846:
1542:
259:, warm, slow-flowing waters and fine sediment beds of lowland rivers encourage fish species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels, and life history and breeding strategies adapted to these and other traits of lowland rivers. These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels and ecologies revolving around fine sediments or alternative habitats such as submerged woody debris ("snags") or submergent
113:
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241:
56:
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are the fast-flowing rivers and streams that drain elevated or mountainous country, often onto broad alluvial plains (where they become lowland rivers). However, elevation is not the sole determinant of whether a river is upland or lowland. Arguably the most important determinants are those of
224:
The generally clear, cool, fast-flowing waters and bedrock and coarse sediment beds of upland rivers encourage fish species with limited temperature tolerances, high oxygen needs, strong swimming ability and specialised reproductive strategies to prevent eggs or larvae being swept away. These
212:
and pool structure and cooler water temperatures. Rivers with a course that drops in elevation very slowly will have slower water flow and lower force. This in turn produces the other characteristics of a lowland river—a meandering course lacking
147:
Upland habitats are cold, clear and rocky whose rivers are fast-flowing in mountainous areas; lowland habitats are warm with slow-flowing rivers found in relatively flat lowland areas, with water that is frequently colored by
225:
characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with limited temperature tolerances, high oxygen needs and ecologies revolving around coarse sediments and interstices or "gaps" between those coarse sediments.
170:
Much freshwater fish and invertebrate communities around the world show a pattern of specialization into upland or lowland river habitats. Classifying rivers and streams as upland or lowland is important in
275:
form when there is deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, and then are deposited in lowland regions for long periods of time. Examples include
124:. Lowlands are usually no higher than 200 m (660 ft), while uplands are somewhere around 200 m (660 ft) to 500 m (1,600 ft). On unusual occasions, certain lowlands such as the
217:, a river bed dominated by fine sediments and higher water temperatures. Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter as well, but some lowland rivers have periods of high
196:. Rivers with a course that drops rapidly in elevation will have faster water flow and higher stream power or "force of water". This in turn produces the other characteristics of an upland river—an
1005:
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456:
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1000:
483:"Variability of Taxonomic Structure of Macrophytes According to Major Morphological Modifications of Lowland and Upland Rivers With Different Water Trophy"
197:
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388:
522:
870:
175:, as the two types of river habitat are very different, and usually support very different populations of fish and invertebrate species.
615:
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344:"Lowland forest fragment characteristics and anthropogenic disturbances determine alien plant species richness and composition"
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995:
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167:, which are considered to be "lowlands". The term "bottomland" refers to low-lying alluvial land near a river.
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Upland and lowland are portions of a plain that are conditionally categorized by their elevation above the
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Lichvar, Robert W.; Melvin, Norman C.; Butterwick, Mary L.; Kirchner, William N. (July 2012).
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1379:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1078:
825:
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389:"How global temperature and weather patterns affect mountain climates | Penn LPS Online"
155:
These classifications overlap with the geological definitions of "upland" and "lowland". In
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an "upland" is generally considered to be land that is at a higher elevation than the
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a deciduous hardwood forest found in broad lowland floodplains of the United States.
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37:"Lowlands" redirects here. For the Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands, see
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while lowland areas tend to be uniformly flat, although both can vary such as the
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Staniszewski, Ryszard; Jusik, Szymon; Kupiec, Jerzy (January 1, 2012).
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232:, where "upland" plants indicate an area that is not a wetland.
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280:, a flood plain of the Mississippi River in Southern Illinois,
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lie below sea level. Uplands areas tend to spike into
407:"Decreases in temperature with altitude - MeteoSwiss"
445:National Wetland Plant List Indicator Definitions
1584:
251:, Brazil, an example of a lowland river habitat
806:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
516:
342:Šipek, Mirjana; Šajna, Nina (March 1, 2024).
871:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
30:For the province of Uppland in Sweden, see
523:
509:
341:
266:
355:
183:In freshwater ecology, upland rivers and
116:Map of the world showing elevation levels
425:"NASA Sea Level Change Portal: Glaciers"
239:
111:
54:
70:, an example of an upland river habitat
14:
1585:
530:
1059:
1058:
542:
504:
462:from the original on October 12, 2022
104:are classified as upland or lowland.
1134:Oceanic physical-biological process
996:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
376:What are the types of land surface?
24:
228:The term "upland" is also used in
77:are conditional descriptions of a
25:
1624:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1540:
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661:Colored dissolved organic matter
1006:Latin America and the Caribbean
1488:Ecological values of mangroves
1031:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
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435:
417:
399:
381:
364:
335:
221:in seasonal low-flow periods.
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13:
1:
328:
1508:Marine conservation activism
1493:Fisheries and climate change
453:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
429:NASA Sea Level Change Portal
372:Polish Ministry of Education
7:
1503:Human impact on marine life
1380:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
616:Aquatic population dynamics
291:
235:
10:
1629:
487:Nauka Przyroda Technologie
360:– via Springer Link.
357:10.1007/s10530-024-03269-7
286:Bottomland hardwood forest
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36:
29:
1598:Water and the environment
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1119:Marine primary production
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1013:List of marine ecoregions
988:
853:
842:
556:
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1365:Coastal biogeomorphology
1360:Marine coastal ecosystem
208:and coarse sediments, a
46:Lowland (disambiguation)
1273:Paradox of the plankton
1084:Diel vertical migration
978:Freshwater swamp forest
696:GIS and aquatic science
544:General components and
411:www.meteoswiss.admin.ch
393:lpsonline.sas.upenn.edu
267:Lowland alluvial plains
1099:Large marine ecosystem
791:Shoaling and schooling
252:
117:
71:
1518:Marine protected area
1445:Salt pannes and pools
1220:Marine larval ecology
1195:Census of Marine Life
1079:Deep scattering layer
1036:San Francisco Estuary
1001:Africa and Madagascar
826:Underwater camouflage
606:Aquatic biomonitoring
546:freshwater ecosystems
243:
115:
58:
1253:Marine bacteriophage
1215:Marine invertebrates
348:Biological Invasions
152:and organic matter.
89:. In studies of the
44:For other uses, see
1129:Ocean fertilization
938:Trophic state index
896:Lake stratification
626:Aquatic respiration
395:. January 24, 2024.
255:The generally more
1593:Freshwater ecology
1395:Intertidal wetland
1390:Intertidal ecology
1258:Marine prokaryotes
1200:Deep-sea community
1094:Iron fertilization
1017:Specific examples
943:Upland and lowland
861:Freshwater biology
726:Microbial food web
636:Aquatic toxicology
579:Aquatic adaptation
532:Aquatic ecosystems
298:Freshwater biology
253:
173:freshwater ecology
126:Caspian Depression
118:
75:Upland and lowland
72:
1580:
1579:
1561:Oceans portal
1530:
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1405:Hydrothermal vent
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1230:Seashore wildlife
1061:Marine ecosystems
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816:Thermal pollution
781:Ramsar Convention
721:Microbial ecology
681:Fisheries science
621:Aquatic predation
313:River reclamation
282:Bois Brule Bottom
142:Mongolian Plateau
16:(Redirected from
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1547:Lakes portal
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1513:Marine pollution
1205:Deep-water coral
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1109:Marine chemistry
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973:Freshwater marsh
866:Freshwater biome
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564:Acoustic ecology
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263:("water weed").
64:Ithaca, New York
60:Cascadilla Creek
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1483:Coral bleaching
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1450:Seagrass meadow
1347:Marine habitats
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1311:Coral reef fish
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1263:Marine protists
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1139:Ocean turbidity
1114:Marine food web
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923:River ecosystem
876:Freshwater fish
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646:Bioluminescence
631:Aquatic science
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278:American Bottom
273:alluvial plains
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230:wetland ecology
194:stream gradient
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138:mountain ranges
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1301:Saltwater fish
1298:
1296:Marine reptile
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1268:Marine viruses
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1245:Microorganisms
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1235:Wild fisheries
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1104:Marine biology
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963:Brackish marsh
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891:Lake ecosystem
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881:Hyporheic zone
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731:Microbial loop
728:
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676:Eutrophication
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656:Cascade effect
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584:Aquatic animal
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308:Mountain river
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198:incised course
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165:stream terrace
161:alluvial plain
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27:Types of plain
26:
9:
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2:
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1603:Riparian zone
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1321:Demersal fish
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821:Trophic level
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318:Riparian zone
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68:United States
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40:
39:Low Countries
33:
19:
1475:Conservation
1326:Pelagic fish
1306:Coastal fish
1210:Marine fungi
948:Water garden
942:
831:Water column
776:Productivity
751:Pelagic zone
711:Macrobenthos
701:Hydrobiology
671:Ecohydrology
490:
486:
476:
464:. Retrieved
444:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
375:
366:
347:
337:
270:
254:
245:Amazon River
227:
223:
190:stream power
182:
169:
154:
146:
119:
74:
73:
1460:Sponge reef
1435:Rocky shore
1430:Oyster reef
1400:Kelp forest
1283:Vertebrates
1183:Marine life
1159:Viral shunt
1124:Marine snow
1026:Maharashtra
933:Stream pool
836:Zooplankton
756:Photic zone
716:Meiobenthos
569:Algal bloom
466:October 11,
261:macrophytes
108:Definitions
1587:Categories
1440:Salt marsh
1375:Coral reef
1164:Whale fall
1144:Photophore
1021:Everglades
989:Ecoregions
928:Stream bed
901:Macrophyte
854:Freshwater
686:Food chain
599:Water bird
329:References
136:, forming
95:freshwater
18:Bottomland
1613:Highlands
1465:Tide pool
1370:Cold seep
1154:Upwelling
918:Rheotaxis
911:Fish pond
886:Limnology
811:Substrate
796:Siltation
666:Dead zone
202:river bed
134:mountains
122:sea level
87:sea level
83:elevation
81:based on
66:, in the
1572:Category
1498:HERMIONE
1415:Mangrove
1225:Seagrass
771:Pleuston
766:Plankton
746:Particle
691:Food web
457:Archived
303:Highland
292:See also
271:Lowland
236:Lowlands
150:sediment
102:habitats
1425:Mudflat
1385:Estuary
1355:Bay mud
1333:Seabird
1089:f-ratio
1072:General
953:Wetland
741:Neuston
706:Hypoxia
651:Biomass
641:Benthos
557:General
323:Plateau
206:bedrock
185:streams
179:Uplands
157:geology
130:valleys
91:ecology
62:, near
32:Uppland
1608:Rivers
1410:Lagoon
736:Nekton
594:Mammal
589:Insect
284:, and
257:turbid
249:Manaus
215:rapids
210:riffle
98:rivers
85:above
50:Upland
801:Spawn
460:(PDF)
449:(PDF)
247:near
79:plain
906:Pond
468:2022
200:, a
192:and
132:and
48:and
968:Fen
958:Bog
352:doi
163:or
93:of
1589::
489:.
485:.
455:.
451:.
427:.
409:.
391:.
374:,
350:.
346:.
144:.
100:,
524:e
517:t
510:v
493:.
491:6
470:.
431:.
413:.
354::
52:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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