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2282:. On the way they call briefly at points on both the European and Asian shores. Private ferries, also leaving from Eminönü, travel only as far as one of the first two Bosporus bridges. Ferries from Eminönü also travel as far as Rumeli Kavaği, stopping only at points on the European shore, while other ferries from Üsküdar travel as far as Anadolu Kavağı, stopping only at points on the Asian shore. Frequent public ferries from Eminõnü,
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1028:, for the first time. Submarine channels are similar to land rivers, but they are formed by density currents—underwater flow mixtures of sand, mud and water that are denser than sea water and so sink and flow along the bottom. These channels are the main transport pathway for sediments to the deep sea where they form sedimentary deposits.
2361:(waterside mansions) which were constructed along the shores of the Bosporus during the Ottoman period have long been synonymous with the Strait. Those that still preserve their original form are among the most expensive real estate in Turkey although many have been lost to time, weather and 'accidental' fires. The oldest
369:, the one at the bottom is the Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus is the winding waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosporus constitute the geographic starting point of the European continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of Asia. The city of
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are also completely blocked prior to and during the course alteration, making it impossible for ships approaching from the opposite direction to see around the bends. The risks posed by this geography are further multiplied by the heavy ferry traffic across the Strait, linking the
European and Asian
1035:
The channel complex and the density flow provide the ideal natural laboratory for investigating and detailing the structure of the flow field through the channel. Our initial findings show that the flow in these channels is quite different to the flow in river channels on land. Specifically, as flow
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Located on a peninsula at the intersection of the Black Sea, the
Bosporus and the Marmara Sea, Istanbul has historically been one of the most protected and hardest-to-conquer cities from Roman times to the Ottoman Empire. Divided by the Bosporus, it is one of very few intercontinental cities in the
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to 7500 BP or 5500 BC from fresh-salt water microflora. Driven out by the rapidly rising water, which must have been terrifying and inexplicable, people spread to all corners of the
Western world carrying the story of a major flood. As the waters surged, they scoured a network of sea-floor channels
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the
Egyptian royal family took a great liking to the Bosporus and often spent their summers on its shores. They left behind a legacy of fine buildings on or overlooking its shores, including the building at Bebek that now houses the Egyptian Consulate
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in the south ("Fener" is
Turkish for lighthouse). Between these limits, the strait is 31 km (17 nmi) long, with a width of 3,329 m (1.798 nmi) at the northern entrance and 2,826 m (1.526 nmi) at the southern entrance. Its maximum width is 3,420 m (1.85 nmi)
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The shores of the
Bosporus were once lined with small fishing villages that had grown up since Byzantine times but really came into their own in the 19th century. Until the early 20th century most were only accessible by boat (known as caiques) along the Bosporus since there were no coast roads.
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is that as the ocean rose 72.5 metres (238 ft) at the end of the last Ice Age when the massive ice sheets melted, the sealed
Bosporus was overwhelmed by a spectacular flood that increased the then fresh water Black Sea Lake by 50%, and drove people back from the shores for many months. This
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The
Bosporus is fairly deep and there is no definite limit on the depth and length of a ship, but ships over 150 metres long or 10 metres deep must pre-book their passage. Those over 300 metres long must follow a special clearance procedure. There is an air draft limit of 57 metres.
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west of the
Bosporus, suggesting that it would reduce the risk presented to the Bosporus by oil tankers and other cargo ships. The project proved highly controversial and, as of 2022, work had not been started on building the canal even though a route for it had been established.
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As part of the only passage between the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean, the Bosporus has always been of great importance from a commercial and military point of view, and it remains strategically important today. It is a major sea access route for numerous countries, including
941:, postulates that the Bosporus was flooded around 5600 BCE (revised to 6800 BCE in 2003) when the rising waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara broke through to the Black Sea, which at the time, according to the hypothesis, was a low-lying body of fresh water.
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originally sat right on the water's edge and came with private docks and ports where boats (caiques) could be stored. On the Anatolian shore some yalıs are still right beside the water but on the European shore most now stand back behind a coast road built on reclaimed land.
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off the main strait that historically acted as a moat to protect Constantinople from attack, as well as providing sheltered anchorage for the imperial navies of various empires until the 19th century, after which it became a historic neighbourhood at the heart of Istanbul.
1384:(European Castle, 1451), in preparation for not only the primary battle but to assert long-term control over the Bosporus and surrounding waterways. The final 53-day campaign, which resulted in Ottoman victory, constituted an important turn in world history. Together with
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During the 19th century many of the foreign powers represented in Constantinople maintained second embassies up the Bosporus and would relocate their staff there during the hot, humid summer months. Most of these summer embassies were on the European shore at
1530:, which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely. Turkey eventually rejected the terms of that treaty, and remilitarised the straits area. The reversion was formalised under the
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for BlaSON project (Lericolais, et al., 2003) completed the multibeam mapping of this underwater channel fan-delta. A complete map was published in 2009 using these previous results together with high quality mapping obtained in 2006 (by researchers at
2952:"Persistent Holocene outflow from the Black Sea to the eastern Mediterranean Sea still contradicts the Noah's Flood Hypothesis: A review of 1997–2021 evidence and a regional paleoceanographic synthesis for the latest Pleistocene–Holocene"
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moves around a bend it spirals in the opposite direction in the deep sea compared to the spiral found in river channels on land. This is important in understanding the sedimentology and layers of sediment deposited by these systems.
1244:. His army crossed the Bosporus using an enormous bridge made by connecting boats. This bridge essentially connected the farthest geographic tip of Asia to Europe, encompassing at least some 1,000 metres of open. Years later,
1659:, or Clashing Rocks, once guarded both sides of the Bosporus and destroyed any ship that attempted to pass through the strait by crushing them. Their destructive power was finally overcome by the Argonaut hero
1415:—and the transfer of the control of the Bosporus into Ottoman hands. The Ottomans then made Constantinople their new capital, and the base from which they expanded their empire in the centuries that followed.
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Before the 20th century it was already known that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow". Then in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of
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of 20 July 1936. That convention - which is still in force - treats the straits as an international shipping lane except that Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non–Black Sea states.
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and Vaniköy. These villages often had distinct identities associated with agriculture: Arnavutköy, for example, was associated with strawberry-growing while Çengelköy was famous for its sweet cucumbers.
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Aerial view of the Bosporus taken from its northern end near the Black Sea (bottom), looking south (top) toward the Marmara Sea, with the city center of Istanbul visible along the strait's hilly banks
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The Bosporus is traversed by numerous passenger and vehicular ferries daily, as well as by recreational and fishing boats ranging from dinghies to yachts owned by both public and private entities.
919:, hence its name. However, in the 2010s it was completely overbuilt with nightclubs. In another change, the government had these torn down in 2017. It reopened to the public in the summer of 2022.
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As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and thence to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. It also connects various seas along the
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888:. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and to the Indian Ocean through the
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composition was discovered flowing along the floor of the Bosporus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were on land. The 2010 team of scientists, led by the
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The southbound flow of water is 16 000 m/s (fresh water at the surface) and the northbound flow is 11 000 m/s (salt water near the bottom). Dan Parsons and researchers at the
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The depth of the Bosporus varies from 13 to 110 m (43 to 361 ft) in midstream with an average of 65 m (213 ft). The deepest point is between Kandilli and
3827:
3181:
Flood, Roger D.; Hiscott, Richard N.; Aksu, Ali E. (9 March 2009). "Morphology and evolution of an anastomosed channel network where saline underflow enters the Black Sea".
1502:(Spanish, Russian). Some of the buildings still survive today although the British Summer Embassy burnt down in 1911 and the Italian Summer Embassy, a fine building by
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1807:, is 1,090 m (3,576 ft) long, and was completed in 1988 about 5 km (3 mi) north of the first bridge. The first Bosporus Bridge forms part of the
1744:, there are numerous dangerous points for large-scale maritime traffic that require sharp turns and management of visual obstructions. Famously, the stretch between
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which was the private part of the house reserved for women and the family. These were the luxurious dwellings of the wealthy and some came with their own private
2086:. As of 2021, the Bosporus Command is located on the shores of the Bosporus and the military ships connected to the Command are anchored in the Bosporus waters.
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At its peak between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was able to use the strategic importance of the Bosporus to wrest control of the entire
984:, at 110 m (360 ft). The shallowest locations are off Kadıköy İnciburnu at 18 m (59 ft) and off Aşiyan Point at 13 m (43 ft).
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1986:, opened on 29 October 2013. Approximately 1,400 m (4,593 ft) of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180 ft).
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as a second route from the Black Sea to the Marmara. It was suggested that this would reduce the risk from shipping to the Bosporus. The controverislal
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In 2011, the Turkish Government started to discuss creating a man-made canal roughly 80 kilometres (50 mi) long that would run north–south through
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1178:. In 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine the Bosporus' importance as a route by which grain reached the world was thrown into sharp profile.
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in 1880. The house he built on it was later demolished. The island became a walled garden and then a water sports centre, before it was given to the
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1819:, is 2,164 m (7,100 ft) long and was completed in 2016. It is located near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of
1633:, who was transformed into a cow and, pursued by a gadfly, was condemned to wander the Earth until she reached the Strait. There she met the
2717:
Memoir on the propriety of the word Oxford, as applied to a seminary of learning; read to the Instituto of Padoua, in the month of July last
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Turkey does not receive tolls from ships passing through the strait. Turkey's military has broad powers in accordance with the terms of the
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Today the villages are no more than suburbs of Greater Istanbul but many retain the memory of their original village status in the suffix '-
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in comparison to the public ferries. Both the public ferries and the sea buses also provide commuter services between the Bosporus and the
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sides of the city. As such, all the dangers and obstacles characteristic of narrow waterways are present and acute in this vital sea lane.
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The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain a subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the
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Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the Strait prone to
1756:, the necessary course alteration is 80 degrees. Compounding these difficult changes in trajectory, the rear and forward sight lines at
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requires a 45-degree course alteration in a location where the currents can reach 7 to 8 knots (3.6 to 4.1 m/s). To the south, at
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until February 1945, and the straits were closed to the warships of belligerent nations during this time, although some German
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in obtaining naval bases on the straits. This, together with Stalin's demands for the restitution of the Turkish provinces of
74:
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2800:, ein Grabmal errichten ließ so dass die größere Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür ist, daß wenigstens diese Landspitze eher von der
1024:, used a robotic "yellow submarine" to observe detailed flows within this "undersea river", scientifically referred to as a
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3271:. Translated by George Rawlinson; Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson; Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. London: John Murray. p.
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There is a certain (Oxonian) tradition of equating the name "Oxford" with "Bosporus", see e.g. Wolstenholme Parr (1820),
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Lericolais, G.; Le Drezen, E.; Nouzé, H.; Gillet, H.; Ergun, M.; Cifci, G.; Avci, M.; Dondurur, D.; Okay, S. (2002).
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who managed to pass between them unscathed, whereupon the rocks became fixed, opening Greek access to the Black Sea.
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612:, who was transformed into a cow and condemned to wander the Earth until she crossed the Bosporus, where she met the
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of 1453. The Bosporus is visible along the right-hand side of the map, wrapping vertically around the historic city.
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1361:, respectively. The original is a watercolor available in the online collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.
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Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of
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In 2022 the dues levied by Turkey for freight ships increased 500% to US$ 4 per ton, the first change since 1983.
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following a lengthy campaign during which the Ottomans constructed fortifications on each side of the strait, the
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offer high-speed commuter services between the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus, but they stop at fewer
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Many geologists, however, claim that the strait is much older, even if relatively young on a geologic timescale.
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1831:", integrated into the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and allowing transit traffic to bypass city traffic.
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Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and the Marmara Region, entered into force on 1 July 1994
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The first images of these submarine channels showing them to be of great size, were obtained in 1999 during a
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The strategic importance of the Bosporus dates back millennia. In the 5th century BC the Greek city-state of
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in 1952, thus affording the straits even more strategic importance as a commercial and military waterway.
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s online version has only this spelling and its search function does not find anything for the spelling
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and other seas. Thus sovereignty over the straits is an important issue for these countries, as well as
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The Strait also serves a significant amount of international commercial shipping traffic in the form of
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straits were to be closed to the naval vessels of other powers on Russian demand. By the terms of the
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From the Shores of the Nile to the Bosphorus: Traces of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha Dynasty in Istanbul
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which was built in the 18th century and belonged for a while to the Şerifs, the hereditary rulers of
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The strategic significance of the Strait was one of the factors in the decision of the Roman Emperor
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power at the expense of the Russians, as the latter then lacked direct access to the Mediterranean.
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on the Asian side. Construction began in February 2011, and the tunnel opened on 20 December 2016.
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1708:, the third and most recent crossing, in September 2016. The bridge was opened on 26 August 2016.
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1586:. Turkey declared war against Germany in February 1945, but did not engage in offensive actions.
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892:, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming from
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1158:. Control over it has been an objective of a number of conflicts in modern history, notably the
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had erected a monument to his wife Damalis, which included a colossal statue of a cow (the name
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and possibly others) approach Istanbul, coming from the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles.
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between Umuryeri and Büyükdere Limanı, and minimum width is 700 m (0.38 nmi) between
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1604:, was exported by tankers primarily to the U.S. via the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.
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Modern (2012) view of the European side of Istanbul from the southern entrance to the Bosporus
1104:. The survey was run and coordinated from the Institute of Marine Sciences research ship, the
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less resistant to denser suspended solids in liquid, which remains a very active layer today.
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1994:
1578:(which were lost by Turkey in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, but were regained with the
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area, which they regarded as an "Ottoman lake", from which Russian warships were prohibited.
1198:. This is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only surviving map that predates the
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also stand on or near its shores. Other buildings and landmarks on the Bosporus include the
3964:(in English and Turkish) (1st ed.). Istanbul: Istanbul Arıştırmaları Enstitüsü. 2011.
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Subsequently, several international treaties have governed access to the Strait. Under the
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3999:. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
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There is one very small island in the Bosporus just off Kuruçeşme. Now generally known as
8:
3868:. First South East European Regional CIGRÉ Conference. Portorož, Slovenia. Archived from
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have become particularly important for the oil industry. Russian oil, from ports such as
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demilitarised the Strait and made it an international territory under the control of the
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The team studied the detailed flow within these channels and its findings included that:
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3584:"Turkey debates whether international treaty is obstacle to plan to bypass the Bosporus"
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678:) is not justified by the ancient Greek name, and dictionaries prefer the spelling with
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604:'passage', thus meaning 'cattle-passage', or 'cow passage'. This is a reference to the
3418:"[Russian and] Soviet Relations with Greece and Turkey: A Systems Perspective"
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2017:
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1214:, maintained critical alliances with cities which controlled the straits, such as the
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period along the Strait's European and Asian shorelines. Ottoman palaces such as the
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is listed first or exclusively in all major British and American dictionaries (e.g.
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Historically, the Bosporus was also known as the "Strait of Constantinople", or the
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The limits of the Bosporus are defined as the line connecting the lighthouses of
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Tourist cruises are available from various points along the Bosporus, including
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offer short hops from one side of the Bosporus to the other throughout the day.
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was completed in 1973 when it was called the Bosporus Bridge. The second, named
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called the Bosporus "Stenon" and used the following major toponyms in the area:
937:, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by two scientists from
2992:(in Turkish). Directorate-General of Maritime Affairs of Turkey. Archived from
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2340:
2318:
2314:
2271:
2181:
2153:
2141:
2121:
2044:
2009:
1980:
1733:
1640:, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by
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cross the Bosporus. The first of these, the 1,074 m (3,524 ft) long
1181:
813:), respectively. Other names used by Herodotus to refer to the strait include
4085:
3713:"Istanbul's mega project Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge to open in large ceremony"
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which was the public area and the part of the house used by the men, and the
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2005:) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).
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3299:"The Bosphorus, with the Castles of Europe & Asia. 1846 — Allom, Thomas"
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survives and it has been behind hoardings promising restoration since 2009.
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population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.
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Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the
3225:"Ukrainian grain to pass through Bosphorus on Tuesday under landmark deal"
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horsemen who roamed across the north of the Black Sea, the Persian King
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Pontus : Antikçağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi
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2990:"Türk Boğazları ve Marmara Denizi'nin Coğrafi Konumu-İstanbul Boğazı"
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on the Asian side which is the Köprülü Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa Yalı at
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750:), but he also reports that in popular usage the strait was known as
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3640:"Five Fold Increase of Transit Fees for Bosphorus & Dardanelles"
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Handbuch der alten Geographie für Gymnasien und zum Selbstunterricht
1997:, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in
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3066:(Press release). University of Leeds. 2 August 2010. Archived from
2328:. The prices vary considerably, and some feature music and dining.
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Verleichendes wörterbuch der alten, mittleren und neuen geographie
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3064:"Leeds Researchers Study Undersea Rivers with a Yellow Submarine"
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Map of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), designed in 1422 by
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3387:"The Turkish Factor in the Geopolitics of the Post-Soviet Space"
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Close-up satellite image of the Bosporus Strait, taken from the
3833:. Unicredit - Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture. Archived from
2875:); Joannes Tzetzes (Chil. 1, 886) appellat Bosporum Damaliten (
2796:; aber hier war es auch, wo der Athen. Chares seiner Frau, der
2421:
2076:
2064:
1983:
1682:), the first to be built across the Bosporus, completed in 1973
1567:
1532:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
1442:
1215:
1207:
1151:
893:
776:
768:
497:
489:
261:
238:
4069:
3942:
3560:"İstanbul Canal project to open debate on Montreux Convention"
3161:
2302:
2107:
1979:
project, featuring a 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long undersea
1582:
in 1921), was a consideration in Turkey's decision to abandon
1210:, which depended on grain imports from the Black Sea ports of
1088:
The project was led by Jeff Peakall and Daniel Parsons at the
1045:
hypothesis was supported by the findings of undersea explorer
582:, i.e. "cattle strait" (like "Ox-ford"), from the genitive of
441:
414:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2742:
2574:
specifies that the pronunciation of the alternative spelling
2370:
1660:
1050:
830:
824:
808:
802:
751:
741:
707:
652:
642:
594:
583:
577:
571:
565:
1612:
In 2011, Turkey proposed to build a 50 km (31 mi)
764:. In English, the preferred spelling tends to be Bosphorus.
3017:"Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus"
2310:
2306:
1641:
1590:
1182:
Ancient Greek, Persian, Roman and Byzantine eras (pre-1453)
1058:
848:, meaning "a strait", and was also formerly applied to the
620:
444:
417:
337:
in yellow. The territory of Turkey is highlighted in green.
1993:
with a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft), named the
432:
405:
3268:
The History of Herodotus: a new English version, Volume 3
2905:
1811:, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the
1469:
was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits to all
1655:, it was said that colossal floating rocks known as the
1509:
1076:. In 2002, a survey carried out on board the Ifremer RV
3121:"Observations of Mediterranean flow into the Black Sea"
1644:
and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes,
1330:, there in AD 330. This then became the capital of the
842:
The term eventually came to be used as the common noun
623:
and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes,
492:
and an internationally significant waterway located in
3164:"Recent canyon heads evidenced at the Bosporus outlet"
2254:, one of the castles on the Bosporus, with two of the
1554:
were permitted to transit. In diplomatic conferences,
3119:
Di Iorio, Daniela; Yüce, Hüseyin (15 February 1999).
2001:(to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern
456:
447:
438:
435:
420:
408:
3759:"Turkey's Bosporus tunnel to open sub-sea Asia link"
2683:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1347:
The Bosphorus, with the Castles of Europe & Asia
429:
411:
402:
30:"Bosphorus" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3393:. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from
3168:
Eos: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
426:
399:
365:in April 2004. The body of water at the top is the
3737:"Turkey Unveils Route for Istanbul's Third Bridge"
3607:
2462:, a proposed three-level road-rail undersea tunnel
2381:, built in 1698. Only the central section of this
2373:. It is still in good condition unlike the oldest
3707:
3705:
3250:Donald John Cochrane Welsh Murray (13 May 2010).
3170:. Vol. 83, no. 47. Abstract PP71B-0409.
2471:List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits
2079:, the state the Bosporus actually flows through.
1394:the events that brought an end to the Middle Ages
1240:) crossed the Bosporus, then marched towards the
4083:
3774:
3772:
3346:Rozakis, Christos L.; Stagos, Petros N. (1987).
3180:
2857:Herodotus (4, 85) nominat Bosporum Calchedoniæ (
194:
3352:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 24–25.
3015:Gregg, Michael C.; Özsoy, Emin (7 March 2002).
2582:, but dictionaries also list the pronunciation
346:Location of the Bosporus (red) relative to the
3702:
3507:"Startskud for gigantisk kanal gennem Tyrkiet"
3440:"Against who and where are we going to stand?"
3058:
3056:
3054:
2784:Die ihr entgegenstehende Landspitze hieß auch
2365:on the European shore is the Şerifler Yalı at
2016:tunnel designed for vehicular traffic between
520:. It is the world's narrowest strait used for
3796:
3769:
3345:
2901:(in German). Gotha: Becker. pp. 195–196.
2895:Bischoff, Friedrich Heinrich Theodor (1829).
2739:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
1388:'s first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the
731:
725:
719:
483:
51:
3609:"Turkey's Ambitious Infrastructure Projects"
3118:
3090:"Robotic sub records flow of undersea river"
2792:, mit einer ehernen coloss. Bildsäule einer
2782:
2738:
713:
3051:
2949:
2855:
2822:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
2043:Russian fleet under the command of Admiral
991:School of Earth and Environment describe a
843:
834:
818:
796:
790:
647:'the Cow'. The same site was also known as
4035:
3948:
3535:"Route of Canal Istanbul | Kanal İstanbul"
3372:
3014:
2911:
2821:
2776:(in German). Kassel: J. J. Bonné. p.
2665:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
2597:Memoir on the propriety of the word Oxford
2526:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
2503:
2501:
1506:, survives in very dilapidated condition.
1337:
3500:
3498:
3264:
3146:
3042:
2881:) sua ætate nuncupatum vulgo Prosphorium.
2720:. Liverpool: William Grapel. p. 18.
2627:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2027:Up to four submarine fibre optics lines (
1477:'s allies during wartime. This benefited
1085:who were project partners in the study).
907:this was given to the Armenian architect
3504:
3384:
2950:Aksu, A.E.; Hiscott, R.N. (April 2022).
2894:
2395:
2335:
2246:
2038:
2012:is a 5.4 km (3.4 mi) undersea
1815:. The third and most recent bridge, the
1805:Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge
1700:
1685:
1670:
1537:
1437:, concluded on 13 July 1841 between the
1341:
1185:
657:), as it was where the Athenian general
482:'Istanbul strait', colloquially
376:
356:
341:
4036:Tonguç, Saffet Emre; Yale, Pat (2010).
3688:"3rd Bosphorus bridge opening ceremony"
3339:
2923:
2769:
2732:
2498:
2034:
1498:(German, English, French, Italian) and
512:. It also divides Turkey by separating
171:
141:
111:
81:
14:
4084:
4013:
3905:from the original on 28 September 2017
3682:
3680:
3495:
3415:
3285:
2846:
2832:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via
2755:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via
1942:Hybrid cable-stayed, suspension bridge
1770:the western edges of Istanbul Province
1625:The Bosphorus takes its name from the
561:The name of the strait comes from the
4021:(in Turkish). Ankara: Genesis Kitap.
3437:
2853:(in Latin). Paris: Didot. p. 7.
2020:on the European side of Istanbul and
1510:Turkish republican era (1923–present)
1407:The event also marked the end of the
1010:
947:
329:A map depicting the locations of the
3989:
3858:
3505:Marfeldt, Birgitte (29 April 2011).
3330:
3315:
2713:
2266:that traverse the Strait leave from
1697:on the European side of the Bosporus
1326:the Great to found his new capital,
771:Bosporus to distinguish it from the
333:, with the Bosporus in red, and the
27:Narrow strait in northwestern Turkey
3677:
3416:Cutler, Robert M. (28 March 1999).
3305:. Victoria and Albert Museum. 2007.
2412:usually had two main sections: the
1827:on the Asian side, as part of the "
1596:During the early 21st century, the
1484:
1098:Memorial University of Newfoundland
1083:Memorial University of Newfoundland
316:
24:
4040:(1st ed.). Istanbul: Boyutl.
3820:
3475:"Turkey to build Bosphorus bypass"
3385:Torbakov, Igor (10 January 2003).
2926:"Galatasaray Adası hizmete açıldı"
2863:); Strabo, os Byzantiacum (p. 125
2427:
2190:Borusan Museum of Contemporary Art
1365:On 29 May 1453, the then-emergent
1162:, as well as of the attack of the
1064:project using jointly the NATO RV
576:), which was folk-etymologised as
510:boundaries between Asia and Europe
25:
4133:
4056:
2982:
2274:of Istanbul and travel as far as
2051:The Bosporus is the only way for
1776:project continues to be debated.
1728:. Between its northern limits at
1607:
1558:representatives had expressed an
1429:of 8 July 1833, the Bosporus and
1396:and marked the transition to the
1380:(Anatolian Castle, 1393) and the
758:the most ancient northern harbour
736:. The 12th-century Greek scholar
508:and forms one of the continental
4102:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
4072:The New Student's Reference Work
3721:. 25 August 2016. Archived from
3694:. 25 August 2016. Archived from
3568:. 8 October 2010. Archived from
3203:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.00998.x
1238: 522 BC – 486 BC
1144:
395:
315:
307:
306:
299:
170:
163:
140:
133:
110:
103:
80:
73:
3954:
3917:
3887:
3862:Submarine Cable Projects (2-03)
3859:Yüce, Gülnazi (7–8 June 2016).
3852:
3790:
3751:
3743:. 29 April 2010. Archived from
3729:
3665:
3653:
3632:
3600:
3592:. 29 April 2011. Archived from
3576:
3552:
3527:
3431:
3409:
3378:
3324:
3309:
3291:
3279:
3258:
3243:
3217:
3174:
3155:
3126:Journal of Geophysical Research
3112:
3096:. 2 August 2010. Archived from
3082:
3022:Journal of Geophysical Research
3008:
2968:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103960
2943:
2917:
2888:
2840:
2815:
2763:
2331:
1786:
1620:
1390:1453 conquest of Constantinople
1235:
4122:Important Bird Areas of Turkey
4097:Landforms of Istanbul Province
2707:
2689:
2671:
2653:
2635:
2613:
2589:
2202:Üsküdar Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
2093:
2047:, sailing through the Bosporus
1260:) strait (480 BC), during his
1124:village' to their names. e.g.
960:in the north, and between the
13:
1:
3996:Turkey : a country study
3797:Nayır, Mehmet (19 May 2012).
2606:
1584:neutrality in foreign affairs
1465:), the "ancient rule" of the
2703:. Columbia University Press.
2561:American Heritage Dictionary
2538:American Heritage Dictionary
2476:Public transport in Istanbul
1970:
1954:1,408 m (4,619 ft)
1945:2,164 m (7,100 ft)
1920:1,090 m (3,580 ft)
1911:1,510 m (4,950 ft)
1886:1,074 m (3,524 ft)
1877:1,560 m (5,120 ft)
1666:
1349:. 19th-century engraving by
1225:In an attempt to subdue the
1102:Institute of Marine Sciences
1092:, in collaboration with the
922:
867:
809:
756:during his day, the name of
752:
742:
712:, giving rise to the French
643:
633:supposedly went ashore near
595:
584:
572:
538:The Bosporus Strait and the
500:. The Bosporus connects the
373:is visible along both banks.
7:
4038:Istanbul The Ultimate Guide
3780:"Melen hattı Boğaz'ı geçti"
3660:Bosphorus (Istanbul) Strait
2860:τῆς Καλχηδονίς τὸν Βόσπορον
2770:Sickler, Friedrich (1824).
2714:Parr, Wolstenholme (1820).
2455:Black Sea trade and economy
2448:
2222:Kuleli Military High School
1964:and 1 double-track railway
1712:
1411:—the final remnants of the
1392:is commonly noted as among
1160:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
1114:
1042:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
935:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
929:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
363:International Space Station
10:
4138:
3982:
3895:"Submarine Cable Map 2017"
3786:(in Turkish). 21 May 2012.
3166:. AGU Fall Meeting Suppl.
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2808:ihren Namen erhalten habe.
2743:
2647:Collins English Dictionary
2520:Collins English Dictionary
2097:
1951:322 m (1,056 ft)
1901:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1691:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1546:Turkey was neutral in the
1526:. This was amended by the
1248:would construct a similar
926:
825:
803:
708:
670:The English spelling with
667:translating to 'heifer').
662:
653:
599:
588:
578:
566:
553:are periodically dredged.
283:700 m (2,300 ft)
36:Bosphorus (disambiguation)
29:
3929:www.sehirhatlari.istanbul
3438:Bulaç, Ali (4 May 2009).
3375:, pp. 455, 460, 463.
2856:
2783:
2441:) high on the hill above
2067:(south-western part) and
1948:58.4 m (192 ft)
1935:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1880:33.4 m (110 ft)
1829:Northern Marmara Motorway
1823:on the European side and
1817:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1736:and its southern ones at
1706:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1528:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1435:London Straits Convention
1427:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
1094:University of Southampton
1062:SACLANT Undersea Research
1040:The central tenet of the
844:
779:. These are expressed in
732:
287:
279:
271:
267:
254:
244:
232:
193:
67:
50:
45:
3828:"Eurasia Tunnel Project"
3539:www.kanalistanbul.gov.tr
3252:"Darius at the Bosporus"
2924:fanatik (27 July 2022).
2850:Geographi graeci minores
2491:
2481:Rail transport in Turkey
2238:Beykoz Mecidiye Pavilion
1917:105 m (344 ft)
1883:165 m (541 ft)
1801:15th July Martyrs Bridge
1742:Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri
1627:Greek mythological story
993:Black Sea undersea river
966:Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri
826:Βόσπορος τῆς Χαλκηδονίης
606:Greek mythological story
522:international navigation
291:110 m (360 ft)
3799:"Melen Boğaz'ı geçiyor"
2872:στόμα τὸ κατὰ Βυζάντιον
2834:Perseus Digital Library
2757:Perseus Digital Library
2752:A Greek–English Lexicon
2550:Encyclopædia Britannica
1957:73 m (240 ft)
1923:64 m (210 ft)
1914:39 m (128 ft)
1889:64 m (210 ft)
1813:Trans-European Motorway
1653:ancient Greek mythology
1473:, barring those of the
1338:Ottoman era (1453–1922)
1196:Cristoforo Buondelmonti
917:Galatasaray Sports Club
686:occurs as a variant in
556:
275:31 km (19 mi)
3949:Tonguç & Yale 2010
3925:"Şehir Hatları A.Ş. ®"
3373:Tonguç & Yale 2010
2912:Tonguç & Yale 2010
2878:τὸν Δαμαλίτην Βόσπορον
2405:
2352:
2259:
2168:Egyptian Consulate at
2048:
1867:15 July Martyrs Bridge
1709:
1698:
1683:
1676:15 July Martyrs Bridge
1543:
1362:
1296:Anaplous or Sosthenion
1275:on the European side:
1203:
1038:
835:
829:, Herodotus 4.87), or
819:
797:
791:
726:
720:
714:
484:
472:
382:
374:
354:
52:
34:. For other uses, see
3662:(2014 North Maritime)
2956:Earth-Science Reviews
2847:Müller, Carl (1861).
2701:Columbia Encyclopedia
2572:Columbia Encyclopedia
2556:Columbia Encyclopedia
2460:Great Istanbul Tunnel
2399:
2339:
2258:which span the strait
2250:
2112:The Bosporus has 620
2042:
1995:Bosporus Water Tunnel
1704:
1689:
1674:
1541:
1345:
1316:Bithynian Chrysopolis
1290:Hestiai or Michaelion
1189:
1033:
874:Eastern Mediterranean
820:Bosporus Chalcedoniae
380:
360:
345:
217:41.11944°N 29.07528°E
3951:, pp. 442, 544.
3596:on 11 December 2018.
3148:10.1029/1998JC900023
3044:10.1029/2000JC000485
2404:of Ahmet Rasim Pasha
2198:Sadberk Hanım Museum
2194:Sakıp Sabancı Museum
2158:Hatice Sultan Palace
2035:Strategic importance
1386:Christopher Columbus
1332:Eastern Roman Empire
326:class=notpageimage|
94:Show map of Istanbul
4112:Tourism in Istanbul
3725:on 26 October 2016.
3589:The Washington Post
3349:The Turkish Straits
3195:2009Sedim..56..807F
3139:1999JGR...104.3091D
3035:2002JGRC..107.3016G
2244:(Anadaolu Kavağı).
2226:Adile Sultan Palace
2178:Boğaziçi University
2162:Adile Sultan Palace
2114:waterfront houses (
2104:Ferries in Istanbul
2084:Montreux Convention
1991:water supply tunnel
1797:cable-stayed bridge
1301:on the Asian side:
1172:Battle of Gallipoli
1090:University of Leeds
1022:University of Leeds
989:University of Leeds
939:Columbia University
905:Galatasaray Adası),
694:, and occasionally
641:), which was named
213: /
3991:Metz, Helen Chapin
3765:. 29 October 2013.
3698:on 28 August 2016.
3480:New Civil Engineer
3265:Herodotus (1859).
2829:A Latin Dictionary
2586:for this spelling.
2406:
2353:
2272:historic peninsula
2260:
2256:suspension bridges
2049:
1793:suspension bridges
1710:
1699:
1684:
1544:
1363:
1353:. The castles are
1262:invasion of Greece
1204:
1011:Newer explorations
948:Present morphology
901:Galatasaray Island
810:Bósporos Thráikios
773:Cimmerian Bosporus
743:Damaliten Bosporon
383:
375:
355:
222:41.11944; 29.07528
154:Show map of Europe
124:Show map of Turkey
4107:Straits of Turkey
4065:"Bosphorus"
4028:978-605-5410-17-9
3572:on 30 April 2011.
3288:, pp. 28–32.
3133:(C2): 3091–3108.
2996:on 8 October 2011
2866:στόμα Βυζαντιακόν
2547:) as well as the
2486:Eastern Bosphorus
2424:(Turkish baths).
2351:) on the Bosporus
2345:waterfront houses
2220:(Anadoluhisarı),
2214:Beylerbeyi Mosque
2146:Beylerbeyi Palace
2130:Dolmabahçe Palace
2120:built during the
2073:Mediterranean Sea
1968:
1967:
1908:Suspension bridge
1874:Suspension bridge
1552:auxiliary vessels
1524:League of Nations
1504:Raimondo d'Aronco
1174:in the course of
1026:submarine channel
798:Bosporus Thraciae
792:Bosporus Thracius
481:
350:(yellow) and the
295:
294:
16:(Redirected from
4129:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4051:
4032:
4010:
3976:
3975:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3747:on 19 June 2010.
3741:Anatolian Agency
3733:
3727:
3726:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3684:
3675:
3674:(United Nations)
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3448:. Archived from
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3343:
3337:
3328:
3322:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3100:on 25 April 2013
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3070:on 3 August 2010
3060:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2685:. HarperCollins.
2675:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2649:. HarperCollins.
2639:
2633:
2632:
2631:on 29 July 2020.
2617:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2505:
2230:Küçüksu Pavilion
2206:Şemsipaşa Mosque
2188:(RumelihisarI),
1834:
1833:
1680:Bosphorus Bridge
1548:Second World War
1520:Treaty of Sèvres
1485:Summer Embassies
1402:Age of Discovery
1239:
1237:
1200:Turkish conquest
1170:during the 1915
847:
846:
838:
828:
827:
822:
812:
806:
805:
804:Βόσπορος Θρᾴκιος
800:
794:
755:
745:
735:
734:
730:and the Russian
729:
723:
717:
711:
710:
666:
656:
655:
646:
603:
598:
592:
587:
581:
580:
575:
569:
568:
487:
476:
463:
459:
454:
453:
450:
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446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
391:Bosphorus Strait
319:
318:
310:
309:
303:
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
218:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
196:
185:
184:Show map of Asia
174:
173:
167:
155:
144:
143:
137:
125:
114:
113:
107:
95:
84:
83:
77:
63:
55:
43:
42:
21:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4117:Turkish Straits
4082:
4081:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4029:
4007:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3875:on 9 April 2018
3872:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3840:on 4 March 2016
3837:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3795:
3791:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3503:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3483:. 20 April 2011
3473:
3472:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3397:on 31 July 2010
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3325:
3314:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3231:. 1 August 2022
3223:
3222:
3218:
3179:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3052:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2889:
2845:
2841:
2820:
2816:
2768:
2764:
2737:
2733:
2712:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2563:
2532:Merriam-Webster
2506:
2499:
2494:
2451:
2435:Khedive's Villa
2430:
2428:Egyptian legacy
2334:
2234:Khedive's Villa
2110:
2096:
2037:
1973:
1871:30 October 1973
1858:Clearance below
1789:
1738:Ahırkapı Feneri
1715:
1669:
1623:
1610:
1598:Turkish Straits
1516:First World War
1512:
1487:
1340:
1234:
1184:
1147:
1117:
1013:
962:Ahırkapı Feneri
950:
931:
925:
886:Western Eurasia
870:
854:Classical Greek
836:Bosporus Mysius
593:'ox, cattle' +
559:
544:Turkish Straits
488:) is a natural
473:İstanbul Boğazı
461:
457:
425:
398:
394:
340:
339:
338:
331:Turkish Straits
328:
322:
321:
320:
312:
311:
258: countries
249:Turkish Straits
221:
219:
215:
212:
207:
204:
202:
200:
199:
189:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:Bosporus Strait
175:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:Bosporus Strait
145:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:Bosporus Strait
115:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:Bosporus Strait
85:
57:
53:İstanbul Boğazı
46:Bosporus Strait
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4080:
4079:
4058:
4057:External links
4055:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4033:
4027:
4011:
4005:
3993:, ed. (1995).
3986:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3953:
3941:
3916:
3886:
3851:
3819:
3789:
3768:
3750:
3728:
3701:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3631:
3599:
3575:
3551:
3526:
3494:
3463:
3430:
3408:
3377:
3365:
3358:
3338:
3323:
3308:
3290:
3278:
3257:
3242:
3216:
3189:(3): 807–839.
3173:
3154:
3111:
3081:
3050:
3007:
2981:
2942:
2916:
2914:, p. 421.
2904:
2887:
2839:
2814:
2762:
2731:
2706:
2688:
2670:
2652:
2634:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Istanbul Canal
2463:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2429:
2426:
2379:Anadolu Hisarı
2333:
2330:
2319:Sea of Marmara
2315:Prince Islands
2276:Anadolu Kavağı
2264:public ferries
2218:Anadolu Castle
2210:Maiden's Tower
2182:Robert College
2154:Ihlamur Palace
2150:Küçüksu Palace
2142:Feriye Palaces
2138:Çırağan Palace
2126:Topkapı Palace
2095:
2092:
2045:Fyodor Ushakov
2036:
2033:
2010:Eurasia Tunnel
1999:Düzce Province
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:26 August 2016
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
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1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1788:
1785:
1774:Kanal İstanbul
1746:Kandilli Point
1734:Anadolu Feneri
1714:
1711:
1668:
1665:
1622:
1619:
1609:
1608:Istanbul Canal
1606:
1589:Turkey joined
1580:Treaty of Kars
1514:Following the
1511:
1508:
1486:
1483:
1467:Ottoman Empire
1451:United Kingdom
1374:Constantinople
1367:Ottoman Empire
1339:
1336:
1328:Constantinople
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:Bosporios Akra
1183:
1180:
1146:
1143:
1116:
1113:
1108:Koca Piri Reis
1047:Robert Ballard
1012:
1009:
971:Kandilli Point
958:Anadolu Feneri
949:
946:
927:Main article:
924:
921:
869:
866:
762:Constantinople
724:, the Italian
718:, the Spanish
704:medieval Greek
688:medieval Latin
558:
555:
506:Sea of Marmara
352:Sea of Marmara
324:
323:
314:
313:
305:
304:
298:
297:
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293:
292:
289:
285:
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281:
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252:
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229:
197:
191:
190:
177:
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169:
168:
162:
161:
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159:
147:
146:
139:
138:
132:
131:
130:
129:
117:
116:
109:
108:
102:
101:
100:
99:
87:
86:
79:
78:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4075:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4049:
4047:9789752307346
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:Öztürk, Özhan
4012:
4008:
4006:0-8444-0864-6
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3973:
3971:9789759123956
3967:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3904:
3900:
3899:TeleGeography
3896:
3890:
3871:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3620:. 16 May 2013
3619:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3565:Today's Zaman
3561:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3452:on 4 May 2009
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:Today's Zaman
3441:
3434:
3419:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3359:90-247-3464-9
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:Sedimentology
3177:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2913:
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2900:
2899:
2891:
2884:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2806:Prinzessin Jo
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2599:, esp. p. 18.
2598:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2507:The spelling
2504:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:The original
2403:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:(Kızkulesi),
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Rumeli Castle
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:Yıldız Palace
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:to reach the
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Rumeli Feneri
1727:
1723:
1718:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:According to
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1479:British naval
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:Anadoluhisarı
1375:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1359:Anadoluhisarı
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1194:cartographer
1193:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:Allied Powers
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:Human history
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Rumeli Feneri
945:
942:
940:
936:
930:
920:
918:
914:
913:Abdülhamid II
910:
909:Sarkis Balyan
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
840:
837:
832:
821:
816:
811:
799:
793:
788:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
728:
722:
716:
706:sometimes as
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
660:
650:
645:
640:
637:(present-day
636:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
602:
597:
591:
586:
574:
564:
563:Ancient Greek
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
479:
474:
470:
466:
465:
452:
392:
388:
379:
372:
368:
364:
359:
353:
349:
344:
336:
332:
327:
302:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
257:
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250:
247:
243:
240:
237:
235:
231:
226:
198:
192:
166:
136:
106:
76:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4071:
4037:
4018:
3995:
3961:
3956:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3898:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3870:the original
3861:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3835:the original
3822:
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3000:18 September
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2804:als von der
2802:Frau Damalis
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2388:Most of the
2387:
2382:
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2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2332:Architecture
2323:
2300:
2262:Most of the
2261:
2252:Rumelihisarı
2242:Yoros Castle
2174:Bebek Mosque
2115:
2111:
2088:
2081:
2050:
2026:
2007:
1989:An undersea
1988:
1974:
1960:8 lanes of
1855:Longest span
1846:Total length
1840:Opening date
1790:
1787:Land bridges
1781:
1778:
1767:
1719:
1716:
1695:Rumelihisarı
1650:
1648:(Hercules).
1624:
1621:In mythology
1611:
1602:Novorossiysk
1595:
1588:
1576:Soviet Union
1545:
1513:
1494:(Austrian),
1488:
1439:Great Powers
1424:
1417:
1413:Roman Empire
1406:
1382:Rumelihisarı
1372:the city of
1364:
1355:Rumelihisarı
1351:Thomas Allom
1346:
1321:
1304:Hieron tower
1266:
1242:River Danube
1224:
1220:of Byzantium
1205:
1148:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1072:survey ship
1070:Turkish Navy
1065:
1056:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1014:
997:
986:
979:
951:
943:
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898:
871:
841:
815:Chalcedonian
784:
766:
747:
738:John Tzetzes
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
629:
627:(Hercules).
560:
548:
537:
533:metropolitan
526:
390:
386:
384:
245:Part of
40:
3718:Daily Sabah
3645:14 December
3515:(in Danish)
3333:, pp.
3318:, pp.
3303:Collections
3286:Öztürk 2011
2439:Hıdiv Kasrı
2094:Sightseeing
2029:MedNautilus
1962:Motorway O7
1928:Motorway O2
1926:8 lanes of
1905:3 July 1988
1894:Motorway O1
1892:6 lanes of
1809:O1 Motorway
1657:Symplegades
1518:, the 1920
1431:Dardanelles
1398:Renaissance
1324:Constantine
1281:Argyropolis
1254:Dardanelles
1252:across the
1250:boat bridge
1233:the Great (
1176:World War I
1168:Dardanelles
1000:Golden Horn
789:, 4.83; as
753:Prosphorion
635:Chrysopolis
540:Dardanelles
348:Dardanelles
335:Dardanelles
272:Max. length
220: /
195:Coordinates
4086:Categories
3519:2 December
3512:Ingeniøren
3487:2 December
2962:: 103960.
2824:"Bosporus"
2697:"Bosporus"
2679:"Bosporus"
2667:. Pearson.
2661:"Bosporus"
2643:"Bosporus"
2625:Lexico.com
2621:"Bosporus"
2607:References
2514:Lexico.com
2301:Catamaran
2098:See also:
2018:Kazlıçeşme
1722:freighters
1638:Prometheus
1409:Byzantines
1287:St. Phokas
1269:Byzantines
1258:Hellespont
1192:Florentine
1134:Arnavutköy
1100:, and the
1068:, and the
1018:suspension
911:by Sultan
890:Suez Canal
850:Hellespont
833:Bosporus (
817:Bosporus (
702:), and in
682:. However
617:Prometheus
579:βοὸς πόρος
551:deposition
514:Asia minor
288:Max. depth
280:Min. width
208:29°04′31″E
205:41°07′10″N
32:Phosphorus
4092:Bosphorus
3934:5 October
3692:TRT World
3614:Worldview
3544:4 October
3331:Metz 1995
3316:Metz 1995
3235:4 October
3211:128884071
2976:0012-8252
2935:5 October
2869:, p. 318
2568:Bosphorus
2355:The many
2303:sea buses
2280:Black Sea
2278:near the
1971:Submarine
1825:Poyrazköy
1667:Crossings
1500:Büyükdere
1420:Black Sea
1370:conquered
1313:Sophianai
1310:Anthemiou
1307:Eirenaion
1284:St. Mamas
1138:Çengelköy
1078:Le Suroit
923:Formation
882:Near East
868:Geography
862:Sophocles
858:Aeschylus
786:Histories
781:Herodotus
740:calls it
700:Bospherus
696:Bosphorus
502:Black Sea
460:-pər-əs,
367:Black Sea
4017:(2011).
3903:Archived
3844:13 April
3784:CNN Türk
3763:BBC News
3618:Stratfor
3094:Futurity
2744:Βόσπορος
2726:47642720
2578:is also
2553:and the
2509:Bosporus
2449:See also
2433:and the
2418:haremlik
2414:selamlık
2288:Beşiktaş
2053:Bulgaria
2003:Anatolia
1977:Marmaray
1758:Kandilli
1713:Maritime
1646:Heracles
1560:interest
1471:warships
1400:and the
1246:Xerxes I
1231:Darius I
1227:Scythian
1216:Megarian
1115:Villages
1066:Alliance
964:and the
845:βόσπορος
769:Thracian
715:Bosphore
709:Βόσφορος
625:Heracles
573:Bósporos
567:Βόσπορος
529:Istanbul
494:Istanbul
387:Bosporus
371:Istanbul
18:Bosphore
4077:. 1914.
3983:Sources
3909:9 April
3879:8 April
3812:11 June
3806:Ekonomi
3391:E-Notes
3229:Reuters
3191:Bibcode
3135:Bibcode
3104:24 July
3074:22 June
3031:Bibcode
2930:Fanatik
2798:Damalis
2790:Damalis
2443:Çubuklu
2367:Emirgan
2341:Ottoman
2326:Ortaköy
2317:in the
2296:Usküdar
2292:Kadıköy
2284:Karaköy
2270:on the
2268:Eminönü
2122:Ottoman
2090:world.
2069:Ukraine
2061:Romania
2057:Georgia
2022:Göztepe
2014:highway
1981:railway
1821:Garipçe
1762:Yeniköy
1754:Yeniköy
1726:tankers
1574:to the
1572:Ardahan
1496:Tarabya
1492:Yeniköy
1463:Prussia
1459:Austria
1293:Phoneus
1218:colony
1212:Scythia
1166:on the
1156:Ukraine
1130:Yeniköy
1126:Ortaköy
1074:Çubuklu
1004:estuary
878:Balkans
748:Damalis
746:(after
727:Bosforo
721:Bósforo
692:Bosphor
676:Bosphor
664:δαμάλις
654:Δάμαλις
649:Damalis
639:Üsküdar
504:to the
480:
469:Turkish
464:-fər-əs
60:Turkish
4074:
4044:
4025:
4003:
3968:
3624:16 May
3456:8 June
3423:8 June
3401:8 June
3356:
3335:23, 25
3209:
2974:
2724:
2570:. The
2559:. The
2541:, and
2422:hamams
2106:, and
2077:Turkey
2065:Russia
1984:tunnel
1861:Lanes
1852:Height
1843:Design
1795:and a
1750:Aşiyan
1568:Artvin
1556:Soviet
1475:Sultan
1455:France
1449:, the
1447:Russia
1443:Europe
1208:Athens
1152:Russia
1002:is an
975:Aşiyan
894:Russia
884:, and
880:, the
876:, the
831:Mysian
801:, and
777:Crimea
733:Босфор
659:Chares
518:Thrace
498:Turkey
490:strait
262:Turkey
239:Strait
56:
3873:(PDF)
3866:(PDF)
3838:(PDF)
3831:(PDF)
3804:Sabah
3320:22–23
3207:S2CID
2788:oder
2564:'
2492:Notes
2410:yalıs
2390:yalıs
2371:Mecca
2349:yalıs
2343:-era
2311:piers
2307:ports
2170:Bebek
2166:Kılıç
1849:Width
1661:Jason
1635:Titan
1614:canal
1122:köy (
1051:flood
982:Bebek
614:Titan
601:πόρος
596:poros
516:from
485:Boğaz
256:Basin
4042:ISBN
4023:ISBN
4001:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3936:2022
3911:2018
3881:2018
3846:2014
3814:2012
3647:2022
3626:2013
3546:2022
3521:2014
3489:2014
3458:2010
3425:2010
3403:2010
3354:ISBN
3237:2022
3106:2013
3076:2018
3002:2010
2972:ISSN
2937:2022
2786:Bous
2722:OCLC
2402:yalı
2400:The
2383:yalı
2375:yalı
2363:yalı
2358:yalı
2309:and
2294:and
2240:and
2160:and
2116:yalı
2100:Yalı
2008:The
1975:The
1837:Name
1791:Two
1760:and
1748:and
1740:and
1732:and
1724:and
1642:Zeus
1591:NATO
1570:and
1564:Kars
1461:and
1357:and
1267:The
1154:and
1106:R/V
1059:NATO
998:The
973:and
956:and
860:and
690:(as
684:-ph-
672:-ph-
644:Bous
621:Zeus
590:βοῦς
585:boûs
557:Name
478:lit.
462:BOSS
458:BOSS
385:The
234:Type
3199:doi
3143:doi
3131:104
3039:doi
3027:107
2964:doi
2960:227
2794:Kuh
2778:551
2584:/f/
2580:/p/
2228:,
2204:,
2108:İDO
1629:of
1441:of
856:by
852:in
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783:'s
775:in
760:of
698:or
680:-p-
608:of
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389:or
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