331:. This equation accurately describes the elastic behaviour of slender beams where the cross sectional dimensions are small compared to the length of the beam. For beams that are not slender a different theory needs to be adopted to account for the deformation due to shear forces and, in dynamic cases, the rotary inertia. The beam formulation adopted here is that of Timoshenko and comparative examples can be found in NAFEMS Benchmark Challenge Number 7. Other mathematical methods for determining the
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281:(assuming no torsion or axial loading). Typically, under gravity loads, the beam bends into a slightly circular arc, with its original length compressed at the top to form an arc of smaller radius, while correspondingly stretched at the bottom to enclose an arc of larger radius in tension. This is known as
405:
An ęž®-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and down looking at the profile as an 'ęž®'. If the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an 'H', where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a square shell); the most efficient
304:
beams, and are fabricated to produce a compression more than the expected tension under loading conditions. High strength steel tendons are stretched while the beam is cast over them. Then, when the concrete has cured, the tendons are slowly released and the beam is immediately under eccentric axial
264:
Diagram of stiffness of a simple square beam (A) and universal beam (B). The universal beam flange sections are three times further apart than the solid beam's upper and lower halves. The second moment of inertia of the universal beam is nine times that of the square beam of equal cross section
454:
is made up from thin panels connected among themselves to create closed or open cross sections of a beam (structure). Typical closed sections include round, square, and rectangular tubes. Open sections include I-beams, T-beams, L-beams, and so on. Thin walled beams exist because their bending
455:
stiffness per unit cross sectional area is much higher than that for solid cross sections such a rod or bar. In this way, stiff beams can be achieved with minimum weight. Thin walled beams are particularly useful when the material is a
90:
structural elements, where the beams are horizontal and carry vertical loads. However, any structure may contain beams, such as automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems. Any
466:
The torsional stiffness of a beam is greatly influenced by its cross sectional shape. For open sections, such as I sections, warping deflections occur which, if restrained, greatly increase the torsional stiffness.
876:
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This system provides horizontal bracing for small trenches, ensuring the secure installation of utilities. It's specifically designed to work in conjunction with steel trench sheets.
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buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more efficient cross section for a beam is an ęž®- or H-shaped section which is typically seen in steel construction. Because of the
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loads. This eccentric loading creates an internal moment, and, in turn, increases the moment-carrying capacity of the beam. Prestressed beams are commonly used on highway bridges.
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289:. The axis of the beam retaining its original length, generally halfway between the top and bottom, is under neither compression nor tension, and defines the
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is a small patch of area. It measures not only the total area of the beam section, but the square of each patch's distance from the axis. A larger value of
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Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less.
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shape for bending in any direction, however, is a cylindrical shell or tube. For unidirectional bending, the ęž®-beam or wide flange beam is superior.
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Mathematical methods for determining the beam forces (internal forces of the beam and the forces that are imposed on the beam support) include the "
347:. Beam deflections are also minimized for aesthetic reasons. A visibly sagging beam, even if structurally safe, is unsightly and to be avoided. A
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339:" and the "slope deflection method". Engineers are interested in determining deflections because the beam may be in direct contact with a
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83:. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and material.
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beams in which the concrete is entirely in compression with tensile forces taken by steel tendons. These beams are known as
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Historically a beam is a squared timber, but may also be made of metal, stone, or a combination of wood and metal such as a
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Simply supported – a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance.
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Double overhanging – a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on both ends.
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Fixed or encastré (encastrated) – a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
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or tubes, are also used in construction when there are special requirements.
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Above the supports, the beam is exposed to shear stress. There are some
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Structural element capable of withstanding loads by resisting bending
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Overhanging – a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
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Trussed – a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a
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is a very useful type of beam (structure). The cross section of
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630:"Beam" def. 1. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith.
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online lectures, problems, tests/solutions, links, software
730:"The Influence and Modelling of Warping Restraint on Beams"
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Continuous – a beam extending over more than two supports.
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beam, bending (sagging) under a uniformly distributed load
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and the fact that most of the material is away from the
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applied laterally across the element's axis is a beam.
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662:. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co. 1888. p. 159.
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indicates a stiffer beam, more resistant to bending.
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Cantilever – a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
647:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. 8–9. Print.
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Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or
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The
American Architect and Building News, Vol XXIII
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634:. vol, 1. New York: Century Co., 1901. 487. Print.
137:). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to
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129:or wind, or in tension to resist rafter thrust (
265:(universal beam web ignored for simplification)
206:Second moment of area (area moment of inertia)
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521:Finite element method in structural mechanics
95:, in any orientation, that primarily resists
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169:In engineering, beams are of several types:
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857:Beams I – Shear Forces and Bending Moments
244:is the distance from the neutral axis and
63:at the beam's support points and internal
851:U. Wisconsin–Stout, Strength of Materials
839:Structural Behavior and Design Approaches
401:An ęž® shaped beam of metal under a bridge
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675:"NAFEMS Benchmark Challenge Number 7"
632:The Century dictionary and cyclopedia
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412:Other shapes, like L-beam (angles),
232:: it is the sum, along the axis, of
760:Introduction to mechanics of solids
645:A visual dictionary of architecture
293:(dotted line in the beam figure).
153:, and eventually to the ground. In
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807:, U. Virginia Dept. Architecture
798:Introduction to Structural Design
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1124:Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory
269:Loads on a beam induce internal
165:Classification based on supports
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329:Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
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335:of beams include "method of
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125:loads such as those due to
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502:Deflection (engineering)
155:light frame construction
111:. Beams primarily carry
51:or column). Its mode of
841:lectures (follow using
758:Popov, Egor P. (1968).
372:direct stiffness method
198:Beam on spring supports
39:that primarily resists
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794:Wood Construction Data
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25:statically determinate
951:Conjugate beam method
792:Free Download Library
788:American Wood Council
545:Strength of materials
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388:parallel axis theorem
357:second moment of area
355:and/or one of higher
353:modulus of elasticity
323:The primary tool for
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226:second moment of area
212:Second moment of area
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1071:Thin-shell structure
946:Castigliano's method
734:ramsay-maunder.co.uk
682:ramsay-maunder.co.uk
588:Thin-shell structure
511:Plasticity (physics)
507:Elasticity (physics)
302:prestressed concrete
1114:Mohr–Coulomb theory
996:Structural elements
971:Moment-area theorem
703:"Walers and Struts"
612:Yield (engineering)
497:Classical mechanics
384:reinforced concrete
325:structural analysis
298:reinforced concrete
161:may rest on beams.
151:compression members
59:, as loads produce
1081:Structural support
1040:Compression member
961:Flexibility method
920:Duhamel's integral
821:2008-10-19 at the
803:2008-10-13 at the
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457:composite laminate
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368:flexibility method
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829:Beams and Bending
773:978-0-13-726159-8
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452:thin walled beams
442:Thin walled beams
428:Walers and struts
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230:moment of inertia
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477:Airy points
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351:beam (high
271:compressive
135:collar beam
109:flitch beam
81:deflections
1157:Categories
713:24 October
618:References
492:Cantilever
333:deflection
312:A beam of
127:earthquake
123:horizontal
53:deflection
45:laterally
1142:Category
1102:Theories
845:buttons)
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819:Archived
811:Glossary
801:Archived
471:See also
461:Librescu
422:double-T
370:and the
240:, where
131:tie beam
113:vertical
103:Overview
73:stresses
43:applied
1173:Statics
1089:Bracket
904:History
570:Statics
349:stiffer
341:brittle
287:hogging
283:sagging
275:tensile
216:In the
147:girders
139:columns
77:strains
57:bending
1021:Lintel
1016:I-beam
770:
418:T-beam
256:Stress
159:joists
119:forces
79:, and
1045:Strut
739:7 May
687:7 May
678:(PDF)
598:Truss
345:glass
193:truss
145:, or
143:walls
97:loads
69:shear
49:strut
41:loads
35:is a
1066:Arch
1033:Span
1011:Beam
843:next
833:next
768:ISBN
741:2017
715:2023
689:2017
605:and
581:and
572:and
543:and
509:and
420:and
277:and
33:beam
1050:Tie
956:FEM
707:MGF
314:PSL
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