135:
371:
27:
855:
1026:
174:
158:
143:
333:
The (non-modular) box girder bridge was a popular choice during the roadbuilding expansion of the 1960s, especially in the West, and many new bridge projects were in progress simultaneously. A serious blow to this use was a sequence of three serious disasters, when new bridges collapsed in 1970
401:
For steel box girders, the girders are normally fabricated off site and lifted into place by crane, with sections connected by bolting or welding. If a composite concrete bridge deck is used, it is often cast in-place using temporary falsework supported by the steel girder.
358:), were either redesigned, or had additional stiffening added later. Some bridges were strengthened a few years after opening and then further strengthened years later, although this was often due to increased traffic load as much as better design standards. The
349:
Most of the bridges still under construction at this time were delayed for investigation of the basic design principle. Some were abandoned and rebuilt as a different form of bridge altogether. Most of those that remained as box girder bridges, such as
315:(K-Gerät for short). The United States was another country whose army created their own copy, designating it the H-20. In addition, the modular construction of the basic Martel bridge would later during WWII become part of the basis of the
346:). Fifty-one people were killed in these failures, leading in the UK to the formation of the Merrison Committee and considerable investment in new research into steel box girder behaviour.
307:
box girder bridge suitable for military applications. The Martel bridge was adopted by the
British Army in 1925 as the Large Box Girder Bridge. A scaled down version of this design, the
508:
Adopted by the Army in 1925 the Large Box Girder Bridge was adaptable and relatively cheap, able to carry loads of up to 40 tonnes, it remained in service until replaced by the Bailey.
26:
311:
Bridge, was also formally adopted by the Army in 1932. This latter design was copied by many countries, including
Germany, who called their version the
918:
954:
472:
964:
944:
886:
492:
949:
939:
602:
320:
330:
Both the Large Box and Small Box designs would go on to see much service in World War II, especially in the case of the latter.
413:
are often used to place new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the bridge superstructure is completed.
182:
1050:
666:
296:
generated by the tank's engine to manoeuvre the bridge into place. For mine clearance the tanks were equipped with 2-ton
281:
959:
375:
276:, which researched the possibilities of using tanks for battlefield engineering purposes such as bridge-laying and
570:
324:
906:
896:
1065:
1055:
891:
805:
595:
343:
128:
Yes, if cast-in-place reinforced or prestressed concrete is used, which is typical for freeway overpasses
913:
881:
555:
323:
awarded Martel ÂŁ500 for infringement on the design of his bridge by the designer of the Bailey bridge,
36:
1060:
285:
394:. Box girders may also be prefabricated in a fabrication yard, then transported and emplaced using
269:
238:
990:
974:
969:
934:
876:
273:
736:
681:
588:
469:
266:
406:
134:
901:
843:
766:
370:
214:
8:
817:
651:
254:
226:
778:
761:
741:
731:
726:
222:
995:
854:
800:
686:
661:
641:
150:
32:
169:. A similar bridge on this river was fabricated ashore and pushed across its pylons.
1029:
773:
537:
Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of
Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges
391:
335:
308:
218:
202:
75:
871:
706:
476:
395:
303:
Martel also developed his new bridging concept at the EBE, the Martel bridge, a
1011:
832:
822:
788:
721:
711:
671:
351:
339:
146:
51:
1044:
812:
656:
359:
316:
284:
tanks. The bridging component involved an assault bridge, designed by Major
827:
751:
746:
410:
580:
783:
756:
701:
676:
631:
626:
379:
297:
293:
250:
716:
696:
691:
646:
304:
289:
246:
210:
535:
Department of the
Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973).
387:
277:
234:
230:
166:
122:
793:
405:
Either form of bridge may also be installed using the technique of
386:
If made of concrete, box girder bridges may be cast in place using
242:
162:
173:
157:
837:
288:
RE, the Canal Lock Bridge, which had sufficient length to span a
272:
was appointed head of the
Experimental Bridging Establishment at
142:
493:"UK Military Bridging – Equipment (Pre WWII Equipment Bridging)"
249:
transport. Although the box girder bridge is normally a form of
611:
547:
206:
198:
65:
61:
40:
520:"Bridge Claim By General 'Used As Basis For Bailey Design'".
178:
540:
362:
bridge of 1970 was strengthened in 1970 and again in 2000.
390:
supports, removed after completion, or in sections if a
85:
Pedestrians, automobiles, trucks, light rail, heavy rail
436:
Quality assurance, as precast girders are made off-site
292:. Major Martel mated the bridge with the tank and used
553:
427:
Reduces the slab thickness and self-weight of bridge
260:
241:. Box girder bridges are commonly used for highway
919:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
452:Logistical inefficiencies and transportation cost
1042:
280:-clearing. Here he continued trials on modified
101:Steel, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete
416:
596:
490:
374:Construction of a box girder viaduct on the
610:
556:"Strengthening of Irwell Valley Bridge, UK"
603:
589:
486:
484:
433:Greater strength per unit area of concrete
181:), flyover above eastern approach of the
369:
172:
156:
141:
133:
528:
481:
321:Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors
1043:
245:and for modern elevated structures of
584:
554:Smith, D. A.; Hendy, C. R. (2002).
449:Structural steel girders are costly
138:Section of a twin box girder bridge
13:
853:
491:Think Defence (30 December 2011).
253:, box girders may also be used on
209:in the shape of a hollow box. The
14:
1077:
887:medieval stone bridges in Germany
1025:
1024:
524:. 26 July 1955. p. 4 col E.
440:
261:Development of steel box girders
183:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
25:
365:
571:Institution of Civil Engineers
513:
463:
1:
844:Visual index to various types
534:
456:
445:(Mainly non-modular designs)
421:
667:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
417:Advantages and disadvantages
376:North–South Commuter Railway
7:
10:
1082:
1051:Bridges by structural type
177:Single box girder bridge (
161:Single box girder bridge (
37:Richmond, British Columbia
1020:
1004:
983:
927:
864:
851:
619:
121:
113:
105:
97:
89:
81:
71:
57:
47:
24:
955:Continuous truss bridges
928:Lists of bridges by size
865:Lists of bridges by type
274:Christchurch, Hampshire
229:. The box is typically
914:List of bridge–tunnels
858:
682:Double-beam drawbridge
497:www.thinkdefence.co.uk
470:Royal Engineers Museum
409:. Under this method,
383:
344:South Bridge (Koblenz)
186:
170:
154:
139:
907:vertical-lift bridges
857:
407:incremental launching
373:
176:
160:
145:
137:
965:Masonry arch bridges
945:Cable-stayed bridges
215:prestressed concrete
892:multi-level bridges
257:and other bridges.
227:reinforced concrete
213:normally comprises
21:
1066:English inventions
1056:Box girder bridges
950:Cantilever bridges
940:Suspension bridges
882:cantilever bridges
859:
779:Navigable aqueduct
563:Bridge Engineering
475:1 May 2008 at the
384:
313:Kastenträger-Gerät
201:in which the main
195:box section bridge
187:
171:
155:
140:
19:
1038:
1037:
996:Bridge to nowhere
897:road–rail bridges
614:-related articles
191:box girder bridge
151:Glasgow, Scotland
132:
131:
33:No. 2 Road Bridge
20:Box girder bridge
1073:
1061:Structural steel
1028:
1027:
984:Additional lists
620:Structural types
605:
598:
591:
582:
581:
575:
574:
560:
551:
545:
544:
532:
526:
525:
517:
511:
510:
505:
503:
488:
479:
467:
392:segmental bridge
336:West Gate Bridge
309:Small Box Girder
219:structural steel
76:segmental bridge
29:
22:
18:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1016:
1000:
991:Bridge failures
979:
923:
877:bascule bridges
872:List of bridges
860:
849:
737:Rolling bascule
615:
609:
579:
578:
558:
552:
548:
533:
529:
519:
518:
514:
501:
499:
489:
482:
477:Wayback Machine
468:
464:
459:
443:
424:
419:
368:
319:. In 1954, the
294:hydraulic power
263:
43:
31:Underneath the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1012:Bridges in art
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
868:
866:
862:
861:
852:
850:
848:
847:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
809:
808:
798:
797:
796:
786:
781:
776:
771:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
621:
617:
616:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
577:
576:
546:
527:
512:
480:
461:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:Cost effective
428:
423:
420:
418:
415:
367:
364:
352:Erskine Bridge
340:Cleddau Bridge
286:Charles Inglis
270:Gifford Martel
262:
259:
147:Erskine Bridge
130:
129:
126:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
52:Tubular bridge
49:
45:
44:
30:
16:Type of bridge
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
926:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
869:
867:
863:
856:
846:
845:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
768:
767:Vertical-lift
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:Bridge–tunnel
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
618:
613:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
583:
572:
568:
564:
557:
550:
542:
538:
531:
523:
516:
509:
498:
494:
487:
485:
478:
474:
471:
466:
462:
451:
448:
447:
446:
441:Disadvantages
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
414:
412:
411:gantry cranes
408:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
381:
377:
372:
363:
361:
360:Irwell Valley
357:
353:
347:
345:
341:
337:
331:
328:
326:
325:Donald Bailey
322:
318:
317:Bailey bridge
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:cross-section
236:
232:
228:
225:of steel and
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
180:
175:
168:
164:
159:
152:
148:
144:
136:
127:
124:
120:
116:
114:Design effort
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
960:Arch bridges
902:toll bridges
842:
818:Through arch
652:Cable-stayed
636:
566:
562:
549:
536:
530:
521:
515:
507:
500:. Retrieved
496:
465:
444:
404:
400:
385:
366:Construction
355:
348:
342:) and 1971 (
332:
329:
312:
302:
264:
255:cable-stayed
194:
190:
188:
762:Transporter
742:Submersible
727:Retractable
380:Philippines
251:beam bridge
235:trapezoidal
231:rectangular
1045:Categories
801:Suspension
717:Drawbridge
687:Extradosed
662:Cantilever
647:Burr Truss
637:Box girder
539:. London:
457:References
422:Advantages
290:canal lock
247:light rail
211:box girder
90:Span range
72:Descendant
935:By length
774:Multi-way
522:The Times
388:falsework
265:In 1919,
223:composite
205:comprise
167:Australia
123:Falsework
1030:Category
794:Vlotbrug
707:Moveable
573:: 33–43.
473:Archived
243:flyovers
163:concrete
125:required
109:Possible
98:Material
48:Ancestor
1005:Related
975:Tallest
970:Highest
838:Viaduct
833:Tubular
823:Trestle
789:Pontoon
732:Rolling
722:Folding
712:Bascule
672:Covered
569:(BE1).
305:modular
298:rollers
221:, or a
207:girders
197:, is a
149:, near
106:Movable
82:Carries
58:Related
813:Timber
657:Canopy
612:Bridge
396:cranes
356:illus.
282:Mark V
199:bridge
93:Medium
66:skyway
62:jetway
41:Canada
828:Truss
806:types
752:Table
747:Swing
559:(PDF)
502:8 May
267:Major
203:beams
193:, or
179:steel
784:Pile
757:Tilt
702:Moon
677:Crib
632:Beam
627:Arch
541:HMSO
504:2017
338:and
278:mine
117:High
697:Log
692:Jet
567:161
237:in
233:or
165:),
35:in
1047::
565:.
561:.
506:.
495:.
483:^
398:.
378:,
327:.
300:.
217:,
189:A
64:,
39:,
604:e
597:t
590:v
543:.
382:.
354:(
334:(
185:.
153:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
