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Long justified his actions in his diary by referring to the laws in the United States imposing strict quotas on the number of immigrants from particular countries, and his great concern about the possibility that
Germany and the Soviet Union would infiltrate spies or subversive agents into the United
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The memo was titled, "Personal Report to the
President," but the original title of the early drafts was the much angrier, "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews." Long featured prominently in the accusations in the report. The final paragraph of the
498:
career officials, horrified by reports of the mass slaughter of Jews by the Nazis, attempted to fund the release of some 70,000 Romanian Jews from Nazi hands. After Long effectively blocked them, the
Treasury men began to look closely for evidence that the U.S. was actively avoiding steps that would
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that the majority of 580,000 refugees admitted from Europe were Jewish, and that such legislation would be a rebuke of the State
Department in wartime. Long noted in his diary that day that he erred by speaking without notes (the actual numbers were 568,000 visas authorized and only 545,000 issued),
509:
The State
Department has turned its back on the time-honored principle of granting haven to refugees. The tempest-tossed get little comfort from men like Breckenridge Long. Long says the door to the oppressed is open but that it 'has been carefully screened.' What he should have said is 'barlocked
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Ultimately, the effect of the immigration policies as enacted by Long's department was that, during
American involvement in the war, ninety percent of the quota places available to immigrants from countries under German and Italian control were never filled. If they had been, an additional 190,000
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We can delay and effectively stop for a temporary period of indefinite length the number of immigrants into the United States. We could do this by simply advising our consuls to put every obstacle in the way and to require additional evidence and to resort to various administrative devices which
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and remained at the post until he resigned in 1920 to pursue election to the U.S. Senate from
Missouri. While in the Department of State, he held responsibility for overseeing Asian affairs. During this time, Long directed attention to the improvement of U.S. foreign communications policy, and
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In an intra-department memo he circulated in June 1940, Long wrote: "We can delay and effectively stop for a temporary period of indefinite length the number of immigrants into the United States. We could do this by simply advising our consuls to put every obstacle in the way and to require
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An extreme nativist, Long is largely remembered for his obstructionist role as the official responsible for granting refugee visas during World War II. He obstructed rescue attempts, drastically restricted immigration, and falsified figures of refugees admitted.
466:, which barred the admission of persons deemed likely to become a burden on the state. The standards of proof of not being a public charge were constantly shifting, and that was used to intentionally prevent refugees and immigrants from gaining admission.
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in
Missouri and opened an office in St. Louis in 1907. He continued to practice law independently until 1917. From 1914 to 1915, Long was a member of the Missouri Code Commission on Revision of Judicial Procedure. He then worked to establish the
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additional evidence and to resort to various administrative devices which would postpone and postpone and postpone the granting of the visas." One of his most powerful tools to keep out potential refugees and immigrants was the
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440:. In a letter to a friend, Long referred to Italian fascism as “the most interesting experiment in government to come above the horizon since the formulation of our Constitution.” In 1938, he wrote in his diary,
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In
November 1943, when the House was considering two bills that would have established a separate government agency charged with assisting the rescue of Jewish refugees, Long gave secret testimony to the
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424:, which he held from 1933 to 1936. During his ambassadorship, Long was criticized for advising the president against imposing an embargo on oil shipments to Italy in retaliation for
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478:(Biblical nemesis of the Jews) due to his efforts to admit the least possible number of war refugees into the United States, a significant portion of whom were Jews.
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450:. It is eloquent in opposition to Jewry and to Jews as exponents of Communism & chaos.... My estimate of Hitler as a man rises with the reading of his book.”
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save Jewish lives. The culmination of this research was a report presented to president
Franklin Roosevelt in early 1944 by Treasury Secretary
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and bolted.' ... If men of the temperament and philosophy of Long continue in control of immigration administration, we may as well take down
650:"Breckinridge Long Is Dead at 77. Assistant Secretary of State. Aide of Wilson and Roosevelt Was Envoy to Italy, '33-36. Race Horse Breeder"
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during the Wilson Administration, and generously contributed to his 1932 Presidential campaign. Roosevelt rewarded him with the position of
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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum online exhibit, "Holocaust Sources in Context: Treasury Report to the President," retrieved from
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The exposure of Long's misdeeds led to his demotion. He resigned from the State Department in November 1944 and went into retirement.
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Andrew Meier, "‘The God-Damnedest Thing’: The Antisemitic Plot to Thwart U.S. Aid to Europe’s Jews and the Man Who Exposed It,"
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https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/treasury-department-report-to-president-roosevelt/collection/us-government-rescue-efforts
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290:(May 16, 1881 – September 26, 1958) was an American diplomat and politician who served in the administrations of
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but historians have noted his testimony was misleading because he implied that all of the refugees were Jews.
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Blowing the Whistle on Genocide: Josiah E. Dubois, Jr., and the Struggle for a U.S. Response to the Holocaust
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historians for making it difficult for European Jews to enter the United States during the 1930s and 1940s.
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Breckinridge Long was born on May 16, 1881, to Margaret Miller Breckinridge and William Strudwick Long in
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Long was a member of a special mission to Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in 1938. Upon the
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Long's deceptions were detected by his colleagues as well. In late 1943, a small group of
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In fiction, the character "Breckinridge Long", assistant Secretary of State, appears in
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In 1920, Long was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat in Missouri held by
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coordinated the first interdepartmental review of U.S. international communications.
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Watching darkness fall : FDR, his ambassadors, and the rise of Adolf Hitler
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Roosevelt and the Holocaust: How FDR Saved the Jews and Brought Hope to a Nation
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He married Christine Alexander Graham, a granddaughter of former U.S. Senator
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from 1905 to 1906, and received his M.A. from Princeton University in 1909.
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899:"Mrs. Breckinridge Long. Widow of Former Assistant Secretary of State Dies"
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The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939-1944
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people could have escaped the atrocities being committed by the Nazis.
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Breckinridge Long speaks about America's accomplishments during the
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would postpone and postpone and postpone the granting of the visas.
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and supported Wilsonian Democracy. He was credited with drafting
741:. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated. pp. 136, 137.
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Rafael Medoff; David S. Wyman; Henry Morgenthau (2009).
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from 1913-1916 under Wilson, and whose daughter married
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His personal papers are available for research at the
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shortly after the election. In 1917, he was appointed
822:"A Modern Day Haman? Three Candidates from FDA's Era"
960:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
956:Long, Breckinridge (1966). Israel, Fred L. (ed.).
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826:The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies
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408:FDR administration, World War II, and Antisemitism
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518:and black out the 'lamp beside the golden door.'
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243:Lawyer, government official, racehorse owner
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580:, on September 26, 1958. His widow died in
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1007:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1903:Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
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335:United States Assistant Secretary of War
59:January 29, 1917 – June 8, 1920
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436:", according to diplomat and historian
1913:American racehorse owners and breeders
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1102:January 29, 1917 – June 8, 1920
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799:. Purdue University Press. p. 4.
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101:May 31, 1933 – April 23, 1936
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772:. Simon & Schuster. p. 173.
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860:www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/
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1943:The Holocaust and the United States
1023:Works by or about Breckinridge Long
735:Robert L. Beir (13 December 2013).
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362:Washington University School of Law
343:Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
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1186:United States Ambassadors to Italy
1098:Third Assistant Secretary of State
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394:Third Assistant Secretary of State
234:Washington University in St. Louis
47:Third Assistant Secretary of State
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1898:Antisemitism in the United States
1719:Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.
1130:United States Ambassador to Italy
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456:outbreak of war in September 1939
89:United States Ambassador to Italy
1857:John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge
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925:Wouk, Herman (30 January 2010).
856:"Breckinridge Long (1881 -1958)"
530:
329:". Long was a distant cousin of
302:, Long is largely remembered by
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1893:20th-century American diplomats
1841:Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long
1790:Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge
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820:Medoff, Rafael (8 March 2016).
675:"Trump Got His Wall, After All"
484:House Foreign Affairs Committee
418:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
288:Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long
153:Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long
1780:Madeline McDowell Breckinridge
1714:Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.
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766:Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994).
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1862:Marvin Breckinridge Patterson
1765:John Witherspoon Breckinridge
1688:Robert Jefferson Breckinridge
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16:American diplomat (1881-1958)
1933:People from Laurel, Maryland
979:(First ed.). New York.
554:. He maintained a stable of
444:Have just finished Hitler’s
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1938:Princeton University alumni
1775:Henry Skillman Breckinridge
1203:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
345:, and commissioner for the
331:Henry Skillman Breckinridge
318:. Long was a member of the
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1959:
1918:Politicians from St. Louis
1760:Clifton Rodes Breckinridge
1739:Charles Henry Breckinridge
1693:William Lewis Breckinridge
1683:James Douglas Breckinridge
626:adaptation of Wouk's novel
561:and was a director of the
203:Christine Alexander Graham
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941:– via Google Books.
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537:Francis Preston Blair Jr.
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333:(1886–1960), who was the
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1501:Ambassador Extraordinary
1390:Ambassador Extraordinary
1354:Minister Plenipotentiary
1035:Party political offices
573:, fishing, and sailing.
432:. He "somewhat admired
422:U.S. Ambassador to Italy
351:Atomic Energy Commission
347:Internal Revenue Service
1831:John Bayne Breckinridge
1352:Envoy Extraordinary and
504:earliest version read:
416:, whom he had known as
973:McKean, David (2021).
617:. He was portrayed by
563:Laurel Park Racecourse
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219:William Strudwick Long
659:. September 27, 1958.
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110:Franklin D. Roosevelt
713:, September 23, 2022
584:, in 1959, aged 71.
501:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
426:Mussolini's invasion
360:in 1904, studied at
358:Princeton University
356:Long graduated from
339:John Stephens Graham
230:Princeton University
211:Christine Blair Long
1928:Breckinridge family
1678:Cabell Breckinridge
1643:Breckinridge family
1503:and Plenipotentiary
1475:(chargé d'affaires)
1392:and Plenipotentiary
1276:Kingdom of Sardinia
1083:Government offices
928:War and Remembrance
606:War and Remembrance
594:Library of Congress
582:Palm Beach, Florida
496:Treasury Department
374:admitted to the bar
320:Breckinridge family
316:St. Louis, Missouri
166:St. Louis, Missouri
1770:Desha Breckinridge
1657:James Breckinridge
906:. January 25, 1959
904:The New York Times
845:Long, pp. 334-335.
722:Long, pp. 178, 184
656:The New York Times
464:public charge rule
372:In 1906, Long was
182:September 26, 1958
1908:American fascists
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1836:Mary Breckinridge
1753:Fourth generation
1671:Second generation
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1325:Minister Resident
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1252:Minister Resident
1211:Chargé d'Affaires
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1137:Succeeded by
1115:Diplomatic posts
1105:Succeeded by
1073:Succeeded by
986:978-1-250-20696-1
931:. Little, Brown.
806:978-1-55753-507-8
748:978-1-62636-366-3
679:HuffPost Highline
516:Statue of Liberty
474:compared Long to
402:Selden P. Spencer
379:League of Nations
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1819:Fifth generation
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576:Long died in
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569:. He enjoyed
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531:Personal life
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472:Rafael Medoff
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1052:nominee for
1048:
975:
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927:
920:
908:. Retrieved
903:
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868:
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841:
829:. Retrieved
825:
815:
795:
788:
768:
761:
752:
737:
718:
710:
705:
700:, p. 3.
693:
682:. Retrieved
678:
654:
621:in the 1988
619:Eddie Albert
615:The Muralist
614:
611:B.A. Shapiro
604:
598:
591:
575:
556:thoroughbred
541:
534:
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508:
493:
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438:David McKean
411:
399:
387:
371:
355:
313:
287:
286:
184:(1958-09-26)
163:May 16, 1881
129:Succeeded by
96:
77:Succeeded by
54:
1888:1958 deaths
1883:1881 births
1590:J. Phillips
1565:Bartholomew
1464:W. Phillips
698:McKean 2021
601:Herman Wouk
571:fox hunting
559:race horses
552:ship models
539:, in 1912.
512:that plaque
327:aristocracy
324:Confederate
117:Preceded by
65:Preceded by
1877:Categories
1525:Zellerbach
1134:1933–1936
1050:Democratic
995:1255523841
831:15 October
684:2020-02-04
632:References
623:miniseries
447:Mein Kampf
310:Early life
240:Occupation
159:1881-05-16
1595:Eisenberg
1570:Foglietta
1530:Reinhardt
1470:Wadsworth
1301:Wickliffe
1003:cite book
548:paintings
514:from the
304:Holocaust
270:Great War
226:Education
216:Parent(s)
106:President
97:In office
55:In office
45:17th
1449:Fletcher
1424:Leishman
1399:MacVeagh
1264:Chandler
1228:Boulware
1058:Missouri
966:16738434
910:31 March
711:Politico
544:antiques
430:Ethiopia
300:nativist
208:Children
1600:Markell
1575:Sembler
1560:Secchia
1550:Gardner
1454:Garrett
1439:Johnson
1429:O'Brien
1419:Griscom
1063:Class 3
1054:Senator
1025:at the
1585:Thorne
1580:Spogli
1540:Martin
1535:Ackley
1515:Bunker
1404:Draper
1381:Potter
1376:Porter
1371:Stallo
1332:Daniel
1316:Daniel
1311:Kinney
1291:Rogers
1243:Morris
1223:Throop
1218:Nelson
993:
983:
964:
935:
803:
776:
745:
588:Legacy
368:Career
341:, the
200:Spouse
1545:Volpe
1444:Child
1414:White
1409:Meyer
1366:Astor
1361:Marsh
1306:Niles
1296:Baber
1238:Rowan
1056:from
476:Haman
1641:The
1555:Rabb
1520:Luce
1510:Dunn
1481:Kirk
1459:Long
1434:Page
1259:Owen
1233:Polk
1069:1920
1009:link
991:OCLC
981:ISBN
962:OCLC
933:ISBN
912:2016
833:2022
801:ISBN
774:ISBN
743:ISBN
609:and
349:and
294:and
178:Died
149:Born
613:'s
603:'s
565:in
428:of
1879::
1065:)
1005:}}
1001:{{
989:.
902:.
889:^
858:.
824:.
751:.
727:^
677:.
665:^
653:.
640:^
628:.
596:.
546:,
353:.
192:,
168:,
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
1171:e
1164:t
1157:v
1061:(
1011:)
997:.
968:.
914:.
862:.
835:.
809:.
782:.
687:.
161:)
157:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
