734:
1726:
1708:
31:
1738:
218:
The primitive arrangement is 7 (possibly 8) arches, each consisting of the same series of paired (left and right) elements. order from dorsal-most (highest) to ventral-most (lowest), these elements are the pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, and basibranchial. The
331:
are the most dorsal bony elements of the gill system, connecting to the upper extent of the epibranchials. Living chondrichthyans have large pharyngobranchials which lean backwards and upwards. Osteichthyans, on the other hand, have two different types of pharyngobranchials:
307:
lie above their respective cerato- components, slanting forwards, upwards, and often inwards. Along with the ceratohyals and ceratobranchials, they are also essential components of the gill system, found in every fish. In filter-feeding fish, the epibranchials often host
295:
may link the basi- and cerato- components, and hypobranchials in particular are common among all types of fish. Paired hypophyals are characteristic of living osteichthyans. Living chondrichthyans lack hypohyals, though several extinct forms are known to have had
223:, while the left and right basibranchials connect to each other (often fusing into a single bone). When part of the hyoid arch, the names of the bones are altered by replacing "-branchial" with "-hyal", thus "ceratobranchial" becomes "ceratohyal".
186:
for handling particular prey items (long, sharp teeth in carnivorous moray eels compared to broad, crushing teeth in durophagous black carp). In amphibians and reptiles, the hyoid arch is modified for similar reasons. It is often used in
286:
lie above their respective basi- components, slanting backwards and upwards. They are often the largest bony components of the gill system, as well as the most essential and abundant components. Small connecting bones known as
76:
complex, which supports the back of the jaw and the front of the gill series. The remaining posterior arches (simply called branchial arches) support the gills. In
146:
bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches. These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fish, and by
601:
210:. Species such as snakes and monitor lizards, whose tongue has evolved into a purely sensory organ, often have very reduced hyoid systems.
1438:
635:
1180:
340:
often possess teeth and lean inwards and forwards, forming the roof of the throat. A hyoid equivalent of the pharyngobranchial, the
588:
Brazeau et al, Fossil evidence for a pharyngeal origin of the vertebrate pectoral girdle, Nature volume 623, pages550–554 (2023)
446:
192:
178:
The branchial system is typically used for respiration and/or feeding. Many fish have modified posterior gill arches into
1007:
1037:
17:
691:
628:
206:, the hyoid system is highly modified for this purpose, while it is often hypertrophied in species which use
1742:
776:
84:, many pharyngeal arch elements are lost, including the gill arches, resulting in only the oral jaws and a
676:
373:
321:
1428:
1155:
1125:
1012:
621:
312:, specialized spines projecting backwards to trap plankton. The epihyal is more commonly known as the
1701:
1694:
1661:
1403:
1075:
756:
107:, which are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings (
1711:
1470:
275:, have the form of one or more rod-like bones projecting backwards along the midline of the throat.
135:("agnathans") have up to seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches, as some of their
191:
and often plays a role in tongue protrusion for prey capture. In species with highly specialized
1689:
1671:
1233:
982:
733:
1651:
1475:
1460:
1283:
1002:
891:
534:
Pradel, Alan; Maisey, John G.; Tafforeau, Paul; Mapes, Royal H.; Mallatt, Jon (16 April 2014).
438:
431:
1764:
1681:
1666:
1175:
992:
100:
1676:
972:
8:
1465:
1408:
1208:
1095:
884:
166:
system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of
1047:
571:
503:
495:
1393:
1298:
1203:
1115:
1110:
1057:
864:
671:
661:
563:
555:
442:
56:. As gills are the primitive feature of vertebrates, all vertebrate embryos develop
507:
1135:
1080:
1042:
997:
955:
879:
666:
575:
547:
487:
183:
1352:
1332:
1160:
1147:
1130:
1085:
967:
906:
830:
825:
761:
748:
718:
478:
Szarski, Henryk (1957). "The Origin of the Larva and
Metamorphosis in Amphibia".
409:
369:
248:
207:
57:
1628:
1601:
1493:
1485:
1418:
1388:
1327:
1309:
1263:
1253:
857:
236:
200:
188:
179:
162:
amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal
128:
535:
1758:
1730:
1633:
1547:
1367:
1342:
1337:
1293:
1288:
1243:
1238:
1218:
1090:
869:
788:
559:
381:
116:
65:
35:
520:
Clack, J. A. (2002): Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods.
1623:
1447:
1362:
1322:
1223:
1165:
1105:
1032:
1027:
1017:
933:
923:
852:
835:
742:
703:
696:
567:
313:
272:
220:
155:
132:
73:
1606:
1594:
1520:
1278:
1273:
1248:
1228:
1170:
1065:
960:
938:
928:
901:
771:
723:
345:
551:
1656:
1455:
1423:
1357:
1347:
1268:
1258:
943:
911:
896:
842:
815:
798:
499:
468:
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)
309:
256:
203:
85:
235:
lie at the midline of the lower edge of the throat. Almost all modern
1413:
1398:
1383:
1213:
874:
820:
805:
783:
766:
713:
405:
196:
124:
108:
77:
49:
336:
are toothless structures similar to those of chondrichthyans, while
1616:
1557:
1503:
1498:
1317:
1185:
847:
793:
708:
491:
401:
361:
349:
252:
244:
167:
136:
1589:
1584:
1562:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1070:
1022:
916:
686:
681:
606:
264:
240:
159:
151:
112:
81:
1508:
397:
393:
385:
317:
268:
260:
131:(chondrichthyans) have five to seven pairs, and the more basal
89:
30:
1611:
1540:
950:
365:
143:
72:. The second gill arches (the hyoid arches) develop into the
61:
536:"A Palaeozoic shark with osteichthyan-like branchial arches"
68:, the first arch pair (mandibular arches) develops into the
1513:
1100:
653:
644:
163:
147:
120:
104:
93:
53:
533:
60:, though the eventual fate of these arches varies between
1552:
1120:
377:
255:, the basihyal is modified into a structure known as the
69:
613:
48:, are a series of paired bony "loops" that support the
27:
Bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills
376:, and lay the basis of essential structures such as
430:
1756:
142:In amphibians and some primitive bony fish, the
629:
514:
316:, which is homologous to the sound-sensitive
115:to the exterior. Each gill is supported by a
139:relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills.
271:. Basibranchials, which are most common in
259:, which provides muscle attachment for the
239:have a single midline basihyal, as do many
219:pharyngobranchials may articulate with the
127:(osteichthyans) have four pairs of arches,
636:
622:
1181:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
29:
477:
460:
458:
14:
1757:
34:Gill arches supporting the gills in a
617:
428:
455:
1737:
1008:Electroreception and electrogenesis
96:, the hyoid is simplified further.
24:
412:also originated from gill arches.
182:, often equipped with specialized
25:
1776:
595:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1707:
1706:
732:
692:Environmental impact of fishing
582:
527:
524:, Bloomington, Indiana. 369 pp
471:
422:
13:
1:
610:. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
486:(860). Essex Institute: 287.
437:. Walter de Gruyter. p.
415:
213:
777:intramembranous ossification
433:Concise encyclopedia biology
7:
356:
173:
158:) in most amphibians. Some
10:
1781:
1156:Fin and flipper locomotion
1126:Sequential hermaphroditism
1013:Jamming avoidance response
730:
368:. The gill arches form as
344:, is only found in living
193:ballistic tongue movements
1720:
1644:
1577:
1484:
1446:
1437:
1376:
1307:
1194:
1146:
1056:
981:
741:
651:
602:The Gill Arches: Overview
103:vertebrates breathe with
643:
522:Indiana University Press
320:(sometimes known as the
1672:Glossary of ichthyology
1234:Diel vertical migration
480:The American Naturalist
338:Infrapharyngobranchials
334:Suprapharyngobranchials
1038:Surface wave detection
1003:Hydrodynamic reception
677:Diseases and parasites
429:Scott, Thomas (1996).
400:) and in mammals, the
392:(corresponding to the
38:
1176:Undulatory locomotion
993:Ampullae of Lorenzini
33:
1404:Genetically modified
466:The Vertebrate Body.
464:Romer, A.S. (1949):
1209:Aquatic respiration
1096:Life history theory
552:10.1038/nature13195
408:also show that the
329:Pharhyngobranchials
1048:Weberian apparatus
129:cartilaginous fish
39:
1752:
1751:
1662:Fish common names
1573:
1572:
1204:Aquatic predation
1028:Capacity for pain
757:Age determination
546:(7502): 608–611.
448:978-3-11-010661-9
402:malleus and incus
370:pharyngeal arches
58:pharyngeal arches
16:(Redirected from
1772:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1444:
1443:
736:
667:Ethnoichthyology
638:
631:
624:
615:
614:
589:
586:
580:
579:
531:
525:
518:
512:
511:
475:
469:
462:
453:
452:
436:
426:
348:, also known as
284:Ceratobranchials
184:pharyngeal teeth
42:Branchial arches
21:
18:Branchial arches
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1716:
1640:
1569:
1480:
1433:
1372:
1303:
1196:
1190:
1142:
1086:Ichthyoplankton
1052:
984:
977:
973:Digital Library
968:Teleost leptins
907:Shark cartilage
831:pharyngeal slit
826:pharyngeal arch
762:Anguilliformity
747:
745:
737:
728:
647:
642:
598:
593:
592:
587:
583:
532:
528:
519:
515:
476:
472:
463:
456:
449:
427:
423:
418:
410:shoulder girdle
359:
324:) of tetrapods.
249:tetrapodomorphs
237:chondrichthyans
216:
208:suction feeding
180:pharyngeal jaws
176:
86:hyoid apparatus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1486:Wild fisheries
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:Hallucinogenic
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Schooling fish
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Filter feeders
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Bottom feeders
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
958:
948:
947:
946:
941:
931:
926:
921:
920:
919:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
888:
887:
877:
872:
867:
865:Leydig's organ
862:
861:
860:
858:pharyngeal jaw
855:
845:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
811:branchial arch
803:
802:
801:
791:
786:
781:
780:
779:
774:
764:
759:
753:
751:
739:
738:
731:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
656:
649:
648:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
612:
611:
597:
596:External links
594:
591:
590:
581:
526:
513:
492:10.1086/281990
470:
454:
447:
420:
419:
417:
414:
358:
355:
354:
353:
325:
297:
293:Hypobranchials
276:
233:Basibranchials
215:
212:
189:buccal pumping
175:
172:
88:remaining. In
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1777:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:more lists...
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Fish families
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Aquarium life
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1634:fleshy-finned
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:Cartilaginous
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Electric fish
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
986:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Mauthner cell
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
789:Chromatophore
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
750:
744:
740:
735:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
655:
650:
646:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
616:
609:
608:
603:
600:
599:
585:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
523:
517:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
467:
461:
459:
450:
444:
440:
435:
434:
425:
421:
413:
411:
407:
404:. Studies on
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:thyroid gland
379:
375:
374:embryogenesis
371:
367:
363:
351:
347:
346:holocephalans
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
305:Epibranchials
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
274:
273:osteichthyans
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
224:
222:
211:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:swim bladders
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:cartilaginous
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:hyomandibular
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
1765:Fish anatomy
1741:
1729:
1629:spiny-finned
1578:Major groups
1299:Intelligence
1279:Scale eaters
1224:Cleaner fish
1106:Mouthbrooder
1058:Reproduction
1033:Schreckstoff
1018:Lateral line
934:Swim bladder
924:Spiral valve
853:hyomandibula
836:pseudobranch
810:
719:Hypoxia in -
605:
584:
543:
539:
529:
521:
516:
483:
479:
473:
465:
432:
424:
389:
364:do not have
360:
342:Pharyngohyal
341:
337:
333:
328:
314:hyomandibula
304:
300:
292:
288:
283:
279:
232:
228:
221:neurocranium
217:
201:plethodontid
177:
141:
133:jawless fish
98:
45:
41:
40:
1743:WikiProject
1702:Prehistoric
1686:Threatened
1377:Other types
1274:Sardine run
1249:Forage fish
1229:Corallivory
1081:Development
1066:Bubble nest
939:physoclisti
929:Suckermouth
902:Root effect
724:Ichthyology
310:gill rakers
280:Ceratohyals
204:salamanders
150:(which are
123:gill arch.
111:) from the
46:gill arches
1358:Groundfish
1353:Freshwater
1348:Euryhaline
1333:Coral reef
1269:Salmon run
1259:Paedophagy
1161:Amphibious
1148:Locomotion
956:pharyngeal
944:physostome
897:Photophore
843:Glossohyal
816:gill raker
799:dorsal fin
749:physiology
416:References
406:placoderms
322:columnella
289:Hypophyals
257:hyoid bone
214:Components
197:chameleons
152:homologous
109:gill slits
78:amphibians
66:jawed fish
1607:chimaeras
1494:Predatory
1471:Salmonids
1429:Whitefish
1419:Poisonous
1394:Diversity
1328:Coldwater
1264:Predatory
1254:Migratory
1214:Bait ball
1197:behaviour
1116:Pregnancy
1111:Polyandry
885:papillare
880:Operculum
875:Meristics
821:gill slit
784:Cleithrum
714:Fish kill
704:Fear of -
697:- as food
687:Fisheries
672:Evolution
662:Diversity
560:1476-4687
390:columella
350:chimaeras
253:tetrapods
229:Basihyals
168:tetrapods
125:Bony fish
1759:Category
1731:Category
1682:Smallest
1595:lampreys
1558:flatfish
1548:Demersal
1504:mackerel
1499:billfish
1439:Commerce
1368:Tropical
1343:Demersal
1338:Deep-sea
1294:Venomous
1186:RoboTuna
1136:triggers
1131:Spawning
1091:Juvenile
1076:Egg case
709:FishBase
568:24739974
508:85231736
362:Amniotes
357:Amniotes
301:Epihyals
245:lungfish
241:teleosts
199:or some
195:such as
174:Function
160:neotenic
137:chordate
82:reptiles
1677:Largest
1590:hagfish
1585:Jawless
1563:pollock
1536:sardine
1531:herring
1526:anchovy
1476:Tilapia
1466:Octopus
1461:Catfish
1448:Farming
1363:Pelagic
1323:Coastal
1310:habitat
1166:Walking
1071:Clasper
1023:Otolith
985:systems
983:Sensory
917:ganoine
892:Papilla
743:Anatomy
682:Fishing
607:Palaeos
576:3504437
500:2458911
398:mammals
372:during
265:pharynx
113:pharynx
90:mammals
1695:sharks
1612:sharks
1541:sprats
1521:Forage
1509:salmon
1389:Coarse
1171:Flying
1043:Vision
998:Barbel
912:Scales
772:dermal
652:About
574:
566:
558:
540:Nature
506:
498:
445:
394:stapes
388:, the
386:larynx
384:, the
380:, the
318:stapes
269:larynx
267:, and
261:tongue
247:, and
144:larvae
1657:Blind
1645:Lists
1424:Rough
1289:Sleep
1195:Other
961:shark
951:Teeth
572:S2CID
504:S2CID
496:JSTOR
366:gills
296:them.
251:. In
148:lungs
105:gills
101:basal
94:birds
64:. In
50:gills
44:, or
1690:rays
1624:Bony
1617:rays
1514:tuna
1456:Carp
1414:Oily
1399:Game
1384:Bait
1318:Cave
1101:Milt
806:Gill
794:Fins
767:Bone
654:fish
645:Fish
564:PMID
556:ISSN
443:ISBN
378:jaws
327:The
303:and
299:The
282:and
278:The
231:and
227:The
164:gill
121:bony
99:All
92:and
80:and
62:taxa
54:fish
36:pike
1553:cod
1308:By
1121:Roe
848:Jaw
746:and
548:doi
544:509
488:doi
439:542
396:in
291:or
154:to
119:or
70:jaw
52:in
1761::
604:,
570:.
562:.
554:.
542:.
538:.
502:.
494:.
484:91
482:.
457:^
441:.
263:,
243:,
170:.
637:e
630:t
623:v
578:.
550::
510:.
490::
451:.
352:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)