435:. One is to hold the vocal folds apart, so that they are lax as they are for , but to increase the volume of airflow so that they vibrate loosely. A second is to bring the vocal folds closer together along their entire length than in voiceless , but not as close as in modally voiced sounds such as vowels. This results in an airflow intermediate between and vowels, and is the case with English intervocalic /h/. A third is to constrict the glottis, but separate the
32:
340:
in which the vocal folds are held with lower tension (and farther apart) than in modal voice, with a concomitant increase in airflow and slower vibration of the glottis. In that model, murmur is a point in a continuum of glottal aperture between modal voice and breath phonation (voicelessness).
518:
In some Bantu languages, historically breathy stops have been phonetically devoiced, but the four-way contrast in the system has been retained. In all five of the southeastern Bantu languages named, the breathy stops (even if they are realised phonetically as devoiced aspirates) have a marked
352:
in which the vocal folds or, at least, the anterior part of the vocal folds vibrates, as in modal voice, but the arytenoid cartilages are held apart to allow a large turbulent airflow between them. In that model, murmur is a compound phonation of approximately modal voice plus whisper.
526:
Swazi, and to a greater extent Phuthi, display good evidence that breathy voicing can be used as a morphological property independent of any consonant voicing value. For example, in both languages, the standard morphological mechanism for achieving the
356:
It is possible that the realization of murmur varies among individuals or languages. The IPA uses the term "breathy voice", but VoQS uses the term "whispery voice". Both accept the term "murmur", popularised by
Ladefoged.
439:
that control one end. This results in the vocal folds being drawn together for voicing in the back, but separated to allow the passage of large volumes of air in the front. This is the situation with Hindi.
312:. However, breathy and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is a delay in the onset of full voicing. In the history of several languages, like
249:
vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound. A simple breathy phonation, (not actually a
714:
511:, and similarly a two-way contrast among nasal clicks, but a three-way contrast among plosives and affricates (breathy, aspirated, and
523:
vowels. For this reason, such stop consonants are frequently referred to in the local linguistic literature as 'depressor' stops.
856:
381:
etc. Indication of breathy voice by using subscript diaeresis was approved in or before June 1976 by members of the council of
528:
96:
68:
917:
823:
Traill, Anthony, James S. M. Khumalo and Paul
Fridjhon (1987). Depressing facts about Zulu. African Studies 46: 255–274.
382:
866:
507:, also have contrastive breathy voice. In the case of Xhosa, there is a four-way contrast analogous to Indic in oral
217:
115:
75:
607:
lost their phonation, merging with voiceless and voiced stops in various positions, and a system of high and low
443:
The distinction between the latter two of these realizations, vocal folds somewhat separated along their length (
366:
329:
886:
623:
82:
53:
49:
566:
297:
619:
597:
593:
589:
579:
570:
561:
416:
408:
401:
397:
393:
389:
378:
374:
370:
258:
148:
139:
64:
678:
396:} is used for breathy voice. Some authors, such as Laver, suggest the alternative transcription ⟨
811:
542:
720:. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Archived from
500:
428:
20:
688:
575:
557:
515:), and two-way contrasts among fricatives (voiceless and breathy) and nasals (voiced and breathy).
430:
910:
281:
42:
552:
721:
585:
345:
531:
468:
317:
269:
89:
8:
663:
538:
436:
411:, but it could be confused with the replacement of modal voicing in voiced segments with
309:
250:
1113:
991:
903:
776:
608:
512:
882:
862:
780:
548:
475:, typically have a four-way contrast among plosives and affricates (voiced, breathy,
405:
253:, as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an
467:
A number of languages use breathy voicing in a phonologically contrastive way. Many
1053:
768:
604:
476:
191:
649:
848:
615:
508:
488:
484:
480:
333:
881:
Dickens, Patick (1994) English–Juǀʼhoan Juǀʼhoan–English dictionary
639:
1065:
986:
504:
492:
452:
313:
772:
629:
1107:
956:
852:
520:
496:
981:
668:
534:
is to simply execute the noun prefix syllable as breathy (or 'depressed').
644:
634:
1059:
976:
971:
966:
683:
246:
479:, aspirated) and a two-way contrast among nasals (voiced, breathy). The
1082:
693:
412:
926:
715:"Non-modal phonation in Quiaviní Zapotec: an acoustic investigation*"
365:
A stop with breathy release or a breathy nasal is transcribed in the
254:
242:
812:
http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~chrisg/index_files/FulopGolston2009.pdf
328:
There is some confusion as to the nature of murmured phonation. The
31:
1087:
673:
273:
447:) and vocal folds together with the arytenoids making an opening (
1092:
939:
19:"Voiced aspirate" redirects here. For true voiced aspirates, see
306:
From an articulatory perspective, that terminology is inaccurate
1044:
745:
Trask (1996) "breathy voice", "murmur", "whispery voice", in
472:
344:
Others, such as Laver, Catford, Trask and the authors of the
277:
895:
206:
519:
tone-lowering (or tone-depressing) effect on the following
209:
203:
427:
There are several ways to produce breathy sounds such as
415:
phonation, conventionally transcribed with the diacritic
308:, as breathy voice is a different type of phonation from
833:
Callou, Dinah; Leite, Yonne (2001). Zahar, Jorge (ed.).
600:
herb species; and /n|ʱoaᵑ/ greedy person; /n|oaʱᵑ/ cat.
611:
developed in syllables that formerly had these sounds.
288:, as in the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted
320:, breathy stops have developed into aspirated stops.
218:
200:
197:
759:j. c. w (June 1976). "The Association's Alphabet".
194:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
847:
761:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
323:
1105:
614:Breathy voice can also be observed in place of
392:} is used for whispery voice (or murmur), and
911:
588:makes the following rare distinctions :
336:equate phonemically contrastive murmur with
832:
808:Breathy and whispery voicing in White Hmong
377:etc. Breathy vowels are most often written
918:
904:
553:contrasting breathy vowels and consonants
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
462:
422:
758:
747:A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology
712:
1106:
545:can be pronounced with breathy voice.
284:, breathy consonants are often called
21:Aspirated consonant § Voiced stop
899:
826:
404:⟩) as the correct analysis of
261:between vowels, such as in the word
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
858:The Sounds of the World's Languages
624:some dialects of colloquial Spanish
13:
835:Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia
483:within the southern branch of the
400:⟩ (rather than IPA ⟨
383:International Phonetic Association
14:
1125:
360:
190:
30:
451:), is phonetically relevant in
330:International Phonetic Alphabet
41:needs additional citations for
875:
841:
817:
800:
787:
752:
739:
706:
324:Classification and terminology
1:
925:
699:
592:fall, land (of a bird etc.);
942:states (from open to closed)
806:Fulop & Golston (2008),
7:
679:Index of phonetics articles
657:
348:(VoQS), equate murmur with
10:
1130:
332:(IPA) and authors such as
18:
1075:
1043:
950:
933:
814:. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
773:10.1017/S0025100300001420
574:
565:
556:
173:
160:
155:
146:
137:
132:
689:Voiced glottal fricative
1060:Harsh/ventricular voice
795:Principles of Phonetics
1076:Non-phonemic phonation
1019:(restricted airstream)
713:Chávez-Peón, Mario E.
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
388:In VoQS, the notation
296:and the reconstructed
268:In the context of the
861:. Oxford: Blackwell.
463:Phonological property
423:Methods of production
346:Voice Quality Symbols
282:Indo-European studies
265:, for some speakers.
1068:(epiglottal trilled)
469:Indo-Aryan languages
437:arytenoid cartilages
318:varieties of Chinese
270:Indo-Aryan languages
50:improve this article
1022:(blocked airstream)
1013:(maximum vibration)
664:Aspirated consonant
541:, vowels after the
298:Proto-Indo-European
251:fricative consonant
1101:
1100:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
727:on 26 August 2014
603:Breathy stops in
543:stressed syllable
184:
183:
126:
125:
118:
100:
16:Type of phonation
1121:
1054:Faucalized voice
1007:
1000:(full airstream)
953:
952:
948:
947:
936:
935:
920:
913:
906:
897:
896:
890:
879:
873:
872:
849:Ladefoged, Peter
845:
839:
838:
830:
824:
821:
815:
804:
798:
791:
785:
784:
756:
750:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
726:
719:
710:
621:
599:
595:
591:
586:Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
501:Southern Ndebele
434:
418:
410:
403:
399:
395:
391:
380:
376:
372:
307:
286:voiced aspirated
280:and comparative
260:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
177:
169:
164:
151:
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142:
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130:
129:
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114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1071:
1039:
1030:
1006:whispery voice)
1005:
1004:
929:
924:
894:
893:
889:, 9783927620551
880:
876:
869:
846:
842:
831:
827:
822:
818:
805:
801:
792:
788:
757:
753:
744:
740:
730:
728:
724:
717:
711:
707:
702:
660:
529:morphosyntactic
485:Bantu languages
481:Nguni languages
465:
425:
363:
334:Peter Ladefoged
326:
305:
302:bʰ,dʰ,ǵʰ,gʰ,gʷʰ
290:bh, dh, ḍh, jh,
219:
193:
189:
175:
167:
162:
147:
138:
122:
111:
105:
102:
65:"Breathy voice"
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1066:Strident voice
1063:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:(intermediate)
1014:
1011:
1010:(intermediate)
1008:
1001:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
951:
944:
943:
934:
931:
930:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
892:
891:
874:
867:
853:Maddieson, Ian
840:
825:
816:
799:
786:
751:
738:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
659:
656:
551:is unusual in
464:
461:
449:whispery voice
424:
421:
362:
359:
350:whispery voice
325:
322:
231:whispery voice
227:murmured voice
182:
181:
178:
171:
170:
165:
158:
157:
153:
152:
144:
143:
135:
134:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:Supra-glottal
1042:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
932:
928:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
888:
884:
878:
870:
868:0-631-19815-6
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
844:
837:. p. 20.
836:
829:
820:
813:
809:
803:
796:
793:Laver (1994)
790:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
748:
742:
723:
716:
709:
705:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:
653:
652:
651:
647:
646:
642:
641:
637:
636:
632:
631:
625:
617:
612:
610:
606:
601:
587:
583:
577:
568:
559:
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
535:
533:
530:
524:
522:
521:tautosyllabic
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:breathy voice
441:
438:
432:
420:
414:
407:
386:
384:
368:
361:Transcription
358:
354:
351:
347:
342:
339:
338:breathy voice
335:
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
256:
252:
248:
245:in which the
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:(also called
224:
223:
214:
188:
187:Breathy voice
179:
172:
166:
159:
154:
145:
136:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
982:Creaky voice
961:
877:
857:
843:
834:
828:
819:
807:
802:
794:
789:
764:
760:
754:
746:
741:
729:. Retrieved
722:the original
708:
669:Creaky voice
627:
626:, e.g. for
616:debuccalized
613:
602:
584:
547:
536:
525:
517:
487:, including
466:
456:
448:
444:
442:
426:
387:
364:
355:
349:
343:
337:
327:
301:
293:
289:
285:
267:
262:
238:
234:
230:
226:
186:
185:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1062:("pressed")
987:Glottalized
977:Stiff voice
972:Modal voice
967:Slack voice
684:Slack voice
573:'outside',
453:White Hmong
373:etc. or as
257:of English
247:vocal folds
239:susurration
1056:("hollow")
887:3927620556
767:(1): 2–3.
700:References
694:Whispering
582:'burden'.
564:'twelve',
539:Portuguese
471:, such as
310:aspiration
168:̤
106:April 2020
76:newspapers
1114:Phonation
1047:phonation
992:Ballistic
927:Phonation
781:249403800
457:Hmong Daw
413:whispered
316:and some
300:phonemes
255:allophone
243:phonation
163:(decimal)
1108:Category
1088:Falsetto
1025:(fortis)
1003:(murmur,
855:(1996).
797:, p. 354
674:Guttural
658:See also
598:/nǂʱaˤo/
594:/nǂʱao̤/
549:Gujarati
513:ejective
406:Gujarati
274:Sanskrit
235:soughing
174:Unicode
156:Encoding
1093:Vibrato
1083:Whisper
962:Breathy
940:Glottal
650:blancos
605:Punjabi
590:/nǂʱao/
241:) is a
161:Entity
133:Breathy
90:scholar
957:Breath
885:
865:
779:
731:26 May
640:cisnes
596:walk;
580:/bʱaɾ/
571:/ba̤ɾ/
532:copula
509:clicks
489:Phuthi
477:tenuis
409:/bɦaɾ/
263:behind
180:U+0324
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
777:S2CID
725:(PDF)
718:(PDF)
630:todos
618:coda
609:tones
562:/baɾ/
505:Swazi
493:Xhosa
473:Hindi
433:]
429:[
402:b̤a̤ɾ
314:Greek
278:Hindi
272:like
220:BRETH
176:(hex)
97:JSTOR
83:books
883:ISBN
863:ISBN
733:2013
567:બહાર
503:and
497:Zulu
292:and
276:and
237:and
69:news
769:doi
645:son
635:los
622:in
620:/s/
576:ભાર
558:બાર
537:In
459:).
398:ḅạɾ
394:{Vʰ
390:{V̤
375:,,,
371:,,,
369:as
367:IPA
259:/h/
222:-ee
52:by
1110::
851:;
810:,
775:.
763:.
654:.
555::
499:,
495:,
491:,
419:.
417:◌̣
385:.
379:,,
304:.
294:gh
233:,
229:,
149:◌ʱ
140:◌̤
919:e
912:t
905:v
871:.
783:.
771::
765:6
749:.
735:.
455:(
431:ɦ
213:/
210:i
207:θ
204:ɛ
201:r
198:b
195:ˈ
192:/
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
