaments industry, and the transport of troops to France. Any favourable opportunity of an effective attack on concentrated units of the English Navy, particularly on battleships or aircraft carriers, will be exploited. The decision regarding attacks on London is

5707:

The Luftwaffe possessed 4,074 aircraft, but not all of these were deployed against Britain. The force was made up of 1,107 single-seat fighters, 357 two-seat fighters, 1,380 medium bombers, 428 dive-bombers, and 569 reconnaissance and 233 coastal aircraft, including unserviceable aircraft. The

5068:

Irrespective of whether Hitler was really set on this course, he simply lacked the resources to establish the air superiority that was the sine qua non of a successful crossing of the English Channel. A third of the initial strength of the German air force, the Luftwaffe, had been lost in the

5008:

The Air Ministry also developed the Battle of Britain Sunday commemoration, supported a Battle of Britain clasp for issue to the pilots in 1945 and, from 1945, Battle of Britain Week. The Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey was also encouraged by the Air Ministry, Lords Trenchard and

4806:

Throughout the battle, most Luftwaffe bombing raids had been at night. They increasingly suffered unsustainable losses in daylight raids, and the last massive daytime attacks were on 15 September. A raid of 70 bombers on 18 September also suffered badly, and day raids were gradually phased out

3810:

Bomber and Coastal Command attacks against invasion barge concentrations in Channel ports were widely reported by the British media during September and October 1940. In what became known as 'the Battle of the Barges' RAF attacks were claimed in British propaganda to have sunk large numbers of

2629:

in Westminster Abbey. In the chapel is a stained glass window which contains the badges of the fighter squadrons which operated during the battle and the flags of the nations to which the pilots and aircrew belonged. These pilots, some of whom had to flee their home countries because of German

2544:

The Luftwaffe, on the other hand, were able to muster a large number (1,450) of experienced fighter pilots. Drawing from a cadre of Spanish Civil War veterans, these pilots already had comprehensive courses in aerial gunnery and instructions in tactics suited for fighter-versus-fighter combat.

1990:

Both France and the UK declared war on Germany; on 9 October, Hitler's "Directive No. 6" planned the offensive to defeat these allies and "win as much territory as possible in the Netherlands, Belgium, and northern France to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war

5087:

The British victory in the Battle of Britain was achieved at a heavy cost. Total British civilian losses from July to December 1940 were 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded, with one of the largest single raids on 19 December 1940, in which almost 3,000 civilians died. With the culmination of the

3683:

aircraft flew offensive sorties against targets in Germany and France during the battle. An hour after the declaration of war, Bomber Command launched raids on warships and naval ports by day, and in night raids dropped leaflets as it was considered illegal to bomb targets which could affect

4098:

was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers 88s. Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent, 75 planes were destroyed and many others were damaged beyond repair. Furthermore, due to early engagement by RAF fighters, many of the bombers dropped their payloads ineffectively early. As a result of these

5697:

Figures taken from Quartermaster General 6th Battalion returns on 10 August 1940. According to these, the Luftwaffe deployed 3,358 aircraft against Britain, of which 2,550 were serviceable. The force was made up of 934 single-seat fighters, 289 two-seat fighters, 1,482 medium bombers, 327

4696:

mothers and children. And then came that word 'Vengeance!'" Pilots reported seeing ruined airfields as they flew towards London, appearances which gave intelligence reports the impression of devastated defences. Göring maintained that the RAF was close to defeat, making invasion feasible.

3825:

One of the biggest oversights of the entire system was the lack of adequate air-sea rescue organisation. The RAF had started organising a system in 1940 with High Speed Launches (HSLs) based on flying boat bases and at some overseas locations, but it was still believed that the amount of

1894:. He believed that the British, defeated on the continent and without European allies, would quickly come to terms. The Germans were so convinced of an imminent armistice that they began constructing street decorations for the homecoming parades of victorious troops. Although the British 5852:

Bungay refers to the 14 September meeting with Milch and Jeschonnek. Hitler wanted to keep up the "moral" pressure on the British Government, in the hope it would crack. Bungay indicates that Hitler had changed his mind from the day before, refusing to call off the invasion for the time

4398:

Göring's directive issued on 23 August 1940 ordered ceaseless attacks on the aircraft industry and on RAF ground organisation to force the RAF to use its fighters, continuing the tactic of luring them up to be destroyed, and added that focussed attacks were to be made on RAF airfields.

2294:

machine guns. The 20mm cannons were much more effective than the .303; during the Battle it was not unknown for damaged German bombers to limp home with up to two hundred .303 hits. At some altitudes, the Bf 109 could outclimb the British fighter. It could also engage in vertical-plane

1796:, who opposed the doctrine that bombers were unstoppable: the invention of radar at that time could allow early detection, and prototype monoplane fighters were significantly faster. Priorities were disputed, but in December 1937, the Minister in charge of Defence Coordination, Sir 2670:

medium bombers attacked the port at Harwich. The CAI achieved limited success during this and subsequent raids. The unit was redeployed in January 1941, having claimed to have shot down at least nine British aircraft. This was inaccurate and their actual successes were much lower.

2022:

by mid 1941. Göring met his air fleet commanders, and on 24 July issued "Tasks and Goals" of firstly gaining air supremacy, secondly protecting invasion forces and attacking the Royal Navy's ships. Thirdly, they were to blockade imports, bombing harbours and stores of supplies.

4554:, and it was non-operational for just two hours. Dowding admitted 11 Group's efficiency was impaired but, despite serious damage to some airfields, only two out of 13 heavily attacked airfields were down for more than a few hours. The German refocus on London was not critical. 5131:". On this day in 1940, the Luftwaffe embarked on their largest bombing attack yet, forcing the engagement of the entirety of the RAF in defence of London and the South East, which resulted in a decisive British victory that proved to mark a turning point in Britain's favour. 3701:, the Cabinet on 15 May authorised a full bombing strategy against "suitable military objectives", even where there could be civilian casualties. That evening, a night time bomber campaign began against the German oil industry, communications, and forests/crops, mainly in the 3227:, which was packed with equipment for listening in on RAF radio and RDF transmissions, flew around the coasts of Britain. Although the Luftwaffe correctly interpreted these new ground control procedures, they were incorrectly assessed as being rigid and ineffectual. A British 2637:

was the highest-scoring fighter squadron of the Battle of Britain, even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun. "Had it not been for the magnificent material contributed by the Polish squadrons and their unsurpassed gallantry," wrote Air Chief Marshal

1932:

made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of a perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest

2424:

for dive-bombing tactics. The He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict, and was better known, partly due to its distinctive wing shape. Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions accompanying them that were used during the battle.

4965:

units, were running at 75% with Bf 109s, 70% with bombers and 65% with Bf 110s, indicating a shortage of spare parts. All units were well below established strength. The attrition was beginning to affect the fighters in particular. By 14 September, the Luftwaffe's Bf 109

5698:

dive-bombers, 195 reconnaissance and 93 coastal aircraft, including unserviceable aircraft. The number of serviceable aircraft amounted to 805 single-seat fighters, 224 two-seat fighters, 998 medium bombers, 261 dive-bombers, 151 reconnaissance and 80 coastal aircraft.

4406:

2 and Park's 11 Group. The Luftwaffe concentrated all their strength on knocking out Fighter Command and made repeated attacks on the airfields. Of the 33 heavy attacks in the following two weeks, 24 were against airfields. The key sector stations were hit repeatedly:

4093:

ran into unexpectedly strong resistance. Inadequately escorted by Bf 110s (Bf109s having insufficient range to escort raids from Norway), bombers were shot down in large numbers. North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt 110s, and

3717:

after another raid on 17 September and by 19 September, almost 200 barges had been sunk. The loss of these barges may have contributed to Hitler's decision to postpone Operation Sea Lion indefinitely. The success of these raids was in part because the Germans had few

2725:, nuisance raids of one or a few bombers by day and night. These gave crews practice in navigation and avoiding air defences and set off air raid alarms which disturbed civilian morale. Similar nuisance raids continued throughout the battle, into late 1940. Scattered 5084:

Battle of Britain did not seriously weaken Germany and her allies, nor did it much reduce the scale of the threat facing Britain (and the Commonwealth) in 1940/41 until German and Japanese aggression brought the Soviet Union and the United States into the conflict."

2454:

were ordered to support more than 300–400 bombers on any given day. Later in the conflict, when night bombing became more frequent, all three were used. Due to its smaller bomb load, the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose.

2797:

Bombing of London was to be held back while these night time "destroyer" attacks proceeded over other urban areas, then, in the culmination of the campaign, a major attack on the capital was intended to cause a crisis, with refugees fleeing London just as

3755:

Albrecht von Ankum-Frank. Two other 109s were claimed by Blenheim gunners. Another successful raid on Haamstede was made by a single Blenheim on 7 August which destroyed one 109 of 4./JG 54, heavily damaged another and caused lighter damage to four more.

3730:

units also raided German-occupied airfields throughout July to December 1940, both during daylight hours and at night. Although most of these raids were unproductive, there were some successes; on 1 August, five out of twelve Blenheims sent to attack

2437:

units were largely removed from operations over England and diverted to concentrate on shipping instead until they were eventually re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941. For some raids, they were called back, such as on 13 September to attack

4141:

210. The Bf 110 proved too clumsy for dogfighting with single-engined fighters, and its participation was scaled back. It would be used only when range required it or when sufficient single-engined escort could not be provided for the bombers.

3904:("Eagle Attack"), the main assault; attempt to destroy the RAF in southern England, including massive daylight attacks on RAF airfields, followed from 19 August by heavy night bombing of ports and industrial cities, including suburbs of London. 1923:

called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and

4739:

On 15 September, two massive waves of German attacks were decisively repulsed by the RAF by deploying every aircraft in 11 Group. Sixty German and twenty-six RAF aircraft were shot down. The action was the climax of the Battle of Britain.

3395: 4549:

accompanying Park's report on the period 8 August – 10 September 1940, states that the Luftwaffe "achieved very little" in the last week of August and the first week of September. The only Sector Station to be shut down operationally was

4129:". Following this grinding battle, exhaustion and the weather reduced operations for most of a week, allowing the Luftwaffe to review their performance. "The Hardest Day" had sounded the end for the Ju 87 in the campaign. This veteran of 1567:. It was the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. The British officially recognise the battle's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940, which overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as 4999:

The place of the Battle of Britain in British popular memory partly stems from the Air Ministry's successful propaganda campaign in July–October 1940, and its valorisation of the defending pilots from March 1941 onwards. The 3d pamphlet

2580:

About 20% of pilots who took part in the battle were from non-British countries. The Royal Air Force roll of honour for the Battle of Britain recognises 595 non-British pilots (out of 2,936) as flying at least one authorised operational

1874:

became British Prime Minister, the Germans initiated the Battle of France with an aggressive invasion of French territory. RAF Fighter Command was desperately short of trained pilots and aircraft. Churchill sent fighter squadrons, the

4691:

took twenty minutes to form up, missing its intended target, but encountering another formation of bombers while still climbing. They returned, apologetic about their limited success, and blamed the delay on being scrambled too late.

2432:

suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain, particularly on 18 August, due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after dive-bombing a target. As the losses went up along with their limited payload and range,

2771:

with differing proposals for targets including whether to bomb airfields but failed to decide a priority. Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated, raids would attract British fighters for the

2153:

Under the continuing influence of the 1935 "Conduct of the Air War" doctrine, the main focus of the Luftwaffe command (including Göring) was in concentrating attacks to destroy enemy armed forces on the battlefield, and "blitzkrieg"

4199:

nor his subordinates realised how vital the Chain Home stations were to the defence systems. It was known that radar provided some early warning of raids, but the belief among German fighter pilots was that anything bringing up the

3346:

We did not recognise this means of rescuing enemy pilots so they could come and bomb our civil population again ... all German air ambulances were forced down or shot down by our fighters on definite orders approved by the War

3845:. A conference in 1939 had placed air-sea rescue under Coastal Command. Because pilots had been lost at sea during the "Channel Battle", on 22 August, control of RAF rescue launches was passed to the local naval authorities and 12 4179:

would concentrate on the night bombing campaign. Göring, expressing disappointment with the fighter performance thus far in the campaign, also made sweeping changes in the command structure of the fighter units, replacing many

2479:

during the Battle of France, were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports, until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940.

2952:

decisive battle. Göring did nothing to resolve this disagreement between his commanders and gave only vague directives during the initial stages of the battle, Göring seemingly unable to decide upon which strategy to pursue.

4716:

A, was flying only in prototype form in mid-1940; the first 28 Fw 190s were not delivered until November 1940. The Fw 190A-1 had a maximum range of 940 km (584 miles) on internal fuel, 40% greater than the Bf 109E. The

3799:", praising Fighter Command, Churchill also made a point of mentioning Bomber Command's contribution, adding that bombers were even then striking back at Germany; this part of the speech is often overlooked, even today. The 4081:). As the week drew on, the airfield attacks moved further inland, and repeated raids were made on the radar chain. 15 August was "The Greatest Day" when the Luftwaffe mounted the largest number of sorties of the campaign. 2085:, in charge of Luftwaffe intelligence, presented a report on 22 November 1939, stating that, "Of all Germany's possible enemies, Britain is the most dangerous." This "Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare" argued for a 3059:

flew at staggered heights and with about 200 m (220 yd) between them, making the formation difficult to spot at longer ranges and allowing for a great deal of flexibility. By using a tight "cross-over" turn, a

3513:

believed from their pilot claims and the impression given by aerial reconnaissance that the RAF was close to defeat, and the British made strenuous efforts to overcome the perceived advantages held by their opponents.

2389:

armament, and the heavy turret and second crewman meant it could not outrun or outmanoeuvre either the Bf 109 or Bf 110. By the end of August, after disastrous losses, the aircraft was withdrawn from daylight service.

18218: 18203: 3142:

would precede the main attack formations. The bombers would fly in at altitudes between 5,000 and 6,000 m (16,000 and 20,000 ft), closely escorted by fighters. Escorts were divided into two parts (usually

3134:

also tried using small formations of bombers as bait, covering them with large numbers of escorts. This was more successful but escort duty kept the fighters tied to the slower bombers making them more vulnerable.

2171:

paper asserted that Germany was by definition an air power: "Its chief weapon against England is the Air Force, then the Navy, followed by the landing forces and the Army." In 1940, the Luftwaffe would undertake a

5154:

were begun during wartime, the committee chaired by Lords Trenchard and Dowding. Public donations paid for the window itself, which replaced a window destroyed during the campaign, this officially opened by King

4988:

single raider. Into early July, the British media's focus on the air battles increased steadily, the press, magazines, BBC radio and newsreels daily conveying the contents of Air Ministry communiques. The German

1800:, sided with Dowding that "The role of our air force is not an early knock-out blow" but rather was "to prevent the Germans from knocking us out" and fighter squadrons were just as necessary as bomber squadrons. 2802:

was to begin. With hopes fading for the possibility of invasion, on 4 September Hitler authorised a main focus on day and night attacks on tactical targets, with London as the main target, which became known as

2541:, the British were able to muster some 1,103 fighter pilots on 1 July. Replacement pilots, with little flight training and often no gunnery training, suffered high casualty rates, thus exacerbating the problem. 2018:, continued to highlight the impracticality of these plans and said sea invasion could not take place before early 1941. Hitler now argued that Britain was holding out in hope of assistance from Russia, and the 3722:

stations set up in France, so that air defences of the French harbours were not nearly as good as the air defences over Germany; Bomber Command had directed some 60% of its strength against the Channel ports.

2006:

issued his operational directive: to destroy the RAF, thus protecting German industry, and also to block overseas supplies to Britain. The German Supreme Command argued over the practicality of these options.

1883:, to support operations in France, where the RAF suffered heavy losses. This was despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that the diversion of his forces would leave home defences under-strength. 12761: 5064:

aftermath of the battle. All things considered, the RAF proved to be a robust and capable organisation that was to use all the modern resources available to it to the maximum advantage. Richard Evans writes:

4868:

Hitler postponed the Sealion invasion on 13 October "until the spring of 1941". It was not until Hitler's Directive 21 was issued, on 18 December 1940, that the threat to Britain of invasion finally ended.

4700:

experiments with increasingly large Big Wings had some success. The Luftwaffe began to abandon their morning raids, with attacks on London starting late in the afternoon for fifty-seven consecutive nights.

3794:

Bomber, reconnaissance, and antisubmarine patrol operations continued throughout these months with little respite and none of the publicity accorded to Fighter Command. In his famous 20 August speech about

4498:. These had been held back by Dowding, who thought non-English speaking aircrew would have trouble working within his control system: Polish and Czech fliers proved to be especially effective. The pre-war 3129:

to draw up RAF fighters. RAF fighter controllers were often able to detect these and position squadrons to avoid them, keeping to Dowding's plan to preserve fighter strength for the bomber formations. The

4451:

was bombed at least seven times because it was believed to be a Fighter Command aerodrome. At times these raids caused some damage to the sector stations, threatening the integrity of the Dowding system.

3594:

adopted a variation of the German formation called the "fours in line astern", which was a vast improvement on the old three aircraft "vic". Malan's formation was later generally used by Fighter Command.

18253: 18228: 2990:

flew slightly higher and was trained always to stay with his leader. With more room between them, both could spend less time maintaining formation and more time looking around and covering each other's

5770:

The pilots occupying these administrative positions included such officers as Dowding, Park and Leigh-Mallory and the numbers actually fit to serve in front line fighter squadrons are open to question.

1571:, that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941. German historians do not follow this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to May 1941, including the Blitz. 10267:

Botquin, Gaston & Roba, Jean-Louis (September 1998). "La Luftwaffe dans la campagne à l'Ouest et la Btaille d'Angleterre" [The Luftwaffe in the Western Campaign of the Battle of Britain].

2732:

Göring's operational directive of 30 June ordered the destruction of the RAF, including the aircraft industry, to end RAF bombing raids on Germany and facilitating attacks on ports and storage in the

5679:

Although under RAF operational control, RCAF pilots in the BoB were technically flying for the RCAF. Although Canada sent their squadrons to Britain, countries like Australia and New Zealand did not.

4239:

Göring ordered attacks on aircraft factories on 19 August 1940. Sixty raids on the night of 19/20 August targeted the aircraft industry and harbours, and bombs fell on suburban areas around London:

1991:

against England". On 29 November, OKW "Directive No. 9 – Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy" stated that once this coastline had been secured, the Luftwaffe together with the

11083:

Archambault, Claude (December 2000). "Affrontements meurtriers dans le ciel français, vus en 1940/41 par la 209.I.D." [Deadly Clashs in French Skies, Seen by the 208th Infantry Division].

18223: 3221:

As a result of intercepted radio transmissions, the Germans began to realise that the RAF fighters were being controlled from ground facilities; in July and August 1939, for example, the airship

2162:

for a stalemate situation or revenge attacks, but doubted if this could be decisive on its own and regarded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale as a waste of strategic effort.

2094:

actions once the coast had been conquered. On 24 May 1940 "Directive No. 13" authorised attacks on the blockade targets, as well as retaliation for RAF bombing of industrial targets in the Ruhr.

18243: 4275:

near Bristol was drastically affected by a raid in which Ju 88 bombers dropped over 16 long tons (16 t) of high explosive bombs. On the night of 23/24 August over 200 bombers attacked the

4145: 13894: 3841:

are cold, even in the middle of summer, and clothing issued to RAF aircrew did little to insulate them against these freezing conditions. The RAF also imitated the German practice of issuing

3653:

damaged both Dowding and Park in particular, for the failure to produce an effective night-fighter defence system, something for which the influential Leigh-Mallory had long criticised them.

4231:. German intelligence reports made the Luftwaffe optimistic that the RAF, thought to be dependent on local air control, was struggling with supply problems and pilot losses. After a raid on 3849:

were given to Fighter Command to help look for pilots at sea. In all, some 200 pilots and aircrew were lost at sea during the battle. No proper air-sea rescue service was formed until 1941.

3484:", was to create a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters. It was named after its chief architect, "Stuffy" Dowding. 14088: 2513:

did retain some of their upper-class exclusiveness, but their numbers were soon swamped by the newcomers of the RAFVR; by 1 September 1939, 6,646 pilots had been trained through the RAFVR.

14093: 4455:

To offset some losses, some 58 Fleet Air Arm fighter pilot volunteers were seconded to RAF squadrons, and a similar number of former Fairey Battle pilots were used. Most replacements from

14128: 5688:

754 single-seat fighters, 149 two-seat fighters, 560 bombers and 500 coastal aircraft. The RAF fighter strength given is for 09:00 1 July 1940, while bomber strength is for 11 July 1940.

3536:), was equipped with Hurricanes and Spitfires and sent out aircraft to search for and report Luftwaffe formations approaching England. In addition, the radio listening service (known as 2014:, unless the British agreed to negotiations. The Luftwaffe reported that it would be ready to launch its major attack early in August. The Kriegsmarine Commander-in-Chief, Grand Admiral 3649:

Dowding's removal from his post in November 1940 has been blamed on this struggle between Park and Leigh-Mallory's daylight strategy. The intensive raids and destruction wrought during

3338:

After single He 59s were forced to land on the sea by RAF fighters, on 1 and 9 July respectively, a controversial order was issued to the RAF on 13 July; this stated that from 20 July,

3041:

to concentrate on shooting down aircraft but few wingmen had the chance, leading to some resentment in the lower ranks where it was felt that the high scores came at their expense. Two

2518: 2133:

On 11 July, Hitler agreed with Raeder that invasion would be a last resort, and the Luftwaffe advised that gaining air superiority would take 14 to 28 days. Hitler met his army chiefs,

3642:

idea also caused pilots to overclaim their kills, due to the confusion of a more intense battle zone. This led to the belief big wings were far more effective than they actually were.

4106: 3335:, the He 59s were unarmed and painted white with civilian registration markings and red crosses. Nevertheless, RAF aircraft attacked these aircraft, as some were escorted by Bf 109s. 3218:; their performance was "amateurish". By 1940, there were few German agents operating in Great Britain and a handful of bungled attempts to insert spies into the country were foiled. 938: 2931:

campaign was planned to begin with attacks on airfields near the coast, gradually moving inland to attack the ring of sector airfields defending London. Later reassessments gave the

4934:

Overall, by 2 November, the RAF fielded 1,796 pilots, an increase of over 40% from July 1940's count of 1,259 pilots. Based on German sources (from a Luftwaffe intelligence officer

3951:

The attacks were widespread: over the night of 30 June alarms were set off in 20 counties by just 20 bombers, then next day the first daylight raids occurred during 1 July, on both

8668: 6123: 5017:

The Battle of Britain marked the first major defeat of Germany's military forces, with air superiority seen as the key to victory. Pre-war theories had led to exaggerated fears of

12732: 4761: 5040:, after returning from Britain, published a book concluding that "Adolf Hitler met his first defeat in eight years" in what might "go down in history as a battle as important as 2935:

five weeks, from 8 August to 15 September, to establish temporary air superiority over England. Fighter Command had to be destroyed, either on the ground or in the air, yet the

2446:

losses from the home-based British fighters, but the Ju 88 had significantly lower loss rates due to its greater speed and its ability to dive out of trouble (it was originally

2010:

In "Directive No. 16 – On preparations for a landing operation against England" on 16 July, Hitler required readiness by mid-August for the possibility of an invasion he called

3771:

There were some missions that produced an almost 100% casualty rate amongst the Blenheims; one such operation was mounted on 13 August 1940 against a Luftwaffe airfield near

2533:, the RAF had fewer experienced pilots at the start of the Battle of Britain than the Luftwaffe. It was the lack of trained pilots in the fighting squadrons, rather than the 2126:

In Britain, Churchill described "the great invasion scare" as "serving a very useful purpose" by "keeping every man and woman tuned to a high pitch of readiness". Historian

1986:

reserved to me. Attacks on the English homeland are to be prepared, bearing in mind that inconclusive results with insufficient forces are to be avoided in all circumstances.

5540: 2815:

campaign of night raids aiming to overcome British resistance by damaging infrastructure and food stocks, though intentional terror bombing of civilians was not sanctioned.

2559: 4137:

force, Göring withdrew them from the fighting. This removed the main Luftwaffe precision-bombing weapon and shifted the burden of pinpoint attacks on the already-stretched

2236: 12715: 4521:

and then French air forces before arriving in Britain, flew as a guest of 303 Squadron and was ultimately credited with the highest "RAF score" in the Battle of Britain.

2767: 16132: 10162:(Documentary, History, War), Derek Jacobi, Geoffrey Wawro, James Holland, Saul David, Head Gear Films, Metrol Technology, World Media Rights Productions, 8 November 2019 3187:(which were introduced in limited numbers in the late stages of the battle), usually of 300 L (66 imp gal; 79 US gal) capacity, the 109s had an 15877: 12725:

Radio New Zealand 'Sounds Historical' ANZAC Day, 25 April 2008: Historical recording of Sir Keith Park describing the Battle of Britain. (Scroll down to 10:50 am).

3935: 3071:

formation as the 109s but were seldom able to use this to the same advantage. The Bf 110's most successful method of attack was the "bounce" from above. When attacked,

15485: 10945: 4885:. When war broke out in 1939, the King and Queen decided to stay in London and not flee to Canada, as had been suggested. George VI and Elizabeth officially stayed in 3586:

tended to be the least experienced men and were often the first to be shot down without the other pilots even noticing that they were under attack. During the battle,

2337:) – the E-4/B and E-7 models could carry a 250 kg bomb underneath the fuselage, the later model arriving during the battle. The Bf 109, unlike the 11283:

Battle Over Britain: A History of the German Air Assaults on Great Britain, 1917–18 and July–December 1940, and the Development of Air Defences Between the World Wars

4785:'s written recommendation, Hitler said the campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans: "The decisive thing is the ceaseless continuation of air attacks." 4161:

Göring made yet another important decision: to order more bomber escorts at the expense of free-hunting sweeps. To achieve this, the weight of the attack now fell on

2537:, that became the greatest concern for Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding, commander of Fighter Command. Drawing from regular RAF forces, the Auxiliary Air Force and the 17483: 15501: 10545: 10032: 5748:

The strategic bombing commenced after the Germans bombed London on 14 September 1940, followed by the RAF bombing of Berlin and of German air force bases in France.

2199: 5036:

on a brief visit to the UK; he became convinced the UK would survive and should be supported in every possible way. Before the end of the year, American journalist

3480:

system, the slow flow of information from the CH radars and observers to the aircraft often caused them to miss their "bandits". The solution, today known as the "

3364:

The white He 59s were soon repainted in camouflage colours and armed with defensive machine guns. Although another four He 59s were shot down by RAF aircraft, the

15821: 3106:

of 15 and 18 August, Göring met his unit leaders. The need for the fighters to meet up on time with the bombers was stressed. It was also decided that one bomber

2106:

In November 1939, the OKW reviewed the potential for an air- and seaborne invasion of Britain: the Kriegsmarine was faced with the threat the Royal Navy's larger

18248: 15424: 15396: 14540: 5562: 2721:

had to build or repair bases in the conquered territories, and rebuild their strength. In June 1940 they began regular armed reconnaissance flights and sporadic

1895: 5138:, Battle of Britain Day has been observed more usually on the third Sunday in September, and even on the 2nd Thursday in September in some areas in the British 4975:

Three days later, when the evidence was clear that the German Air Force had greatly exaggerated the extent of their successes against the RAF, Hitler postponed

4052:("Eagle Day") until 13 August 1940. On 12 August, the first attempt was made to blind the Dowding system, when aircraft from the specialist fighter-bomber unit 3283:

While the British were using radar for air defence more effectively than the Germans realised, the Luftwaffe attempted to press its own offensive with advanced

2026:

Hitler's "Directive No. 17 – For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England" issued on 1 August attempted to keep all the options open. The Luftwaffe's

18213: 17939: 17462: 16141: 15828: 14962: 931: 5893:

The exact percentage was 28. The Luftwaffe deployed 5,638 aircraft for the campaign. 1,428 were destroyed and a further 488 were damaged, but were repairable.

5088:

concentrated daylight raids, Britain was able to rebuild its military forces and establish itself as an Allied stronghold, later serving as a base from which

16444: 15807: 15116: 14741: 14158: 13412: 6350: 727: 9913: 9429: 1578:. In July 1940, the air and sea blockade began, with the Luftwaffe mainly targeting coastal-shipping convoys, as well as ports and shipping centres such as 17675: 15457: 15403: 14589: 13533: 3928:

July. The first large-scale attack was at night, on 18/19 June, when small raids scattered between Yorkshire and Kent involved in total 100 bombers. These

11117:

Archambault, Claude (January 2000). "La Bataille d'Angleterre vue par la 227.I.D." [The Battle of Britain Viewed by the 227th Infantry Division].

15914: 15410: 15026: 12692: 5069:

western campaign in the spring. The Germans lacked the trained pilots, the effective fighter aircraft, and the heavy bombers that would have been needed.

6717: 6654: 6514: 5021:, and UK public opinion was buoyed by coming through the ordeal. For the RAF, Fighter Command had achieved a great victory in successfully carrying out 2458:

On the British side, three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories, invasion ports and railway centres; the

17809: 17685: 14436: 8040: 529: 2758:, protecting the army and navy if the invasion went ahead and attacking Royal Navy ships and continuing the blockade. Once the RAF had been defeated, 18238: 17731: 17705: 15800: 15247: 15123: 12917: 6472: 4929: 924: 4366: 2505:

Before the war, the RAF's processes for selecting potential candidates were opened to men of all social classes through the creation in 1936 of the

2282:, although the German pilots retained a strong belief that the 109 was the superior fighter. The British fighters were equipped with eight Browning 18233: 15100: 14480: 10418: 10230: 4605: 3895:

attacks on shipping intensify through this period, increased attacks on ports and coastal airfields, night raids on RAF and aircraft manufacturing.

3271:

the leadership believed Fighter Command's strength had collapsed, only to discover that the RAF were able to send up defensive formations at will.

2130:

stated that on 10 July Churchill advised the War Cabinet that invasion could be ignored, as it "would be a most hazardous and suicidal operation".

6417: 5225: 3878:("nuisance raids"), scattered small scale probing attacks both day and night, armed reconnaissance and mine-laying sorties. From 4 July, daylight 2311:-equipped Merlin. On the other hand, the Bf 109E had a much larger turning circle than its two foes. In general, though, as Alfred Price noted in 17891: 17680: 15537: 14849: 12937: 4565:(CRO), which by December had repaired and put back into service some 4,955 aircraft, and by aircraft held at Air Servicing Unit (ASU) airfields. 15356: 14658: 4935: 17355: 14208: 13447: 10125: 3524:, the information obtained from Enigma intercepts, gave the highest echelons of the British command a view of German intentions. According to 899: 16148: 16111: 16088: 15609: 14531: 14501: 11189: 5667: 5585: 5567: 4495: 2965: 2509:, which "... was designed to appeal, to ... young men ... without any class distinctions ..." The older squadrons of the 2204:

The Luftwaffe faced a more capable opponent than any it had previously met: a sizeable, highly coordinated, well-supplied, modern air force.

15863: 8577: 4721:

E-7 corrected this deficiency by adding a ventral centre-line ordnance rack to take either an SC 250 bomb or a standard 300-litre Luftwaffe

16241: 16097: 16081: 16053: 15301: 14508: 14203: 13169: 13164: 13159: 7580: 6015: 5670:, Czech and most other national contingents were incorporated into the RAF. The Polish Air Force was not given sovereignty until June 1944. 5535: 2529:

For these reasons, and the permanent loss of 435 pilots during the Battle of France alone along with many more wounded, and others lost in

1676:

introduced air attacks intended to panic civilian targets and led in 1918 to the merger of the British army and navy air services into the

14113: 12741: 4877:

During the battle, and for the rest of the war, an important factor in keeping public morale high was the continued presence in London of

3833:," but in 1940 it still required manual inflation, which was almost impossible for someone who was injured or in shock. The waters of the 3504:"; RAF fighters were as effective as two or more Luftwaffe fighters, greatly offsetting, or overturning, the disparity in actual numbers. 16998: 16065: 15977: 15921: 15884: 15166: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 12808: 6103: 5475: 5335: 5261: 5118: 5032:, the American ambassador in London, who believed that the United Kingdom could not survive. Roosevelt wanted a second opinion, and sent 4558: 3807:

lists in a roll of honour, 718 Bomber Command crew members, and 280 from Coastal Command who were killed between 10 July and 31 October.

3293:("bent leg"); this system was used at night and for raids where precision was required. It was rarely used during the Battle of Britain. 1504: 1235: 12729: 1973:

ordering, planning and stating strategic objectives. "Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War", dated 31 August 1939, instructed the

17695: 17670: 15970: 14702: 14118: 13829: 5595: 5285: 5174: 4468: 2243:

engines to generate significantly more power and an approximately 30 mph increase in speed at low altitudes through the use of an

1880: 681: 609: 10053: 17614: 17476: 16104: 14494: 14452: 13405: 12840: 7382: 5328: 3368:

continued to pick up downed Luftwaffe and Allied aircrew throughout the battle, earning praise from Adolf Galland for their bravery.

5761:

Bf 109E-3 and E-4s had this armament, while the E-1, which was still used in large numbers, was armed with four 7.92mm machine guns.

5297: 4291:

was set ablaze and bombs landed on central London. Some historians believe that these bombs were dropped accidentally by a group of

2450:). The German bombers required constant protection by the Luftwaffe's fighter force. German escorts were not sufficiently numerous. 17944: 17325: 15144: 14918: 14681: 14547: 14358: 13973: 13096: 12664: 11324:

The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941

4777:

At the 14 September OKW conference, Hitler acknowledged that the Luftwaffe had still not gained the air superiority needed for the

3940: 2358:, and the type's worst losses during the campaign. This trend continued with a further eight and fifteen lost on 16 and 17 August. 2191: 1776:

The RAF responded to Luftwaffe developments with its 1934 Expansion Plan A rearmament scheme, and in 1936 it was restructured into

720: 693: 4725:

to double the range to 1,325 km (820 mi). The ordnance rack was not retrofitted to earlier Bf 109Es until October 1940.

3466:

boundaries, and range of Luftwaffe Bf 109 fighters. Southern part of British radar coverage: radar in North of Scotland not shown.

1815:

became an exponent of air power providing ground support to other services. The difficulty of accurately hitting targets prompted

18208: 17960: 17886: 17834: 17726: 16220: 16017: 15054: 14554: 14466: 14402: 13600: 13573: 13526: 13091: 8808: 2470:

were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF, although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111. The twin-engined

1681: 1649:

and force it out of the war was the first major German defeat in the Second World War. The Battle of Britain takes its name from

823: 12712: 11320:

Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941

6238: 6222: 3424: 3327:. In addition, Luftwaffe aircraft were equipped with life rafts and the aircrew were provided with sachets of a chemical called 18026: 17990: 17985: 16423: 15935: 14785: 14323: 14290: 13718: 13442: 13086: 12789: 5645:. German historians usually place the beginning of the battle in July 1940 and end it mid-May 1941, with the withdrawal of the 5249: 4460: 4248: 2165:

The defeat of France in June 1940 introduced the prospect for the first time of independent air action against Britain. A July

1912: 1685: 1658: 522: 11166:

Dildy, Douglas C. "The Air Battle for England: The Truth Behind the Failure of the Luftwaffe's Counter-Air Campaign in 1940."

4283:, with a significant effect on production. A bombing campaign began on 24 August with the largest raid so far, killing 100 in 3394: 3379: 17908: 17819: 17019: 16924: 16451: 16197: 16072: 15158: 15132: 14989: 14695: 14612: 13824: 12634: 12488: 12329: 12307: 12272: 12233: 12218: 12144: 12055: 12011: 11993: 11956: 11938: 11918: 11900: 11855: 11755: 11736: 11716: 11697: 11653: 11637: 11618: 11592: 11471: 11368: 11331: 11308: 11290: 11272: 11221: 11201: 11160: 11043: 11023: 11004: 10967: 10883: 10865: 10847: 10829: 10763: 10737: 10709: 10666: 10639: 10621: 10590: 10569: 10535: 10516: 10428: 10346: 10326: 10307: 10257: 10214: 5273: 5022: 4641:

Calais, September 1940. Göring giving a speech to pilots about the change in tactics: to bomb London instead of the airfields

3914:

3–31 October: large scale night bombing raids, mostly on London; daylight attacks now confined to small scale fighter-bomber

2995:. Attacking aircraft could be sandwiched between the two 109s. The formation was developed from principles formulated by the 2195: 2159: 1797: 1499: 1086: 976: 833: 676: 10942: 4807:

leaving the main attacks at night. Fighter Command still lacked any effective capacity to intercept night-time raiders. The

4073:

210, on coastal airfields used as forward landing grounds for the RAF fighters, as well as 'satellite airfields' (including

1905:

The Battle of Britain has the unusual distinction that it gained its name before being fought. The name is derived from the

18069: 17700: 17665: 17632: 17252: 16659: 16545: 15710: 15177: 15173: 15151: 14755: 13435: 13398: 10774: 8635: 5420: 5170: 4830:

A still from camera gun footage taken from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of No. 609 Squadron RAF attacking a Heinkel HE 111

4637: 4506: 3548: 1970: 1864: 1847: 1673: 742: 713: 9238: 9203: 9180: 8896: 5641:

The British date the battle from 11 July to 31 October 1940, which represented one of the most intense period of daylight

4662:

Luftwaffe doctrine included the possibility of retaliatory attacks on cities, and since 11 May small scale night raids by

3496:

in their area; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire.

2762:

bombers were to move forward beyond London without the need for fighter escort, destroying military and economic targets.

2325: 18188: 18146: 17167: 16631: 15963: 15949: 15162: 13374: 13185: 12707: 5530: 5525: 5193:

in Scotland, which is topped by a raven sculpture. The Polish pilots who served in the battle are among the names on the

5181:

also has a memorial window to the battle, replacing a window destroyed during it. There is also a memorial at the former

4085:

5 attacked the north of England. Believing Fighter Command strength to be concentrated in the south, raiding forces from

3529: 3439: 879: 12697: 12506:

Mason, Francis K. "Battle over Britain". McWhirter Twins Ltd. 1969 {A day by day accounting of RaF and Luftwaffe losses}

12241:

A Summer Bright and Terrible: Winston Churchill, Lord Dowding, Radar and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain

11411:

German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 194

7844: 5028:

The battle also significantly shifted American opinion. During the battle, many Americans accepted the view promoted by

3982:

comprised a series of running fights over convoys in the English Channel. It was launched partly because Kesselring and

2754:

was ordered to stand by in full readiness. Göring met his air fleet commanders and on 24 July issued orders for gaining

1998:

By the end of June 1940, Germany had defeated Britain's allies on the continent, and on 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff,

1290: 17849: 17376: 17245: 17123: 16701: 16416: 16367: 16125: 15680: 14932: 14771: 14619: 14473: 13849: 12536: 12163: 12070: 11974: 11833: 11797: 11532: 11492: 11399: 11066: 10986: 10801: 10685: 10456: 10404: 6088: 5600: 3235:" linked with fighter control had been a well-kept secret. Even when good information existed, such as a November 1939 2666:

or CAI) took part in the later stages of the Battle of Britain. It first saw action on 24 October 1940 when a force of

1899: 1697: 1696:. Interception was expected to be nearly impossible, with fighter planes no faster than bombers. Their slogan was that 1353: 1003: 840: 20: 11100:

Archambault, Claude (January 2001). "Affrontements meurtriers dans le ciel français, vus en 1940/41 par la 209.I.D.".

10467: 5739:

343 non-combat (per type: 76 Bf 109, 29 Bf 110, 25 Ju 87, 54 Ju 88, 31 Do 17, 66 He 111, 7 He 59, 7 He 159, 48 others)

17934: 17870: 17492: 16374: 16346: 16163: 15745: 15464: 15431: 13986: 13844: 13457: 12618: 12610: 12602: 12587: 12562: 12554: 12518: 12463: 12448: 12433: 12418: 12410: 12395: 12387: 12365: 12347: 12289: 12256: 12248: 12203: 12195: 12180: 12128: 12120: 12105: 12093: 12085: 12040: 11884: 11870: 11815: 11772: 11672: 11571: 11553: 11513: 11349: 11253: 11238: 11182: 11145: 10924: 10909: 10721: 10491: 10440: 10338: 10292: 8669:"Introduction to the Phases of the Battle – History of the Battle of Britain – Exhibitions & Displays – Research" 6124:"Introduction to the Phases of the Battle – History of the Battle of Britain – Exhibitions & Displays – Research" 5590: 4728:

On 14 September, Hitler chaired a meeting with the OKW staff. Göring was in France directing the decisive battle, so

3607: 2943:

had to maintain a high "kill ratio" over the RAF fighters. The only alternative to the goal of air superiority was a

2538: 2185: 2086: 1827:

system for night time navigation. Priority was given to producing large numbers of smaller aeroplanes, and plans for

1052: 754: 515: 14647: 10001: 2947:

campaign aimed at the civilian population but this was considered a last resort and it was forbidden by Hitler. The

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Down to Earth: A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, Dieppe, D-Day and Beyond

5178: 4882: 2049: 1599: 551: 15272: 7413:"But night after night. the Battles and the Blenheims, the Wellingtons, the Whitleys and the Hampdens went forth." 6347: 889: 18092: 18059: 18021: 17690: 17053: 16894: 16883: 16719: 16478: 16437: 16330: 16268: 15655: 14925: 14794: 14762: 14245: 13663: 13607: 10779: 9910: 4615: 4510: 3386: 2634: 2534: 1812: 1793: 864: 801: 650: 633: 15442: 15010: 14230: 14220: 6985: 4459:(OTUs) had as little as nine hours flying time and no gunnery or air-to-air combat training. At this point, the 1890:

and the French surrender on 22 June 1940, Hitler mainly focused his energies on the possibility of invading the

884: 18087: 17824: 17660: 17439: 17411: 17289: 17082: 16319: 15770: 15696: 15492: 14863: 14582: 14487: 14372: 14059: 14047: 13421: 13200: 12922: 5037: 4232: 813: 12803: 6642: 6585: 6543: 6248: 6232: 3540:), monitoring the patterns of Luftwaffe radio traffic contributed considerably to the early warning of raids. 2089:

and said "Key is to paralyse the British trade". Instead of the Wehrmacht attacking the French, the Luftwaffe

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culminate in a major attack on London. In mid-August, raids were made on targets on the outskirts of London.

4503: 3820: 2365:(fast bomber). The Bf 110 usually used a shallow dive to bomb the target and escape at high speed. One unit, 1764:) set air power within the overall military strategy, with critical tasks of attaining (local and temporary) 989: 777: 759: 12756: 8034: 5865:

Spitfire Mk I could readily out-turn the 109, certainly in the 20,000 ft region and probably at all heights.

4053: 3231:

system was well known to the Luftwaffe from intelligence gathered before the war, but the highly developed "

2642:, head of RAF Fighter Command, "I hesitate to say that the outcome of the Battle would have been the same." 18054: 18011: 17573: 17469: 16844: 16805: 15724: 15559: 15544: 15471: 15450: 15268: 14946: 14732: 14725: 14709: 14420: 14379: 14351: 14270: 14133: 14081: 13963: 13628: 13590: 12997: 12849: 12818: 12575: 9972: 9806: 7070: 4562: 2602: 1876: 1725: 1724:, which could carry passengers and freight, but also be readily adapted into a bomber. In 1926, the secret 948: 845: 645: 594: 39: 13991: 9398:

Kesselring as cited in A. van Ishoven, Messerschmitt Bf 109 at War, (Ian Allan, Shepperton, 1977), p. 107.

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Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding on the Battle of Britain (despatch to the Secretary of State, August 1941)

6193: 4533:– began to appear among the German pilots. Their replacement problem became even worse than the British. 4456: 4193:

Finally, Göring stopped the attacks on the radar chain. These were seen as unsuccessful, and neither the

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

4971:

and 7 September, were listed as: 64.8% on 24 August; 64.7% on 31 August and 64.25% on 7 September 1940.

3968:

hundreds of bombers, in the same month 1,062 small raids were made, spread across the whole of Britain.

3409: 3331:

which, on reacting with water, created a large, easy-to-see, bright green patch. In accordance with the

1302: 18198: 18183: 18120: 17844: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17334: 16830: 16749: 16694: 16582: 16538: 16188: 15814: 15738: 15640: 15517: 15389: 15382: 15342: 15315: 15047: 14980: 14575: 14386: 14316: 14285: 14265: 14215: 14037: 13919: 13708: 13693: 13688: 13471: 12813: 12682: 10498: 10180: 10122: 5615: 5419:, who ignored his country's neutrality rules and volunteered for the RAF. Bill Bond, who conceived the 4002:

intervened. On 25 July a coal convoy and escorting destroyers suffered such heavy losses to attacks by

3857: 2694: 1965: 1929: 1907: 1650: 1614: 1472: 1467: 1437: 1329: 1161: 772: 638: 616: 13653: 12798: 5708:

Luftwaffe air strength given is from the Quartermaster General 6th Battalion numbers for 29 June 1940.

5455:

depicted the experiences of a group of Polish pilots of No. 303 Squadron RAF in the Battle of Britain.

2381:– proved that the Bf 110 could still be used to good effect in attacking small or "pinpoint" targets. 869: 17865: 17236: 17153: 16938: 16798: 16770: 16603: 16508: 16298: 15731: 14805: 14459: 14275: 14260: 14235: 13788: 13668: 13580: 13481: 7043: 3830: 2710: 2510: 2304: 1637:

assault on Britain, to follow once the Luftwaffe had air superiority over the Channel. In September,

1336: 1076: 1059: 1040: 966: 655: 621: 15003: 14181: 14176: 11443:

A Ruddy Awful Waste: Eric Lock DSO, DFC & Bar; The Brief Life of a Battle of Britain Fighter Ace

10932: 4909: 4857:

German bombing of Britain reached its peak in October and November 1940. In post-war interrogation,

1915:

on 18 June, more than three weeks prior to the generally accepted date for the start of the battle:

1752:

indicated a need for fighters and anti-aircraft protection as well as bombers. On 1 March 1935, the

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822 bombers (per type: 65 Ju 87, 271 Ju 88, 184 Do 17, 223 He 111, 29 He 59, 24 He 159, 34 others)

5363: 4851: 3991:

bombers put a severe strain on RAF pilots and machines, with high RAF losses to Bf 109s. When nine

3800: 2830: 2679: 2626: 2622: 2077:

found that the Luftwaffe lacked the means to do much damage to Britain's war economy beyond laying

1400: 1081: 1035: 671: 402: 15019: 14996: 12776: 6069:

Hans Ring, "Die Luftschlacht über England 1940", Luftfahrt international Ausgabe 12, 1980. p. 580.

3959:. On 3 July most flights were reconnaissance sorties, but 15 civilians were killed when bombs hit 17980: 17397: 17341: 17211: 17071: 16756: 16409: 16305: 16211: 15779: 15647: 15617: 15581: 15566: 15438: 15330: 15308: 15254: 15240: 15222: 14886: 14667: 14395: 14344: 14225: 13924: 13803: 13390: 12724: 8574: 7564: 5622: 5135: 4432: 3289: 3150: 2746:

which added the arms industry as a target. On 16 July, Directive No. 16 ordered preparations for

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War Maps: World War II, From September 1939 to August 1945, Air, Sea, and Land, Battle by Battle

7379: 6874:

Operation Sea Lion – The German Invasion Plans section (David Shears) Thornton Cox 1975 – p. 156

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Leader of the Few: the Authorised Biography of Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding of Bentley Priory

10555: 5466: 5387:

as squadron leaders. Former participants of the battle served as technical advisers, including

4862: 4823:

were diverted to London's defences, but had a much-reduced success rate against night attacks.

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and knowing their range was substantially reduced when escorting bombers or during combat, the

2656:

At the urging of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, an element of the Italian Royal Air Force (

2090: 2053: 1665:

called the 'Battle of France' is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin."

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The Chianti Raiders: The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain

10747: 10600: 7085: 5106: 4588:

and September. Overy indicates the number of serviceable and total strength returns reveal an

4271:, on the outskirts of London. Overnight on 22/23 August, the output of an aircraft factory at 4034: 3626:

During the battle, some commanders, notably Leigh-Mallory, proposed squadrons be formed into "

2919:

3 taking more responsibility for the night bombing and the main daylight operations fell upon

2904: 2791: 2397: 1748:

to deter a preventive attack by France and Poland before Germany could fully rearm. A 1933–34

327: 18134: 17580: 17303: 17146: 17042: 17012: 16968: 16708: 16673: 16666: 16589: 16487: 15928: 15905: 15752: 15363: 14900: 14640: 14626: 14309: 14054: 13958: 13938: 13713: 13633: 13521: 13302: 13035: 13020: 12971: 12955: 11877:

Intruders over Britain: The Story of the Luftwaffe's Night Intruder Force, the Fernnachtjager

11480: 10014: 9894: 6995: 6607: 6603: 6566: 6547: 5726:

1,220 fighters (753 Hurricane, 467 Spitfire) 376 bombers, 148 aircraft (RAF Coastal Command)

5717:

544 aircrew (RAF Fighter Command), 718 (RAF Bomber Command), 280 (RAF Coastal Command) killed

5517: 5470: 5451: 5128: 5101: 4943: 4820: 4745: 4632: 3493: 3211: 2986:, the turning radius of a Bf 109, enabling both aircraft to turn together at high speed. The 2610: 2506: 1733: 1381: 1319: 1197: 1149: 894: 15198: 12297: 11582: 11379: 5884:

This proposal has since been confused, or conflated, with a possible flight by HMG in exile.

5752:

withdrew his directive not to bomb population centres and ordered attacks on British cities.

5429:

magazine outline of the film's historical content as "Totally wrong. The whole bloody lot."

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about the British defences. The German intelligence services were fractured and plagued by

3183:

The biggest disadvantage faced by Bf 109 pilots was that without the benefit of long-range

2992: 2651: 2573: 2463: 2451: 2385: 2378: 2258: 2228: 2216: 2019: 1785: 1709: 1494: 1389: 1223: 1105: 1020: 1010: 850: 433: 51: 9430:"Forgotten frontline exhibition tells how Luftwaffe fought with soldiers on Kent marshes." 9374: 6776: 4647: 3743:) were able to destroy or heavily damage three Bf 109s of II./JG 27 and apparently kill a 3087: 1574:

The primary objective of the German forces was to compel Britain to agree to a negotiated

8: 18064: 17522: 17296: 17174: 17130: 16652: 15786: 15552: 15079: 14909: 14893: 14842: 14191: 14025: 14020: 13981: 13948: 13943: 13884: 13743: 13338: 13282: 13239: 13106: 13015: 13010: 13005: 5794: 5610: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5194: 4961:

Between 24 August and 4 September, German serviceability rates, which were acceptable at

4816: 4601: 4573: 4488: 4375: 4182: 4150: 3780: 3680: 3670: 3587: 3556: 3533: 3159: 3026: 2498: 2447: 2344: 2300: 2244: 1867: 1824: 1789: 1781: 1749: 1717: 1587: 1452: 1414: 1367: 1360: 1324: 1259: 1144: 1025: 904: 784: 10499:"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to ... the Navy." 9946: 4854:, the last action between British and foreign military forces on British mainland soil. 4838:, adapted to take one 250 kg bomb. Small groups of fighter-bombers would carry out 4502:

had lengthy and extensive training, and high standards; with Poland conquered and under

1859:

in early 1940 created a significant political crisis in Britain. In early May 1940, the

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Boulton Paul Defiant: Technical Details and History of the Famous British Night Fighter

11011: 10652: 10648: 10629: 10224: 10036: 5425: 5209: 5089: 5041: 5033: 4778: 4663: 4518: 4480: 4479:

and South Africans. In addition, there were other nationalities represented, including

4323: 4288: 4125:

18 August, which had the greatest number of casualties to both sides, has been dubbed "

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First Light: The Story of the Boy Who Became a Man in the War-Torn Skies Above Britain

8805: 4517:, a Czech regular airman who had flown from the occupation of his own country to join 4514: 4298:

More night raids were made around London on 24/25 August, when bombs fell on Croydon,

3114:

of 109s. Göring stipulated that as many fighters as possible were to be left free for

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Royal Engineers Museum: Royal Engineers during the Second World War (airfield repair)

12630: 12614: 12606: 12598: 12583: 12558: 12550: 12532: 12514: 12499:

For Your Freedom and Ours: The Kościuszko Squadron – Forgotten Heroes of World War II

12484: 12478: 12459: 12444: 12429: 12414: 12406: 12391: 12383: 12361: 12343: 12325: 12303: 12285: 12268: 12252: 12244: 12229: 12214: 12199: 12191: 12176: 12159: 12140: 12124: 12116: 12101: 12089: 12081: 12066: 12051: 12036: 12007: 11989: 11970: 11952: 11934: 11914: 11896: 11880: 11866: 11851: 11829: 11811: 11793: 11768: 11751: 11732: 11712: 11693: 11668: 11649: 11633: 11614: 11588: 11567: 11549: 11528: 11509: 11488: 11467: 11423: 11395: 11364: 11345: 11327: 11304: 11298: 11286: 11268: 11260: 11249: 11234: 11217: 11197: 11178: 11156: 11141: 11122: 11105: 11088: 11062: 11039: 11019: 11000: 10982: 10963: 10957: 10920: 10905: 10879: 10861: 10843: 10825: 10819: 10797: 10759: 10733: 10717: 10705: 10699: 10681: 10662: 10635: 10617: 10586: 10580: 10565: 10531: 10512: 10487: 10452: 10436: 10424: 10400: 10342: 10334: 10322: 10303: 10288: 10272: 10253: 10210: 10174: 6084: 5545: 5151: 5114: 5018: 4886: 4791: 4713: 4668: 4464: 4428: 4335: 4315: 4244: 4010: 3944: 3846: 3804: 3332: 3022: 3006: 2812: 2783: 2706: 2658: 2614: 2522: 2155: 1978: 1871: 1843: 1804: 1769: 1737: 1654: 1617:

recognised the difficulties of a seaborne attack while the Royal Navy controlled the

1536: 1428: 1421: 1395: 1374: 1278: 1130: 1030: 789: 604: 302: 12786: 12661: 11055: 4568: 4187: 3745: 3030: 2729:-laying sorties began at the outset and increased gradually over the battle period. 2683: 2003: 290: 17799: 17794: 17425: 17418: 17362: 17026: 16791: 16777: 16680: 16617: 16568: 16381: 16234: 16181: 15991: 15942: 15856: 15086: 15063: 14596: 14148: 14143: 14074: 14069: 13998: 13928: 13879: 13834: 13773: 13753: 13614: 13343: 13292: 13263: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 11781:

Camouflage and Markings Number 8: Boulton Paul Defiant, RAF Northern Europe 1936–45

10051:"Hollywood updates history of Battle of Britain: Tom Cruise won it all on his own." 5572: 5404:, American participation in the Battle of Britain was exaggerated, as none of the " 5368: 5216:

victory in the skies above Britain', submitted by participants and their families.

4989: 4812: 4499: 3999: 3764: 3727: 3666: 3615: 3573:("vics") of three aircraft, with four such "sections" in tight formation. Only the 3284: 3188: 2530: 2471: 1610: 1575: 1540: 1407: 1346: 1307: 1093: 1064: 599: 577: 14605: 10396:

A Handbook of Fighter Aircraft: Featuring Photographs from the Imperial War Museum

2865:

Albert Kesselring), was responsible for the bombing of south-east England and the

17929: 17779: 17623: 17448: 17160: 17075: 17033: 16931: 16874: 16742: 16524: 16515: 16044: 15626: 15602: 14856: 14171: 14166: 14008: 13953: 13889: 13783: 13619: 13548: 13501: 13333: 13255: 13190: 13043: 12904: 12867: 12793: 12736: 12719: 12668: 12319: 11964: 11928: 11823: 11418:

Watteau, Pierre (June 2000). "Courrier des Lecteurs" [Readers' Letters].

11033: 10949: 10656: 10559: 10394: 10129: 10061: 10057: 9917: 9242: 9207: 9184: 8900: 8812: 8639: 8581: 8044: 7848: 6721: 6354: 5862:

Jeffrey Quill wrote of his combat experience whilst flying with No. 65 Squadron:

5551: 5503: 5415:

was in preparation for release in 2008, based on the story of real-life US pilot

5405: 5186: 5182: 5139: 4786: 4766: 4733: 4703: 4444: 4424: 4408: 4318:. London was on red alert over the night of 28/29 August, with bombs reported in 4224: 4195: 4126: 3987:

altitude and outnumbered the RAF fighters. From 9 July reconnaissance probing by

3956: 3885: 3866:

With the caution that phases drifted into each other and dates are not firm, the

3834: 3697:

the night of 14/15 May against oil and rail targets in Germany. At the urging of

3611: 3574: 3320: 2743: 2111: 1677: 1618: 1583: 1544: 1528: 1447: 1312: 1240: 1192: 1154: 1069: 767: 688: 366: 102: 17560: 11564:

Fighter Pilots in World War II: True Stories of Frontline Air Combat (paperback)

10250:

Battle of Britain : a day-by-day chronicle, 10 July 1940 to 31 October 1940

9456: 8632: 8030: 8028: 5025:

1937 air policy of preventing the Germans from knocking Britain out of the war.

5005:

films, books, magazines, works of art, poetry, radio plays and MOI short films.

4712:

leaving the bombers undefended by fighter escorts. Its eventual stablemate, the

3138:

By September, standard tactics for raids had become an amalgam of techniques. A

2212: 2123:

Luftwaffe had full air superiority. On 2 July, OKW requested preliminary plans.

17455: 16991: 16917: 14969: 14828: 14064: 14032: 14013: 13758: 13317: 13312: 13297: 13234: 12771: 12547:

The Battle of Britain: New Perspectives: Behind the Scenes of the Great Air War

11584:

Park: The Biography of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park, GCB, KBE, MC, DFC, DCL

11578: 11356: 10314: 9235: 9200: 9177: 8893: 5840: 5557: 5117:

summed up the battle with the words, "Never in the field of human conflict was

5060: 5029: 4921: 4890: 4858: 4651: 4610: 4546: 4542: 4448: 4412: 4311: 4292: 4264: 4171:

were transferred to Kesselring's command, reinforcing the fighter bases in the

4110: 3698: 3661: 3481: 3471: 3302: 3252: 3232: 3198: 3076: 3002: 2944: 2409: 2401: 2334: 2265: 1925: 1920: 1693: 1662: 1603: 1556: 1230: 1015: 971: 916: 703: 698: 140: 98: 60: 12674: 12480:

A Question of Honor: The Kościuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II

7570:

Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer, 1953, Volume 1, Chapter 4, p. 71.

6432: 4650:

for raids on communications, power stations, armaments works and docks in the

4133:

was too vulnerable to fighters to operate over Britain. So as to preserve the

2350:

At the start of the battle, the twin-engined Messerschmitt Bf 110C long-range

1598:. As the battle progressed, the Luftwaffe also targeted factories involved in 18177: 17975: 17266: 15191: 15040: 14879: 13810: 13491: 12882: 11520: 11501: 11448: 11427: 11126: 11109: 11092: 10695: 10352: 10276: 8025: 7841: 7386: 5790: 5439: 5388: 5376: 5372: 4808: 4796: 4682:

Smoke rising from fires in the London docks, following bombing on 7 September

4584: 4577: 4339: 4172: 4095: 4003: 3988: 3838: 3736: 3693: 3689: 3635: 3570: 3559:, September 1940. During the battle 19 Squadron was part of the Duxford Wing. 3517: 3401: 3324: 3312: 3256: 3171: 3154: 3092: 2900: 2755: 2586: 2569: 2475: 2417: 2413: 2339: 2262: 2082: 1860: 1808: 1765: 1721: 1689: 1548: 1341: 1166: 996: 390: 260: 195: 12848: 12746: 10074: 7635: 6655:"Directive No. 16 – On preparations for a landing operation against England" 5169:

There are numerous memorials to the battle. The most important ones are the

4732:

deputised for him. Hitler asked "Should we call it off altogether?" General

1948: 507: 17784: 17565: 17369: 15669: 15574: 15205: 14568: 14332: 13874: 12947: 12912: 12853: 12426:

Growth of Fighter Command, 1936–1940 (Air Defence of Great Britain; vol. 1)

12340:

Where the Eagle Landed: The Mystery of the German Invasion of Britain, 1940

10475: 10414: 6567:

Directive No. 9 – Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy

5836: 5814:, lists no aircrew casualties and three 109s in total destroyed or damaged. 5749: 5654: 5053:

is definitely broken, and the RAF has been gaining in strength each week."

4898: 4894: 4834:

From mid September, Luftwaffe daylight bombing was gradually taken over by

4782: 4729: 4436: 4379: 4201: 4167: 4154: 4078: 3983: 3900: 3591: 3520:, used for high-security German radio communications, affected the battle. 3446: 3352: 3307: 2978:) followed at a distance of about 200 m (220 yd) by his wingman, 2892: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2855: 2839: 2834: 2787: 2639: 2494: 2491: 2439: 2287: 2283: 2269: 2138: 2127: 2074: 2015: 1992: 1952: 1891: 1745: 1729: 1560: 1216: 540: 314: 272: 222: 178: 68: 43: 18219:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

18204:

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre

11214:

The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe: The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch

10658:

The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965

7486: 7484: 5548:, a British plan to use every available aircraft against a German invasion 5185:, one of the RAF bases during the battle, and a memorial to the pilots at 4463:

came to the fore. Many squadrons and personnel from the air forces of the

3998:

went into action on 19 July six were lost to Bf 109s before a squadron of

3355:

issuing a communiqué to the German government on 14 July that Britain was

3342:

aircraft were to be shot down. One of the reasons given by Churchill was:

17204: 17190: 16852: 15528: 15349: 15334: 14688: 13909: 13869: 12809:

Interactive map showing Battle of Britain airfields and squadrons by date

12713:

Historical recording BBC: Churchill's "This Was Their Finest Hour" speech

12702: 12686: 11133: 10609: 7582:

Poles in the Battle of Britain: A Photographic Album of the Polish 'Few'

6715:

Directive No. 17 – For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England

5416: 4596:

Other scholars assert that this period was the most dangerous of all. In

4551: 4440: 4383: 4276: 4260: 4118: 4074: 4006: 3842: 3719: 3328: 3047: 2996: 2307:; this allowed the 109 to dive away from attackers more readily than the 1999: 1828: 1820: 1760:

as Chief of Staff. The 1935 Luftwaffe doctrine for "Conduct of Air War" (

1646: 1442: 1245: 664: 582: 11318:

Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002).

10157: 10108: 7842:""The Finnish Fighter Tactics and Training Before and During the WW II." 5110:

Second World War poster containing the famous lines by Winston Churchill

4819:, at this time lacked airborne radar and so could not find the bombers. 4295:

which had failed to find their target; this account has been contested.

3458: 3351:

The British also believed that their crews would report on convoys, the

3287:

systems of which the British were initially not aware. One of these was

3051:, where all the pilots could watch what was happening around them. Each 1811:

the opportunity to test air fighting tactics with their new aeroplanes.

1609:

The Germans had rapidly overwhelmed France and the Low Countries in the

16559: 16312: 16291: 15184: 14517: 14445: 13904: 13899: 13347: 13078: 12932: 11525:

The First and the Last: Germany's Fighter Force in the Second World War

10979:

The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939-45

8485: 7481: 4913: 4541:

The effect of the German attacks on airfields is unclear. According to

4416: 4331: 4284: 4280: 4268: 4228: 4060: 4039: 3978: 3880: 3537: 3477: 3416: 2999: 2738: 2726: 2428:

Although it had been successful in previous Luftwaffe engagements, the

2308: 2276:

The performance of the Spitfire over Dunkirk came as a surprise to the

2107: 2078: 2043: 1816: 1692:, who saw air warfare as a new way to overcome the bloody stalemate of 1579: 1552: 1182: 961: 572: 562: 378: 234: 11613:. Redbourn, Herts, UK: Mushroom Model Publications. pp. 712–714. 10997:

A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945

10775:"A Synopsis of Polish-Allied Military Agreements During World War Two" 4678: 4622: 2526:

30 pilots were released to the front line from administrative duties.

16822: 16227: 16024: 15835: 15633: 15588: 13864: 13353: 13229: 12751: 12657:

Day by Day blog charting the progress of the Battle by ex RAF veteran

12651: 12115:. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 (paperback, 11630:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source, Volume 2

11153:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source, Volume 1

7044:"Report on Comparative Trials of Hurricane versus Messerschmitt 109." 5642: 5162: 5156: 5049: 4878: 4757: 4722: 4628: 4472: 4343: 3960: 3908: 3759: 3751: 3732: 3650: 3582:("rows of idiots") because they left squadrons vulnerable to attack. 3316: 3184: 2939:

had to preserve its strength to be able to support the invasion; the

2804: 2765:

At a meeting on 1 August the command reviewed plans produced by each

2613:, 13 French, 9 Americans, 3 Southern Rhodesians and individuals from 2598: 2420:

for level bombing at medium to high altitudes, and the Junkers Ju 87

2278: 2119:

invasion could only be "the final act in an already victorious war."

1753: 1622: 1568: 1564: 1489: 421: 57: 15109: 12814:

https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201254/http://garry-campion.com/

5127:

ever since, at times being specially commemorated on 15 September, "

4402:

From 24 August onwards, the battle was a fight between Kesselring's

2807:. With increasing difficulty in defending bombers in day raids, the 2717:, the Low Countries and France but incurred significant losses. The 18254:

World War II operations and battles of the Western European Theatre

18229:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

15093: 14821: 12887: 12265:

Battle of Britain: The Forgotten Months, November And December 1940

7670: 7001: 5205: 5048:". The turning point was when the Germans reduced the intensity of 4916:

film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of

4790:

change in strategy. This new phase was to be the first independent

4688: 4476: 4351: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4252: 4048: 3740: 3627: 3096: 2912: 2778: 2343:, could fight on equal terms with RAF fighters after releasing its 2028: 1591: 1187: 17592: 13420: 12139:(First ed.), Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 10319:

The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain

9597: 9595: 3243:, it was ignored if it did not match conventional preconceptions. 2361:

The most successful role of the Bf 110 during the battle was as a

75:

at the start of the Luftwaffe's evening raids of 7 September 1940.

12656: 10631:

With Wings Like Eagles: The Untold Story of the Battle of Britain

7743: 7741: 7658: 5586:

Battle of Britain Class steam locomotives of the Southern Railway

5577: 5442:

played a 101-year-old Polish veteran RAF pilot in the short film

5123: 4846:

A Junkers Ju 88 returning from a raid on London was shot down in

4484: 4327: 4256: 4240: 4086: 3796: 3776: 3772: 3714: 3215: 2969: 2915:. As the battle progressed, command responsibility shifted, with 2606: 2564: 2224: 1713: 64: 12572:, Utrecht/Antwerpen: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum N.V., 1969, No ISBN 12137:

The Good Fight: Battle of Britain Wartime Propaganda and The Few

11344:. New York: Da Capo Press; United States Naval Institute, 2001. 10943:

Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945

10484:

Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War

7548: 4762:

Fighter-bomber attacks on the United Kingdom during World War II

2250: 18224:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany

15703: 14301: 12766: 11361:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

9978: 9592: 7615: 7605: 7603: 6769: 5646: 4355: 4347: 4272: 4090: 3710: 3630:," consisting of at least three squadrons, to attack the enemy 2908: 2866: 2742:

began on 4 July, and were formalised on 11 July in an order by

2590: 2582: 1981:. Potentially, Luftwaffe "operations against England" were to: 1712:, and therefore air crew were trained by means of civilian and 156: 72: 18244:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada

12380:

The Battle of Britain: The Greatest Air Battle of World War II

12226:

303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron

12156:

The Battle of Britain, 1945–1965: The Air Ministry and the Few

11848:

Canada's National Aviation Museum: Its History and Collections

10894:

Royal Air Force 1939–1945. Vol. 1: The Fight at Odds 1939–1941

10582:

The Battle of Britain: The Greatest Air Battle of World War II

10371:

Eagle Day: The Battle of Britain, 6 August – 15 September 1940

9355: 7738: 7682: 6856: 5962: 5481:

In 2019, it was also included in an episode of the docuseries

3125:

varied its tactics to break Fighter Command. It launched many

18140: 15891: 12495:. NB: This book is also published under the following title: 10135:, National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved: 17 February 2009. 8789: 8787: 8785: 7728: 7726: 7252: 7250: 6973: 5541:

Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain

5200:

There are also two museums to the battle: one at Hawkinge in

4861:

described the aims as economic blockade, in conjunction with

4751: 4494:

They were bolstered by the arrival of fresh Czechoslovak and

4227:(on the outskirts of London) instead of the intended target, 3228: 3164: 2888: 2854:(Air Fleets) opposite Britain's southern and eastern coasts. 2560:

Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain

1768:

and providing battlefield support for army and naval forces.

1613:, leaving Britain to face the threat of invasion by sea. The 12403:

The Battle of Britain (Air Defence of Great Britain; vol. 2)

11628:

de Zeng, Henry L., Doug G. Stankey and Eddie J. Creek,

10902:

Invasion, 1940: Did the Battle of Britain Alone Stop Hitler?

8633:"RAF History: Air/Sea Search and Rescue – 60th Anniversary." 8369: 8367: 7600: 6613: 5554:, a British plan to use fire ships to attack invasion barges 4513:, the highest-scoring Allied unit, were strongly motivated. 4186:

with younger, more aggressive pilots like Adolf Galland and

3239:

assessment of Fighter Command strengths and capabilities by

16:

WWII air battle fought between German and British air forces

12243:. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2005. (hardcover, 11231:

Operation Sea Lion; The German Plan to Invade Britain 1940.

10241:

Their Finest Hour: The Story of the Battle of Britain, 1940

8770: 8686: 8388:, pp. 276–277, 309–310, 313–314, 320–321, 329–330, 331 6210: 5190: 4950:

and 27 other types were destroyed between 1 and 29 August.

4939: 4847: 4613:, in his 1953 contribution to the official British account 4536: 4287:, and that night, several areas of London were bombed; the 3861:

German Heinkel He 111 bombers over the English Channel 1940

3829:

RAF aircrew were issued with a life jacket, nicknamed the "

3702: 3656: 12799:

New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain (official history)

12787:

New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain (NZHistory.net.nz)

12762:

ADLG Visits RAF Uxbridge Battle of Britain Operations Room

12528:

The Battle of Britain: Dowding and the First Victory, 1940

12358:

Action Stations: Military Airfields of Greater London v. 8

11138:

The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940

10934:

The Canadian Army 1939–1945 An Official Historical Summary

10756:

Battle of Britain: The Pilots and Planes That Made History

9100: 9098: 9096: 8782: 7758: 7756: 7723: 7646: 7247: 6757: 6443: 6441: 5789:

Albrecht von Ankum-Frank was killed on 2 August 1940 in a

5408:" of American volunteers saw action in Europe before 1941. 4889:

throughout the war, although they often spent weekends at

3017:(two patrols; four aircraft), for similar reasons, though 11893:

Spitfire Mark I/II Aces 1939–41 (Aircraft of the Aces 12)

8966: 8568: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8439: 8364: 7824: 7822: 7701: 7699: 7697: 6961: 6949: 6877: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6732: 6730: 6673: 6495: 6453: 6290: 5338:

any relevant information into other sections or articles.

2818: 2200:

List of officially accredited Battle of Britain squadrons

12772:

The Falco and Regia Aeronautica in the Battle of Britain

12033:

The Burning Blue: A New History of the Battle of Britain

9216: 8734: 8015: 8013: 7711: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7503: 7501: 7499: 4687:

first official deployment of 12 Group's Leigh-Mallory's

3684:

civilians. After the initial disasters of the war, with

3598: 2736:

blockade of Britain. Attacks on Channel shipping in the

2589:

between 10 July and 31 October 1940. These included 145

2061:

Göring to open negotiations. Shortly afterwards, in the

1688:, was among the military strategists in the 1920s, like 12511:

Messerschmitt Bf 109 F, G, and K: An Illustrated Study.

12471:

British Destroyers; a History of Development 1892–1953.

11317: 11265:

Hitler's War: Germany's Key Strategic Decisions 1940–45

11151:

de Zeng, Henry L., Doug G. Stankey and Eddie J. Creek.

9974:

Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic

9438: 9410: 9333: 9331: 9093: 8857: 8710: 8649: 8491: 8220: 8038:

Intelligence Appreciation of the RAF (see "Appendix 4")

7780: 7753: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7315: 7313: 6901: 6889: 6438: 6314: 6278: 6254: 6198: 5563:

Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II

4022:

The main attack upon the RAF's defences was code-named

3301:

The Luftwaffe was much better prepared for the task of

1834: 1708:

Germany was forbidden a military air force by the 1919

14963:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

11865:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1971. 9534: 9532: 9507: 9505: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9143:, p. 117 Note: OKW War diary, 6–9 September 1940. 8468: 8126: 8124: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7819: 7694: 6913: 6793: 6747: 6745: 6727: 6690: 6688: 6266: 6141: 5121:". Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as 4992:

matched Britain's efforts in claiming the upper hand.

4361: 4029: 3911:

commences, main focus day and night attacks on London.

2299:

manoeuvres without the engine cutting out because its

1888:

evacuation of British and French soldiers from Dunkirk

1602:

and strategic infrastructure. Eventually, it employed

18118: 12804:

Battle for Britain, short film starring Julian Glover

12173:

The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure

11546:

Fight for the Sky: Stories of Wartime Fighter Pilots.

11303:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. 10435:(Originally published: London: Jonathan Cape, 1977.) 8698: 8010: 7513: 7496: 7262: 7013: 6937: 6925: 6348:"A Short History of the Royal Air Force," pp. 99–100. 6116: 6113:. Retrieved: 17 November 2010, archived 2 March 2009. 3516:

It is unclear how much the British intercepts of the

3315:

floatplanes, with picking up downed aircrew from the

1606:

on areas of political significance and on civilians.

1582:. On 1 August, the Luftwaffe was directed to achieve 12549:. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1994 (hardcover, 12004:

Messerschmitt Bf 110 'Zerstōrer' Aces of World War 2

11966:

Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The JU 87 at War 1936–1945

10387:

The Second World War – The Grand Alliance (Volume 3)

9867: 9367: 9343: 9328: 9316: 9158: 8869: 8746: 8722: 7768: 7464: 7310: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6302: 6185: 6183: 6170: 6168: 5493: 4707:

Members of the London Auxiliary Firefighting Service

4103:

5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign.

12295: 11632:. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. 11466:, London: Hodder Paperbacks Ltd for Coronet Books, 11300:

Strategy for defeat : the Luftwaffe, 1933–1945

11246:

Invasion: The German Invasion of England, July 1940

11155:. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. 11140:. Lawrence, Kansas: Kansas University Press, 1997. 10379:

The Second World War – Their Finest Hour (Volume 2)

9947:"Battle of Britain Museum opened by Prince Charles" 9529: 9517: 9502: 9287: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8107: 7942: 7621: 6742: 6685: 6657:. Führer Headquarters. 16 July 1940. Archived from 6647: 5875:

Bf 109 leaking valves, supercharger faults/failure.

4623:

Day and night attacks on London: start of the Blitz

1720:airline developed designs for aircraft such as the 12605:(hardcover); Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2003. 12213:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2010. 12175:. New York: Jane's Publishing Incorporated, 1981. 11435: 11378: 11054: 10878:, London: Battle of Britain Prints International, 10860:, London: Battle of Britain Prints International, 10842:, London: Battle of Britain Prints International, 10758:. London, United Kingdom: Hodder & Stoughton. 10300:The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean 8661: 7298: 7071:"Calibration of Hurricane L1717 Merlin II Engine." 6507: 3614:(RAF) pilots during the Battle of Britain, with a 2776:to shoot down. On 6 August he finalised plans for 2048:free hand in Eastern Europe, and repeated this to 1732:organised rapid expansion, and following the 1933 12513:Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1995. 12428:. London; New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 2000. 11951:. Sarasota, Florida: Crestline Publishers, 1996. 11506:Wings of Freedom: Twelve Battle of Britain Pilots 11326:] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. 11216:, Dorney, Windsor, UK: Focal Point Publications, 10750:Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand 1953. 10528:Action Station 4: Military Airfields of Yorkshire 10203:Allen, Hubert Raymond "Dizzy", Wing Commander RAF 9885:Speech to the House of Commons on 20 August 1940. 7797: 7795: 6595: 6593: 6180: 6165: 5355: 4930:Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories 2709:of the army at the battlefront succeeded against 2286:(7.7mm) machine guns while most Bf 109Es had two 2158:of the army succeeded brilliantly. They reserved 2036: 1863:questioned the fitness for office of the British 18175: 12443:. London/New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003. 12405:. London/New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 2000. 12063:The Battle of Britain – An Epic Battle Revisited 11194:Luftwaffe at War: Blitzkrieg in the West, Vol. 2 11177:. New York: Da Capo Press, First Edition, 1997. 10446: 10420:Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain 10099:16 September 2010. Retrieved: 29 September 2010. 10040:, 9 September 2003. Retrieved: 28 December 2007. 8764: 8104: 6343: 6341: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5911: 5909: 5735:812 fighters (per type: 569 Bf 109, 243 Bf 110) 4893:to visit their daughters, Elizabeth (the future 4471:, including top-level commanders – Australians, 3870:states that five main phases can be identified: 3033:, among others) are generally given credit. The 2850:regrouped after the Battle of France into three 2568:126 German aircraft or "Adolfs" were claimed by 1969:or "High Command of the Armed Forces") issued a 1625:. On 16 July, Hitler ordered the preparation of 946: 131: 12371:Harding, Thomas. "It's baloney, say RAF aces". 12048:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 11729:Hurricane Aces 1939–1940 (Aircraft of the Aces) 11692:. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. 11566:. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books Ltd, 2004. 10701:The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality 10007: 9457:"George VI and Elizabeth during the war years." 9435:, 30 September 2009. Retrieved: 21 August 2010. 9375:"Image: 65-quill-12aug40.jpg, (1000 × 1590 px)" 6097: 5952: 5950: 5948: 2698: 18249:Military history of Canada during World War II 13422:British Empire battles of the Second World War 12685:, (52 min.) complete film documentary by 12557:); London: Orion Publishing, 1996 (paperback, 12473:London: Seely Service & Co. Limited, 1966. 12296:Gretzyngier, Robert; Matusiak, Wojtek (1998). 11683:. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. 10919:. London: Cassell, 2004 (First edition 1947). 10647: 9762: 7792: 7636:"The Battle of Britain's enigmatic Czech hero" 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6590: 6558: 6556: 6034: 6016:"Battle of Britain RAF and FAA Roll of Honour" 4069:opened with a series of attacks, led again by 3157:, the successful leader of III./JG 26, became 2548: 1594:, it shifted the attacks to RAF airfields and 18214:United Kingdom home front during World War II 17608: 14317: 13406: 12834: 11706: 11408: 10956:Taylor, A. J. P.; Mayer, S. L., eds. (1974). 10810:Pope, Stephan. "Across the Ether: Part One". 10753: 10578: 10065:, 11 April 2004. Retrieved: 28 December 2007. 10002:Battle of Britain: Special Edition DVD (1969) 9562: 9269: 9257: 9152: 7664: 7395: 7337: 7148: 6338: 6065: 6063: 6061: 5974: 5906: 5839:and the OKW War Diary for 14 September 1940. 5568:Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain 3688:bombers shot down in large numbers attacking 2377:) for the emerging successor to the 110, the 2371:– initially formed as the service test unit ( 1943: 1911:speech delivered by Winston Churchill in the 1736:, his subordinate Robert Knauss formulated a 1586:over the RAF, with the aim of incapacitating 932: 537: 523: 11949:Messerschmitt Bf 109: The Operational Record 11913:, Enderby, Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books, 11479: 11420:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 11392:Jagdflieger: Luftwaffe Fighter Pilot 1939–45 11119:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et Son Histoire 11102:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 11085:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 11031: 11010: 10551:, 25 August 2006. Retrieved: 25 August 2006. 10269:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 10229:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9831: 9613: 9601: 9586: 9116: 9063: 8998: 8996: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8238: 7912: 7343: 7331: 6577: 6575: 6515:"Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War" 6040: 5968: 5945: 5536:List of RAF aircrew in the Battle of Britain 5361:The battle was the subject of the 1969 film 5175:Battle of Britain Memorial at Capel-le-Ferne 3767:Harbour, France during the Battle of Britain 3210:The Luftwaffe was ill-served by its lack of 3110:could only be properly protected by several 3095:left by British and German aircraft after a 3082: 1728:began training Germans in the Soviet Union. 1703: 12065:. Eskilstuna: Vaktel Books/Casemate, 2010. 11879:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1989. 11861:Moyes, Philip, J. R., "The Fairey Battle." 11259: 11116: 11099: 11082: 10955: 10466:Dye, Air Commodore Peter J. (Winter 2000), 10266: 9997: 9995: 8479: 7586:Barnsley, Air World (Pen & Sword): 2020 7392:16 August 2009. Retrieved: 3 November 2010. 6991: 6625: 6599: 6553: 6533: 5476:Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject 4251:. Night raids were made on 21/22 August on 2501:and was, at the time, the RAF's leading ace 1829:a long-range, four-engined strategic bomber 17615: 17601: 14324: 14310: 14119:Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands 13413: 13399: 12841: 12827: 12624: 12613:(hardcover); London: Penguin Books, 2003. 12476: 12375:, 24 August 2006. Retrieved: 3 March 2007. 11988:(2nd ed.), London: Crécy Publishing, 11930:How the Spitfire Won the Battle of Britain 11911:The Spitfire Story: Revised second edition 11863:Aircraft in Profile, Volume 2 (nos. 25–48) 11850:. Ottawa: National Aviation Museum, 1988. 11825:Hurricane: Victor of the Battle of Britain 11233:London: Cassel Military Paperbacks, 1999. 10952:Queen's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF) 10814:, Vol. 23, No. 5, Issue No. 265, May 1995. 10504:, 24 August 2006. Retrieved: 3 March 2007. 10474:, vol. 24, no. 4, archived from 9747:, introduction by A.J.P. Taylor, pp. 12–17 9407:Steinhilper, op. cit., p.280,282, 295–297. 8983: 8981: 7609: 7595: 6548:Directive No. 6 for the Conduct of the War 6078: 6072: 6058: 5596:Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne 5150:Plans for the Battle of Britain window in 4752:Night time Blitz, fighter-bomber day raids 4646:detailed target plans under the code name 4207: 1819:to require that all new bombers had to be 939: 925: 530: 516: 12652:The Battle of Britain Historical Timeline 12625:Zaloga, Steven J.; Hook, Richard (1982). 12454:McGlashan, Kenneth B. with Owen P. Zupp. 12360:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1984. 12211:The Royal Navy and The Battle of Britain. 12078:Fighter Boys: The Battle of Britain, 1940 12006:, Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 11821: 11787: 11731:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 11711:. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. 10598: 10376: 10366:(1962, Batsford's British Battles series) 10302:. New York: Square One Publishers, 2002. 9768: 9484: 8993: 8939: 8881: 8451: 8154: 8071: 8069: 7112: 7058: 6705: 6703: 6572: 6387: 3918:raids luring RAF fighters into dogfights. 2408:The Luftwaffe's primary bombers were the 2148: 169: 18239:Battles of World War II involving Canada 12458:. London: Grub Street Publishing, 2007. 12190:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. 12020: 11986:The Bristol Blenheim: A Complete History 10976: 10891: 10579:Hough, Richard; Richards, Denis (2007), 10522: 10413: 9992: 9804:Evans, Richard J. "Immoral Rearmament". 9780: 9756: 9744: 9075: 8915: 8839: 8462: 8115: 7446: 7422: 7401: 6919: 6517:. Berlin. 31 August 1939. Archived from 6433:"Battle of Britain – finest hour speech" 6332: 6296: 5145: 5105: 5095: 4908: 4825: 4765: 4702: 4677: 4636: 4567: 4537:Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF 4365: 4144: 4105: 4033: 3934: 3856: 3758: 3660: 3657:Bomber and Coastal Command contributions 3606: 3547: 3457: 3149: 3086: 2968:employed a loose section of two (called 2829: 2678: 2563: 2486: 2396: 2249: 2211: 2192:RAF Fighter Command Order of Battle 1940 1963:When war commenced, Hitler and the OKW ( 1947: 1838: 147: 18234:Battles of World War II involving Italy 12317: 12262: 12153: 12134: 11767:. Bedford, UK: SAM Publications, 2004. 11709:Merlin in Perspective: The Combat Years 11681:Famous Fighters of the Second World War 11548:Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1986. 11519: 11417: 11389: 10876:The Battle of Britain Then and Now Mk V 10791: 10773:Peszke, Michael Alfred (October 1980), 10748:New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force 10730:The Bombing War : Europe 1939–1945 10554: 10144: 9933: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9673: 8978: 8951: 8927: 8620: 8608: 8190: 7855:January 2006. Retrieved: 26 April 2008. 7813: 7566:New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force 7490: 6435:on Youtube. Retrieved: 1 February 2015. 6010: 6008: 5927: 5915: 5177:in Kent. As well as Westminster Abbey, 4904: 4461:multinational nature of Fighter Command 3852: 3563: 3305:than the RAF, specifically tasking the 3075:increasingly resorted to forming large 2891:, the Midlands and north-west England. 2705:strategy. The doctrine of concentrated 1645:Germany's failure to destroy Britain's 186: 18176: 17986:Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment 16171: 16149:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 13719:Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940) 12267:, Wythenshawe, Lancashire, UK: Crécy, 12228:. Los Angeles: Aquila Polonica, 2010. 11983: 11926: 11745: 11726: 11608: 11577: 11355: 11296: 11211: 11188: 11052: 10930: 10873: 10855: 10837: 10772: 10585:, New York: W.W. Norton & Co Inc, 10511:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982, 10392: 10313: 10247: 10238: 9873: 9819: 9792: 9732: 9720: 9649: 9574: 9550: 9538: 9523: 9511: 9472: 9310: 9298: 9281: 9228: 9170: 9140: 9128: 8972: 8793: 8740: 8704: 8596: 8562: 8550: 8539: 8527: 8515: 8503: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8373: 8334: 8322: 8298: 8286: 8178: 8142: 8098: 8086: 8066: 8060: 8019: 7989: 7977: 7965: 7953: 7924: 7900: 7888: 7864: 7801: 7732: 7717: 7705: 7652: 7633: 7536: 7524: 7507: 7475: 7458: 7434: 7367: 7304: 7292: 7256: 7181: 7160: 7136: 7100: 7086:"RAE Chart of Spitfire I, Merlin III." 7031: 7019: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6814: 6787: 6763: 6709: 6700: 6679: 6638: 6619: 6581: 6539: 6501: 6459: 6447: 6405: 6381: 6320: 6308: 6284: 6260: 6244: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6194:The Luftwaffe: Origins and Preparation 6189: 6174: 6159: 5999: 5987: 5956: 5939: 4263:. That morning, bombs were dropped on 3385:Commander-in-Chief, Air Chief Marshal 17909:List of equipment of the RAF Regiment 17596: 17020:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 16452:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 16098:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 16054:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 15159:Rape during the occupation of Germany 14305: 13987:Battle of Kowloon and New Territories 13394: 12822: 12477:Olson, Lynne; Cloud, Stanley (2003). 12080:. New York: Viking, 2003 (hardcover, 11908: 11890: 11778: 11748:Spitfire vs Bf 109: Battle of Britain 11687: 11678: 11643: 11458: 11376: 11032:Wood, Derek; Dempster, Derek (2003). 10824:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 10817: 10732:. London & New York: Allen Lane. 10727: 10694: 10675: 10627: 10468:"Logistics and the Battle of Britain" 10447:Deighton, Len; Hastings, Max (1980). 10201: 9843: 9661: 9637: 9625: 9444: 9416: 9361: 9349: 9337: 9322: 9222: 9164: 9104: 9087: 9051: 9039: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8827: 8776: 8752: 8728: 8716: 8692: 8655: 8445: 8358: 8346: 8310: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8166: 8130: 8075: 7936: 7828: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7747: 7688: 7676: 7549:"The Airmen of the Battle of Britain" 7319: 7280: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7124: 7007: 6979: 6826: 6802: 6751: 6736: 6724:, Führer Headquarters, 1 August 1940. 6694: 6562: 6393: 6272: 6147: 6052: 5843:'s notes, ND 803-PS, record the same. 5308: 5160:also the focus of several letters in 3599:Squadron- and higher-level deployment 3555:, a late production Mk I Spitfire of 3453: 2960: 2674: 2630:invasions, fought with distinction. 2257:, a late production Spitfire Mk I of 2196:Luftwaffe Order of Battle August 1940 2068: 920: 511: 18147: 18103: 16142:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 15174:Rape during the liberation of France 12662:Battle Of Britain Historical Society 12282:Blitz: The Story of 29 December 1940 12001: 11962: 11788:Lloyd, Sir Ian; Pugh, Peter (2004). 11667:. Surrey, UK: Red Kite Books, 2005. 11413:. New York: Doubleday & Company. 11409:Wagner, Ray; Nowarra, Heinz (1971). 10904:New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005. 10116: 9911:"Battle of Britain 70th Anniversary" 9246:Battle of Britain Historical Society 9211:Battle of Britain Historical Society 9188:Battle of Britain Historical Society 8904:Battle of Britain Historical Society 8816:Battle of Britain Historical Society 7876: 7355: 7268: 7241: 7229: 6005: 5421:Battle of Britain Monument in London 5312: 5171:Battle of Britain Monument in London 4942:in February 1944) translated by the 4382:, F/O Grzeszczak, P/O Radomski, P/O 3922: 3278: 2911:, attacked the north of England and 2585:with an eligible unit of the RAF or 2404:bombers during the Battle of Britain 1835:First stages of the Second World War 1823:, and led to the development of the 1674:Strategic bombing during World War I 1559:(UK) against large-scale attacks by 17810:Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Service 17622: 12524: 12050:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. 10754:Pearson, Simon; Gorman, Ed (2020). 10546:"Battle of Britain was won at sea." 10465: 9496: 9422: 9201:"7 September 1940 – The Aftermath." 9027: 9015: 8987: 7634:Bowlby, Chris (15 September 2018). 6369: 5531:List of Battle of Britain squadrons 5526:List of Battle of Britain airfields 5411:As of 2003, a Hollywood film named 5303:Monument of Polish Pilots, Northolt 4394:, Sgt. Rogowski, Sgt. Szaposznikow. 4362:Attacks on airfields from 24 August 4030:Assault on RAF: radar and airfields 3814: 3530:No. 421 (Reconnaissance) Flight RAF 3462:RAF and Luftwaffe bases, group and 3009:adopted similar formations, called 2474:and the obsolescent single-engined 2231:fought against the RAF's workhorse 1716:. Following a 1923 memorandum, the 13: 18050:Combined Cadet Force (RAF section) 16368:German invasion of the Netherlands 14648:Weather events during World War II 14266:Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence 12441:Night Air Defence During the Blitz 12188:Finest Hour: The Battle of Britain 12100:. London: Harper Perennial, 2004. 11057:The ordeal of total war, 1939–1945 10530:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stevens. 5601:Battle of Britain Monument, London 5220:Memorials to the Battle of Britain 4773:spotter scans the skies of London. 4165:2, and the bulk of the Bf 109s in 3971: 3939:Interior of RAF Fighter Command's 3763:German invasion barges waiting at 2179: 1698:the bomber will always get through 1535:, "air battle for England") was a 21:Battle of Britain (disambiguation) 14: 18265: 16999:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 13458:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 12752:Tangmere Military Aviation Museum 12693:The Battle of Britain "In Photos" 12098:Fighter Boys: Saving Britain 1940 11648:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 11248:. London: Greenhill Books, 1990. 10357:The Defence of the United Kingdom 10285:Air Power in the Age of Total War 10159:Greatest Events of WWII in Colour 9977:, Royal Air Force, archived from 9236:"8 September – 9 September 1940." 8002:"Lt Col Earle Lund, USAF, p. 13." 6107:Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 5591:Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 5483:Greatest Events of WWII in Colour 5449:In 2018, a biographical war film 5329:list of miscellaneous information 5119:so much owed by so many to so few 4850:on 27 September resulting in the 4529:("Channel sickness") – a form of 4374:pilots, 1940. Left to right: P/O 4204:" to fight was to be encouraged. 3507: 3296: 2186:Aircraft of the Battle of Britain 2101: 1740:incorporating Douhet's ideas and 18156: 18128: 18102: 17966:Assistant Chief of the Air Staff 17559: 14331: 14114:Evacuation of British Somaliland 12597:. New York: Viking Books, 2002. 12509:Prien, Jochen and Peter Rodeike. 12031:Addison, Paul and Jeremy Crang. 11508:. London: William Kimber, 1980. 11377:Smith, Howard Kingsbury (1942). 10858:The Blitz Then and Now: Volume 2 10840:The Blitz Then and Now: Volume 1 10605:, New York: Simon & Schuster 10602:Report on England, November 1940 10150: 10138: 10102: 10083: 10080:, 2010. Retrieved: 7 March 2014. 10068: 10043: 10025: 10004:BBC. Retrieved: 22 December 2011 9965: 9939: 9927: 9904: 9888: 9879: 9858: 9849: 9837: 9825: 9813: 9798: 9786: 9774: 9750: 9738: 9726: 9714: 9702: 9690: 9678: 9667: 9655: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9607: 9580: 9568: 9556: 9544: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9450: 9401: 9392: 9304: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9193: 9146: 9134: 9122: 9110: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8957: 8945: 8933: 8921: 8909: 8845: 8833: 8821: 8799: 8758: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8556: 8544: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8497: 8427: 8415: 8403: 8391: 8379: 8352: 8340: 8328: 8316: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8268: 8256: 8244: 8232: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8148: 8136: 8092: 8080: 8054: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7930: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7834: 7807: 7627: 7589: 7573: 7557: 7542: 7530: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7407: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7325: 7286: 7274: 7235: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7187: 6104:"92 Squadron – Geoffrey Wellum." 5887: 5878: 5869: 5856: 5846: 5835:: Irving's sources were General 5826: 5817: 5800: 5783: 5773: 5764: 5510: 5496: 5459: 5317: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5090:the liberation of Western Europe 4744:15 September is commemorated as 4600:, published in 1961, historians 4443:were also attacked in strength. 3532:. This unit (which later became 3438: 3423: 3408: 3393: 3378: 3064:could quickly change direction. 2662:) called the Italian Air Corps ( 2073:A May 1939 planning exercise by 427: 414: 396: 384: 372: 359: 334: 321: 308: 296: 284: 266: 254: 241: 228: 216: 188: 171: 149: 133: 89:(3 months and 3 weeks) 50: 18060:RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine 17940:List of serving senior officers 14291:Western Approaches Escort Force 13453:Recapture of British Somaliland 13375:RAF strategic bombing offensive 12782:The Royal Mint Memorial website 12777:History of North Weald Airfield 12382:. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989. 11933:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 11783:. London: Ducimus Book Limited. 11765:Fairey Battle, Aviation Guide 1 11436:Autobiographies and biographies 11018:, London: Futura Publications, 10821:The Hardest Day: 18 August 1940 10780:The Journal of Military History 10486:. London: Andre Deutsch, 1990. 10190: 7622:Gretzyngier & Matusiak 1998 7175: 7166: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7079: 7064: 7052: 7037: 7025: 6868: 6777:My Last Appeal to Great Britain 6465: 6426: 6411: 6399: 6375: 6363: 6326: 6153: 6046: 5993: 5755: 5742: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5701: 5691: 5375:as Keith Park. It also starred 4872: 4616:History of the Second World War 4212:On the afternoon of 15 August, 4017: 3487:Reports from CH radars and the 3371: 3205: 2635:No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron 2605:, 10 Irish, 32 Australians, 28 2323:The Bf 109E was also used as a 2087:counter to the British blockade 1807:(1936–1939) gave the Luftwaffe 18209:World War II strategic bombing 17246:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 14956:Territorial changes of Germany 14864:Indonesian National Revolution 14149:Bombardment of Northern Malaya 14144:Bombardment of Andaman Islands 13825:Battle of the Heligoland Bight 13443:Invasion of British Somaliland 12708:BBC History Overview of Battle 12342:. London: Robson Books, 2004. 11969:. MBI Publishing Company LLC. 11445:. London: Fighting High, 2016. 10634:, New York: Harper Perennial, 10472:Air Force Journal of Logistics 10207:Who Won the Battle of Britain? 10021:. 2 November 1942. p. 37. 9428:Green, Ron and Mark Harrison. 7390:airlandseaweapons.devhub.com, 7010:, pp. 66–67, 70, 75, 690. 6477:Holocaust Educational Resource 5933: 5921: 5682: 5673: 5660: 5657:, which began on 22 June 1941. 5635: 5356:Film and television depictions 3891:17 July – 12 August: daylight 2037:Negotiated peace or neutrality 2020:Soviet Union was to be invaded 1: 16646:Japanese invasion of Thailand 16597:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 16361:German invasion of Luxembourg 14742:Mediterranean and Middle East 13964:Liberation of the Netherlands 13448:Capture of Italian Somaliland 13380:United States Army Air Forces 12757:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 12186:Craig, Phil and Tim Clayton. 12123:); Obscure Press (paperback, 11285:. New York: Doubleday, 1969. 11196:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 10874:Ramsay, Winston, ed. (1989), 10856:Ramsay, Winston, ed. (1988), 10838:Ramsay, Winston, ed. (1987), 10377:Churchill, Winston S (1949), 10033:"New flight plan for Cruise." 10015:"Eagles Switch to U. S. Army" 9002:Dye, Air Vice Marshal Peter. 8894:"19 August – 24 August 1940." 7679:, pp. 67–68, 71, 80, 92. 7554:. Retrieved: 29 January 2017. 7139:, pp. 415, 516, 526, 796 6479:. 23 May 1939. Archived from 6423:. Retrieved: 17 January 2012. 5900: 5606:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 5279:St James's Church, Paddington 5179:St James's Church, Paddington 4982: 3821:Royal Air Force Marine Branch 3311:unit, equipped with about 30 3067:The Bf 110s adopted the same 2576:during the Battle of Britain. 1756:was formally announced, with 1668: 728:Mediterranean and Middle East 16553:Invasion of the Soviet Union 16242:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 15560:Independent State of Croatia 14271:Battle of the Denmark Strait 14134:Battle of the Malacca Strait 12850:Air Defence of Great Britain 12645: 12580:Duel of Eagles (new edition) 12284:. New York: Harcourt, 2006. 11707:Harvey-Bailey, Alec (1995). 11690:Warplanes of the Third Reich 11076: 10451:. Diane Publishing Company. 9807:The New York Review of Books 9248:. Retrieved: 12 August 2009. 9213:. Retrieved: 12 August 2009. 9190:. Retrieved: 12 August 2009. 8906:. Retrieved: 12 August 2009. 8765:Deighton & Hastings 1980 6079:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 5474:was the winner of the first 5012: 4781:invasion. In agreement with 4563:Civilian Repair Organisation 4489:British mandate of Palestine 4487:and a Jewish pilot from the 4175:. Stripped of its fighters, 3543: 1726:Lipetsk fighter-pilot school 709:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 17835:RAF Mountain Rescue Service 17830:RAF Search and Rescue Force 17537:End of World War II in Asia 17377:Western invasion of Germany 16884:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 16861:Second Battle of El Alamein 16431:Hundred Regiments Offensive 16403:Battle of the Mediterranean 16256:Italian invasion of Albania 14430:Air warfare of World War II 14004:Japanese invasion of Malaya 13477:Second Battle of El Alamein 13201:Women's Auxiliary Air Force 13186:Battle of Britain airfields 11808:Hawker Aircraft since 1920. 11602: 11390:Stedman, Robert F. (2012). 11297:Murray, Williamson (2002). 10999:. London: Macmillan, 1985. 10981:. Hodder & Stroughton. 10287:. London: UCL Press, 1999. 9924:. Retrieved: 18 March 2015. 9901:. Retrieved: 18 March 2015. 9810:, No. 20, 20 December 2007. 8818:. Retrieved: 19 March 2015. 8587:. Retrieved: 16 April 2008. 8575:"Speech of 20 August 1940." 8051:.. Retrieved: 13 June 2008. 7295:, pp. 84, 178, 269–273 7091:. Retrieved: 19 March 2015. 7089:wwiiaircraftperformance.org 7076:. Retrieved: 19 March 2015. 7074:wwiiaircraftperformance.org 7049:. Retrieved: 19 March 2015. 7047:wwiiaircraftperformance.org 6610:, Headquarters, 24 May 1940 6569:, Berlin, 29 November 1939. 6360:.. Retrieved: 10 July 2011. 5653:, the campaign against the 5489: 5231:Victoria Embankment, London 5034:William "Wild Bill" Donovan 3888:battles") against shipping. 3013:(patrol; two aircraft) and 2907:) from his headquarters in 2701:was reflected in shifts in 2549:International participation 2460:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 2207: 2110:posed to a crossing of the 2063:May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis 2057:efforts with his generals. 1881:British Expeditionary Force 1744:. This proposed a fleet of 10: 18270: 18189:1940 in the United Kingdom 17991:Warrant Officer of the RAF 17686:Operational Training units 17463:Naval bombardment of Japan 16831:First Battle of El Alamein 16750:Battle of Christmas Island 16695:Japanese invasion of Burma 16459:Italian invasion of Greece 16375:German invasion of Belgium 16347:German invasion of Denmark 16320:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 16189:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 14453:Comparative military ranks 14286:Western Local Escort Force 14038:Japanese invasion of Burma 13992:Battle of Hong Kong Island 13920:Clearing the Channel Coast 13709:Battle of the Ligurian Sea 13689:Battle of Cape Spartivento 13472:First Battle of El Alamein 12703:Battle of Britain Memorial 12299:Polish Aces of World War 2 11828:. Hodder & Stoughton. 11587:. Grub Street Publishers. 11487:. Hodder & Stoughton. 11342:Erich Rader, Grand Admiral 10959:A History of World War Two 10937:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer. 10728:Overy, Richard J. (2013). 10373:. London: Pan Books, 1968. 10195: 9463:. Retrieved: 30 June 2008. 8007:. Retrieved: 13 June 2008. 6083:. McFarland. p. 440. 5616:Spirit of the Few Monument 5099: 4927: 4755: 4626: 4545:, Dowding, in a letter to 4457:Operational Training Units 4153:relax in the crew room at 3963:in Surrey. Numerous small 3818: 3476:During early tests of the 3469: 2955: 2649: 2557: 2392: 2189: 2183: 1966:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1944:German aims and directives 1908:This was their finest hour 1870:. On 10 May, the same day 1505:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1500:Strategic Bombing Campaign 428: 385: 18: 18083: 18035: 17999: 17953: 17935:List of notable personnel 17917: 17879: 17866:Royal Auxiliary Air Force 17858: 17770: 17740: 17732:Satellite Landing Grounds 17714: 17648: 17639: 17630: 17552: 17384:Bratislava–Brno offensive 17324: 17315:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 17052: 16939:Allied invasion of Sicily 16893: 16799:Aleutian Islands campaign 16771:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 16718: 16709:Greek famine of 1941–1944 16604:Second Battle of Changsha 16509:German invasion of Greece 16477: 16354:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 16329: 16267: 16162: 16043: 15769: 15679: 15527: 15230: 15221: 14979: 14804: 14696:North and Central Pacific 14657: 14419: 14412: 14339: 14276:Newfoundland Escort Force 14261:Battle of the River Plate 14244: 14157: 13972: 13850:Battle of the Netherlands 13596:Evacuation of Spitsbergen 13581:Battle of the Barents Sea 13562: 13482:Italian invasion of Egypt 13428: 13362: 13326: 13275: 13213: 13178: 13105: 13077: 13034: 12996: 12989: 12964: 12946: 12903: 12896: 12860: 12767:British Invasion Defences 12582:. London: Phoenix, 2000. 12525:Ray, John Philip (2003). 12354:Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore 12035:. London: Pimlico, 2000. 11792:. Cambridge: Icon Books. 11779:Jones, Robert C. (1970). 11455:. London: Jarrolds, 1957. 11394:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11175:Ten years and Twenty Days 11121:(in French) (82): 13–17. 11104:(in French) (94): 23–30. 10962:. London: Octopus Books. 10896:. H.M. Stationery Office. 10704:. New York: W.W. Norton. 10599:Ingersoll, Ralph (1940), 10524:Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore 10271:(in French) (66): 15–22. 10209:. London: Arthur Barker. 9563:Hough & Richards 2007 9270:Wagner & Nowarra 1971 9258:Wagner & Nowarra 1971 9153:Hough & Richards 2007 9006:, Issue July 2010, p. 33. 8646:. Retrieved: 24 May 2008. 7665:Pearson & Gorman 2020 5208:in London, at the former 4557:Retired Air Vice-Marshal 4511:No. 303 (Polish) Squadron 3907:7 September – 2 October: 3898:13 August – 6 September: 3713:. 84 barges were sunk in 3692:and the slaughter of the 3360:their own risk and peril. 3083:Higher-level dispositions 2553: 2511:Royal Auxiliary Air Force 2482: 2448:designed as a dive bomber 1704:Developing air strategies 958: 548: 499: 455: 442: 349: 206: 121: 87:10 July – 31 October 1940 79: 49: 37: 32: 18070:RAF Football Association 17971:Air Member for Personnel 17691:Schools / Training units 16976:Allied invasion of Italy 16953:Solomon Islands campaign 16702:Third Battle of Changsha 16299:First Battle of Changsha 16205:Second Sino-Japanese War 15145:German military brothels 15011:United States war crimes 14209:Invasion of Central Iran 14124:Indian Ocean raid (1944) 13949:Battle of the Reichswald 13601:Faroe Islands occupation 12873:Royal Canadian Air Force 12747:Shoreham Aircraft Museum 12088:); Penguin Books, 2004. 12025: 11895:, London: Osprey Books, 11688:Green, William (1980) . 11087:(in French) (93): 9–16. 10892:Richards, Denis (1953). 10393:Crosby, Francis (2002). 10359:(1962, Official history) 10349:(2015 paperback edition) 10248:Bishop, Patrick (2010). 10128:21 February 2009 at the 10056:18 December 2007 at the 9922:The Royal British Legion 9916:15 November 2013 at the 9832:Wood & Dempster 2003 9614:Wood & Dempster 2003 9602:Wood & Dempster 2003 9587:Wood & Dempster 2003 9364:, pp. 78–89, 95–96. 9117:Wood & Dempster 2003 9064:Wood & Dempster 2003 8899:10 December 2009 at the 8580:16 December 2008 at the 7913:Wood & Dempster 2003 7750:, pp. 56–57, 61–62. 7691:, pp. 61–62, 65–66. 7332:Wood & Dempster 2003 6982:, pp. 42–43, 60–65. 6865:, pp. 31, 110, 122. 6550:, Berlin, 9 October 1939 6041:Wood & Dempster 2003 5969:Wood & Dempster 2003 5833:Irving 1974, pp. 118–119 5628: 5326:This article contains a 4924:on its starboard quarter 4852:Battle of Graveney Marsh 4654:were distributed to the 3801:Battle of Britain Chapel 3634:, a method pioneered by 3400:10 Group Commander, Sir 2750:and on the next day the 2627:Battle of Britain Chapel 2245:Emergency Boost Override 2114:, and together with the 1653:given by Prime Minister 714:pre-war border conflicts 502:32,138 civilians wounded 500:23,002 civilians killed 491:1,977 aircraft destroyed 471:1,744 aircraft destroyed 403:Royal Canadian Air Force 17981:Air Member for Materiel 17398:Second Guangxi campaign 17253:Philippines (1944–1945) 16757:Battle of the Coral Sea 16660:Fall of the Philippines 16306:Battle of South Guangxi 16212:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 15618:Italian Social Republic 14043:Arakan Campaign 1942–43 13925:Operation Market Garden 13895:Evacuation of Gibraltar 13804:Battle of Grand Harbour 13654:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 13615:Reinforcement of Greece 12698:Royal Air Force history 12627:The Polish Army 1939–45 12318:Haining, Peter (2005). 12154:Campion, Garry (2015), 12135:Campion, Garry (2008), 11822:McKinstry, Leo (2010). 11679:Green, William (1962). 11460:Deere, Alan Christopher 11053:Wright, Gordon (1968). 10977:Terraine, John (1985). 10792:Ponting, Clive (1991). 10628:Korda, Michael (2010), 10616:London: Pimlico, 1997. 10321:. London: Aurum Press. 10239:Bishop, Edward (1968). 9895:"Battle of Britain Day" 9379:spitfireperformance.com 9206:30 January 2010 at the 9078:, pp. 176, 190–193 8930:, pp. 760. 657–658 8638:24 October 2008 at the 8480:Taylor & Mayer 1974 5623:Radio direction finding 4801:invade the Soviet Union 4208:Raids on British cities 3494:anti-aircraft batteries 3202:or "Channel sickness". 2686:, the commander of the 2645: 1742:Tirpitz's "risk theory" 1533:Luftschlacht um England 16983:Armistice of Cassibile 16785:Battle of Dutch Harbor 16736:Battle of the Java Sea 16639:Attack on Pearl Harbor 16539:Syria–Lebanon campaign 16532:Battle of South Shanxi 16502:Invasion of Yugoslavia 16285:Battle of the Atlantic 15899:Korean Liberation Army 15612:(until September 1943) 15569:(until September 1944) 15547:(until September 1944) 14281:Mid-Ocean Escort Force 13679:Battle of Cape Passero 13674:Battle of Cape Matapan 12928:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 12792:3 January 2011 at the 12263:Foreman, John (1989), 12158:, Palgrave Macmillan, 11927:Sarkar, Dilip (2011). 11909:Price, Alfred (2002), 11891:Price, Alfred (1996), 11810:London: Putnam, 1991. 11481:Duncan Smith, W. G. G. 11381:Last Train from Berlin 11363:, London: Ballantine, 11212:Irving, David (1974), 10818:Price, Alfred (1980), 10794:1940: Myth and Reality 10678:The Air War, 1939–1945 10385:Churchill, Winston S. 10179:: CS1 maint: others ( 8043:27 August 2008 at the 7610:Zaloga & Hook 1982 7596:Olson & Cloud 2003 6622:, pp. 31–33, 122. 5467:Allied propaganda film 5111: 5081: 5071: 4925: 4831: 4774: 4708: 4683: 4642: 4581: 4395: 4223:210 mistakenly bombed 4158: 4122: 4043: 3948: 3868:Royal Air Force Museum 3862: 3768: 3673: 3623: 3590:under Squadron Leader 3560: 3467: 3432:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 3362: 3349: 3268: 3181: 3168: 3099: 2974:), based on a leader ( 2883:) concentrated on the 2843: 2690: 2577: 2502: 2405: 2321: 2273: 2235:and the less numerous 2220: 2149:Independent air attack 1988: 1956: 1941: 1851: 1813:Wolfram von Richthofen 1682:Chief of the Air Staff 1532: 248:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 207:Commanders and leaders 17871:RAF Volunteer Reserve 17147:Second Battle of Guam 17043:Bengal famine of 1943 17013:Second Battle of Kiev 16969:Battle of the Dnieper 16674:Battle of Wake Island 16546:East African campaign 16488:Battle of South Henan 16133:atrocities by Germans 15906:Korean Volunteer Army 14887:Occupation of Germany 14641:Music in World War II 14204:Invasion of Khuzestan 14089:Indian Ocean disaster 13959:Liberation of Belgium 13939:Battle of the Scheldt 13714:Battle of Skerki Bank 13591:Occupation of Iceland 13522:Operation Sonnenblume 13021:Anti-Aircraft Command 12735:28 April 2011 at the 12667:29 April 2011 at the 12061:Bergström, Christer. 12046:Bergström, Christer. 12021:Additional references 11746:Holmes, Tony (2007), 11727:Holmes, Tony (1998). 11609:Ansell, Mark (2005). 11422:(in French) (87): 3. 11263:(10 September 2015). 10948:5 August 2014 at the 10680:. Scarborough House. 10676:Overy, R. J. (1980). 10561:The Battle of Britain 10389:. Bantam Books, 1962. 10364:The Battle of Britain 10123:"Churchill's Island." 9241:24 March 2010 at the 9183:24 March 2010 at the 8779:, pp. 82–83, 85. 8695:, pp. 47–49, 61. 7172:RAF yearbook 1978 p61 7059:Lloyd & Pugh 2004 6353:6 August 2011 at the 6219:, pp. 18, 24–26. 6018:. RAF. Archived from 5806:This account is from 5649:units in support for 5518:United Kingdom portal 5146:Memorials and museums 5129:Battle of Britain Day 5109: 5102:Battle of Britain Day 5096:Battle of Britain Day 5076: 5066: 5002:The Battle of Britain 4944:Air Historical Branch 4912: 4829: 4769: 4746:Battle of Britain Day 4706: 4681: 4640: 4633:Battle of Britain Day 4571: 4369: 4148: 4109: 4046:Poor weather delayed 4037: 3938: 3860: 3762: 3664: 3610: 3592:Adolph "Sailor" Malan 3551: 3461: 3357: 3344: 3261: 3212:military intelligence 3176: 3153: 3090: 3005:in 1916. In 1934 the 2833: 2682: 2567: 2507:RAF Volunteer Reserve 2495:Adolph "Sailor" Malan 2490: 2400: 2317: 2253: 2225:Messerschmitt Bf 109E 2215: 2190:Further information: 2091:with naval assistance 1983: 1951: 1917: 1842: 1792:. The last was under 1734:Nazi seizure of power 1198:Battle of Britain Day 639:Yugoslavian Partisans 456:Casualties and losses 17904:List of RAF missiles 17887:List of RAF aircraft 17805:RAF Medical Services 17790:RAF Chaplains Branch 17433:Surrender of Germany 16911:Battle of West Hubei 16868:Guadalcanal campaign 16838:Battle of Stalingrad 16764:Battle of Madagascar 15538:Albania protectorate 15325:(formerly Swaziland) 15034:Wehrmacht war crimes 14850:Expulsion of Germans 14634:Art and World War II 14532:British contribution 14481:Governments in exile 14099:Cocos Islands mutiny 14094:Indian Ocean retreat 13739:Operation Abstention 13684:Battle of Cape Spada 13586:Evacuation of Norway 13554:Operation Postmaster 13539:Battle of Madagascar 13370:Air Raid Precautions 13196:Royal Observer Corps 12718:27 June 2013 at the 12570:De oorlog in mei '40 12209:Cumming, Anthony J. 11790:Hives and the Merlin 11665:Dornier 17: In Focus 11485:Spitfire into Battle 11061:. Harper & Row. 10941:Stacey, C P. (1970) 10931:Stacey, C P (1955). 10614:The Second World War 10478:on 26 September 2010 10243:. Ballantine] Books. 9981:on 20 September 2015 8811:23 July 2011 at the 6766:, pp. 9–13, 33. 6720:3 March 2016 at the 6421:The Churchill Centre 6418:"Their Finest Hour." 5651:Operation Barbarossa 5393:Robert Stanford Tuck 5371:as Hugh Dowding and 5367:. The cast included 5243:Capel-le-Ferne, Kent 4905:Attrition statistics 4719:Messerschmitt Bf 109 4236:up to the Midlands. 4217:Walter Rubensdörffer 4115:No. 310 Squadron RAF 3853:Phases of the battle 3502:force multiplication 3445:13 Group Commander, 3430:12 Group Commander, 3415:11 Group Commander, 2966:Luftwaffe formations 2878:Generalfeldmarschall 2863:Generalfeldmarschall 2664:Corpo Aereo Italiano 2652:Corpo Aereo Italiano 2464:Handley-Page Hampden 2386:Boulton Paul Defiant 2368:Erprobungsgruppe 210 2290:supplemented by two 2217:Messerschmitt Bf 109 2052:in 1937. That year, 1971:series of directives 1710:Treaty of Versailles 1642:known as the Blitz. 1495:Defence of the Reich 977:The Heligoland Bight 434:Corpo Aereo Italiano 19:For other uses, see 18065:RAF Benevolent Fund 18000:symbols and uniform 17633:Ministry of Defence 17523:Potsdam Declaration 17412:Italy (Spring 1945) 17175:Liberation of Paris 16632:Siege of Sevastopol 15650:(until August 1944) 15553:Wang Jingwei regime 15375:from September 1943 15335:from September 1944 15273:from September 1944 15133:Romanian war crimes 15124:Persecution of Jews 15110:Croatian war crimes 15080:Japanese war crimes 14894:Occupation of Japan 14843:First Indochina War 14555:Military production 14467:Declarations of war 14236:Capture of Damascus 14221:Invasion of Lebanon 14129:Indian Ocean strike 13944:Operation Blackcock 13885:Operation Steinbock 13744:Operation Agreement 13527:Occupation of Libya 13339:Battle of the Beams 13016:RAF Coastal Command 13011:RAF Balloon Command 13006:RAF Fighter Command 12483:. New York: Knopf. 12390:(hardcover); 2005, 12198:(hardcover); 2006, 12002:Weal, John (1999), 11963:Ward, John (2004). 11842:Molson, Kenneth M. 11806:Mason, Francis K., 11646:The Fighting Me 109 11644:Feist, Uwe (1993). 11012:Winterbotham, F. W. 10649:Manchester, William 10507:Goodenough, Simon. 10423:. London: Pimlico. 10333:(hardcover), 2002, 10252:. London: Quercus. 9953:. 12 September 2013 9855:Bungay 2000, p. 386 9759:, pp. 172, 285 9178:"7 September 1940." 8990:, pp. 1, 31–40 8963:the PRO, AIR 19/60. 8918:, pp. 188, 275 8530:, pp. 255, 266 8448:, pp. 241–245. 8181:, pp. 602, 680 7847:7 June 2011 at the 7735:, pp. 123–125. 7667:, pp. 168–171. 7655:, pp. 347–348. 6970:, pp. 113–114. 6958:, pp. 107–108. 6886:, pp. 106–107. 6790:, pp. 114–115. 6682:, pp. 110–114. 6521:on 22 February 2016 6504:, pp. 712–713. 6473:"Hitler and Poland" 6462:, pp. 589–593. 5812:Ramsay 1989, p. 555 5808:Warner 2005, p. 253 5795:Leeuwarden Airfield 5611:Polish War Memorial 5582:Post-war memorials 5381:Christopher Plummer 5195:Polish War Memorial 5023:Sir Thomas Inskip's 4469:attached to the RAF 4183:Geschwaderkommodore 4151:No. 19 Squadron RAF 4096:RAF Great Driffield 3943:Operations Room at 3874:26 June – 16 July: 3534:No. 91 Squadron RAF 3264:D. Supply Situation 3160:Geschwaderkommodore 2905:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 2837:, the commander of 2499:No. 74 Squadron RAF 2174:strategic offensive 2041:Hitler's 1925 book 1868:Neville Chamberlain 1718:Deutsche Luft Hansa 1615:German high command 1600:aircraft production 1588:RAF Fighter Command 1484:Strategic campaigns 1087:Ypres–Comines Canal 328:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 71:in the East End of 63:bomber flying over 18045:Air Training Corps 17961:Chief of Air Staff 17825:RAF Music Services 17516:Surrender of Japan 17349:Battle of Iwo Jima 17198:Belgrade offensive 16611:Siege of Leningrad 16495:Battle of Shanggao 16424:British Somaliland 16389:Dunkirk evacuation 16340:Norwegian campaign 16278:Invasion of Poland 16105:Japanese prisoners 15073:Italian war crimes 15004:British war crimes 14919:Soviet occupations 14703:South-West Pacific 14590:Allied cooperation 14548:Military equipment 14192:Capture of Baghdad 14182:Siege of Habbaniya 14177:Battle of Fallujah 14139:Bombing of Sumatra 14048:Recapture of Burma 13933:Battle of Nijmegen 13855:Dunkirk evacuation 13789:Raid on Alexandria 13779:Operation Vigorous 13769:Operation Pedestal 13734:Battle off Zuwarah 13669:Battle of Cape Bon 13659:Battle of Calabria 13517:Operation Skorpion 13026:RAF Bomber Command 12977:Robert Watson-Watt 12888:Big Wing formation 12689:made for U.S. Army 12629:. London: Osprey. 12593:Wellum, Geoffrey. 12545:Ray, John Philip. 12324:. Pavilion Books. 12302:. London: Osprey. 12280:Gaskin, Margaret. 11984:Warner, G (2005), 11750:, Oxford: Osprey, 11281:Mason, Francis K. 11261:Magenheimer, Heinz 11244:Macksey, Kenneth. 10917:Defeat in the West 10369:Collier, Richard. 10147:, pp. 103–104 10090:"Dreaming Spires." 10031:Fleming, Michael. 9936:, pp. 186–194 9864:Overy 2001, p. 113 9846:, pp. 182–183 9795:, pp. 394–396 9783:, pp. 266–268 9735:, pp. 398–399 9723:, pp. 370–373 9711:, pp. 180–186 9699:, pp. 104–115 9225:, pp. 83, 87. 9066:, pp. 212–213 8975:, pp. 368–369 8942:, pp. 159–169 8854:, pp. 197–198 8796:, pp. 203–205 8767:, pp. 154–183 8376:, pp. 96, 100 7891:, pp. 232–233 7867:, pp. 163–164 7539:, pp. 757–790 7404:, pp. 186–187 7307:, pp. 712–714 7259:, pp. 257–258 7184:, pp. 265–266 7149:Harvey-Bailey 1995 6483:on 14 January 2016 6162:, pp. 305–306 6002:, pp. 251–297 5471:Churchill's Island 5444:Battle for Britain 5309:In popular culture 5210:RAF Bentley Priory 5112: 4926: 4832: 4821:Anti-aircraft guns 4799:his covert aim to 4779:Operation Sea Lion 4775: 4709: 4684: 4675:(revenge attack). 4673:Vergeltungsangriff 4664:RAF Bomber Command 4643: 4582: 4475:, New Zealanders, 4396: 4159: 4123: 4113:fighter pilots of 4044: 3949: 3863: 3779:by 12 aircraft of 3769: 3686:Vickers Wellington 3674: 3624: 3564:Fighter formations 3561: 3526:F. W. Winterbotham 3468: 3454:The Dowding system 3169: 3100: 3021:pilots during the 2961:Fighter formations 2844: 2800:Operation Sea Lion 2748:Operation Sea Lion 2715:Denmark and Norway 2693:The indecision of 2691: 2675:Luftwaffe strategy 2578: 2503: 2468:Vickers Wellington 2406: 2374:Erprobungskommando 2313:The Spitfire Story 2274: 2221: 2069:Blockade and siege 2012:Operation Sea Lion 1977:on 1 September as 1975:invasion of Poland 1957: 1852: 1661:on 18 June: "What 1639:RAF Bomber Command 1627:Operation Sea Lion 1563:'s air force, the 1510:Battle of Atlantic 841:French West Africa 682:South West Pacific 590:Denmark and Norway 18199:Conflicts in 1940 18184:Battle of Britain 18143:Battle of Britain 18116: 18115: 17945:Personnel numbers 17840:RAF Marine Branch 17820:RAF ground trades 17766: 17765: 17590: 17589: 17548: 17547: 17391:Battle of Okinawa 17290:Burma (1944–1945) 17124:Mariana and Palau 16904:Tunisian campaign 16729:Fall of Singapore 16653:Fall of Hong Kong 16396:Battle of Britain 16249:Operation Himmler 16158: 16157: 15822:Dutch East Indies 15465:Southern Rhodesia 15217: 15216: 15117:Genocide of Serbs 15020:German war crimes 14997:Soviet war crimes 14990:Allied war crimes 14836:Division of Korea 14815:Chinese Civil War 14613:Strategic bombing 14525:Manhattan Project 14299: 14298: 14231:Invasion of Syria 14226:Capture of Beirut 14104:Indian Ocean raid 14060:Invasion of India 14026:Fall of Singapore 14014:Defence of Johore 13915:Operation Windsor 13860:Battle of Britain 13845:Battle of Belgium 13794:Raid on Souda Bay 13764:Operation Harpoon 13749:Operation Albumen 13724:Battle of Taranto 13664:Campobasso Convoy 13512:Operation Brevity 13507:Capture of Tobruk 13497:Siege of Giarabub 13487:Operation Compass 13388: 13387: 13225:Battle of Britain 13209: 13208: 12985: 12984: 12878:Strategic bombing 12677:Battle of Britain 12636:978-0-85045-417-8 12568:Rongers, Eppo H. 12490:978-0-375-41197-7 12331:978-1-86105-829-4 12309:978-1-85532-726-9 12274:978-1-871187-02-1 12239:Fisher, David E. 12234:978-1-60772-004-1 12224:Fiedler, Arkady. 12219:978-1-59114-160-0 12171:Cooper, Matthew. 12146:978-0-230-27996-4 12076:Bishop, Patrick. 12056:978-1-85780-270-2 12013:978-1-85532-753-5 11995:978-0-85979-101-4 11957:978-0-7603-0262-0 11940:978-1-4456-0981-2 11920:978-1-85605-702-8 11902:978-1-85532-627-9 11875:Parry, Simon W., 11856:978-0-660-12001-0 11763:Huntley, Ian D., 11757:978-1-84603-190-8 11738:978-1-85532-597-5 11718:978-1-8729-2206-5 11699:978-0-356-02382-3 11655:978-1-85409-209-0 11638:978-1-903223-87-1 11620:978-83-89450-19-7 11594:978-1-909166-72-1 11473:978-0-340-01441-7 11370:978-0-449-21977-5 11333:978-3-923457-63-2 11310:978-0-89875-797-2 11291:978-0-901928-00-9 11274:978-1-4746-0275-4 11223:978-0-297-76532-5 11203:978-1-85780-272-6 11168:Air Power History 11161:978-1-85780-279-5 11045:978-1-84884-314-1 11038:. Pen and Sword. 11035:The Narrow Margin 11025:978-0-86007-268-3 11005:978-0-02-616970-7 10969:978-0-7064-0399-2 10915:Shulman, Milton. 10900:Robinson, Derek, 10885:978-0-900913-46-4 10867:978-0-900913-54-9 10849:978-0-900913-45-7 10831:978-0-684-16503-5 10765:978-1-529-37807-8 10739:978-0-7139-9561-9 10711:978-0-393-02008-3 10696:Overy, Richard J. 10668:978-1-4472-7954-9 10661:. Pan Macmillan. 10641:978-0-06-112536-2 10622:978-0-7126-7348-8 10592:978-0-393-02766-2 10571:978-1-4070-6652-3 10544:Harding, Thomas. 10537:978-0-85059-532-1 10517:978-0-3128-5584-0 10449:Battle of Britain 10430:978-0-7126-7423-2 10381:, London: Cassell 10347:978-1-78131-495-1 10328:978-1-85410-721-3 10308:978-0-7570-0160-4 10259:978-1-84916-224-1 10216:978-0-213-16489-8 9447:, pp. 90–93. 9419:, pp. 95–97. 9234:Putland, Alan L. 9199:Putland, Alan L. 9176:Putland, Alan L. 9107:, pp. 84–85. 9030:, pp. 33, 37 8892:Putland, Alan L. 8866:, pp. 81–82. 8743:, pp. 80–81. 8719:, pp. 71–72. 8658:, pp. 61–62. 8623:, pp. 91–161 8585:Winston Churchill 8492:Prien et al. 2002 8275:Winterbotham 1975 8263:Winterbotham 1975 8251:Winterbotham 1975 8239:Winterbotham 1975 8229:, pp. 79–80. 7840:Nikunen, Heikki. 7789:, pp. 78–89. 7765:, pp. 82–83. 7720:, pp. 82–83. 7344:Duncan Smith 2002 6910:, pp. 70–71. 6898:, pp. 31–33. 6805:, pp. 68–69. 6739:, pp. 87–89. 6450:, pp. 27–31. 6323:, pp. 39–40. 6299:, pp. 12–13. 6287:, pp. 18–24. 6275:, pp. 42–43. 6263:, pp. 36–39. 6207:, pp. 14–18. 6150:, pp. 73–74. 5546:Operation Banquet 5435:(BBC drama 2010). 5398:In the 2001 film 5364:Battle of Britain 5353: 5352: 5267:Westminster Abbey 5152:Westminster Abbey 5115:Winston Churchill 5019:strategic bombing 4887:Buckingham Palace 4863:submarine warfare 4792:strategic bombing 4714:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 4669:Albert Kesselring 4598:The Narrow Margin 4507:German occupation 4415:four times each; 3953:Hull in Yorkshire 3923:Small scale raids 3805:Westminster Abbey 3775:in north-eastern 3571:v-shaped sections 3333:Geneva Convention 3279:Navigational aids 3246:On 16 July 1940, 3077:defensive circles 3023:Spanish Civil War 3007:Finnish Air Force 2813:strategic bombing 2782:(Eagle Day) with 2707:close air support 2659:Regia Aeronautica 2539:Volunteer Reserve 2523:Southern Rhodesia 2519:offered in Canada 2440:Tangmere airfield 2160:strategic bombing 2156:close air support 1938:Winston Churchill 1896:Foreign Secretary 1872:Winston Churchill 1844:Winston Churchill 1805:Spanish Civil War 1770:Strategic bombing 1738:deterrence theory 1680:(RAF). Its first 1655:Winston Churchill 1537:military campaign 1525:Battle of Britain 1518: 1517: 913: 912: 834:Strategic bombing 750:Mediterranean Sea 506: 505: 303:Albert Kesselring 117: 116: 33:Battle of Britain 18261: 18169: 18161: 18160: 18159: 18149: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18124: 18106: 18105: 18036:associated civil 17800:RAF Legal Branch 17795:RAF Intelligence 17681:Conversion units 17646: 17645: 17617: 17610: 17603: 17594: 17593: 17583: 17576: 17569: 17566:World portal 17564: 17563: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17509: 17502: 17495: 17486: 17479: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17451: 17442: 17435: 17428: 17426:Prague offensive 17421: 17419:Battle of Berlin 17414: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17365: 17363:Vienna offensive 17358: 17351: 17344: 17342:Battle of Manila 17337: 17317: 17308: 17299: 17292: 17283: 17276: 17269: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17241: 17232: 17223: 17216: 17207: 17200: 17193: 17186: 17177: 17170: 17163: 17156: 17149: 17142: 17135: 17126: 17119: 17110: 17101: 17092: 17085: 17083:Korsun–Cherkassy 17078: 17067: 17045: 17036: 17029: 17022: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16985: 16978: 16971: 16964: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16934: 16927: 16925:Bombing of Gorky 16920: 16913: 16906: 16886: 16879: 16870: 16863: 16856: 16847: 16840: 16833: 16826: 16815: 16808: 16801: 16794: 16792:Battle of Midway 16787: 16780: 16778:Battle of Gazala 16773: 16766: 16759: 16752: 16745: 16738: 16731: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16690: 16688:Battle of Borneo 16683: 16681:Malayan campaign 16676: 16669: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16625:Bombing of Gorky 16620: 16618:Battle of Moscow 16613: 16606: 16599: 16592: 16585: 16578: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16518: 16511: 16504: 16497: 16490: 16470: 16461: 16454: 16447: 16440: 16433: 16426: 16419: 16412: 16405: 16398: 16391: 16384: 16382:Battle of France 16377: 16370: 16363: 16356: 16349: 16342: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16294: 16287: 16280: 16258: 16251: 16244: 16237: 16235:Munich Agreement 16230: 16223: 16214: 16207: 16200: 16191: 16184: 16169: 16168: 16151: 16144: 16135: 16128: 16121: 16120:Soviet prisoners 16114: 16107: 16100: 16091: 16084: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16060:German prisoners 16056: 16036: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16008: 16001: 15994: 15987: 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15917: 15908: 15901: 15894: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15803: 15796: 15789: 15782: 15762: 15755: 15748: 15741: 15734: 15727: 15720: 15713: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15643: 15636: 15629: 15620: 15613: 15605: 15598: 15596:French Indochina 15591: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15562: 15555: 15548: 15540: 15520: 15511: 15504: 15495: 15488: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15460: 15453: 15446: 15443:from August 1944 15434: 15427: 15420: 15413: 15406: 15399: 15392: 15385: 15378: 15366: 15359: 15352: 15345: 15338: 15326: 15318: 15311: 15304: 15297: 15290: 15283: 15276: 15264: 15257: 15250: 15243: 15228: 15227: 15208: 15201: 15194: 15187: 15180: 15169: 15154: 15147: 15140: 15135: 15126: 15119: 15112: 15103: 15096: 15089: 15087:Nanjing Massacre 15082: 15075: 15066: 15064:Nuremberg trials 15057: 15050: 15043: 15036: 15029: 15022: 15013: 15006: 14999: 14992: 14972: 14965: 14958: 14949: 14942: 14935: 14928: 14921: 14914: 14905: 14896: 14889: 14882: 14875: 14866: 14859: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14824: 14817: 14797: 14788: 14781: 14774: 14765: 14758: 14751: 14744: 14735: 14728: 14721: 14712: 14705: 14698: 14691: 14684: 14677: 14670: 14668:Asia and Pacific 14650: 14643: 14636: 14629: 14622: 14615: 14608: 14599: 14597:Mulberry harbour 14592: 14585: 14578: 14571: 14564: 14557: 14550: 14543: 14534: 14527: 14520: 14511: 14504: 14497: 14490: 14483: 14476: 14469: 14462: 14455: 14448: 14439: 14432: 14417: 14416: 14405: 14398: 14389: 14382: 14375: 14368: 14361: 14354: 14347: 14326: 14319: 14312: 14303: 14302: 14172:Invasion of Iraq 14109:Battle of Ceylon 14075:Battle of Kohima 14070:Battle of Imphal 13929:Battle of Arnhem 13880:Operation Gisela 13835:Battle of France 13774:Operation Scylla 13754:Operation Excess 13415: 13408: 13401: 13392: 13391: 13354:German V weapons 13069:No. 14 Group RAF 13064:No. 13 Group RAF 13059:No. 12 Group RAF 13054:No. 11 Group RAF 13049:No. 10 Group RAF 12994: 12993: 12901: 12900: 12854:Second World War 12843: 12836: 12829: 12820: 12819: 12679: 12640: 12542: 12494: 12469:March, Edgar J. 12378:Hough, Richard. 12338:Haining, Peter. 12335: 12313: 12277: 12168: 12149: 12111:Brittain, Vera. 12016: 11998: 11980: 11944: 11923: 11905: 11839: 11803: 11784: 11760: 11742: 11722: 11703: 11684: 11659: 11624: 11598: 11538: 11498: 11476: 11431: 11414: 11405: 11386: 11384: 11373: 11337: 11314: 11278: 11229:Kieser, Egbert. 11226: 11207: 11170:63.2 (2016): 27. 11130: 11113: 11096: 11072: 11060: 11049: 11028: 11016:The Ultra Secret 10995:Terraine, John, 10992: 10973: 10938: 10897: 10888: 10870: 10852: 10834: 10807: 10788: 10769: 10743: 10724:paperback, 2002) 10715: 10691: 10672: 10644: 10606: 10595: 10575: 10541: 10497:Evans, Michael. 10479: 10462: 10434: 10410: 10399:. Hermes House. 10382: 10362:Collier, Basil. 10332: 10280: 10263: 10244: 10234: 10228: 10220: 10185: 10184: 10178: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10120: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10087: 10081: 10072: 10066: 10047: 10041: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9908: 9902: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9822:, pp. 48–49 9817: 9811: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9687:, pp. 13–31 9682: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9461:Royal government 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9405: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9197: 9191: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9042:, pp. 32–33 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9000: 8991: 8985: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8890: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8611:, pp. 65–88 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8466: 8460: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8349:, pp. 28–30 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8265:, pp. 68–69 8260: 8254: 8253:, pp. 61–63 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8169:, pp. 95–96 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8119: 8113: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8073: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8032: 8023: 8017: 8008: 7999: 7993: 7992:, pp. 68–69 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7968:, pp. 69–70 7963: 7957: 7951: 7940: 7939:, pp. 13–15 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7838: 7832: 7831:, pp. 12–13 7826: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7751: 7745: 7736: 7730: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7577: 7571: 7561: 7555: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7511: 7505: 7494: 7488: 7479: 7473: 7462: 7461:, pp. 85–87 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7425:, pp. 44–45 7420: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7380:"Fairey Battle." 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7271:, pp. 42–51 7266: 7260: 7254: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7232:, pp. 47–48 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7163:, pp. 18–19 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7103:, pp. 66–67 7098: 7092: 7083: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6992:Magenheimer 2015 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6725: 6712:, pp. 31–33 6707: 6698: 6692: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6645: 6636: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6608:Directive No. 13 6600:Magenheimer 2015 6597: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6560: 6551: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6345: 6336: 6335:, pp. 69–73 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6242: 6236: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6187: 6178: 6172: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6120: 6114: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5815: 5810:Another source, 5804: 5798: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5639: 5573:The Darkest Hour 5520: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5369:Laurence Olivier 5348: 5345: 5339: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5197:in west London. 4580:, September 1940 4509:, the pilots of 4500:Polish Air Force 4496:Polish squadrons 4279:tyre factory in 4225:Croydon airfield 4221:Erprobungsgruppe 4055:Erprobungsgruppe 4042:radar operators. 3749:identified as a 3728:Bristol Blenheim 3667:Bristol Blenheim 3616:Hawker Hurricane 3442: 3427: 3412: 3397: 3387:Sir Hugh Dowding 3382: 3285:radio navigation 3196:coined the term 3073:Zerstörergruppen 2535:lack of aircraft 2472:Bristol Blenheim 2272:, September 1940 2223:The Luftwaffe's 1939: 1913:House of Commons 1831:were cancelled. 1786:Training Command 1762:Luftkriegführung 1659:House of Commons 1611:Battle of France 1576:peace settlement 1541:Second World War 1347:Atlantic Pockets 953: 949:Western Front of 941: 934: 927: 918: 917: 900:French Indochina 543: 532: 525: 518: 509: 508: 492: 472: 432: 431: 430: 420: 418: 417: 401: 400: 399: 389: 388: 387: 377: 376: 375: 365: 363: 362: 339: 338: 337: 330: 326: 325: 324: 313: 312: 311: 301: 300: 299: 289: 288: 287: 271: 270: 269: 259: 258: 257: 250: 246: 245: 244: 233: 232: 231: 221: 220: 219: 198: 194: 192: 191: 181: 177: 175: 174: 159: 155: 153: 152: 143: 139: 137: 136: 99:British airspace 81: 80: 54: 30: 29: 18269: 18268: 18264: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18259: 18258: 18194:1940 in England 18174: 18173: 18172: 18162: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18148:sister projects 18145:at Knowledge's 18139: 18129: 18127: 18119: 18117: 18112: 18079: 18055:RAF Association 18037: 18031: 18027:Heraldic badges 17995: 17949: 17913: 17875: 17854: 17780:Air Force Board 17772: 17762: 17736: 17710: 17641: 17635: 17626: 17624:Royal Air Force 17621: 17591: 17586: 17579: 17572: 17558: 17556: 17544: 17535: 17528: 17521: 17514: 17505: 17498: 17491: 17482: 17477:Atomic bombings 17475: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17447: 17438: 17431: 17424: 17417: 17410: 17403: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17320: 17313: 17302: 17295: 17288: 17279: 17272: 17265: 17258: 17251: 17244: 17235: 17226: 17219: 17210: 17203: 17196: 17189: 17180: 17173: 17168:Eastern Romania 17166: 17161:Warsaw Uprising 17159: 17154:Tannenberg Line 17152: 17145: 17140:Western Ukraine 17138: 17129: 17122: 17113: 17104: 17095: 17088: 17081: 17070: 17061: 17048: 17041: 17032: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16981: 16974: 16967: 16958: 16951: 16944: 16937: 16932:Battle of Kursk 16930: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16902: 16889: 16882: 16873: 16866: 16859: 16850: 16843: 16836: 16829: 16820: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16743:St Nazaire Raid 16741: 16734: 16727: 16714: 16707: 16700: 16693: 16686: 16679: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16637: 16630: 16623: 16616: 16609: 16602: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16567: 16558: 16551: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16525:Anglo-Iraqi War 16523: 16516:Battle of Crete 16514: 16507: 16500: 16493: 16486: 16473: 16464: 16457: 16450: 16445:Eastern Romania 16443: 16436: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16394: 16387: 16380: 16373: 16366: 16359: 16352: 16345: 16338: 16325: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16297: 16290: 16283: 16276: 16263: 16254: 16247: 16240: 16233: 16226: 16219: 16210: 16203: 16196: 16187: 16180: 16154: 16147: 16140: 16131: 16124: 16119: 16110: 16103: 16096: 16087: 16080: 16071: 16064: 16059: 16052: 16039: 16032: 16023: 16016: 16011: 16006:Western Ukraine 16004: 15997: 15990: 15983: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15950:Northeast China 15948: 15941: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15913: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15869: 15862: 15855: 15848: 15841: 15834: 15827: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15675: 15668: 15661: 15656:Slovak Republic 15654: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15627:Empire of Japan 15625: 15616: 15608: 15601: 15594: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15565: 15558: 15551: 15543: 15536: 15523: 15516: 15507: 15500: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15416: 15409: 15402: 15395: 15388: 15381: 15369: 15362: 15355: 15348: 15341: 15329: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15300: 15293: 15286: 15279: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15246: 15239: 15213: 15204: 15197: 15190: 15183: 15172: 15157: 15150: 15143: 15139:Sexual violence 15138: 15131: 15122: 15115: 15108: 15099: 15092: 15085: 15078: 15071: 15062: 15053: 15046: 15039: 15032: 15025: 15018: 15009: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14975: 14968: 14961: 14954: 14945: 14938: 14931: 14924: 14917: 14908: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14878: 14869: 14862: 14857:Greek Civil War 14855: 14848: 14841: 14834: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14800: 14793: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14761: 14754: 14747: 14740: 14731: 14724: 14717: 14708: 14701: 14694: 14687: 14682:South-East Asia 14680: 14673: 14666: 14653: 14646: 14639: 14632: 14625: 14618: 14611: 14604: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14567: 14560: 14553: 14546: 14541:Military awards 14539: 14530: 14523: 14516: 14507: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14444: 14435: 14428: 14408: 14401: 14394: 14385: 14378: 14371: 14366: 14357: 14350: 14343: 14335: 14330: 14300: 14295: 14240: 14187:Battle of Basra 14153: 14009:Battle of Jitra 13968: 13954:St Nazaire Raid 13890:Operation Diver 13784:Operation White 13699:Duisburg Convoy 13620:Battle of Crete 13558: 13549:Battle of Dakar 13534:Southern Africa 13502:Siege of Tobruk 13424: 13419: 13389: 13384: 13358: 13334:Barrage balloon 13322: 13271: 13218: 13216: 13205: 13191:Eagle Squadrons 13174: 13101: 13073: 13044:No. 9 Group RAF 13030: 12981: 12960: 12942: 12892: 12868:Royal Air Force 12856: 12847: 12794:Wayback Machine 12737:Wayback Machine 12720:Wayback Machine 12675: 12669:Wayback Machine 12648: 12637: 12576:Townsend, Peter 12539: 12491: 12332: 12310: 12275: 12166: 12147: 12028: 12023: 12014: 11996: 11977: 11947:Scutts, Jerry, 11941: 11921: 11903: 11836: 11800: 11758: 11739: 11719: 11700: 11656: 11621: 11605: 11595: 11579:Orange, Vincent 11560:Halpenny, Bruce 11542:Halpenny, Bruce 11535: 11495: 11474: 11438: 11402: 11371: 11357:Shirer, William 11340:Raeder, Erich. 11334: 11311: 11275: 11224: 11204: 11079: 11069: 11046: 11026: 10989: 10970: 10950:Wayback Machine 10886: 10868: 10850: 10832: 10804: 10766: 10740: 10712: 10688: 10669: 10642: 10593: 10572: 10538: 10459: 10431: 10407: 10329: 10315:Bungay, Stephen 10298:Buell, Thomas. 10283:Buckley, John. 10260: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10172: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10130:Wayback Machine 10121: 10117: 10107: 10103: 10088: 10084: 10073: 10069: 10062:The Independent 10058:Wayback Machine 10049:Moreton, Cole. 10048: 10044: 10030: 10026: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9993: 9984: 9982: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9945: 9944: 9940: 9932: 9928: 9918:Wayback Machine 9909: 9905: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9818: 9814: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9483: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9427: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9406: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9309: 9305: 9297: 9288: 9280: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9243:Wayback Machine 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9208:Wayback Machine 9198: 9194: 9185:Wayback Machine 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9001: 8994: 8986: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8901:Wayback Machine 8891: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8813:Wayback Machine 8804: 8800: 8792: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8751: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8727: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8640:Wayback Machine 8631: 8627: 8619: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8595: 8591: 8582:Wayback Machine 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8469: 8461: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8045:Wayback Machine 8033: 8026: 8018: 8011: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7849:Wayback Machine 7839: 7835: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7590: 7578: 7574: 7562: 7558: 7547: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7514: 7506: 7497: 7489: 7482: 7474: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7385:7 July 2012 at 7378: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7322:, pp. 6–10 7318: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7084: 7080: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6743: 6735: 6728: 6722:Wayback Machine 6713: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6661:on 3 March 2016 6653: 6652: 6648: 6637: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6598: 6591: 6580: 6573: 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6355:Wayback Machine 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6243: 6239: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5801: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5552:Operation Lucid 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504:Aviation portal 5502: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5462: 5438:In 2010, actor 5406:Eagle Squadrons 5358: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5333: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5301: 5292: 5291:Croydon Airport 5289: 5280: 5277: 5268: 5265: 5256: 5255:Armadale Castle 5253: 5244: 5241: 5232: 5229: 5187:Armadale Castle 5183:Croydon Airport 5148: 5140:Channel Islands 5104: 5098: 5038:Ralph Ingersoll 5015: 4990:OKW communiques 4985: 4979:indefinitely." 4932: 4907: 4883:Queen Elizabeth 4875: 4836:Bf 109 fighters 4764: 4756:Main articles: 4754: 4734:Hans Jeschonnek 4635: 4627:Main articles: 4625: 4574:No. 66 Squadron 4539: 4515:Josef František 4445:Coastal Command 4364: 4293:Heinkel He 111s 4210: 4196:Reichsmarschall 4127:The Hardest Day 4032: 4020: 3974: 3972:Channel battles 3957:Wick, Caithness 3925: 3855: 3835:English Channel 3823: 3817: 3681:Coastal Command 3659: 3622:in the backdrop 3612:Royal Air Force 3601: 3575:squadron leader 3569:flew in tight, 3566: 3546: 3510: 3474: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3321:English Channel 3299: 3281: 3250:, commanded by 3208: 3085: 2997:First World War 2963: 2958: 2828: 2744:Hans Jeschonnek 2677: 2654: 2648: 2562: 2556: 2551: 2485: 2395: 2210: 2202: 2188: 2182: 2180:Opposing forces 2151: 2135:von Brauchitsch 2112:English Channel 2104: 2071: 2039: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1921:General Weygand 1837: 1790:Fighter Command 1782:Coastal Command 1766:air superiority 1706: 1678:Royal Air Force 1671: 1663:General Weygand 1629:as a potential 1619:English Channel 1584:air superiority 1545:Royal Air Force 1543:, in which the 1521: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1241:St Nazaire Raid 1193:The Hardest Day 1060:Fort Eben-Emael 1046:Rotterdam Blitz 1004:The Netherlands 954: 950: 947: 945: 915: 914: 909: 796:Other campaigns 790:Southern France 699:Burma and India 694:South-East Asia 689:Franco-Thai War 544: 538: 536: 501: 495: 490: 475: 470: 438: 426: 415: 413: 407: 397: 395: 383: 373: 371: 367:Royal Air Force 360: 358: 345: 335: 333: 322: 320: 319: 309: 307: 297: 295: 285: 283: 277: 267: 265: 255: 253: 242: 240: 239: 229: 227: 217: 215: 202: 189: 187: 172: 170: 162: 150: 148: 134: 132: 113:British victory 105: 103:English Channel 88: 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18267: 18257: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18171: 18170: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18135:United Kingdom 18114: 18113: 18111: 18110: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18041: 18039: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18003: 18001: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17957: 17955: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17921: 17919: 17915: 17914: 17912: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17900: 17899: 17894: 17883: 17881: 17877: 17876: 17874: 17873: 17868: 17862: 17860: 17859:reserve forces 17856: 17855: 17853: 17852: 17847: 17845:RAF Air Cadets 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17776: 17774: 17768: 17767: 17764: 17763: 17761: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17744: 17742: 17738: 17737: 17735: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17718: 17716: 17712: 17711: 17709: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17652: 17650: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17620: 17619: 17612: 17605: 17597: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17584: 17577: 17570: 17553: 17550: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17543: 17542: 17541: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17512: 17511: 17510: 17496: 17493:South Sakhalin 17489: 17488: 17487: 17473: 17466: 17459: 17452: 17445: 17444: 17443: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17345: 17338: 17330: 17328: 17322: 17321: 17319: 17318: 17311: 17310: 17309: 17293: 17286: 17285: 17284: 17270: 17263: 17256: 17249: 17242: 17233: 17224: 17217: 17208: 17201: 17194: 17187: 17178: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17150: 17143: 17136: 17127: 17120: 17111: 17102: 17093: 17086: 17079: 17068: 17058: 17056: 17050: 17049: 17047: 17046: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17030: 17016: 17009: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16987: 16986: 16972: 16965: 16956: 16949: 16942: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16918:Battle of Attu 16914: 16907: 16899: 16897: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16887: 16880: 16871: 16864: 16857: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16809: 16795: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16739: 16732: 16724: 16722: 16716: 16715: 16713: 16712: 16705: 16698: 16691: 16684: 16677: 16670: 16667:Battle of Guam 16663: 16656: 16649: 16642: 16635: 16628: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16600: 16593: 16590:Battle of Kiev 16586: 16579: 16565: 16564: 16563: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16520: 16519: 16505: 16498: 16491: 16483: 16481: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16471: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16441: 16434: 16427: 16420: 16413: 16406: 16399: 16392: 16385: 16378: 16371: 16364: 16357: 16350: 16343: 16335: 16333: 16327: 16326: 16324: 16323: 16316: 16309: 16302: 16295: 16288: 16281: 16273: 16271: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16252: 16245: 16238: 16231: 16217: 16216: 16215: 16208: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16177: 16175: 16166: 16160: 16159: 16156: 16155: 16153: 16152: 16145: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16129: 16117: 16116: 16115: 16101: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16089:United Kingdom 16085: 16078: 16077: 16076: 16057: 16049: 16047: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16037: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16021: 16009: 16002: 15995: 15988: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15902: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15839: 15832: 15825: 15818: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15775: 15773: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15763: 15756: 15749: 15742: 15735: 15728: 15721: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15693: 15685: 15683: 15677: 15676: 15674: 15673: 15666: 15659: 15652: 15644: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15606: 15599: 15592: 15585: 15578: 15571: 15563: 15556: 15549: 15541: 15533: 15531: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15521: 15514: 15513: 15512: 15498: 15497: 15496: 15493:British Empire 15486:United Kingdom 15482: 15475: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15447: 15435: 15428: 15421: 15414: 15407: 15400: 15393: 15386: 15379: 15367: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15339: 15327: 15319: 15312: 15305: 15302:Czechoslovakia 15298: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15265: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15236: 15234: 15225: 15219: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15202: 15199:Rape of Manila 15195: 15188: 15181: 15170: 15155: 15148: 15136: 15129: 15128: 15127: 15120: 15106: 15105: 15104: 15097: 15090: 15076: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15060: 15059: 15058: 15051: 15037: 15030: 15016: 15015: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14985: 14983: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14973: 14970:United Nations 14966: 14959: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14943: 14936: 14929: 14915: 14906: 14897: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14829:Decolonization 14825: 14818: 14810: 14808: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14798: 14791: 14790: 14789: 14775: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14759: 14752: 14738: 14737: 14736: 14729: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14678: 14663: 14661: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14644: 14637: 14630: 14623: 14616: 14609: 14602: 14601: 14600: 14593: 14579: 14572: 14565: 14558: 14551: 14544: 14537: 14536: 14535: 14521: 14514: 14513: 14512: 14505: 14502:United Kingdom 14498: 14484: 14477: 14470: 14463: 14456: 14449: 14442: 14441: 14440: 14425: 14423: 14414: 14410: 14409: 14407: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14391: 14390: 14383: 14376: 14364: 14363: 14362: 14348: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14329: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14306: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14250: 14248: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14212: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14163: 14161: 14155: 14154: 14152: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14065:Operation U-Go 14062: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14029: 14028: 14023: 14017: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13978: 13976: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13819:Western Europe 13814: 13813: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13799:Siege of Malta 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13759:Operation Grog 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13638: 13637: 13631: 13626: 13617: 13612: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13570: 13568: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13542: 13541: 13536: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13432: 13430: 13426: 13425: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13403: 13395: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13366: 13364: 13363:Related topics 13360: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13351: 13341: 13336: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13279: 13277: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13269: 13261: 13253: 13245: 13237: 13235:Baedeker raids 13232: 13227: 13221: 13219: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13172: 13170:12 AA Division 13167: 13165:11 AA Division 13162: 13160:10 AA Division 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13111: 13109: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13083: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13040: 13038: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13002: 13000: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12979: 12974: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12958: 12956:Frederick Pile 12952: 12950: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12938:Sholto Douglas 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12918:Charles Portal 12915: 12909: 12907: 12898: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12864: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12846: 12845: 12838: 12831: 12823: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12727: 12722: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12671: 12659: 12654: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12635: 12622: 12591: 12573: 12566: 12543: 12538:978-0304356775 12537: 12522: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12489: 12474: 12467: 12452: 12439:James, T.C.G. 12437: 12424:James, T.C.G. 12422: 12421:(paperback, ). 12401:James, T.C.G. 12399: 12376: 12369: 12351: 12336: 12330: 12315: 12308: 12293: 12278: 12273: 12260: 12237: 12222: 12207: 12184: 12169: 12165:978-0230284548 12164: 12151: 12145: 12132: 12113:England's Hour 12109: 12074: 12071:978-1612003474 12059: 12044: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12012: 11999: 11994: 11981: 11976:978-0760319918 11975: 11960: 11945: 11939: 11924: 11919: 11906: 11901: 11888: 11873: 11859: 11840: 11835:978-1848543942 11834: 11819: 11804: 11799:978-1840466447 11798: 11785: 11776: 11761: 11756: 11743: 11737: 11724: 11717: 11704: 11698: 11685: 11676: 11661: 11654: 11641: 11626: 11619: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11593: 11575: 11557: 11539: 11534:978-1841450209 11533: 11521:Galland, Adolf 11517: 11502:Franks, Norman 11499: 11494:978-0719554841 11493: 11477: 11472: 11456: 11449:Collier, Basil 11446: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11415: 11406: 11401:978-1780969831 11400: 11387: 11385:. A. A. Knopf. 11374: 11369: 11353: 11338: 11332: 11315: 11309: 11294: 11279: 11273: 11257: 11242: 11227: 11222: 11209: 11202: 11186: 11173:Dönitz, Karl. 11171: 11164: 11149: 11131: 11114: 11097: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11073: 11068:978-0061314087 11067: 11050: 11044: 11029: 11024: 11008: 10993: 10988:978-0340266441 10987: 10974: 10968: 10953: 10939: 10928: 10913: 10898: 10889: 10884: 10871: 10866: 10853: 10848: 10835: 10830: 10815: 10808: 10803:978-0929587684 10802: 10789: 10770: 10764: 10751: 10744: 10738: 10725: 10710: 10692: 10687:978-0812861563 10686: 10673: 10667: 10645: 10640: 10625: 10607: 10596: 10591: 10576: 10570: 10564:. Transworld. 10556:Holland, James 10552: 10542: 10536: 10520: 10505: 10495: 10480: 10463: 10458:978-0756750770 10457: 10444: 10429: 10411: 10406:978-0681342569 10405: 10390: 10383: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10353:Collier, Basil 10350: 10327: 10311: 10296: 10281: 10264: 10258: 10245: 10236: 10215: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10149: 10137: 10115: 10109:"Dywizjon 303" 10101: 10097:economist.com, 10082: 10075:"First Light". 10067: 10042: 10024: 10006: 9991: 9964: 9938: 9926: 9903: 9887: 9878: 9866: 9857: 9848: 9836: 9824: 9812: 9797: 9785: 9773: 9771:, pp. 4–5 9769:Ingersoll 1940 9761: 9749: 9737: 9725: 9713: 9701: 9689: 9677: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9555: 9543: 9528: 9516: 9501: 9489: 9485:Churchill 1949 9477: 9465: 9449: 9437: 9421: 9409: 9400: 9391: 9366: 9354: 9342: 9327: 9315: 9303: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9227: 9215: 9192: 9169: 9157: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9020: 9008: 8992: 8977: 8965: 8956: 8944: 8940:Ingersoll 1940 8932: 8920: 8908: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8844: 8832: 8820: 8798: 8781: 8769: 8757: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8709: 8697: 8685: 8660: 8648: 8625: 8613: 8601: 8589: 8567: 8555: 8543: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8496: 8494:, p. 403. 8484: 8467: 8465:, pp. 8–9 8450: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8402: 8390: 8378: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8155:Churchill 1949 8147: 8135: 8120: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8065: 8053: 8024: 8009: 7994: 7982: 7970: 7958: 7941: 7929: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7857: 7833: 7818: 7806: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7752: 7737: 7722: 7710: 7708:, p. 122. 7693: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7626: 7614: 7599: 7588: 7572: 7556: 7541: 7529: 7512: 7495: 7480: 7463: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7406: 7394: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7261: 7246: 7234: 7222: 7210: 7198: 7186: 7174: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7113:McKinstry 2010 7105: 7093: 7078: 7063: 7051: 7036: 7024: 7022:, p. 114. 7012: 7000: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6946:, p. 105. 6936: 6934:, p. 111. 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6829:, p. 109. 6819: 6807: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6741: 6726: 6699: 6684: 6672: 6646: 6624: 6612: 6589: 6571: 6565:, p. 68, 6552: 6532: 6506: 6494: 6464: 6452: 6437: 6425: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6237: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6179: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6115: 6096: 6090:978-0786474707 6089: 6071: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6022:on 17 May 2015 6004: 5992: 5973: 5961: 5944: 5932: 5920: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5855: 5845: 5825: 5816: 5799: 5782: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5741: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5700: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5659: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5558:Coventry Blitz 5555: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5507: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5447: 5436: 5430: 5423:, described a 5409: 5396: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5344:September 2024 5325: 5323: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5147: 5144: 5100:Main article: 5097: 5094: 5092:was launched. 5061:Stephen Bungay 5030:Joseph Kennedy 5014: 5011: 4984: 4981: 4922:Heinkel He 111 4906: 4903: 4891:Windsor Castle 4879:King George VI 4874: 4871: 4859:Wilhelm Keitel 4809:night fighters 4771:Observer Corps 4753: 4750: 4652:Port of London 4648:Operation Loge 4624: 4621: 4611:Denis Richards 4606:Derek Dempster 4547:Hugh Trenchard 4543:Stephen Bungay 4538: 4535: 4531:combat fatigue 4527:Kanalkrankheit 4363: 4360: 4209: 4206: 4188:Werner Mölders 4061:radar stations 4059:attacked four 4031: 4028: 4019: 4016: 3973: 3970: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3896: 3889: 3854: 3851: 3819:Main article: 3816: 3815:Air-sea rescue 3813: 3746:Staffelkapitän 3699:Clement Attlee 3677:Bomber Command 3658: 3655: 3600: 3597: 3565: 3562: 3545: 3542: 3509: 3506: 3489:Observer Corps 3482:Dowding system 3472:Dowding system 3470:Main article: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3303:air-sea rescue 3298: 3297:Air-sea rescue 3295: 3280: 3277: 3257:"Beppo" Schmid 3253:Oberstleutnant 3233:Dowding system 3207: 3204: 3199:Kanalkrankheit 3084: 3081: 3045:combined as a 3031:Werner Mölders 3027:Günther Lützow 3003:Oswald Boelcke 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2945:terror bombing 2827: 2819:Regrouping of 2817: 2684:Hermann Göring 2676: 2673: 2650:Main article: 2647: 2644: 2611:South Africans 2595:New Zealanders 2558:Main article: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2484: 2481: 2410:Heinkel He 111 2402:Heinkel He 111 2394: 2391: 2335:fighter-bomber 2305:fuel injection 2266:Osgood Hanbury 2233:Hurricane Mk I 2209: 2206: 2184:Main article: 2181: 2178: 2168:Fliegercorps I 2150: 2147: 2103: 2102:Invasion plans 2100: 2070: 2067: 2054:von Ribbentrop 2038: 2035: 2004:Hermann Göring 1945: 1942: 1935: 1865:Prime Minister 1848:Prime Minister 1836: 1833: 1778:Bomber Command 1705: 1702: 1694:trench warfare 1686:Hugh Trenchard 1670: 1667: 1604:terror bombing 1596:infrastructure 1557:United Kingdom 1547:(RAF) and the 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1303:Hürtgen Forest 1300: 1293: 1288: 1286:Siegfried Line 1283: 1276: 1269: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1236:Commando Raids 1233: 1231:Baedeker Blitz 1228: 1221: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036:The Grebbeberg 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1000: 999: 986: 979: 974: 969: 959: 956: 955: 944: 943: 936: 929: 921: 911: 910: 908: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 865:Baltic Nations 856: 855: 854: 853: 843: 838: 837: 836: 826: 821: 816: 811: 810: 809: 793: 792: 787: 782: 781: 780: 775: 770: 762: 757: 752: 747: 746: 745: 740: 724: 723: 718: 717: 716: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 685: 684: 674: 661: 660: 659: 658: 648: 643: 642: 641: 631: 626: 625: 624: 614: 613: 612: 607: 602: 592: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 565: 560: 549: 546: 545: 535: 534: 527: 520: 512: 504: 503: 497: 496: 494: 493: 488: 485: 482: 478: 476: 474: 473: 468: 465: 461: 458: 457: 453: 452: 451:2,550 aircraft 449: 448:1,963 aircraft 445: 444: 440: 439: 437: 436: 424: 410: 408: 406: 405: 393: 381: 369: 355: 352: 351: 350:Units involved 347: 346: 344: 343: 331: 317: 305: 293: 291:Hermann Göring 280: 278: 276: 275: 263: 251: 237: 225: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 183: 165: 163: 161: 160: 145: 141:United Kingdom 127: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 97: 95: 91: 90: 85: 77: 76: 61:Heinkel He 111 47: 46: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18266: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18181: 18179: 18167: 18166: 18154: 18153: 18150: 18144: 18136: 18126: 18125: 18122: 18109: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18085: 18082: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18038:organisations 18034: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18004: 18002: 17998: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17976:Air Secretary 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17952: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17925:Officer ranks 17923: 17922: 17920: 17916: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17889: 17888: 17885: 17884: 17882: 17878: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17863: 17861: 17857: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17769: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17745: 17743: 17739: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17713: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17638: 17634: 17629: 17625: 17618: 17613: 17611: 17606: 17604: 17599: 17598: 17595: 17582: 17578: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17562: 17555: 17554: 17551: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17508: 17504: 17503: 17501: 17500:Kuril Islands 17497: 17494: 17490: 17485: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17471: 17467: 17464: 17460: 17457: 17453: 17450: 17446: 17441: 17437: 17436: 17434: 17430: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17409: 17406: 17402: 17399: 17395: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17374: 17371: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17343: 17339: 17336: 17332: 17331: 17329: 17327: 17323: 17316: 17312: 17307: 17306: 17301: 17300: 17298: 17294: 17291: 17287: 17282: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17271: 17268: 17267:Syrmian Front 17264: 17261: 17257: 17254: 17250: 17247: 17243: 17240: 17239: 17234: 17231: 17230: 17225: 17222: 17218: 17215: 17214: 17213:Market Garden 17209: 17206: 17202: 17199: 17195: 17192: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17176: 17172: 17169: 17165: 17162: 17158: 17155: 17151: 17148: 17144: 17141: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17128: 17125: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17109: 17108: 17103: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17091: 17087: 17084: 17080: 17077: 17073: 17072:Monte Cassino 17069: 17066: 17065: 17060: 17059: 17057: 17055: 17051: 17044: 17040: 17035: 17031: 17028: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17017: 17014: 17010: 17007: 17003: 17000: 16996: 16993: 16989: 16984: 16980: 16979: 16977: 16973: 16970: 16966: 16963: 16962: 16957: 16954: 16950: 16947: 16943: 16940: 16936: 16933: 16929: 16926: 16922: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16896: 16892: 16885: 16881: 16878: 16877: 16872: 16869: 16865: 16862: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16849: 16846: 16842: 16839: 16835: 16832: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16782: 16779: 16775: 16772: 16768: 16765: 16761: 16758: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16744: 16740: 16737: 16733: 16730: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16721: 16717: 16710: 16706: 16703: 16699: 16696: 16692: 16689: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16675: 16671: 16668: 16664: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16650: 16647: 16643: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16629: 16626: 16622: 16619: 16615: 16612: 16608: 16605: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16575: 16570: 16566: 16561: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16536: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16517: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16506: 16503: 16499: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16480: 16476: 16469: 16468: 16463: 16460: 16456: 16453: 16449: 16446: 16442: 16439: 16438:Baltic states 16435: 16432: 16428: 16425: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16407: 16404: 16400: 16397: 16393: 16390: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16376: 16372: 16369: 16365: 16362: 16358: 16355: 16351: 16348: 16344: 16341: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16328: 16321: 16317: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16303: 16300: 16296: 16293: 16289: 16286: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16270: 16266: 16257: 16253: 16250: 16246: 16243: 16239: 16236: 16232: 16229: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16218: 16213: 16209: 16206: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16195: 16190: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16174: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16161: 16150: 16146: 16143: 16139: 16134: 16130: 16127: 16123: 16122: 16118: 16113: 16109: 16108: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16090: 16086: 16083: 16082:United States 16079: 16074: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16063: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16042: 16035: 16031: 16026: 16022: 16019: 16018:Quốc dân Đảng 16015: 16014: 16010: 16007: 16003: 16000: 15996: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15912: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15889: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15875: 15872: 15868: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15837: 15833: 15830: 15826: 15823: 15819: 15816: 15812: 15809: 15805: 15802: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15776: 15774: 15772: 15768: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15747: 15743: 15740: 15736: 15733: 15729: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15718:Liechtenstein 15715: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15686: 15684: 15682: 15678: 15671: 15667: 15664: 15660: 15657: 15653: 15649: 15645: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15619: 15615: 15614: 15611: 15607: 15604: 15600: 15597: 15593: 15590: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15519: 15515: 15510: 15506: 15505: 15503: 15502:United States 15499: 15494: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15483: 15480: 15476: 15473: 15469: 15466: 15462: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15433: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15365: 15361: 15358: 15354: 15351: 15347: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15317: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15299: 15296: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15266: 15263: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15220: 15207: 15203: 15200: 15196: 15193: 15192:Comfort women 15189: 15186: 15182: 15179: 15176: / 15175: 15171: 15168: 15165: / 15164: 15161: / 15160: 15156: 15153: 15152:Camp brothels 15149: 15146: 15142: 15141: 15137: 15134: 15130: 15125: 15121: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15107: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15070: 15065: 15061: 15056: 15052: 15049: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15041:The Holocaust 15038: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15027:forced labour 15024: 15023: 15021: 15017: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14987: 14986: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14971: 14967: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14948: 14944: 14941: 14937: 14934: 14930: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14898: 14895: 14891: 14888: 14884: 14881: 14880:Marshall Plan 14877: 14874: 14873: 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14854: 14851: 14847: 14844: 14840: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14826: 14823: 14819: 14816: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14807: 14803: 14796: 14792: 14787: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14776: 14773: 14769: 14764: 14760: 14757: 14753: 14750: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14739: 14734: 14733:Eastern Front 14730: 14727: 14726:Western Front 14723: 14722: 14720: 14716: 14711: 14707: 14704: 14700: 14697: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14660: 14656: 14649: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14624: 14621: 14620:Puppet states 14617: 14614: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14598: 14594: 14591: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14580: 14577: 14573: 14570: 14566: 14563: 14562:Naval history 14559: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14515: 14510: 14509:United States 14506: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14482: 14478: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14464: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14450: 14447: 14443: 14438: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14415: 14411: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14393: 14388: 14384: 14381: 14377: 14374: 14370: 14369: 14365: 14360: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14334: 14327: 14322: 14320: 14315: 14313: 14308: 14307: 14304: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14216:Syria–Lebanon 14214: 14213: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14160: 14156: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14079: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13840: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13811:Malta convoys 13809: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13729:Tarigo Convoy 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13704:Espero Convoy 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13644: 13643:Mediterranean 13640: 13639: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13492:Run for Tunis 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13467: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13416: 13411: 13409: 13404: 13402: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13355: 13352: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13325: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13262: 13260: 13259: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13215:Campaigns and 13212: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13177: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13155:9 AA Division 13153: 13151: 13150:8 AA Division 13148: 13146: 13145:7 AA Division 13143: 13141: 13140:6 AA Division 13138: 13136: 13135:5 AA Division 13133: 13131: 13130:4 AA Division 13128: 13126: 13125:3 AA Division 13123: 13121: 13120:2 AA Division 13118: 13116: 13115:1 AA Division 13113: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13104: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12906: 12902: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12883:Night fighter 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12844: 12839: 12837: 12832: 12830: 12825: 12824: 12821: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12638: 12632: 12628: 12623: 12620: 12619:0-14-100814-8 12616: 12612: 12611:0-471-42627-X 12608: 12604: 12603:0-670-91248-4 12600: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12588:1-84212-211-8 12585: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12571: 12567: 12564: 12563:1-85409-345-2 12560: 12556: 12555:1-85409-229-4 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12530: 12529: 12523: 12520: 12519:0-88740-424-3 12516: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12492: 12486: 12482: 12481: 12475: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12464:1-904943-84-5 12461: 12457: 12453: 12450: 12449:0-7146-5166-4 12446: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12434:0-7146-5118-4 12431: 12427: 12423: 12420: 12419:0-7146-8149-0 12416: 12413:(hardcover); 12412: 12411:0-7146-5123-0 12408: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12396:0-393-30734-4 12393: 12389: 12388:0-393-02766-X 12385: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12373:The Telegraph 12370: 12367: 12366:0-85039-885-1 12363: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12348:1-86105-750-4 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12316: 12311: 12305: 12301: 12300: 12294: 12291: 12290:0-15-101404-3 12287: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12270: 12266: 12261: 12258: 12257:1-59376-116-3 12254: 12250: 12249:1-59376-047-7 12246: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12204:0-684-86931-4 12201: 12197: 12196:0-684-86930-6 12193: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12181:0-531-03733-9 12178: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12138: 12133: 12130: 12129:1-84664-834-3 12126: 12122: 12121:0-8264-8031-4 12118: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12106:0-00-653204-7 12103: 12099: 12095: 12094:0-14-200466-9 12091: 12087: 12086:0-670-03230-1 12083: 12079: 12075: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12041:0-7126-6475-0 12038: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12015: 12009: 12005: 12000: 11997: 11991: 11987: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11925: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11907: 11904: 11898: 11894: 11889: 11886: 11885:0-904811-07-7 11882: 11878: 11874: 11872: 11871:0-85383-011-8 11868: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11816:0-85177-839-9 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11791: 11786: 11782: 11777: 11774: 11773:0-9533465-9-5 11770: 11766: 11762: 11759: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11710: 11705: 11701: 11695: 11691: 11686: 11682: 11677: 11674: 11673:0-9546201-4-3 11670: 11666: 11663:Goss, Chris, 11662: 11657: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11572:1-84415-065-8 11569: 11565: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11554:0-85059-749-8 11551: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11514:0-7183-0197-8 11511: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441:Brew, Steve. 11440: 11439: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11416: 11412: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11382: 11375: 11372: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11350:0-306-80962-1 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11254:0-85368-324-7 11251: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11239:0-304-35208-X 11236: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11219: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11183:0-306-80764-5 11180: 11176: 11172: 11169: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11146:0-7006-0836-2 11143: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11070: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11036: 11030: 11027: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10980: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10961: 10960: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10935: 10929: 10926: 10925:0-304-36603-X 10922: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10910:0-7867-1618-5 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10890: 10887: 10881: 10877: 10872: 10869: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10851: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10833: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10795: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10723: 10722:0-393-32297-1 10719: 10713: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10597: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10549:The Telegraph 10547: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10492:0-8264-8031-4 10489: 10485: 10482:Ellis, John. 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10442: 10441:0-7126-7423-3 10438: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10415:Deighton, Len 10412: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10341:(paperback). 10340: 10339:1-85410-801-8 10336: 10330: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293:1-85728-589-1 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10226: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10182: 10176: 10161: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10141: 10134: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10110: 10105: 10098: 10094: 10093:The Economist 10091: 10086: 10079: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10046: 10039: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10003: 9998: 9996: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9968: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9935: 9930: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9882: 9876:, p. 388 9875: 9870: 9861: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9833: 9828: 9821: 9816: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9789: 9782: 9781:Deighton 1996 9777: 9770: 9765: 9758: 9757:Deighton 1996 9753: 9746: 9745:Deighton 1996 9741: 9734: 9729: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9693: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9670: 9663: 9658: 9652:, p. 298 9651: 9646: 9640:, p. 126 9639: 9634: 9628:, p. 125 9627: 9622: 9616:, p. 313 9615: 9610: 9604:, p. 306 9603: 9598: 9596: 9589:, p. 314 9588: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9565:, p. 229 9564: 9559: 9553:, p. 371 9552: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9533: 9525: 9520: 9513: 9508: 9506: 9498: 9493: 9487:, p. 334 9486: 9481: 9474: 9469: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9434: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9413: 9404: 9395: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9352:, p. 71. 9351: 9346: 9340:, p. 91. 9339: 9334: 9332: 9325:, p. 88. 9324: 9319: 9313:, p. 317 9312: 9307: 9300: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9284:, p. 117 9283: 9278: 9272:, p. 235 9271: 9266: 9260:, p. 229 9259: 9254: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9196: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9173: 9167:, p. 83. 9166: 9161: 9155:, p. 245 9154: 9149: 9142: 9137: 9131:, p. 306 9130: 9125: 9119:, p. 193 9118: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9090:, p. 198 9089: 9084: 9077: 9076:Richards 1953 9072: 9065: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9024: 9017: 9012: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8974: 8969: 8960: 8954:, p. 658 8953: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8917: 8916:Deighton 1996 8912: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8878:, p. 82. 8877: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8848: 8842:, p. 182 8841: 8840:Deighton 1996 8836: 8830:, p. 179 8829: 8824: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8806:"Document 32. 8802: 8795: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8755:, p. 80. 8754: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8731:, p. 66. 8730: 8725: 8718: 8713: 8707:, p. 54. 8706: 8701: 8694: 8689: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8610: 8605: 8599:, p. 251 8598: 8593: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8571: 8565:, p. 237 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8518:, p. 253 8517: 8512: 8506:, p. 552 8505: 8500: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8464: 8463:Halpenny 1984 8459: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8424:, p. 354 8423: 8418: 8412:, p. 359 8411: 8406: 8400:, p. 356 8399: 8394: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8325:, p. 250 8324: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8301:, p. 249 8300: 8295: 8288: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8247: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8157:, p. 332 8156: 8151: 8145:, p. 113 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8118:, p. 159 8117: 8116:Richards 1953 8112: 8110: 8108: 8100: 8095: 8089:, p. 342 8088: 8083: 8077: 8072: 8070: 8063:, p. 193 8062: 8057: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8022:, p. 188 8021: 8016: 8014: 8006: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7980:, p. 186 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7938: 7933: 7926: 7921: 7915:, p. 216 7914: 7909: 7903:, p. 305 7902: 7897: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7815: 7810: 7804:, p. 119 7803: 7798: 7796: 7788: 7783: 7777:, p. 85. 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7654: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7533: 7527:, p. 259 7526: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7510:, p. 260 7509: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7493:, p. 130 7492: 7487: 7485: 7478:, p. 370 7477: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7447:Terraine 1985 7443: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7423:Terraine 1985 7419: 7410: 7403: 7402:Richards 1953 7398: 7391: 7388: 7387:archive.today 7384: 7381: 7376: 7369: 7364: 7358:, p. 107 7357: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7334:, p. 228 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7306: 7301: 7294: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7169: 7162: 7157: 7151:, p. 135 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7127:, p. 187 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7082: 7075: 7072: 7067: 7061:, p. 139 7060: 7055: 7048: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6922:, p. 77. 6921: 6920:Deighton 1996 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6853:, p. ii. 6852: 6847: 6841:, p. 32. 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6817:, p. 13. 6816: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6754:, p. 90. 6753: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6697:, p. 72. 6696: 6691: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6334: 6333:Deighton 1996 6329: 6322: 6317: 6311:, p. 26. 6310: 6305: 6298: 6297:Deighton 1996 6293: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6055:, p. 161 6054: 6049: 6043:, p. 309 6042: 6037: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5990:, p. 368 5989: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5971:, p. 318 5970: 5965: 5959:, p. 107 5958: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5942:, p. 134 5941: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5866: 5859: 5849: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5791:crash landing 5786: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5704: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5508: 5505: 5494: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5460:Documentaries 5454: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5440:Julian Glover 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5389:Adolf Galland 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377:Michael Caine 5374: 5373:Trevor Howard 5370: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881:and his wife 4880: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797:Joseph Stalin 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4585:Richard Overy 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467:were already 4466: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340:Old Kent Road 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4173:Pas-de-Calais 4170: 4169: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4041: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3989:Dornier Do 17 3985: 3981: 3980: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839:Dover Straits 3836: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3694:Fairey Battle 3691: 3690:Wilhelmshaven 3687: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3636:Douglas Bader 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3580:Idiotenreihen 3576: 3572: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518:Enigma cipher 3514: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3402:Quintin Brand 3396: 3391: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325:Dover Straits 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313:Heinkel He 59 3310: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3224:Graf Zeppelin 3219: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3172:Adolf Galland 3167:on 22 August. 3166: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3155:Adolf Galland 3152: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093:vapour trails 3089: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2901:Generaloberst 2897: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2811:shifted to a 2810: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2756:air supremacy 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Czechoslovaks 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Fleet Air Arm 2584: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2492:South African 2489: 2480: 2477: 2476:Fairey Battle 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2418:Junkers Ju 88 2415: 2414:Dornier Do 17 2411: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363:Schnellbomber 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237:Spitfire Mk I 2234: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083:Joseph Schmid 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1877:Air Component 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861:Norway Debate 1858: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:Condor Legion 1806: 1801: 1799: 1798:Thomas Inskip 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:Walther Wever 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:heavy bombers 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:Junkers Ju 52 1719: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Giulio Douhet 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592:12 days later 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555:defended the 1554: 1551:(FAA) of the 1550: 1549:Fleet Air Arm 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Colmar Pocket 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1297:Market Garden 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167:Haddock Force 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 998: 997:Schuster Line 995: 994: 993: 992: 991: 985: 984: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 963: 957: 952: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 922: 919: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 860: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 842: 839: 835: 832: 831: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 804: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797: 791: 788: 786: 783: 779: 776: 774: 773:Syria–Lebanon 771: 769: 766: 765: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 733: 732: 731: 730: 729: 722: 719: 715: 712: 711: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 677:Pacific Ocean 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 667: 666: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 647: 646:Eastern Front 644: 640: 637: 636: 635: 632: 630: 627: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 595:Western Front 593: 591: 588: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 547: 542: 539:Campaigns of 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 513: 510: 498: 489: 486: 483: 480: 479: 477: 469: 466: 463: 462: 460: 459: 454: 450: 447: 446: 441: 435: 425: 423: 412: 411: 409: 404: 394: 392: 391:Fleet Air Arm 382: 380: 370: 368: 357: 356: 354: 353: 348: 342: 332: 329: 318: 316: 306: 304: 294: 292: 282: 281: 279: 274: 264: 262: 261:Quintin Brand 252: 249: 238: 236: 226: 224: 214: 213: 211: 210: 205: 199: 197: 184: 182: 180: 167: 166: 164: 158: 146: 144: 142: 129: 128: 126: 125: 120: 112: 109: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 92: 86: 83: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 40:Western Front 36: 31: 26: 22: 18168:from Commons 18163: 18142: 17954:appointments 17785:RAF Regiment 17771:branches and 17701:Glider units 17574:Bibliography 17557: 17370:Project Hula 17335:Vistula–Oder 17304: 17237: 17228: 17212: 17182: 17131: 17115: 17106: 17097: 17063: 16960: 16875: 16851: 16821: 16572: 16465: 16410:North Africa 16395: 16112:Soviet Union 16066:Soviet Union 15992:Soviet Union 15760:Vatican City 15670:Vichy France 15575:German Reich 15472:Soviet Union 15458:South Africa 15451:Sierra Leone 15404:Newfoundland 15223:Participants 15206:Marocchinate 14910: 14901: 14871: 14749:North Africa 14710:Indian Ocean 14569:Nazi plunder 14460:Cryptography 14333:World War II 14254: 14083:Indian Ocean 14082: 13875:Channel Dash 13859: 13818: 13694:Cigno Convoy 13649:Convoy AN 14 13642: 13608: 13574: 13564: 13466:North Africa 13465: 13436: 13265: 13257: 13249: 13241: 13224: 13107:AA Divisions 13097:III AA Corps 12990:Organisation 12923:Cyril Newall 12913:Hugh Dowding 12676: 12626: 12621:(paperback). 12594: 12579: 12569: 12546: 12527: 12510: 12498: 12479: 12470: 12455: 12440: 12425: 12402: 12398:(paperback). 12379: 12372: 12357: 12339: 12320: 12298: 12281: 12264: 12259:(paperback). 12240: 12225: 12210: 12206:(paperback). 12187: 12172: 12155: 12136: 12112: 12097: 12077: 12062: 12047: 12032: 12003: 11985: 11965: 11948: 11929: 11910: 11892: 11876: 11862: 11847: 11843: 11824: 11807: 11789: 11780: 11764: 11747: 11728: 11708: 11689: 11680: 11664: 11645: 11629: 11610: 11583: 11563: 11545: 11527:. Cerberus. 11524: 11505: 11484: 11463: 11452: 11442: 11419: 11410: 11391: 11380: 11360: 11341: 11323: 11319: 11299: 11282: 11264: 11245: 11230: 11213: 11193: 11190:Hooton, E.R. 11174: 11167: 11152: 11137: 11134:Corum, James 11118: 11101: 11084: 11056: 11034: 11015: 10996: 10978: 10958: 10933: 10916: 10901: 10893: 10875: 10857: 10839: 10820: 10811: 10796:. I.R. Dee. 10793: 10787:(3): 128–134 10784: 10778: 10755: 10729: 10716:(hardcover, 10700: 10677: 10657: 10630: 10613: 10610:Keegan, John 10601: 10581: 10560: 10548: 10527: 10508: 10501: 10483: 10476:the original 10471: 10448: 10419: 10395: 10386: 10378: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10318: 10299: 10284: 10268: 10249: 10240: 10206: 10191:Bibliography 10164:, retrieved 10158: 10152: 10145:Campion 2015 10140: 10132: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10077: 10070: 10060: 10045: 10035: 10027: 10018: 10009: 9983:, retrieved 9979:the original 9973: 9967: 9955:. Retrieved 9950: 9941: 9934:Campion 2015 9929: 9921: 9906: 9898: 9890: 9881: 9869: 9860: 9851: 9839: 9834:, p. 80 9827: 9815: 9805: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9764: 9752: 9740: 9728: 9716: 9709:Campion 2015 9704: 9697:Campion 2008 9692: 9685:Campion 2015 9680: 9674:Campion 2008 9669: 9664:, p. 97 9657: 9645: 9633: 9621: 9609: 9582: 9577:, p. 50 9570: 9558: 9546: 9541:, p. 55 9526:, p. 56 9519: 9514:, p. 53 9499:, p. 35 9492: 9480: 9475:, p. 90 9468: 9460: 9452: 9440: 9432: 9424: 9412: 9403: 9394: 9382:. Retrieved 9378: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9318: 9306: 9301:, p. 52 9277: 9265: 9253: 9245: 9230: 9218: 9210: 9195: 9187: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9083: 9071: 9059: 9054:, p. 38 9047: 9035: 9023: 9018:, p. 33 9011: 9003: 8968: 8959: 8952:Holland 2011 8947: 8935: 8928:Holland 2011 8923: 8911: 8903: 8871: 8859: 8847: 8835: 8823: 8815: 8801: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676:. Retrieved 8672: 8663: 8651: 8643: 8628: 8621:Campion 2015 8616: 8609:Campion 2015 8604: 8592: 8584: 8570: 8558: 8553:, p. 92 8546: 8535: 8523: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8482:, p. 74 8441: 8436:, p. 90 8429: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8361:, p. 55 8354: 8342: 8337:, p. 61 8330: 8318: 8313:, p. 26 8306: 8294: 8282: 8277:, p. 65 8270: 8258: 8246: 8241:, p. 13 8234: 8222: 8217:, p. 26 8210: 8205:, p. 18 8198: 8193:, p. 33 8191:Galland 2005 8186: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8133:, p. 89 8101:, p. 98 8094: 8082: 8056: 8048: 8035: 8004: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7956:, p. 68 7932: 7927:, p. 69 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7879:, p. 50 7872: 7860: 7852: 7836: 7816:, p. 58 7814:Stedman 2012 7809: 7782: 7770: 7713: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7639: 7629: 7624:, p. 25 7617: 7612:, p. 15 7591: 7581: 7575: 7565: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7532: 7491:Ponting 1991 7454: 7449:, p. 44 7442: 7437:, p. 86 7430: 7418: 7409: 7397: 7389: 7375: 7370:, p. 31 7363: 7351: 7346:, p. 51 7339: 7327: 7300: 7288: 7283:, p. 33 7276: 7264: 7244:, p. 49 7237: 7225: 7220:, p. 73 7213: 7208:, p. 29 7201: 7196:, p. 78 7189: 7177: 7168: 7156: 7144: 7132: 7120: 7115:, p. 86 7108: 7096: 7088: 7081: 7073: 7066: 7054: 7046: 7039: 7034:, p. 84 7027: 7015: 7003: 6987: 6975: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6870: 6858: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6810: 6783: 6775:Hitler 1940 6771: 6759: 6675: 6663:. Retrieved 6659:the original 6649: 6615: 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6519:the original 6509: 6497: 6485:. Retrieved 6481:the original 6476: 6467: 6455: 6428: 6420: 6413: 6408:, p. 11 6401: 6396:, p. 96 6389: 6377: 6372:, p. 62 6365: 6357: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6240: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6177:, p. 18 6155: 6143: 6131:. Retrieved 6127: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6080: 6074: 6048: 6036: 6024:. Retrieved 6020:the original 5995: 5964: 5935: 5930:, p. 68 5928:Haining 2005 5923: 5916:Foreman 1989 5889: 5880: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5848: 5837:Franz Halder 5832: 5828: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5785: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5750:Adolf Hitler 5744: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5703: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5662: 5655:Soviet Union 5637: 5482: 5469: 5450: 5443: 5432: 5424: 5412: 5401:Pearl Harbor 5399: 5362: 5341: 5327: 5214: 5199: 5191:Isle of Skye 5168: 5161: 5149: 5136:Commonwealth 5133: 5122: 5113: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5027: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4938:attached to 4936:Otto Bechtle 4933: 4918:609 Squadron 4899:George Cross 4876: 4873:Royal family 4867: 4856: 4845: 4840:Störangriffe 4839: 4833: 4817:Beaufighters 4805: 4776: 4742: 4738: 4730:Erhard Milch 4727: 4710: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4672: 4661: 4656:Fliegerkorps 4655: 4644: 4614: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4556: 4540: 4526: 4523: 4493: 4454: 4423:twice each. 4403: 4401: 4397: 4372:303 Squadron 4297: 4238: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4194: 4192: 4181: 4177:Luftflotte 3 4176: 4168:Luftflotte 3 4166: 4162: 4160: 4155:RAF Fowlmere 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4111:Czechoslovak 4100: 4099:casualties, 4082: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4024:Adlerangriff 4023: 4021: 4018:Main assault 4007:dive bombers 3993:141 Squadron 3977: 3975: 3965:Störangriffe 3964: 3950: 3930:Störangriffe 3929: 3926: 3916:Störangriffe 3915: 3901:Adlerangriff 3899: 3892: 3879: 3876:Störangriffe 3875: 3864: 3828: 3824: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3787:casualties. 3785: 3770: 3750: 3744: 3725: 3707: 3675: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3602: 3584: 3579: 3567: 3552: 3515: 3511: 3508:Intelligence 3498: 3486: 3475: 3463: 3447:Richard Saul 3372:RAF strategy 3366:Seenotdienst 3365: 3363: 3358: 3353:Air Ministry 3350: 3345: 3340:Seenotdienst 3339: 3337: 3308:Seenotdienst 3306: 3300: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3222: 3220: 3209: 3206:Intelligence 3197: 3193: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3158: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3039:Rottenführer 3038: 3037:allowed the 3034: 3018: 3014: 3010: 2987: 2983: 2982:pack dog or 2979: 2976:Rottenführer 2975: 2970: 2964: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2899: 2893: 2885:West Country 2881:Hugo Sperrle 2877: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2840:Luftflotte 3 2838: 2835:Hugo Sperrle 2824: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2777: 2773: 2768:Fliegerkorps 2766: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2723:Störangriffe 2722: 2718: 2702: 2692: 2687: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2640:Hugh Dowding 2632: 2623:Newfoundland 2579: 2574:303 Squadron 2543: 2528: 2515: 2504: 2457: 2444: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2421: 2407: 2383: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2338: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2303:engine used 2296: 2288:20mm cannons 2277: 2275: 2270:Westhampnett 2259:602 Squadron 2254: 2222: 2203: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2152: 2143: 2132: 2128:Len Deighton 2125: 2121: 2105: 2096: 2075:Luftflotte 3 2072: 2059: 2050:Lord Halifax 2042: 2040: 2027: 2025: 2016:Erich Raeder 2009: 1997: 1993:Kriegsmarine 1989: 1984: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953:Adolf Hitler 1918: 1906: 1904: 1900:Lord Halifax 1892:Soviet Union 1885: 1853: 1821:dive bombers 1802: 1794:Hugh Dowding 1775: 1761: 1730:Erhard Milch 1714:sport flying 1707: 1672: 1647:air defences 1644: 1608: 1573: 1561:Nazi Germany 1524: 1522: 1483: 1482: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1330: 1313: 1296: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1253: 1252: 1224: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1155: 1136: 1092: 1091: 1070: 1051: 1050: 1002: 1001: 988: 987: 981: 960: 951:World War II 858: 857: 846:Indian Ocean 807:Ecuador–Peru 795: 794: 764:Middle East 738:North Africa 726: 725: 665:Asia-Pacific 663: 662: 628: 550: 541:World War II 487:925 captured 481:2,585 killed 464:1,542 killed 341:Rino Fougier 315:Hugo Sperrle 273:Richard Saul 223:Hugh Dowding 185: 168: 130: 122:Belligerents 69:Isle of Dogs 44:World War II 38:Part of the 25: 17930:Other ranks 17696:Ferry units 17305:Bodenplatte 17191:Gothic Line 16417:West Africa 15964:Philippines 15943:Netherlands 15808:Czech lands 15746:Switzerland 15690:Afghanistan 15641:Philippines 15509:Puerto Rico 15425:Philippines 15411:New Zealand 15397:Netherlands 15350:Free France 15101:Prosecution 14902:Osoaviakhim 14772:West Africa 14756:East Africa 14403:Conferences 14159:Middle East 13910:Sword Beach 13870:Dieppe Raid 13629:Thermopylae 13545:West Africa 13437:East Africa 13283:Beaufighter 13179:Other units 13092:II AA Corps 12972:R. V. Jones 12852:during the 12687:Frank Capra 12531:. Cassell. 10746:Owen, R.E, 10166:31 December 9985:3 September 9874:Bungay 2000 9820:Hooton 2007 9793:Bungay 2000 9733:Bungay 2000 9721:Bungay 2000 9650:Bungay 2000 9575:Murray 2002 9551:Bungay 2000 9539:Murray 2002 9524:Murray 2002 9512:Murray 2002 9473:Ramsay 1988 9433:Kent Online 9384:28 November 9311:Bungay 2000 9299:Murray 2002 9282:Irving 1974 9141:Irving 1974 9129:Bungay 2000 8973:Bungay 2000 8794:Bungay 2000 8741:Bishop 2010 8705:Bishop 2010 8597:Warner 2005 8563:Bungay 2000 8551:Bungay 2000 8540:Warner 2005 8528:Warner 2005 8516:Warner 2005 8504:Ramsay 1989 8434:Bungay 2000 8422:Bungay 2000 8410:Bungay 2000 8398:Bungay 2000 8386:Bungay 2000 8374:Orange 2001 8335:Holmes 2007 8323:Bungay 2000 8299:Bungay 2000 8289:, p. 5 8287:Ramsay 1989 8179:Ramsay 1989 8143:Ramsay 1987 8099:Orange 2001 8087:Bungay 2000 8061:Bungay 2000 8036:Abteilung V 8020:Bungay 2000 7990:Bungay 2000 7978:Bungay 2000 7966:Bungay 2000 7954:Bungay 2000 7925:Holmes 2007 7901:Bungay 2000 7889:Bungay 2000 7865:Bungay 2000 7853:Saunalahti, 7802:Bungay 2000 7733:Bungay 2000 7718:Bishop 2010 7706:Bungay 2000 7653:Bungay 2000 7579:Sikora, P. 7563:Owen, R.E, 7537:Ramsay 1989 7525:Bungay 2000 7508:Bungay 2000 7476:Bungay 2000 7459:Bishop 1968 7435:Bungay 2000 7368:Wright 1968 7305:Ansell 2005 7293:Bungay 2000 7257:Bungay 2000 7182:Bungay 2000 7161:Holmes 1998 7137:Ramsay 1989 7101:Sarkar 2011 7032:Crosby 2002 7020:Bungay 2000 6968:Bungay 2000 6956:Bishop 2010 6944:Bishop 2010 6932:Bungay 2000 6908:Bishop 2010 6896:Bungay 2000 6884:Bishop 2010 6863:Bungay 2000 6851:Bungay 2000 6839:Bungay 2000 6815:Bungay 2000 6788:Bishop 2010 6764:Bungay 2000 6710:Bungay 2000 6680:Bungay 2000 6665:11 February 6641:, pp. 6639:Murray 2002 6620:Bungay 2000 6582:Murray 2002 6542:, pp. 6540:Murray 2002 6525:20 December 6502:Shirer 1964 6487:20 December 6460:Shirer 1964 6448:Bungay 2000 6406:Bungay 2000 6384:, p. 9 6382:Bungay 2000 6321:Bungay 2000 6309:Bishop 2010 6285:Bishop 2010 6261:Bungay 2000 6247:, pp. 6245:Murray 2002 6231:, pp. 6229:Murray 2002 6217:Bishop 2010 6205:Bishop 2010 6190:Murray 2002 6175:Stacey 1955 6160:Bungay 2000 6111:raf.mod.uk. 6000:Ramsay 1989 5988:Bungay 2000 5957:Bungay 2000 5940:Peszke 1980 5918:, p. 8 5433:First Light 5417:Billy Fiske 5385:Robert Shaw 5204:and one at 5134:Within the 4552:Biggin Hill 4481:Free French 4421:North Weald 4409:Biggin Hill 4388:Łokuciewski 4277:Fort Dunlop 4261:South Wales 4249:the Maldens 4233:Biggin Hill 4119:RAF Duxford 4038:East Coast 3886:the Channel 3843:fluorescein 3781:82 Squadron 3720:Freya radar 3671:21 Squadron 3588:74 Squadron 3557:19 Squadron 3329:fluorescein 3248:Abteilung V 3241:Abteilung V 3194:Jagdflieger 3091:Pattern of 2993:blind spots 2988:Katschmarek 2984:Katschmarek 2852:Luftflotten 2825:Luftflotten 2309:carburettor 2116:German Army 2079:naval mines 2000:Alfred Jodl 1383:Blockbuster 1291:Netherlands 1246:Dieppe Raid 1041:Afsluitdijk 967:River Forth 829:Air Warfare 743:East Africa 484:735 wounded 467:422 wounded 18178:Categories 18075:RAF Museum 17850:Operations 17815:RAF Police 17773:components 17706:Misc units 17640:formations 17405:West Hunan 17238:Pointblank 16574:Silver Fox 16560:Summer War 16313:Winter War 16292:Phoney War 16073:Azerbaijan 16034:Yugoslavia 15929:Luxembourg 15771:Resistance 15518:Yugoslavia 15383:Luxembourg 15185:Sook Ching 14981:War crimes 14583:Technology 14576:Opposition 14518:Lend-Lease 14495:Australian 14488:Home front 14446:Blitzkrieg 14396:Casualties 14387:Commanders 14359:Operations 13905:Gold Beach 13900:Juno Beach 13348:Chain Home 13327:Technology 13264:Operation 13256:Operation 13248:Operation 13240:Operation 13217:operations 13087:I AA Corps 12965:Scientists 12933:Keith Park 11464:Nine Lives 10653:Reid, Paul 9844:Price 1980 9662:Overy 2001 9638:Overy 2001 9626:Overy 2001 9445:Overy 2013 9417:Overy 2001 9362:Overy 2001 9350:Overy 2013 9338:Overy 2013 9323:Overy 2001 9223:Overy 2013 9165:Overy 2013 9105:Overy 2013 9088:Korda 2010 9052:Overy 2001 9040:Overy 1980 8876:Overy 2013 8864:Overy 2013 8852:Korda 2010 8828:Price 1980 8777:Overy 2013 8753:Overy 2013 8729:Overy 2001 8717:Overy 2013 8693:Overy 2001 8673:RAF Museum 8656:Overy 2001 8446:Overy 2013 8359:Price 1996 8347:Price 1980 8311:Price 1996 8227:Overy 2013 8215:Price 1980 8203:Korda 2010 8167:Deere 1974 8131:Deere 1974 8076:Allen 1974 7937:Price 1980 7829:Price 1980 7787:Overy 2001 7775:Overy 2013 7763:Overy 2013 7748:Overy 2001 7689:Overy 2001 7677:Overy 2013 7552:bbm.org.uk 7320:Price 1980 7281:Green 1962 7218:Green 1980 7206:Feist 1993 7194:Price 2002 7125:Jones 1970 7008:Overy 2013 6994:, p. 6980:Overy 2013 6827:Overy 2001 6803:Overy 2013 6752:Overy 2013 6737:Overy 2001 6695:Overy 2013 6602:, p. 6584:, p. 6563:Overy 2013 6394:Smith 1942 6273:Overy 2013 6148:Overy 2013 6133:5 November 6128:RAF Museum 6053:Overy 2001 5901:References 5046:Gettysburg 4983:Propaganda 4968:Geschwader 4954:aircraft. 4928:See also: 4920:hitting a 4914:Gun camera 4787:Jeschonnek 4602:Derek Wood 4572:Pilots of 4519:the Polish 4477:Rhodesians 4449:Eastchurch 4413:Hornchurch 4404:Luftflotte 4332:Wood Green 4324:St Pancras 4285:Portsmouth 4281:Birmingham 4269:Wealdstone 4229:RAF Kenley 4163:Luftflotte 4149:Pilots of 4131:Blitzkrieg 4101:Luftflotte 4083:Luftflotte 4040:Chain Home 4000:Hurricanes 3979:Kanalkampf 3941:Sector 'G' 3893:Kanalkampf 3881:Kanalkampf 3478:Chain Home 3464:Luftflotte 3417:Keith Park 3290:Knickebein 3185:drop tanks 3140:Freie Jagd 3127:Freie Jagd 3116:Freie Jagd 2980:Rottenhund 2921:Luftflotte 2917:Luftflotte 2894:Luftflotte 2872:Luftflotte 2857:Luftflotte 2784:Kesselring 2739:Kanalkampf 2727:naval mine 2699:what to do 2668:Fiat BR.20 2572:pilots of 2384:The RAF's 2331:jagdbomber 2108:Home Fleet 2044:Mein Kampf 1926:our Empire 1886:After the 1846:, British 1825:Knickebein 1817:Ernst Udet 1669:Background 1651:the speech 1631:amphibious 1580:Portsmouth 1553:Royal Navy 1390:Lumberjack 1260:Baby Blitz 1225:Donnerkeil 1183:Kanalkampf 1106:Montcornet 1011:Maastricht 990:Luxembourg 962:Phoney War 870:Yugoslavia 851:Madagascar 814:Antarctica 785:Dodecanese 605:Resistance 573:Winter War 563:Phoney War 379:Royal Navy 235:Keith Park 17918:personnel 17880:equipment 17753:Squadrons 17671:Squadrons 17642:and units 17470:Manchuria 17356:Indochina 17132:Bagration 16583:Lithuania 16228:Anschluss 16025:Viet Minh 15922:Lithuania 15864:Hong Kong 15634:Manchukuo 15589:Azad Hind 15248:Australia 15048:Aftermath 14911:Paperclip 14806:Aftermath 14606:Total war 14474:Diplomacy 14437:In Europe 14021:Singapore 13982:Hong Kong 13865:The Blitz 13293:Hurricane 13242:Steinbock 13230:The Blitz 12251:); 2006, 11428:1243-8650 11267:. Orion. 11127:1243-8650 11110:1243-8650 11093:1243-8650 11077:Luftwaffe 10812:Aeroplane 10502:The Times 10277:1243-8650 10225:cite book 9004:Aeroplane 7877:Weal 1999 7356:Ward 2004 7269:Weal 1999 7242:Weal 1999 7230:Weal 1999 6544:32–33, 35 5465:The 1941 5452:Hurricane 5163:The Times 5157:George VI 5050:the Blitz 5013:Aftermath 4813:Blenheims 4811:, mostly 4758:The Blitz 4723:drop tank 4629:The Blitz 4578:Gravesend 4559:Peter Dye 4473:Canadians 4465:Dominions 4429:Gravesend 4392:Henneberg 4378:, Flt Lt 4344:Mill Hill 4336:Southgate 4245:Wimbledon 4214:Hauptmann 4011:Admiralty 4009:that the 3961:Guildford 3909:the Blitz 3847:Lysanders 3752:Hauptmann 3733:Haamstede 3703:Ruhr area 3669:Mk IV of 3651:the Blitz 3628:Big Wings 3538:Y Service 3317:North Sea 3189:endurance 3132:Luftwaffe 3123:Luftwaffe 3103:Luftwaffe 3019:Luftwaffe 2949:Luftwaffe 2941:Luftwaffe 2937:Luftwaffe 2933:Luftwaffe 2928:Luftwaffe 2848:Luftwaffe 2821:Luftwaffe 2809:Luftwaffe 2805:the Blitz 2774:Luftwaffe 2760:Luftwaffe 2752:Luftwaffe 2734:Luftwaffe 2719:Luftwaffe 2703:Luftwaffe 2688:Luftwaffe 2599:Canadians 2352:Zerstörer 2295:negative- 2279:Jagdwaffe 2261:flown by 1919:... 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12790:Archived 12733:Archived 12716:Archived 12665:Archived 11603:Aircraft 11581:(2001). 11523:(2005). 11483:(2002). 11462:(1974), 11359:(1964), 11192:(2007). 11014:(1975), 10946:Archived 10698:(2001). 10655:(2012). 10558:(2011). 10526:(1984). 10417:(1996). 10317:(2000). 10205:(1974). 10175:citation 10126:Archived 10054:Archived 9957:8 August 9951:BBC News 9914:Archived 9497:Dye 2000 9239:Archived 9204:Archived 9181:Archived 9028:Dye 2000 9016:Dye 2000 8988:Dye 2000 8897:Archived 8809:Archived 8678:28 March 8636:Archived 8578:Archived 8041:Archived 7845:Archived 7640:BBC News 7383:Archived 6718:Archived 6370:Ray 2003 6351:Archived 5490:See also 5336:relocate 5206:Stanmore 5173:and the 5042:Waterloo 4977:Sea Lion 4689:Big Wing 4590:increase 4437:Hawkinge 4433:Rochford 4352:Chigwell 4320:Finchley 4308:Uxbridge 4304:Lewisham 4300:Banstead 4289:East End 4253:Aberdeen 4219:leading 4079:Hawkinge 4067:Adlertag 4049:Adlertag 3996:Defiants 3831:Mae West 3765:Boulogne 3741:Brussels 3632:en masse 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