Borobudur - Knowledge

1263:, chairman of the Archaeological Society in Yogyakarta, discovered that the temple base enclosed a hidden foot. Photographs made in 1890–1891 revealed reliefs on the hidden foot; the coverings were then replaced. The discovery led the Dutch East Indies government to take steps to safeguard the monument. In 1900, a three-member commission formed to plan protection, and in 1902, the commission submitted a threefold proposal. First, collapse could be avoided by resetting the corners, removing stones that endangered the adjacent parts, strengthening the first balustrades and restoring several niches, archways, stupas and the main dome. Second, care should be maintained and water discharge should be improved by restoring floors and spouts. Third, all loose stones should be removed, the monument cleared up to the first balustrades, disfigured stones removed and the main dome restored. In 1905, the proposal was approved, and the total cost was estimated at that time around 48,800 2932: 2963: 2901: 872: 3040: 2415: 1057: 2603: 2998: 2870: 2839: 1726: 1552: 1209: 1197: 2742: 2053: 1140: 1543:

destabilization of the structure. Earthquakes are by far the most important contributing factors, since not only do stones fall down and arches crumble, but the earth itself can move in waves, further destroying the structure. The increasing popularity of the stupa brings in many visitors, most of whom are from Indonesia. Despite warning signs on all levels not to touch anything, the regular transmission of warnings over loudspeakers and the presence of guards, vandalism on reliefs and statues is a common occurrence and problem, leading to further deterioration.

1229: 2140: 263: 291: 3138: 1837: 1956: 1416: 2523: 2084:, defined as the length of a human face from the forehead's hairline to the tip of the chin or the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger when both fingers are stretched at their maximum distance. The unit is thus relative from one individual to the next, but the monument has exact measurements. A survey conducted in 1977 revealed frequent findings of a ratio of 4:6:9 around the monument. The architect had used the formula to lay out the precise dimensions of the 2689: 2455: 511: 1795:, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. Some scholars reject the idea that it is a mandala because, in their view, no evidence is present to suggest that the Shailendras were followers of Tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism. Moreover, the Buddhas of the Borobudur do not identify as the Five Tathagatas. The original foundation is a square, approximately 118 metres (387 ft) on each side. It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are 1656: 1237: 12273: 3218: 1866:(the formless world). Ordinary sentient beings live out their lives on the lowest level, the realm of desire. Those who have burnt out all desire for continued existence leave the world of desire and live in the world on the level of form alone: they see forms but are not drawn to them. Finally, full Buddhas go beyond even form and experience reality at its purest, most fundamental level, the formless ocean of nirvāṇa. The liberation from the cycle of 1568: 12284: 1772: 753: 9682: 9669: 1529: 2068: 3196: 968: 9659: 42: 298: 270: 1914:

the scenes to be carved. The real base is hidden by an encasement base, the purpose of which remains a mystery. It was first thought that the real base had to be covered to prevent a disastrous subsidence of the monument into the hill. There is another theory that the encasement base was added because the original hidden footing was incorrectly designed, according to

1511:. Tourism development, however, has been criticized for not including the local community, giving rise to occasional conflicts. In 2003, residents and small businesses around Borobudur organized several meetings and poetry protests, objecting to a provincial government plan to build a three-storey mall complex, dubbed "Java World". 7103: 1384:

in 1991. It is listed under Cultural criteria (i) "to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius", (ii) "to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning

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in 1945 to 1949, Borobudur restoration efforts were halted. The monument suffered further from the weather and drainage problems, which caused the earth core inside the temple to expand, pushing the stone structure and tilting the walls. By 1950s some parts of Borobudur were facing imminent danger of

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complex in 1806–07, to investigate. In two months, Cornelius and his 200 men cut down trees, burned down vegetation and dug away the earth to reveal the monument. Due to the danger of collapse, he could not unearth all galleries. Cornelius reported his findings to Raffles, including various drawings.

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mentioned the assumption of the temple abandonment, which occurred after the population had converted to Islam in the 15th century. The monument was not forgotten completely, and folk stories gradually became superstitious beliefs associated with bad luck and misery, which Soekmono relates. According

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to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 779 AD. This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king

2122:. There is one main dome at the center, the top of which is the highest point of the monument, 35 metres (115 ft) above ground level. Stairways at the center of each of the four sides give access to the top, with a number of arched gates overlooked by 32 lion statues. The gates are adorned with 2111:

The main structure can be divided into three components: base, body, and top. The base is 123 m × 123 m (404 ft × 404 ft) in size with 4 metres (13 ft) walls. The body is composed of five square platforms, each of diminishing height. The first terrace is set back 7

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Borobudur differs markedly from the general design of other structures built for this purpose. Instead of being built on a flat surface, Borobudur is built on a natural hill. However, construction technique is similar to other temples in Java. Without the inner spaces seen in other temples, and with

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In 1885, a hidden structure under the base was accidentally discovered. The "hidden footing" contains reliefs, 160 of which depict narratives describing the world of desires. The remaining reliefs are panels with short inscriptions that apparently provide instructions for the sculptors, illustrating

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The high volume of visitors ascending the Borobudur's narrow stairs, has caused a severe wear out on the stone of the stairs, eroding the stones surface and made them thinner and smoother. Overall, Borobudur has 2,033 surfaces of stone stairs, spread over four cardinal directions; including the west

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would spend a week in Borobudur in June, then return for another visit in September or October. These missions would launch the preservation activities recommended in the January report and would include capacity building activities to enhance the preservation capabilities of governmental staff and

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In 1882, the chief inspector of cultural artifacts recommended that Borobudur be entirely disassembled with the relocation of reliefs into museums due to the unstable condition of the monument. As a result, the government appointed Willem Pieter Groeneveldt, curator of the archaeological collection

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level, arranged in rows on the outer sides of the balustrades, the number of statues decreasing as platforms progressively diminish to the upper level. The first balustrades have 104 niches, the second 104, the third 88, the fourth 72 and the fifth 64. In total, there are 432 Buddha statues at the

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The narrative reliefs are arranged into 11 series over a length of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) around the hidden foot and the first four galleries of the monument. The hidden foot contains the first series with 160 narrative panels, and the remaining 10 series are distributed throughout walls and

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from Merapi fell on the temple complex, which is approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) west-southwest of the crater. A layer of ash up to 2.5 centimetres (1 in) thick fell on the temple statues during the eruption of 3–5 November, covering the reliefs and clogging the drainage-system, with

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UNESCO identified three specific areas of concern under the present state of conservation: (i) vandalism by visitors; (ii) soil erosion in the south-eastern part of the site; and (iii) analysis and restoration of missing elements. The soft soil, the numerous earthquakes and heavy rains lead to the

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could not find any pollen or spores that would indicate vegetation endemic to a water environment; Jacques Dumarçay published this work in 1977, as did Thanikaimoni in 1983. Caesar Voûte and J.J. Nossin made field studies in 1985–86 that confirmed the absence of a lake around Borobudur when it was

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Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and

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are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha. They are the stories that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha, in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear in them as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue

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In 1975, the actual work began. Over one million stones were dismantled and removed during the restoration, and set aside like pieces of a massive jig-saw puzzle to be individually identified, catalogued, cleaned and treated for preservation. Borobudur became a testing ground for new conservation

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government then commissioned Frans Carel Wilsen, a Dutch engineering official, who studied the monument and drew hundreds of relief sketches. Jan Frederik Gerrit Brumund was also appointed to make a detailed study of the monument, which was completed in 1859. The government intended to publish an

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about the boy Sudhana's tireless wandering in search of the Highest Perfect Wisdom. It covers two galleries (third and fourth) and also half of the second gallery, comprising in total of 460 panels. The principal figure of the story, the youth Sudhana, son of a rich merchant, appears on the 16th

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method), with new andesite stone blocks used sparingly to replaces some missing stones, only to ensure structural integrity. The foundation was stabilized, and all 1,460 panels were cleaned. The restoration involved the dismantling of the five square platforms and the improvement of drainage by

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engineer. The first seven months of restoration were occupied with excavating the grounds around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones. Van Erp dismantled and rebuilt the upper three circular platforms and stupas. Along the way, van Erp discovered more things he could do to

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Of the original 504 buddha statues, over 300 are damaged (mostly headless), and 43 are missing. Since the monument's discovery, heads have been acquired by museums (mostly Western) or looted by personal collectors. Some of these Buddha heads are now displayed in numbers of museums, such as the

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Due to the limited budget, the restoration had been primarily focused on cleaning the sculptures, and van Erp did not solve the drainage problem. Within fifteen years, the gallery walls were sagging, and the reliefs showed signs of new cracks and deterioration. Van Erp used concrete from which

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dynasties followed. Dumarçay says that de Casparis concluded that Sanjaya and Sailendra shared power in central Java for a century and a half, and that de Casparis traced alternating succession from 732 until 882. During this time many Hindu and Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and

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Speculation about a surrounding lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century, and while the idea was explored, experts concluded that a lake was not present or never surrounded the temple. Advancing the lake hypothesis in 1931, Dutch painter

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The archaeological excavation into Borobudur during reconstruction suggests that adherents of Hinduism or a pre-Indic faith had already begun to erect a large structure on Borobudur's hill before the site was appropriated by Buddhists. The foundations are unlike any Hindu or Buddhist shrine

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to meet the monk Megasri, his first spiritual friend and teacher. As his journey continues, Sudhana meets 53 teachers, such as Supratisthita, the physician Megha (Spirit of Knowledge), the banker Muktaka, the monk Saradhvaja, the female lay follower Asa (Spirit of Supreme Enlightenment),

1107:, continued Cornelius's work, and in 1835, the whole complex was finally unearthed. His interest in Borobudur was more personal than official. Hartmann did not write any reports of his activities, in particular, the alleged story that he discovered the large statue of Buddha in the main 3063:

regime — realized its important symbolic and economic meanings — diligently embarked on a massive project to restore the monument with the help from UNESCO. Many museums in Indonesia contain a scale model replica of Borobudur. The monument has become almost an icon, grouped with the

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commonly used in royal charters during the 8th and 9th centuries. Comparison of an Indian architectural process across temples, and acknowledgment of who was in power, enabled Dumarçay to approximately date the construction of Borobudur in five stages. Loosely, the Sailendra began

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volcano in East Java, located around 200 kilometers east from Yogyakarta. Workers covered the iconic stupas and statues of Borobudur temple to protect the structure from volcanic ash. The Kelud volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 with an explosion heard as far away as Yogyakarta.

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projecting from each side. This Kala-Makara motif is commonly found on the gates of Javanese temples. The main entrance is on the eastern side, the location of the first narrative reliefs. Stairways on the slopes of the hill also link the monument to the low-lying plain.

2440:(Karmawibhangga Museum), located just several hundred meters north of the temple. During the restoration, the foot encasement was reinstalled, covering the Karmavibhanga reliefs. Today, only the southeast corner of the hidden foot is revealed and visible for visitors. 1749:

Due to vandalism and graffiti, access to the temple grounds was temporarily blocked in 2020. Since then, a maximum of 1200 visitors are allowed to enter the temple for one hour a day accompanied by tourist guides. Visitors are expected to wear bamboo slippers.

2402:, while the lower part of the wall and also the balustrades in the first and the second galleries tell the story of the Buddha's former lives. The remaining panels are devoted to Sudhana's further wandering about his search, terminated by his attainment of the 1340:

for advice on ways to counteract the problem of weathering at Borobudur and other monuments. In 1968, Soekmono, then head of the Archeological Service of Indonesia, launched his "Save Borobudur" campaign, in an effort to organize a massive restoration project.

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The bas-reliefs in Borobudur depicted many scenes of daily life in 8th-century ancient Java, from the courtly palace life, hermit in the forest, to those of commoners in the village. It also depicted temple, marketplace, various flora and fauna, and also

2436:(the endless cycle of birth and death). The encasement base of the Borobudur temple was disassembled to reveal the hidden foot, and the reliefs were photographed by Casijan Chepas between 1890 and 1891. It is these photographs that are displayed in 3199: 1737:

To avoid further wear of stairs' stones, since November 2014, two main sections of Borobudur stairs – the eastern (ascending route) and northern (descending route) sides – are covered with wooden structures. A similar method has been used in

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metres (23 ft) from the edge of the base. Each subsequent terrace is set back 2 metres (6.6 ft), leaving a narrow corridor at each stage. The top consists of three circular platforms, with each stage supporting a row of perforated

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for the Buddha. Sometimes stupas were built only as devotional symbols of Buddhism. A temple, on the other hand, is used as a house of worship. The meticulous complexity of the monument's design suggests that Borobudur is in fact a temple.

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are similar to jatakas, but the main figure is not the Bodhisattva himself. The saintly deeds in avadanas are attributed to other legendary persons. Jatakas and avadanas are treated in one and the same series in the reliefs of Borobudur.

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sites. Both sites have mandalas and life like Buddhas facing the sections of the universe. Both sites have hill-like mandala structures filled with Buddhist statues. This hints at the travel of ritualistic texts and ideas between the

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in 1757. In spite of a taboo against visiting the monument, the prince "took such pity on 'the knight who was captured in a cage' (i.e. the statue in one of the perforated stupas) that he could not help coming to see his 'unfortunate

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based on Brumund's and Wilsen's sources. In 1873, the first monograph of the detailed study of Borobudur was published, followed by its French translation a year later. The first photograph of the monument was taken in 1872 by the

2680:, depicted in the fourth gallery. The entire series of the fourth gallery is devoted to the teaching of Samantabhadra. The narrative panels finally end with Sudhana's achievement of the Supreme Knowledge and the Ultimate Truth. 3039: 1096:

Although Raffles mentioned the discovery in only a few sentences in his book, and did not visit the site himself, he has been credited with the monument's rediscovery, as the one who had brought it to the world's attention.

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Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Budd, David A.; Dahren, Börje; Schwarzkopf, Lothar M. (1 March 2015). "Ancient oral tradition describes volcano–earthquake interaction at merapi volcano, indonesia".

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On the right depicts sinful act of killing and cooking turtles and fishes. On the left, those who make a living by killing animals will be tortured in hell, by being cooked alive, being cut, or being thrown into a burning

2179:. The images depicted on bas-relief often served as reference for historians to research for certain subjects, such as the study of architecture, weaponry, economy, fashion, and also mode of transportation of 8th-century 1606:'s 2010 eruption. More than 55,000 stone blocks comprising the temple's structure were dismantled to restore the drainage system, which had been clogged by slurry after the rain. The restoration was finished in November. 1056: 1920:, the Indian ancient book about architecture and town planning. Regardless of why it was commissioned, the encasement base was built with detailed and meticulous design and with aesthetic and religious consideration. 991:

after a series of volcanic eruptions; it is not certain whether this influenced the abandonment, but several sources mention this as the most likely period of abandonment. The monument is mentioned vaguely as late as

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balustrades in four galleries starting from the eastern entrance stairway to the left. Narrative panels on the wall read from right to left, while those on the balustrade read from left to right. This conforms with

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According to Statistics Indonesia, the number of domestic tourists rose from 422,930 in 2021 to 1.44 million in 2022. The Indonesian government is aiming to increase the number of tourists to 2 million per year.

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In August 2014, Indonesian police and security forces tightened the security in and around Borobudur temple compound, as a precaution to a threat posted on social media by a self-proclaimed Indonesian branch of

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In January 2012, two German stone-conservation experts spent ten days at the site analyzing the temples and making recommendations to ensure their long-term preservation. In June, Germany agreed to contribute

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visited Java and requested and was allowed to take home eight cartloads of sculptures taken from Borobudur. These include thirty pieces taken from a number of relief panels, five buddha images, two lions, one

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as discovered in Pangguyangan site near Cisolok and in Cipari near Kuningan. The construction of stone pyramids is based on native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode of ancestral spirits or

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or landscape design", and (vi) "to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance".

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Congregational worship in Borobudur is performed in a walking pilgrimage. Pilgrims are guided by the system of staircases and corridors ascending to the top platform. Each platform represents one stage of

1076:, who took great interest in the history of Java. He collected Javanese antiques and made notes through contacts with local inhabitants during his tour throughout the island. On an inspection tour to 1890:

by the three circular platforms and the large topmost stupa. The architectural features between the three stages have metaphorical differences. For instance, square and detailed decorations in the

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Murwanto, H.; Gunnell, Y; Suharsono, S.; Sutikno, S.; Lavigne, F. (2004). "Borobudur monument (Java, Indonesia) stood by a natural lake: chronostratigraphic evidence and historical implications".

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bears the image of Borobudur. It has become the symbol of Central Java, and also Indonesia on a wider scale. Borobudur has become the name of several establishments, such as Borobudur University,

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and pilgrimage to sanctuaries, and their subsequent rewards. The pains of hell and the pleasure of heaven are also illustrated. There are scenes of daily life, complete with the full panorama of

2159:. People depicted here are the images of king, queen, princes, noblemen, courtier, soldier, servant, commoners, priest and hermit. The reliefs also depicted spiritual beings in Buddhism such as 6897:"Periodic Reporting Exercise on the Application of the World Heritage Convention, State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region Section II, Borobudur Temple" 979:

and jungle growth. The facts behind its abandonment remain a mystery. It is not known when active use of the monument and Buddhist pilgrimage to it ceased. Sometime between 928 and 1006, King

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techniques, including new procedures to battle the microorganisms attacking the stone. The attempt was made to restore the structure as much as possible using reassembled original materials (

2590:. The remaining 237 panels depict stories from other sources, as do the lower series and panels in the second gallery. Some jatakas are depicted twice, for example the story of King Sibhi ( 2147:

Borobudur is constructed in such a way that it reveals various levels of terraces, showing intricate architecture that goes from being heavily ornamented with bas-reliefs to being plain in

1152:, to undertake a thorough investigation of the site and to assess the actual condition of the complex; his report found that these fears were unjustified and recommended it be left intact. 3122:, visited Indonesia for the first time as part of his journey to spread the Dharma in Southeast Asia. This opportunity was used by a few local Buddhists to revive Buddhism in Indonesia. A 1304:, citing that there were not enough original stones used in reconstructing the pinnacle, which means that the original design of Borobudur's pinnacle is actually unknown. The dismantled 7302: 6991: 1369:

embedding water channels into the monument. Both impermeable and filter layers were added. This colossal project involved around 600 people to restore the monument and cost a total of

455:, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was completed in 1983 by the 5137: 1337: 1803:. The upper platform contains seventy-two small stupas surrounding one large central stupa. Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the 7436:

Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020.

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875,176 in 2022). The restoration was completed in 1911 and at first glance, Borobudur had been restored to its old glory. Van Erp went further by carefully reconstructing the

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circular terraces. The first four terrace walls are showcases for bas-relief sculptures. These are considered to be among the finest works of art in the Buddhist world.

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in Central Jakarta, and several Indonesian restaurants abroad. The monument inspired the architectural designs of two notable five-star hotels in Indonesia: the nearby

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Wood, Michael (2011). "Chapter 2: Archaeology, National Histories, and National Borders in Southeast Asia". In Clad, James; McDonald, Sean M.; Vaughan, Bruce (eds.).

12367: 7181: 2426:. There are depictions of blameworthy activities, from gossip to murder, with their corresponding punishments. There are also praiseworthy activities, that include 1701:, citing that the terrorists planned to destroy Borobudur and other statues in Indonesia. The security improvements included the repair and increased deployment of 7234: 7015: 2519:, and penetrated to Queen Maya's right womb. Queen Maya had a dream of this event, which was interpreted that her son would become either a sovereign or a Buddha. 8829: 8603: 2792:. Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades have the vitarka mudra and the buddhas inside the 72 stupas on the top platform have the same dharmachakra mudra. Each 1671: 1348:

had requested from the international community a major renovation to protect the monument. In 1973, a master plan to restore Borobudur was created. Through an

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banknotes and stamps and in numbers of books, publications, documentaries and Indonesian tourism promotion materials. The monument has become one of the main

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The construction and inauguration of a sacred Buddhist building—possibly a reference to Borobudur—was mentioned in two inscriptions, both discovered in Kedu,

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and then back to Manjusri. Each spiritual friend gives Sudhana specific teachings, knowledge, and wisdom. These meetings are shown in the third gallery.

1081: 822:, are positioned along a straight line. A ritual relationship between the three temples must have existed, although the exact ritual process is unknown. 5183:

Save Borobudur! The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. In Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission

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article based on Brumund's study supplemented by Wilsen's drawings, but Brumund refused to cooperate. The government then commissioned another scholar,

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Borobudur's Pāla Forebear? A Field Note from Kesariya, Bihar, India. In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons

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in New Taipei also displayed the replica of Borobudur. The monument has drawn global attention to the classical Buddhist civilization of ancient Java.

1275: 804: 2548:), holding one branch with her right hand, and she gave birth to a son, Prince Siddhartha, from her side. The story on the panels continues until the 1324:

leached and were transported into the rest of the construction. This caused some problems, so that a further thorough renovation was urgently needed.

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Borobudur was considered as the source of souvenirs, and parts of its sculptures were looted, some even with colonial-government consent. In 1896

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There are no known records of construction or the intended purpose of Borobudur. The duration of construction has been estimated by comparison of

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The aesthetic and technical mastery of Borobudur, and also its sheer size, has evoked the sense of grandeur and pride for Indonesians. Just like

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plateau was much after and was a political battle. There was a climate of peaceful coexistence where Sailendra involvement existed in Prambanan.

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experts fearing that the acidic ash might damage the historic site. The temple complex was closed from 5 to 9 November to clean up the ashfall.

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Ferschin, Peter & Gramelhofer, Andreas (2004). "Proceedings. Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004".

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were ordained as monks. Once a year, thousands of Buddhist from Indonesia and neighboring countries flock to Borobudur to commemorate national

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of 6.2 magnitude struck the south coast of Central Java. The event caused severe damage around the region and casualties to the nearby city of

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Several archaeological artifacts taken from Borobudur or its replica have been displayed in some museums in Indonesia and abroad. Other than

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improve the monument; he submitted another proposal in 1908, which was approved with the additional budget of 34,600 guilders (equivalent to

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The birth is preceded by 27 panels showing various preparations, in the heavens and on the earth, to welcome the final incarnation of the

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Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD. Munoz says the Sailendra king

1149: 7258: 6947: 6756: 950:, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples. In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the village of 12362: 12332: 9891: 8770: 8483: 439:. Evidence suggests that Borobudur was constructed in the 8th century and subsequently abandoned following the 14th-century decline of 9626: 6631: 5819: 5785: 9648: 9041: 8506: 7522: 6821: 5935: 1398:

has been revisited. However, an expert said a thorough study is needed on restoring the umbrella-shaped pinnacle. By early 2018, the

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Some Architectural Design Principles of Temples in Java: A study through the buildings projection on the reliefs of Borobudur temple

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for Cambodia, Borobudur has become a powerful symbol for Indonesia — to testify for its past greatness. Indonesia's first President

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Jayosmayatna, Princess Maitrayani, the monk Sudarsana, a boy called Indriyesvara, the upasika Prabhuta, the banker Ratnachuda, King

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for generations, a fact that architect and author Jacques Dumarçay finds first mentioned in 450 AD. Influence of the Sailendra and

2398:. The walls of the first gallery have two superimposed series of reliefs; each consists of 120 panels. The upper part depicts the 12158: 11610: 8921: 8899: 8565: 7725: 6693: 6493: 6104: 12342: 11813: 9793: 9127: 8589: 7178:"Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany" 7039: 6513: 6971: 6530: 1898:

to represent how the world of forms—where men are still attached with forms and names—changes into the world of the formless.

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side, the east, south and north. There are around 1,028 surfaces of them, or about 49.15 percent, that are severely worn out.

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Voute, Caesar (1973). "The Restoration and Conservation Project of Borobudur Temple, Indonesia. Planning: Research: Design".

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planting ceremony was held in Southeastern side of Borobudur on 10 March 1934 under the blessing of Narada Thera, and some

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in London. Germany has in 2014 returned its collection and funded their reattachment and further conservation of the site.

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mountains around the Kedu Plain. Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same period as the Hindu

76: 7499: 7494: 5953:"A fragmented Provenance Report regarding Four Buddha heads gifted by Artis in the NMVW and the social lives of Borobudur" 5120: 12153: 9591: 9200: 8926: 8783: 8154: 8086: 7833: 7605: 2365:. The total relief surface is 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft), and they are distributed at the hidden foot ( 1742:

in Cambodia and Egyptian Pyramids. In March 2015, Borobudur Conservation Center proposed further to seal the stairs with

1111:. In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main dome, although what he discovered is unknown and the main stupa remains empty. 8809: 7460: 7242: 7019: 5515: 2187:. Today, the actual-size replica of Borobudur Ship that had sailed from Indonesia to Africa in 2004 is displayed in the 946:

Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor,

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that carried out the bombings were each sentenced to 20 years in 1986, and another man received a 13-year prison term.

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for masterminding a series of bombings in the mid-1980s, including the temple attack. Two other members of the Islamic

7335:. presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press. 5472: 2044:, the architect of the complex. His name is recounted from Javanese folk tales rather than from written inscriptions. 9896: 9545: 9528: 9117: 8943: 8184: 7918: 7898: 7412: 7359: 7340: 7198: 6263:"Agreement concerning the voluntary contributions to be given for the execution of the project to preserve Borobudur" 5798: 5651: 5572: 5553: 5429: 5365: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5268: 5247: 5228: 5171: 5145: 2997: 2869: 2838: 12143: 5864: 1862: 12347: 11828: 11573: 9398: 9309: 9175: 9095: 8938: 8459: 5536: 1350:

Agreement concerning the Voluntary Contributions to be Given for the Execution of the Project to Preserve Borobudur

290: 17: 6879: 2788:: North, East, South and West, of which the Buddha statues that face one compass direction have the corresponding 1725: 12220: 12210: 10039: 9136: 8963: 5494: 5443: 2507:. Before descending from Tushita heaven, the Bodhisattva entrusted his crown to his successor, the future Buddha 1698: 718: 560: 6907: 6862: 2602: 1850: 1763:

structures, and therefore, the initial structure is considered more indigenous Javanese than Hindu or Buddhist.

12352: 12165: 11818: 11620: 11511: 11456: 10029: 9353: 9261: 9068: 9000: 8844: 8799: 8763: 8387: 8169: 7371: 5738: 5565:

Ageless Borobudur: Buddhist mystery in stone, decay and restoration, Mendut and Pawon, folklife in ancient Java

3246: 1618:

172,529 in 2023) to UNESCO for the second phase of rehabilitation, in which six experts in stone conservation,

1580: 1516: 1332: 381:-like stone, the temple consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central 262: 6660: 6084:

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia

1856: 12135: 11833: 11516: 9808: 9641: 9506: 9493: 9338: 9239: 9195: 8894: 8869: 8854: 7803: 3181:, vital for generating local economy in the region surrounding the temple. The tourism sector of the city of 2769:

At first glance, all the Buddha statues appear similar, but there is a subtle difference between them in the

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were used to form joints between stones. The roof of stupas, niches and arched gateways were constructed in

1100: 12317: 11718: 11590: 11561: 11263: 9511: 9403: 9088: 8953: 8814: 8682: 8282: 8189: 8164: 8096: 8081: 8033: 7630: 7156: 6079: 2422:

The 160 hidden panels do not form a continuous story, but each panel provides one complete illustration of

1903: 1459: 409: 6566: 2738:. The first circular platform has 32 stupas, the second 24 and the third 16, which adds up to 72 stupas. 1360:

then undertook the complete overhaul of the monument in a big restoration project between 1975 and 1982.

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carved in stone, Borobudur has many statues of various Buddhas. The cross-legged statues are seated in a

2584:. The first 135 upper panels in the same gallery on the balustrades are devoted to the 34 legends of the 2001: 1551: 1508: 448: 10953: 1503:. In 1974, 260,000 tourists visited the monument; 36,000 of them were foreigners. The figure climbed to 12258: 11738: 11214: 10700: 9823: 9656: 9615: 9538: 9441: 9388: 9185: 9122: 8958: 8933: 8555: 8517: 8091: 8023: 8008: 5617: 5546:

Imagine Buddha in Prambanan: Reconsidering the Buddhist Background of the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex

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in 1814, he was informed about a big monument deep in a jungle near the village of Bumisegoro. He sent

747: 221: 11148: 2559: 12327: 12148: 11961: 11951: 11823: 10806: 10386: 10147: 10122: 9565: 9458: 9428: 9294: 9271: 9073: 9058: 9026: 8916: 8756: 8570: 8058: 7908: 7868: 7575: 3236: 3231: 3104: 2780:: North, East, South, West and Zenith, which represent the five cardinal compass points according to 2677: 1327:

Small restorations had been performed since then, but not sufficient for complete protection. During

416: 10172: 1634:

On 14 February 2014, major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java, including Borobudur,

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culture in Indonesia had constructed several earth mounds and stone step pyramid structures called

666: 551:, is derived from Boro for big and Budur for Buddha. Dutch scholar J. L. Moens says the court poet 518: 209: 6588: 5999:

De Casparis, J.G. (1992). "Review of The law of cause and effect in ancient Java, by J. Fontein".

2741: 1642:, were closed to visitors, after being severely affected by the volcanic ash from the eruption of 1060:

Borobudur's main stupa in mid 19th-century, a wooden deck had been installed above the main stupa.

12190: 12170: 11501: 11481: 11238: 10968: 10212: 9555: 9451: 9373: 9368: 9083: 8322: 7504: 7489: 6615: 6113:

Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde deel LXXXIV, aflevering 3, jaarg. P.-386

3092: 2549: 2477: 2180: 2156: 2004:

run-off. To prevent flooding, 100 spouts are installed at the corners, each with a unique carved

1870:

where the enlightened seeker is no longer attached to worldly form corresponds to the concept of

1345: 1185: 1073: 1065: 875:

A painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday

682: 673:(the realm of those who have conquered worldly desire and reached enlightenment), inaugurated by 522: 3079:

within Borobudur temple ground, some museums boast to host works of art from Borobudur, such as

2104:

have calendrical, astronomical and cosmological significance, as is the case with the temple of

563:. In a footnote, Raffles says, "Bóro is the name of the district, and bódo means ancient." Most 12200: 12040: 11708: 11678: 11451: 11402: 11243: 11191: 11186: 10948: 10769: 10666: 10418: 10413: 10162: 9463: 9436: 9383: 9220: 9132: 9063: 9046: 9036: 8882: 8204: 8116: 7813: 6788: 6739: 5643: 5591: 3256: 2423: 1667: 1660: 1623: 1286: 1258: 1254: 1133: 854: 10530: 6208: 5975: 5219:

Bucknell, Roderick S. & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1995). "Chapter 1: Meditation and Symbolism".

2449: 12205: 12175: 11756: 11688: 11521: 11436: 11431: 11355: 11350: 11268: 9798: 9521: 9516: 9473: 9468: 9363: 9358: 9251: 9180: 9014: 8864: 8804: 8616: 8545: 8444: 8199: 8159: 7768: 7266: 6955: 6764: 5377:

The pilgrimage of Sudhana : a study of Gandavyuha illustrations in China, Japan and Java

3111: 3076: 2052: 1815: 1439: 1309: 1221: 547:

also loosely describes ancient structures, for example, gates and baths. The origins of name

491: 456: 440: 412: 10821: 7119: 3185:

for example, flourishes partly because of its proximity to Borobudur and Prambanan temples.

2630: 12228: 12195: 12180: 11698: 11595: 11541: 11426: 11365: 11333: 11328: 11313: 11298: 11288: 11253: 11166: 10858: 10781: 10084: 10024: 9773: 9740: 9690: 9584: 9550: 9413: 9286: 9276: 9215: 9158: 9111: 9105: 9053: 8990: 8948: 8904: 8791: 8737: 8540: 8302: 8214: 8131: 7665: 7615: 7545: 6676: 6635: 6226: 6144: 5119:

Anom, I.G.N.; Sugiyanti, Sri; Hasibuan, Hadniwati (1996). Ibrahim, Maulana; Samidi (eds.).

4467: 3178: 3072:

music into a vague classical Javanese past from which Indonesians are to draw inspiration.

2403: 2188: 1971:

to build the monument. The stone was cut to size, transported to the site and laid without

1627: 1500: 1300:(three-tiered parasol) pinnacle on top of the main stupa. However, he later dismantled the 1086: 1040: 499: 12068: 10683: 10552: 10478: 10354: 10092: 2183:. One of the famous renderings of an 8th-century Southeast Asian double outrigger ship is 1848:

The monument's three divisions symbolize the three "realms" of Buddhist cosmology, namely

1139: 903:

sanctuary to be built on the Wukir hill, only 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Borobudur.

8: 12035: 11914: 11748: 11723: 11713: 11673: 11650: 11533: 11506: 11466: 11385: 11375: 11303: 11230: 10661: 10518: 10299: 10277: 10229: 10049: 9849: 9705: 9685: 9446: 9393: 9333: 9266: 9190: 8464: 8111: 8038: 7888: 7565: 5548:. Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Ocenanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. 5310:. trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies (2nd ed.). Singapore: Oxford University Press. 5291:. trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies (1st ed.). Singapore: Oxford University Press. 3202:., to an engraving of a painting by W. Purser in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836, 2797: 2443: 1818: 1705:

monitors and the implementation of a night patrol in and around the temple compound. The

1462:

in Indonesia, and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from

1447: 1381: 1280: 809: 530: 464: 436: 327: 179: 10009: 9936: 6589:"Figure of Buddha head; globular head and full rounded features. Made of volcanic stone" 6230: 6148: 6115:. trans. by Mark Long. Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: 1–109. 1602:

4,063,314 in 2023) as a part of the costs towards the rehabilitation of Borobudur after

1483:

Borobudur clockwise while also ascending the stages of Borobudur through the galleries,

1068:, Java was under British administration from 1811 to 1816. Britain's representative and 12312: 12098: 12003: 11845: 11808: 11803: 11733: 11683: 11630: 11625: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11476: 11461: 11446: 11441: 11380: 11360: 11323: 11248: 11053: 10754: 10678: 10556: 10498: 10339: 10239: 10167: 10142: 9788: 9718: 9600: 9478: 9408: 9378: 9348: 9343: 9328: 9299: 9256: 8983: 8978: 8627: 8527: 8454: 8431: 8412: 8076: 7843: 7773: 7509: 7437: 7426: 6580: 6456: 6443: 6411: 6382: 6353: 6310: 6250: 6160: 6066: 6037: 6008: 3241: 2763: 2703: 2526: 2466: 2432: 2100:, nearby Buddhist temples. Archeologists have conjectured that the 4:6:9 ratio and the 1907: 1241: 1156: 838: 662: 535: 514: 393:. The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated 11897: 2418:

Scene illustrating a narrative from the Karmavibhanga Sutra on Borobudur's hidden foot

591:

for Buddha. However, another archaeologist suggests the second component of the name (

575:, the monument should have been named "BudurBoro". Soekmono says Raffles thought that 12276: 12238: 11934: 11919: 11882: 11867: 11640: 11556: 11471: 11308: 11273: 11258: 10985: 10975: 10656: 10503: 10488: 10359: 10282: 10202: 10137: 10069: 9956: 9713: 9610: 9533: 9143: 8834: 8727: 8550: 8053: 8003: 7883: 7695: 7408: 7388: 7380: 7355: 7336: 6995: 6468: 6447: 6423: 6386: 6254: 6242: 6204: 6164: 6124: 6116: 6070: 5987: 5911: 5880: 5870: 5849: 5794: 5767: 5750: 5742: 5713: 5694: 5668: 5647: 5623: 5597: 5578: 5568: 5549: 5526: 5500: 5481: 5425: 5417: 5399: 5380: 5361: 5330: 5311: 5292: 5264: 5243: 5224: 5205: 5186: 5167: 5141: 5131: 3261: 3251: 3174: 2734:

level (or the three circular platforms), Buddha statues are placed inside perforated

2625: 2395: 2009: 1796: 1675: 1321: 1213: 1115: 947: 761: 639: 611: 568: 405: 335: 112: 11220: 10014: 9914: 8475: 7142:"UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites" (Press release). 583:("ancient")—i.e., "ancient Boro". He also suggested that the name might derive from 11924: 11877: 11872: 11728: 11693: 11668: 11663: 11414: 11370: 11283: 10958: 10614: 10607: 10391: 10381: 10267: 9931: 9803: 9605: 9078: 8392: 8312: 8028: 7828: 7700: 7514: 7400: 6975: 6435: 6403: 6374: 6343: 6335: 6302: 6234: 6185: 6152: 6091: 6058: 6029: 5728: 5353: 3223: 3154: 3044: 2676:

After a second meeting with Manjusri, Sudhana went to the residence of Bodhisattva

2615: 2560:

The stories of Buddha's previous life (Jataka) and other legendary people (Avadana)

2437: 2427: 2160: 1972: 1944: 1480: 1431: 1120: 1069: 1023: 690: 674: 556: 420: 401:. Borobudur has one of the world's most extensive collections of Buddhist reliefs. 359: 59: 11003: 7089:"Indonesia's police on alert over apparent ISIS terror threat to Borobudur Temple" 5413: 1228: 849:. In 2004, others claimed that Borobudur was built above the floor of a dried-out 12288: 12233: 12185: 12113: 11983: 11781: 11761: 11703: 11615: 11278: 11176: 11023: 10759: 10742: 10727: 10705: 10257: 10127: 9961: 9941: 8612: 8397: 8297: 8252: 8121: 8101: 8018: 7953: 7893: 7878: 7863: 7838: 7778: 7763: 7753: 7590: 7218: 6062: 6049:

Hampton, Mark P. (2005). "Heritage, Local Communities and Economic Development".

5905: 5764:

Forms and types of Borobudur's stupas. In Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World

5759: 3158: 2089: 1710: 1005: 984: 887: 447:

conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by

444: 355: 158: 11033: 10187: 10177: 8581: 7510:

360° virtual tour, Indonesian Directorate General of Buddhist Community Guidance

7056:"Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official" 2139: 1871: 12243: 11946: 11796: 11578: 11158: 11138: 11058: 10747: 10737: 10671: 10508: 9994: 9857: 9501: 9323: 8427: 8417: 8352: 8272: 8232: 8126: 7998: 7715: 7705: 7685: 7655: 7585: 6948:"Lecture 17: Sherman Lee's History of Far Eastern Art (Indonesia and Cambodja)" 6651: 6592: 5635: 4473: 3170: 3137: 3088: 2707: 2512: 2485: 2399: 2184: 1976: 1836: 1804: 1535: 1458:

attained the perfect enlightenment to become the Buddha. Waisak is an official

1455: 1129: 1104: 850: 831: 797: 487: 7471: 7465: 7425:

Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020.

6378: 6156: 6095: 5031: 3611: 3609: 2522: 2123: 2059: 1867: 1415: 1039:), the monument was associated with the misfortune of the crown prince of the 12306: 12013: 11862: 11171: 11073: 10931: 10732: 10710: 10646: 10317: 10112: 10107: 9999: 9668: 8332: 8327: 7958: 7938: 7808: 7798: 7670: 7650: 7600: 7580: 7570: 7479: 7430: 7392: 7384: 6472: 6246: 5991: 5971: 5884: 5627: 5485: 2883: 2759: 1955: 1935: 1929: 1916: 1556: 1291: 1268: 1264: 1091:, a Dutch engineer who, among other antiquity explorations had uncovered the 1048:". Upon returning to his palace, the prince fell ill and died one day later. 907: 777: 773: 769: 91: 78: 10471: 10461: 9833: 7461:

PBS page which talks about the hidden part of Borobudur, 160 reliefs buried.

7369:

Morton III, W. Brown (January 1983). "Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur".

7283: 6120: 5582: 5357: 12103: 12088: 12058: 12008: 11998: 11840: 11635: 11128: 10963: 10841: 10629: 10624: 10451: 10322: 10197: 9658: 8632: 8439: 8402: 8382: 8317: 8013: 7983: 7923: 7788: 7710: 7680: 7640: 7610: 6190: 5601: 3606: 3495: 3281: 3150: 3142: 3115: 3084: 3004: 2945: 2755: 2746: 2694: 2688: 2164: 2092:

geometry in Borobudur's design. This ratio is also found in the designs of

1841: 1811: 1619: 1603: 1584: 1576: 1560: 1328: 1168:, several kala motifs from the stairs and gateways, and a guardian statue ( 1000: 976: 842: 781: 730: 678: 635: 552: 452: 390: 371: 63: 10886: 10871: 10831: 10528: 10192: 9768: 5746: 5055: 4762: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 2576:

The first twenty lower panels in the first gallery on the wall depict the

2536:

While Queen Maya felt that it was the time to give birth, she went to the

1967:

stones were taken from neighbouring stone quarries or from the bed of the

510: 12073: 11902: 11043: 11028: 10811: 10619: 10547: 10327: 10157: 10059: 9906: 9778: 9560: 8712: 8687: 8667: 8449: 8367: 8347: 8337: 7978: 7948: 7943: 7913: 7873: 7818: 7645: 7068:"UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration" 5888: 5516:"Prambanan and Borobudur: Managing tourism and conservation in Indonesia" 5455: 2667: 2504: 1980: 1968: 1940: 1655: 1488: 1475: 1365: 1317: 911: 896: 785: 47: 12063: 10523: 7441: 6012: 5523:

UNESCO in Southeast Asia World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective

5480:. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Ireland and Great Britain. 5396:

Entering the Dharmadhātu, A Study of the Gandavyūha Reliefs of Borobudur

5221:

The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism

4178: 4176: 4174: 2454: 1507:

visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid-1990s, before

1236: 971:

Borobudur stupas overlooking a mountain. For centuries, it was deserted.

12018: 11976: 11852: 11658: 11583: 11197: 11181: 11143: 11123: 11018: 10993: 10901: 10836: 10816: 10562: 10493: 10364: 10247: 10217: 10152: 10102: 9760: 9750: 9723: 9315: 8732: 8522: 8174: 8068: 7783: 7625: 7483: 7421:

Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp. 207.

6415: 6357: 6314: 6238: 6041: 3336: 3182: 3123: 3052: 3017: 2980: 2976: 2784:. The buddha statues on the first four balustrades have the first four 2663: 2610: 2597: 2586: 2493: 2489: 2458: 2379: 2362: 2354: 2119: 2105: 2041: 1821: 1739: 1690: 1484: 1181: 980: 900: 846: 789: 517:

Borobudur viewed from the northwest. The monument was mentioned in the

479: 398: 138: 11038: 10034: 6952:

Lecture notes for Asian Art and Architecture: Art & Design 382/582

6348: 4527: 3921: 3127: 2444:

The story of Prince Siddhartha and the birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara)

1567: 470:

Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and ranks with

11993: 11966: 11133: 11008: 10720: 10636: 10513: 10403: 10376: 10369: 10332: 10289: 10252: 10019: 9984: 9951: 9926: 9881: 8779: 8748: 8642: 8277: 8267: 8247: 8222: 7988: 7968: 7963: 7660: 7595: 7549: 7151: 5733: 4171: 4024: 3119: 2606:

A relief of the Gandavyuha story from Borobudur 2nd level north wall.

2388: 2172: 1787: 1679: 1659:

The damage of several stupas of Borobudur upper terraces caused by a

1639: 1635: 1615: 1611: 1599: 1595: 1435: 1374: 1370: 1173: 1169: 1124: 1011: 988: 956: 892: 765: 714: 710: 231: 11766: 10602: 10456: 10222: 10004: 9873: 9865: 6407: 6339: 6306: 6107:[Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship] 6033: 5691:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

5329:. trans. by Barbara Silverstone, Raphaelle Dedourge. Leiden: Brill. 4872: 4296: 1934:

There are quite a few design similarities between the Borobudur and

1771: 1528: 12283: 12123: 12078: 12023: 11988: 11892: 11551: 11118: 11113: 11063: 10998: 10916: 10881: 10876: 10537: 10408: 10396: 10307: 9966: 9663: 8637: 8560: 8377: 8372: 8342: 8292: 8287: 8262: 8141: 8048: 7993: 7635: 6439: 5815: 5781: 5278:

De Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertu (1966). Malalasekera, G. P. (ed.).

4809: 4479: 3162: 3110:

The rediscovery and reconstruction of Borobudur has been hailed by

2914: 2852: 2781: 2670: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2621: 2541: 2508: 2005: 1997: 1964: 1714: 1706: 1165: 1077: 1017: 768:, Borobudur is located in an elevated area between twin volcanoes, 752: 726: 619: 483: 378: 367: 363: 352: 11108: 11098: 11083: 10906: 10776: 10044: 7284:"How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn" 6992:"Borobudur Temple Forced to Close While Workers Remove Merapi Ash" 3406: 3195: 2067: 709:

which means "the place of origin", a sacred building to honor the

12028: 11971: 11956: 11103: 11093: 11068: 10943: 10938: 10896: 10866: 10798: 10764: 10651: 10592: 10587: 10441: 10344: 10182: 10132: 9919: 9745: 9099: 8722: 8707: 8697: 8672: 8227: 8106: 7557: 5181:

Bloembergen, Marieke; Eickhoff, Martijn (2015). Falser, M (ed.).

3069: 3060: 3056: 2651: 2581: 2569: 2553: 2537: 2530: 2481: 2473: 2462: 2384: 2358: 2168: 2085: 2021: 1989: 1791: 1776: 1709:

group follows a strict interpretation of Islam that condemns any

1532: 1390: 1296: 967: 951: 814:

discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur,

475: 424: 10715: 10483: 6928:"Photo: Waisak prayers, processions in pursuit of enlightenment" 6822:"Pradaksina, Ribuan Umat Buddha Enam Negara Mengitari Borobudur" 5138:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

5079: 4971: 3531: 1380:

After the renovation was finished, UNESCO listed Borobudur as a

12108: 12093: 11929: 11791: 11771: 11546: 11208: 11088: 11078: 11013: 10641: 10597: 10582: 10572: 10542: 10466: 10349: 10117: 9989: 9733: 9728: 8692: 8677: 8662: 8652: 8357: 8242: 8194: 8043: 7973: 7933: 7928: 7903: 7823: 7720: 7475: 7161: 7143: 7126: 6755: 6134: 5458:(1981). "Reflections on the Theory of Barabudur as a Mandala". 5019: 5007: 3747: 3657: 3615: 3501: 3096: 3065: 2564: 2357:(1,460 narrative and 1,212 decorative panels), which cover the 2176: 2097: 2080:

The basic unit of measurement used during construction was the

2033: 1984: 1875: 1800: 1743: 1591: 1555:

Borobudur is surrounded by mountains, including twin volcanoes

1463: 1427: 1357: 1248:

Borobudur attracted attention in 1885, when the Dutch engineer

1177: 819: 655: 651: 460: 432: 428: 386: 7490:

Australian National University's research project on Borobudur

7104:"1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia" 6972:"The Borobudur Ship Expedition, Indonesia to Africa 2003–2004" 6020:

Hall, D.G.E. (1956). "Problems of Indonesian Historiography".

5762:; Budiman, Manneke; Kusno, Abidin; Moriyama, Mikihiro (eds.). 5327:

Construction Techniques in South and Southeast Asia, A History

2024:, Borobudur was first thought more likely to have served as a 1963:

Approximately 55,000 cubic metres (72,000 cu yd) of

630:

could mean "the city of Buddhas", while another possible term

12248: 12083: 11941: 11907: 11887: 11857: 11786: 11203: 11048: 10926: 10921: 10891: 10846: 10693: 10688: 10567: 10272: 10097: 10064: 10054: 8702: 8362: 7758: 6970: 6857: 6715:"Saat Ribuan Lampion Waisak Diterbangkan di Langit Borobudur" 6199:

Situngkir, H. (2010). "Borobudur Was Built Algorithmically".

5061: 4768: 4569: 4344: 4284: 4272: 4212: 3483: 3166: 3131: 3059:

made a point of showing the site to foreign dignitaries. The

2991:

niches in all directions on the fifth (uppermost) balustrade

2771: 2735: 2659: 2655: 2114: 2093: 1830: 1783: 1643: 1571:

Location of Borobudur relative to Mount Merapi and Yogyakarta

1487:

surrounding Borobudur, and might also include the release of

1467: 1443: 1419: 1353: 1108: 929:

through to an unremarkable fourth stage during their decline

879: 815: 642:, which means "a high place", constructed from the stem word 495: 471: 394: 149: 41: 7455: 7407:. Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. 7150: 6174:"Identification of Karmawibbanga Reliefs at Candi Borobudur" 5661:

Miksic, John; Tranchini, Marcello; Tranchini, Anita (1996).

4702: 4308: 4236: 4048: 3795: 3735: 3351: 1959:

Cross-section with 4:6:9 height ratio of foot, body and head

111:

Originally built in the 9th century during the reign of the

12118: 10911: 10577: 10074: 8717: 8407: 8307: 7848: 7740: 7690: 7036:"Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption" 5349: 4726: 4714: 4014: 4012: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3114:

as the sign of the Buddhist revival in Indonesia. In 1934,

2591: 2516: 1702: 1160: 1092: 883: 729:

for a mountain of combined virtues after the ten stages of

559:

mentioned "Bóro Bódo" and described the temple in his 1817

382: 8523:

Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks

7333:

Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument

5448:

Barabudur: History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument

5422:

Barabudur: History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument

4848: 4838: 4836: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4750: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4260: 4147: 3838: 3584: 3582: 1906:. The path that guides pilgrims was designed to symbolize 11776: 10312: 7456:

Official site of Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko Park

5460:

Barabudur History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument

4920: 4678: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4559: 4557: 4431: 4125: 4123: 3882: 3880: 3684: 2807:(clockwise circumumbulation) starting from the East, the 2472:

The story starts with the descent of the Buddha from the

796:

and has been dubbed "the garden of Java" due to its high

756:

Straight-line arrangement of Borobudur, Pawon, and Mendut

7265:. Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia). Archived from 6531:"Borobudur Temple: Govt targets 2 mln visitors per year" 6105:"Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang" 5660: 5202:

The Politics of Heritage in Indonesia A Cultural History

4959: 4937: 4935: 4009: 3982: 3927: 3855: 3853: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3723: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3674: 3672: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3319: 3165:(from where the temple can be seen on a clear day), and 1454:) day commemorating the birth, death, and the time when 788:

and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as

6675: 6490:"Covered in volcanic ash, Borobudur closed temporarily" 6457:"Imagery of Hell in South, South East and Central Asia" 4947: 4908: 4896: 4878: 4860: 4833: 4821: 4774: 4634: 4610: 4598: 4581: 4443: 4361: 4359: 4060: 3865: 3807: 3633: 3579: 3459: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 2776:

or the position of the hands. There are five groups of

1786:

and, when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant

1172:). Several of these artifacts, most notably the lions, 853:. Examining samples from excavations in 1974 and 1977, 6510:"Candi Borobudur dicatatkan di Guinness World Records" 5976:"The Key Determinants of Indonesia's Political Future" 5067: 4884: 4690: 4668: 4666: 4646: 4622: 4554: 4515: 4455: 4407: 4135: 4120: 4084: 3909: 3877: 3759: 3507: 3435: 1666:

On 21 January 1985, nine stupas were badly damaged by

760:

Approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of

571:

conventions and was named after the nearby village of

346: 8505: 7217:. Wacana Nusantara. 23 September 2015. Archived from 7038:. The Jakarta Globe. 14 February 2014. Archived from 6974:. The Borobudur Ship Expedition. 2003. Archived from 6894: 6077: 5966:. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. 5710:

Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia

5118: 5091: 5037: 4995: 4932: 4797: 4544: 4542: 4491: 4485: 4200: 4182: 3972: 3970: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3850: 3819: 3783: 3696: 3669: 3645: 3594: 3543: 3471: 3447: 3418: 3382: 3307: 1923: 7544: 7058:. The Jakarta Post. 17 February 2011. Archived from 6512:(in Indonesian). Antara. 5 July 2012. Archived from 6215: 6178:

AMERTA, Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Arkeologi

5513: 4474:

Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat 2012

4419: 4371: 4356: 4320: 4108: 4096: 3537: 3412: 3357: 3213: 3206:

reflects on Borobudur from a Christian perspective.

2598:

Sudhana's search for the ultimate truth (Gandavyuha)

2387:

who move in a clockwise direction while keeping the

7301: 6861:. Museum of World Religions, Taipei. Archived from 5514:Hitchcock, Michael; Darma Putra, I. Nyoman (2016). 5343: 5199: 5180: 5122:

Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I

5085: 5043: 4815: 4738: 4663: 4533: 4302: 4248: 4224: 4036: 3771: 3621: 3394: 3028:in 72 perforated stupas on three rounded platforms 2409: 2191:, located a few hundred meters north of Borobudur. 2143:

Position of narrative bas-reliefs on Borobudur wall

1232:

Water spout of drainage systems in Borobudur temple

1200:Borobudur after van Erp's restoration in 1911. The 975:Borobudur lay hidden for centuries under layers of 12378:Religious buildings and structures in Central Java 5950: 5280:Barabudur, in: Encyclopedia of Buddhism, volume II 5218: 5025: 4977: 4539: 4395: 4383: 4332: 4188: 4159: 4072: 3967: 3950: 3933: 3892: 3567: 3555: 3519: 2710:and distributed on the five square platforms (the 2353:Borobudur contains approximately 2,670 individual 1575:Borobudur was heavily affected by the eruption of 803:During the restoration in the early 20th century, 689:, the (tax-free) lands awarded by Çrī Kahulunnan ( 602:Another possible etymology by Dutch archaeologist 8611: 7180:. UNESCO Jakarta. 16 January 2012. Archived from 7086: 7034: 7018:. The Jakarta Globe. 12 June 2012. Archived from 7014: 6990: 6763:(in Indonesian). 21 December 2012. Archived from 5263:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 191–210. 4350: 4290: 4278: 4218: 2811:of the Borobudur buddha statues are: 567:are named after a nearby village. If it followed 555:referred to a holy sanctuary at "Budur" in 1365. 490:. Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with 463:, followed by the monument's listing as a UNESCO 12368:Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java 12304: 7399: 7331:Gomez, Luis O. & Woodward, Hiram W. (1981). 7213: 7102: 7066: 7054: 6365:Vogel, J. Ph. (1913). "The Borobudur Restored". 5200:Bloembergen, Marieke; Eickhoff, Martijn (2020). 5125:(in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. 4983: 4503: 4314: 4242: 4054: 3801: 936:. The Sanjaya completed Borobudur's fifth stage 6657:Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat 6630: 6481: 5499:(in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 4708: 1894:disappear into plain circular platforms in the 669:, dated 824, mentioned a sacred building named 7176: 6587: 6321: 6288: 6261: 5257:Chemburkar, Swati (2016). Acri, Andrea (ed.). 4266: 4030: 3999: 3997: 3844: 3753: 3741: 3663: 2956:niches on the first four northern balustrades 2894:niches on the first four southern balustrades 2613:is the story told in the final chapter of the 2484:. The relief shows the birth of the Buddha as 2383:, the ritual of circumambulation performed by 1693:and Prambanan, but Borobudur remained intact. 1426:Following the major 1973 renovation funded by 27:9th-century Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia 9642: 8764: 8597: 8491: 7530: 7330: 6787:(in Indonesian). 7 April 2000. Archived from 5827:(3rd ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius 5616:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture". 5593:Borobudur, Archaeological Description, vol. I 5282:. The Government of Ceylon. pp. 545–549. 2925:niches on the first four western balustrades 2863:niches on the first four eastern balustrades 1886:by the five square platforms (the body), and 1312:, a few hundred meters north from Borobudur. 693:) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a 579:might correspond to the modern Javanese word 539:; thus locals refer to "Borobudur Temple" as 10424:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 7500:Explore Borobudur on Global Heritage Network 7466:Borobudur Temple Compounds short documentary 7016:"Germany Supports Safeguarding of Borobudur" 6820:Madyansyah, Muhammad Marjan (22 July 2023). 6694:"Tangga Candi Borobudur Mulai Dilapisi Kayu" 6001:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2714:level), as well as on the top platform (the 2556:, his first sermon after his Enlightenment. 1514:In June 2012, Borobudur was recorded in the 910:reliefs on the temple's hidden foot and the 7349: 7305:. Wonderful Indonesia. 2013. Archived from 7303:"Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience" 5998: 5727: 5442: 5346:8th Int. Conf. on Information Visualization 5277: 5166:. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. 5013: 4720: 3994: 3489: 1810:The design of Borobudur took the form of a 1720: 1184:are now on display in the Java Art room in 650:(high). This suggests that Borobudur means 486:as one of the great archeological sites of 9649: 9635: 8771: 8757: 8604: 8590: 8551:Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto 8498: 8484: 7537: 7523: 7368: 7199:"Borobudur clean-up to finish in November" 6819: 5766:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 577–584. 5256: 4575: 4090: 2511:. He descended on earth in the shape of a 1014:era and mentioning "the vihara in Budur". 825: 502:, Borobudur is the most-visited monument. 40: 8528:Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the 7474:about Borobudur's bas-reliefs stories of 6843:"Buddhas to be reunited with their heads" 6606: 6492:. Antara. 6 November 2010. Archived from 6347: 6198: 6189: 5862: 5073: 4684: 4657: 2540:park near Kapilavastu. She stood under a 2020:a general design similar to the shape of 1336:collapsing. In 1965, Indonesia asked the 7215:"Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang" 6925: 6840: 6733: 6712: 6691: 6544: 6422: 5843: 5821:Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 5814: 5780: 5757: 5446:(1981). "The Dual Nature of Barabudur". 5324: 5305: 5286: 5001: 4965: 4953: 4914: 4902: 4866: 4842: 4791: 4640: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4563: 4521: 4461: 4449: 4413: 4377: 4365: 4114: 4102: 4066: 3886: 3871: 3859: 3832: 3813: 3765: 3705: 3690: 3678: 3651: 3639: 3600: 3549: 3513: 3465: 3429: 3400: 3376: 3330: 3188: 3136: 3038: 2740: 2721:The Buddha statues are in niches at the 2687: 2601: 2521: 2453: 2413: 2394:The hidden foot depicts the workings of 2138: 1954: 1835: 1770: 1724: 1654: 1566: 1550: 1527: 1520:as the world's largest Buddhist temple. 1499:The monument is the single most visited 1473:The rituals held in Borobudur including 1434:and pilgrimage. Once a year, during the 1414: 1388:In December 2017, the idea to reinstall 1235: 1227: 1207: 1195: 1138: 1055: 966: 870: 751: 509: 11611:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 8566:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 8150:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park 7726:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 7196: 6954:. Iowa State University. Archived from 6906:. UNESCO. pp. 1–26. Archived from 6877: 6634:. Buddhist Travel. 2008. Archived from 6547:"Tangga Candi Borobudur Dilapisi Karet" 6171: 6048: 5866:Borobudur: Pyramid of the Cosmic Buddha 5863:Voûte, Caesar & Long, Mark (2008). 5787:Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind 5726: 5707: 5562: 5543: 5492: 5393: 5374: 5237: 4941: 4926: 4890: 4854: 4827: 4803: 4732: 4696: 4628: 4497: 4254: 4230: 4206: 4153: 4141: 4129: 3915: 3789: 3477: 3453: 3388: 3313: 2745:Head from a Borobudur Buddha statue in 1993:after the building had been completed. 1775:Borobudur floor plan in the shape of a 1143:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913 955:to act likewise. The 856 battle on the 764:and 86 kilometres (53 mi) west of 14: 12338:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Indonesia 12305: 11814:List of Buddhist architecture in China 8778: 7281: 7257: 7233: 7141: 7118: 6841:Muryanto, Bambang (20 November 2014). 6779: 6528: 6508: 6488: 5970: 5933: 5664:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 5640:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 5634: 5615: 5470: 5454: 5424:. Berkeley: University of California. 5161: 5097: 4756: 4672: 4548: 4437: 4425: 4401: 4389: 4338: 4326: 4194: 4165: 4078: 4042: 3961: 3928:Miksic, Tranchini & Tranchini 1996 3717: 3525: 2620:panel. The preceding 15 panels form a 1713:representations such as sculptures as 1405: 1274:The restoration began in 1907, led by 895:temple compound. In 732 AD, King 845:floating on a lake in what is now the 733:, was the original name of Borobudur. 658:located on a high place or on a hill. 423:and the Buddhist concept of attaining 9630: 8752: 8585: 8479: 7518: 7235:"Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan" 6393: 6364: 6102: 5951:Bloembergen, M.; Monquil, M. (2022). 5936:"An ancient wonder reduced to rubble" 5688: 4018: 3988: 3729: 3573: 3441: 1996:The monument is equipped with a good 1950: 1782:Borobudur is built as a single large 1410: 1150:Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences 922:, and continued stages two and three 587:, meaning "great" or "honorable" and 533:, ancient temples are referred to as 7087:The Straits Times (23 August 2014). 6945: 6367:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6078:Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J.E. (1965). 6019: 5903: 5749:. Retrieved on December 22, 2023 at 5589: 5129: 5049: 4509: 3976: 3944: 3903: 3777: 3627: 3588: 3561: 3502:Indonesian Embassy in The Hague 2012 2624:to the story of the miracles during 1670:. In 1991, a blind Muslim preacher, 1430:, Borobudur is once again used as a 1244:pipe improve drainage system (1973). 741: 12373:Tourist attractions in Central Java 8155:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park 8087:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park 7834:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park 7606:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park 7495:Analysis of Borobudur's hidden base 7472:Learning From Borobudur documentary 7120:"Cultural heritage and partnership" 7106:. The Miami Herald. 22 January 1985 6565: 6454: 5926: 5474:The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes 4989: 4744: 4486:Anom, Sugiyanti & Hasibuan 1996 3043:Sukarno and India's Prime Minister 2000:system to cater to the area's high 1840:Aerial view of Borobudur shows the 1807:sit inside the pierced enclosures. 1661:terrorist attack on 21 January 1985 1650: 1402:restoration has not yet commenced. 498:at the monument. Among Indonesia's 24: 11601:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8830:French and British era (1806–1816) 7323: 7282:Watson, Penny (19 December 2023). 7125:(programme and meeting document). 6880:"Inilah Foto-foto Kerusakan Candi" 6878:Naibaho, Juang (7 November 2010). 6828:(in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama 6692:Fitriana, Ika (19 November 2014). 6201:BFI Working Paper Series WP-9-2010 4769:The Borobudur Ship Expedition 2003 2568:that the tale thereby inculcates. 2126:'s head carved on top of each and 1924:Similarities with the Kesaria site 1860:(the world of forms), and finally 1099:Christiaan Lodewijk Hartmann, the 882:clerics appealed to the people of 25: 12394: 12363:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia 12333:Archaeological sites in Indonesia 8532:System as a Manifestation of the 8507:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia 8185:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park 7919:Mount Halimun Salak National Park 7899:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat 7505:Borobudur, Hening dalam Keagungan 7449: 6998:. 7 November 2010. Archived from 6545:Asdhiana, I Made (6 March 2015). 6324:"King Sañjaya and His Successors" 6080:"The Dhyani-Buddhas of Barabudur" 5934:Berger, Sebastien (30 May 2006). 5907:The Borderlands of Southeast Asia 5062:Museum of World Religions, Taipei 3352:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2024 2683: 2369:) and the five square platforms ( 1546: 1394:on top of Borobudur main stupa's 685:, dated 842, is mentioned in the 297: 269: 12282: 12272: 12271: 11829:Thai temple art and architecture 11574:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 9814:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 9680: 9667: 9657: 8460:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park 6221:. Series A, Physical Geography. 5619:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book 5537:Goldsmiths, University of London 5525:. NIAS Press. pp. 258–273. 5238:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). 3413:Hitchcock & Darma Putra 2016 3287: 3216: 3194: 3047:visiting Borobudur in June 1950. 2996: 2961: 2930: 2899: 2868: 2837: 2410:The law of karma (Karmavibhanga) 2066: 2051: 841:thought Borobudur represented a 610:is a corrupted simplified local 296: 289: 268: 261: 9681: 8850:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 6926:Sudiarno, Tarko (25 May 2016). 6859:"The Greatest Sacred Buildings" 6803: 6781:"Borobudur Pernah Salah Desain" 6761:Indonesian Embassy in The Hague 6659:(in Indonesian). Archived from 5444:De Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertu 4816:Bloembergen & Eickhoff 2020 4534:Ferschin & Gramelhofer 2004 4303:Bloembergen & Eickhoff 2015 4003: 3274: 3179:tourism attraction in Indonesia 2529:cuts off his hair to become an 2476:heaven and ends with his first 1757: 1523: 1501:tourist attraction in Indonesia 866: 719:Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis 638:term, still surviving today in 11819:Japanese Buddhist architecture 11621:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 10701:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 9892:Places where the Buddha stayed 9118:People's Consultative Assembly 8388:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre 8170:Kepulauan Togean National Park 6895:Republic of Indonesia (2002). 6322:Van der Meulen, W. J. (1979). 6289:Van der Meulen, W. J. (1977). 5496:Sendratari mahakarya Borobudur 5204:. Cambridge University Press. 5106: 5026:Bucknell & Stuart-Fox 1995 4978:Bloembergen & Monquil 2022 3284:completed Borobudur in 825 AD. 3247:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2800:; each has its own symbolism. 2195:Narrative panels distribution 2157:native vernacular architecture 2058:Stairs seen through arches of 1598:3 million (equivalent to 1517:Guinness Book of World Records 1333:Indonesian National Revolution 1191: 1186:The National Museum in Bangkok 1051: 1037:History of the Mataram Kingdom 962: 404:Built during the reign of the 13: 1: 12343:Buddhist temples in Indonesia 11834:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 8860:Transitional period (1965–66) 8845:National Revolution (1945–49) 8840:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 8835:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 7804:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark 7197:Wahyuni, Sri (28 June 2011). 6713:Fitriana, Ika (4 June 2023). 6203:. Bandung Fe Institute: 1–9. 5185:. Springer. pp. 83–119. 3301: 3193:In her poetical illustration 2911:Concentration and meditation 2849:Calling the Earth to witness 2461:on a horse carriage going to 1509:the country's economic crisis 1216:(front) and the main stupa's 993: 937: 930: 923: 916: 385:. It is decorated with 2,672 12323:9th-century Buddhist temples 11591:Buddhism and the Roman world 11567:Decline of Buddhism in India 11562:History of Buddhism in India 9662: Topics in 8283:Gunung Rinjani National Park 8190:Taka Bone Rate National Park 8165:Gandang Dewata National Park 8097:Danau Sentarum National Park 8082:Betung Kerihun National Park 7631:Kerinci Seblat National Park 7157:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7152:"Borobudur Temple Compounds" 6882:(in Indonesian). Tribun News 6482:Newspaper and online sources 6270:United Nations Treaty Series 6063:10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.010 5521:. In King, Victor T. (ed.). 5133:The Restoration of Borobudur 4879:Encyclopædia Britannica 2011 3173:. Borobudur has appeared on 2702:Apart from the story of the 1882:is represented by the base, 1876:the nonexistence of the self 1631:young conservation experts. 505: 408:, the temple design follows 7: 10789:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 10529: 9226:Water supply and sanitation 8238:Bali Safari and Marine Park 7859:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument 7259:"The Meaning of Procession" 5938:. The Sydney Morning Herald 5837:Yogyakarta State University 5734:The History of Java, v. 1-2 5689:Munoz, Paul Michel (2007). 5242:. Macmillan Reference USA. 3209: 1874:, the complete voidness or 1204:pinnacle is now dismantled. 736: 595:) comes from Javanese term 449:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 347: 10: 12399: 11739:The unanswerable questions 8855:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 8820:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 8556:Prambanan Temple Compounds 8518:Borobudur Temple Compounds 8092:Baning Nature Tourist Park 8024:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah 8009:Sukorambi Botanical Garden 7405:The symbolism of the stupa 7352:The Mysteries of Borobudur 6529:Antara (11 October 2023). 6051:Annals of Tourism Research 5844:Vaisutis, Justine (2007). 5325:Dumarçay, Jacques (2005). 5306:Dumarçay, Jacques (1991). 5287:Dumarçay, Jacques (1986). 5130:Anom, I.G.N., ed. (2005). 5038:Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw 1965 4183:Republic of Indonesia 2002 3081:Indonesian National Museum 2645:Sudhana was instructed by 2447: 2134: 2073:Reliefs on a corridor wall 1975:. Knobs, indentations and 1927: 1494: 861: 829: 748:Borobudur Temple Compounds 745: 389:panels and originally 504 222:Borobudur Temple Compounds 180:UNESCO World Heritage Site 12267: 12219: 12134: 12049: 11824:Buddhist temples in Korea 11747: 11649: 11532: 11229: 11157: 10984: 10857: 10797: 10432: 10387:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 10298: 10290:Three planes of existence 10238: 10083: 9975: 9905: 9897:Buddha in world religions 9759: 9704: 9676: 9578: 9492: 9427: 9285: 9247: 9238: 9166: 9157: 9022: 9013: 8969:Provincial highest points 8890: 8881: 8790: 8623: 8571:Ujung Kulon National Park 8513: 8426: 8213: 8140: 8067: 8059:Ujung Kulon National Park 7909:Meru Betiri National Park 7869:Karimunjawa National Park 7739: 7576:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque 7556: 6735:"Largest Buddhist temple" 6679:. Encyclopædia Britannica 6379:10.1017/S0035869X00044798 6276:(1973): 12414–12422. 1980 6172:Santiko, Hariani (2016). 6157:10.1191/0959683604hl721rr 6096:10.1163/22134379-90002949 5960:PPROCE Provenance Reports 5899:– via borobudur.tv. 3237:Architecture of Indonesia 3232:Ancient monuments of Java 3118:, a missionary monk from 3105:Museum of World Religions 3101:Malaysian National Museum 3034: 2880:Benevolence, alms giving 2650:Bhismottaranirghosa, the 2343: 2318: 2293: 2268: 2249: 2230: 2227: 2028:, instead of a temple. A 1766: 1581:October and November 2010 1470:and ending at Borobudur. 1373:6,901,243 (equivalent to 983:moved the capital of the 443:kingdoms in Java and the 339: 255: 251: 247: 237: 227: 217: 202: 194: 186: 177: 173: 144: 134: 126: 118: 107: 70: 55: 39: 34: 11606:Persecution of Buddhists 10827:Four stages of awakening 10208:Three marks of existence 9794:Physical characteristics 9027:Administrative divisions 8180:Lore Lindu National Park 7749:Alas Purwo National Park 7731:Way Kambas National Park 7676:Mentawai Islands Regency 7621:Gunongan Historical Park 6946:Tartakov, Gary Michael. 6743:. Guinness World Records 6579:A History of The World, 6461:Rocznik Orientalistyczny 6291:"In Search of "Ho-Ling"" 5980:Trends in Southeast Asia 5729:Raffles, Thomas Stamford 5622:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5563:Kempers, Bernet (1976). 5544:Jordaan, Roy E. (1993). 5493:Haryono, Timbul (2011). 5240:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5162:Atmadi, Parmono (1988). 5111: 5086:Wonderful Indonesia 2013 5040:, pp. 391, 413–416. 3267: 3204:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 2580:or the saintly deeds of 2465:to give birth to Prince 1854:(the world of desires), 1799:and the upper three are 1721:Visitor overload problem 713:, probably those of the 667:Karangtengah inscription 523:Tri Tepusan inscriptions 419:indigenous tradition of 12348:Former Buddhist temples 10969:Ten principal disciples 9852:(aunt, adoptive mother) 8561:Sangiran Early Man Site 6608:"Buddhism in Indonesia" 6567:"Borobudur Buddha head" 6426:(1979). "Acquisition". 6396:Studies in Conservation 5869:. D.K. Printworld Ltd. 5793:. Paris: Unesco Press. 5358:10.1109/IV.2004.1320142 4033:, pp. 12414–12422. 2832:Location of the Statue 2803:Following the order of 2550:Sermon in the Deer Park 2478:sermon in the Deer Park 2400:biography of the Buddha 2181:Maritime Southeast Asia 1614:130,000 (equivalent to 1344:In the late 1960s, the 826:Ancient lake hypothesis 723:Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra 683:Tri Tepusan inscription 11679:Buddhism and democracy 11192:Tibetan Buddhist canon 11187:Chinese Buddhist canon 10419:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 10414:Early Buddhist schools 9201:Science and technology 9042:Regencies & Cities 8205:Wakatobi National Park 8117:Sabangau National Park 7814:Dieng Volcanic Complex 7354:. Hongkong: Periplus. 7241:. 2023. Archived from 6740:Guinness World Records 6614:. 2002. Archived from 6424:Woodward, Hiram W. Jr. 6191:10.24832/amt.v34i2.179 5644:Shambhala Publications 5596:. The Hague: Nijhoff. 5567:. Wassenaar: Servire. 5471:Haddon, A. C. (1920). 4351:The Straits Times 2014 4291:The Jakarta Globe 2014 4279:The Jakarta Globe 2012 4219:The Jakarta Globe 2010 3257:Trail of Civilizations 3169:Regency Yogyakarta in 3146: 3048: 2942:Courage, fearlessness 2796:represents one of the 2750: 2699: 2607: 2533: 2469: 2419: 2144: 2040:Little is known about 1960: 1845: 1779: 1730: 1663: 1624:structural engineering 1572: 1564: 1539: 1451: 1440:Buddhists in Indonesia 1423: 1245: 1233: 1225: 1205: 1144: 1134:Isidore van Kinsbergen 1061: 972: 876: 855:Ganapathi Thanikaimoni 798:agricultural fertility 784:, and two rivers, the 757: 526: 492:Buddhists in Indonesia 331: 12353:Pyramids in Indonesia 11689:Eight Consciousnesses 9799:Life of Buddha in art 8810:Hinduism-Buddhism era 8546:Lorentz National Park 8445:Lorentz National Park 8200:Trans Studio Makassar 8160:Bunaken National Park 7769:Baluran National Park 6103:Moens, J. L. (1951). 5758:Revianur, A. (2018). 5667:. Tuttle publishing. 5394:Fontein, Jan (2012). 5375:Fontein, Jan (1967). 4658:Voûte & Long 2008 4315:The Miami Herald 1985 4243:The Jakarta Post 2011 4055:The Jakarta Post 2018 3802:Wacana Nusantara 2015 3189:In art and literature 3145:displaying Borobudur. 3140: 3103:in Kuala Lumpur, and 3077:Karmawibhangga Museum 3042: 3010:Turning the Wheel of 2973:Reasoning and virtue 2744: 2691: 2605: 2525: 2457: 2417: 2142: 1958: 1839: 1774: 1729:Tourists in Borobudur 1728: 1672:Husein Ali Al Habsyie 1658: 1570: 1554: 1531: 1422:ceremony at Borobudur 1418: 1377:47,367,152 in 2023). 1346:Indonesian government 1310:Karmawibhangga Museum 1239: 1231: 1222:Karmawibhangga Museum 1211: 1199: 1142: 1059: 970: 874: 755: 561:book on Javan history 513: 457:Indonesian government 453:British ruler of Java 413:Buddhist architecture 308:Show map of Indonesia 305:Borobudur (Indonesia) 12166:East Asian religions 11596:Buddhism in the West 11167:Early Buddhist texts 10782:Four Right Exertions 10248:Ten spiritual realms 9741:Noble Eightfold Path 8944:Environmental issues 8541:Komodo National Park 8303:Komodo National Park 8258:Garuda Wisnu Kencana 8215:Lesser Sunda Islands 8132:The Equator monument 7666:Lumbini Natural Park 7616:East Lampung Regency 7350:John Miksic (1999). 7184:on 14 September 2017 6455:Zin, Monika (2014). 5352:. pp. 181–186. 4709:Buddhist Travel 2008 3616:Murwanto et al. 2004 3112:Indonesian Buddhists 3093:Thai National Museum 2578:Sudhanakumaravadana, 2189:Samudra Raksa Museum 1628:chemical engineering 1271:1,392,279 in 2022). 1041:Yogyakarta Sultanate 427:. The monument is a 377:Constructed of gray 351:), is a 9th-century 277:Location within Java 12318:820s establishments 12289:Religion portal 12036:Temple of the Tooth 11915:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 10954:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 10447:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 10230:Two truths doctrine 10050:Mahapajapati Gotamī 9850:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8865:New Order (1966–98) 8825:VOC era (1603–1800) 8465:Wasur National Park 8112:Kutai National Park 8039:Tirto Samodra Beach 7889:Keraton Kacirebonan 7586:Bandar Lampung City 7566:Aceh Tsunami Museum 7546:Tourist attractions 7372:National Geographic 7269:on 11 February 2009 7062:on 16 January 2016. 7042:on 14 February 2014 7002:on 11 November 2010 6978:on 17 February 2003 6791:on 26 December 2007 6663:on 24 December 2019 6618:on 14 February 2002 6231:2015GeAnA..97..137T 6219:Geografiska Annaler 6149:2004Holoc..14..459M 5708:Nagaoka, M (2016). 5590:Krom, N.J. (1927). 5462:. pp. 139–172. 5379:. Mouton & Co. 5016:, pp. 547–548. 4759:, pp. 101–104. 4735:, pp. 233–279. 4578:, pp. 191–210. 4536:, pp. 181–186. 4440:, pp. 139–172. 4267:UNESCO Jakarta 2012 4156:, pp. 752–753. 4031:United Nations 1980 4021:, pp. 113–130. 3845:British Museum 2023 3754:Van der Meulen 1979 3742:Van der Meulen 1979 3732:, pp. 143–144. 3664:Van der Meulen 1977 3591:, pp. 248–249. 2798:Five Dhyani Buddhas 2692:Buddha statue with 2450:Lalitavistara Sūtra 2196: 1685:On 27 May 2006, an 1674:, was sentenced to 1538:on the top platform 1406:Contemporary events 1382:World Heritage Site 1250:Jan Willem IJzerman 1010:written during the 640:Balinese vocabulary 604:A.J. Bernet Kempers 500:tourist attractions 465:World Heritage Site 437:Buddhist pilgrimage 415:, which blends the 362:, near the city of 322:, also transcribed 88: / 12358:Shailendra dynasty 12211:Western philosophy 11809:Dzong architecture 11631:Vipassana movement 11626:Buddhist modernism 11054:Emperor Wen of Sui 10822:Pratyekabuddhayāna 10755:Threefold Training 10557:Vipassana movement 10273:Hungry Ghost realm 10093:Avidyā (Ignorance) 10040:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 9789:Great Renunciation 9784:Eight Great Events 9666: 9211:Telecommunications 8922:Biosphere reserves 8738:Taman Alam Lumbini 8628:Candi of Indonesia 8455:Raja Ampat Islands 8413:Ujung Water Palace 8077:Beras Basah Island 7844:House of Sampoerna 7774:Banyuwangi Regency 7201:. The Jakarta Post 6913:on 11 January 2012 6865:on 7 February 2017 6845:. The Jakarta Post 6805:"Saving Borobudur" 6767:on 6 November 2014 6581:The British Museum 6496:on 9 November 2010 6239:10.1111/geoa.12099 6130:on 10 August 2007. 5731: (2015). 5418:Woodward, Hiram W. 3991:, p. 421-422. 3720:, pp. 25, 46. 3492:, pp. 70, 83. 3444:, pp. 12, 64. 3242:Candi of Indonesia 3147: 3049: 3005:Dharmachakra mudra 2764:The British Museum 2751: 2704:Buddhist cosmology 2700: 2695:dharmachakra mudra 2608: 2534: 2527:Siddhartha Gautama 2470: 2467:Siddhartha Gautama 2420: 2194: 2145: 2120:concentric circles 2008:in the shape of a 1961: 1951:Building structure 1908:Buddhist cosmology 1846: 1814:. Previously, the 1780: 1731: 1664: 1573: 1565: 1540: 1456:Siddhārtha Gautama 1424: 1411:Religious ceremony 1246: 1234: 1226: 1206: 1157:King Chulalongkorn 1145: 1062: 973: 877: 839:W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp 758: 663:Temanggung Regency 527: 228:Reference no. 12297: 12296: 11935:Om mani padme hum 11641:Women in Buddhism 11557:Buddhist councils 11427:Western countries 11215:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 10976:Shaolin Monastery 10553:Samatha-vipassanā 10163:Pratītyasamutpāda 9967:Metteyya/Maitreya 9885: 9877: 9869: 9861: 9853: 9845: 9837: 9714:Four Noble Truths 9624: 9623: 9574: 9573: 9262:Human trafficking 9234: 9233: 9153: 9152: 9144:Wawasan Nusantara 9128:Political parties 9069:Foreign relations 9009: 9008: 8746: 8745: 8579: 8578: 8473: 8472: 8004:Sidoarjo mud flow 7884:Keraton Kasepuhan 7696:Pagaruyung Palace 7468:by UNESCO and NHK 7146:. 31 August 2004. 7074:. 20 January 2018 6996:The Jakarta Globe 6638:on 5 January 2012 5917:978-1-78039-922-5 5876:978-8-12460-403-8 5855:978-1-74104-435-5 5848:. Lonely Planet. 5773:978-1-138-62664-5 5751:Project Gutenberg 5719:978-3-319-42045-5 5700:978-981-4155-67-0 5693:. Didier Millet. 5674:978-0-945971-90-0 5532:978-87-7694-667-8 5506:978-979-9103-33-8 5405:978-90-04-22348-6 5386:978-3-11-156269-8 5223:. UK: Routledge. 5211:978-1-108-61475-7 5192:978-3-319-13637-0 4857:, p. 92-102. 4305:, pp. 91–92. 3756:, pp. 40–41. 3693:, pp. 4, 52. 3666:, pp. 92–93. 3538:Troll et al. 2015 3333:, pp. 35–36. 3262:Unfinished Buddha 3252:Ligor inscription 3099:museum in Paris, 3032: 3031: 2845:Bhumisparsa mudra 2823:Symbolic meaning 2626:Shakyamuni Buddha 2486:Prince Siddhartha 2351: 2350: 2032:is intended as a 1676:life imprisonment 1322:calcium hydroxide 1308:now is stored in 1214:Unfinished Buddha 1123:, who compiled a 1116:Dutch East Indies 1082:Hermann Cornelius 987:to the region of 948:Rakai Panangkaran 742:The three temples 705:is from the word 624:Vihara Buddha Uhr 614:pronunciation of 569:Javanese language 406:Sailendra Dynasty 348:Candhi Barabudhur 345: 317: 316: 213: 113:Sailendra Dynasty 92:7.608°S 110.204°E 16:(Redirected from 12390: 12328:Archaeoastronomy 12287: 12286: 12275: 12274: 12114:Sacred languages 11962:Maya Devi Temple 11925:Mahabodhi Temple 11729:Secular Buddhism 11694:Engaged Buddhism 10534: 10382:Tibetan Buddhism 10333:Vietnamese Thiền 9932:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 9883: 9875: 9867: 9859: 9851: 9843: 9835: 9684: 9683: 9671: 9661: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9594: 9587: 9245: 9244: 9164: 9163: 9106:National capital 9020: 9019: 8888: 8887: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8613:Buddhist temples 8606: 8599: 8592: 8583: 8582: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8477: 8476: 8313:Lake Segara Anak 8034:Thousand Islands 8029:Tangkuban Perahu 7829:Gembira Loka Zoo 7701:Penyengat Island 7539: 7532: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7418: 7401:Adrian Snodgrass 7396: 7365: 7346: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7147: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7124: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7072:The Jakarta Post 7063: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6958:on 27 April 2002 6942: 6940: 6938: 6932:The Jakarta Post 6922: 6920: 6918: 6912: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6584: 6576: 6574: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6476: 6451: 6428:Critical Inquiry 6419: 6390: 6361: 6351: 6318: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6267: 6258: 6212: 6195: 6193: 6168: 6131: 6129: 6123:. Archived from 6110: 6099: 6074: 6045: 6028:(3/4): 353–359. 6016: 5995: 5967: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5927:Journal articles 5921: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5887:. Archived from 5859: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5777: 5760:Budianta, Melani 5754: 5753: 5723: 5704: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5657: 5631: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5586: 5559: 5540: 5520: 5510: 5489: 5479: 5463: 5451: 5435: 5409: 5390: 5371: 5340: 5321: 5302: 5283: 5274: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5196: 5177: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5126: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5014:De Casparis 1966 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4930: 4929:, p. 17-25. 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4721:De Casparis 1992 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 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3439: 3433: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3355: 3349: 3334: 3328: 3317: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3226: 3224:Indonesia portal 3221: 3220: 3219: 3198: 3155:Magelang Regency 3068:puppet play and 3045:Jawaharlal Nehru 3000: 2965: 2934: 2903: 2872: 2841: 2814: 2813: 2616:Avatamsaka Sutra 2594:'s forefather). 2438:Borobudur Museum 2424:cause and effect 2391:to their right. 2197: 2193: 2070: 2055: 1844:and mandala plan 1788:tantric Buddhist 1651:Security threats 1506: 1460:national holiday 1438:in May or June, 1432:place of worship 1284: 1276:Theodoor van Erp 1262: 1121:Conradus Leemans 1090: 1074:Stamford Raffles 1070:governor-general 1047: 1024:Babad Tanah Jawi 998: 995: 942: 939: 935: 932: 928: 925: 921: 918: 813: 805:Theodoor van Erp 731:Boddhisattvahood 691:Pramodhawardhani 675:Pramodhawardhani 557:Stamford Raffles 435:and a place for 421:ancestor worship 366:and the town of 360:Magelang Regency 350: 344:romanized: 343: 341: 309: 300: 299: 293: 281: 280:Show map of Java 272: 271: 265: 207: 169: 166: 164: 162: 160: 154: 151: 130:Theodoor van Erp 103: 102: 100: 99: 98: 93: 89: 86: 85: 84: 81: 60:Magelang Regency 46:Monks following 44: 32: 31: 21: 18:Borobudur temple 12398: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12383:Buddhist relics 12303: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12293: 12281: 12263: 12215: 12130: 12045: 11782:Ordination hall 11743: 11645: 11616:Buddhist crisis 11528: 11225: 11177:Mahayana sutras 11153: 11149:Thích Nhất Hạnh 10980: 10853: 10793: 10743:Bodhisattva vow 10428: 10294: 10234: 10193:Taṇhā (Craving) 10128:Five hindrances 10079: 9971: 9901: 9755: 9700: 9672: 9655: 9625: 9620: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9570: 9561:Personification 9488: 9423: 9404:Public holidays 9389:National heroes 9281: 9230: 9149: 9005: 8974:Natural history 8877: 8815:Spread of Islam 8786: 8777: 8747: 8742: 8619: 8610: 8580: 8575: 8534:Tri Hita Karana 8509: 8504: 8474: 8469: 8422: 8398:Tanjung Ringgit 8253:Dreamland Beach 8209: 8136: 8122:Samboja Lestari 8102:Derawan Islands 8063: 8054:Yogyakarta City 8019:Suramadu Bridge 7954:Patenggang Lake 7894:Keraton Kanoman 7879:Kenjeran Bridge 7864:Jawa Timur Park 7854:Istiqlal Mosque 7839:Heroes Monument 7764:Arjuno-Welirang 7754:Ancol Dreamland 7735: 7591:Barelang Bridge 7552: 7543: 7452: 7447: 7415: 7362: 7343: 7326: 7324:Further reading 7321: 7312: 7310: 7292: 7290: 7272: 7270: 7248: 7246: 7224: 7222: 7221:on 5 March 2016 7204: 7202: 7187: 7185: 7167: 7165: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7109: 7107: 7093: 7091: 7077: 7075: 7045: 7043: 7025: 7023: 7022:on 15 June 2012 7005: 7003: 6981: 6979: 6961: 6959: 6936: 6934: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6899: 6885: 6883: 6868: 6866: 6848: 6846: 6831: 6829: 6810: 6808: 6794: 6792: 6770: 6768: 6746: 6744: 6724: 6722: 6721:(in Indonesian) 6703: 6701: 6700:(in Indonesian) 6682: 6680: 6666: 6664: 6641: 6639: 6621: 6619: 6597: 6595: 6572: 6570: 6556: 6554: 6553:(in Indonesian) 6535: 6533: 6519: 6517: 6499: 6497: 6484: 6479: 6408:10.2307/1505654 6340:10.2307/3350894 6307:10.2307/3350886 6279: 6277: 6265: 6127: 6108: 6034:10.2307/2754037 6022:Pacific Affairs 5955: 5941: 5939: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5894: 5892: 5877: 5856: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5816:Soekmono, Raden 5805: 5803: 5801: 5790: 5782:Soekmono, Raden 5774: 5720: 5701: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5654: 5606: 5604: 5575: 5556: 5533: 5518: 5507: 5477: 5432: 5420:, eds. (1981). 5412: 5406: 5387: 5368: 5337: 5318: 5299: 5271: 5250: 5231: 5212: 5193: 5174: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687:, pp. 1–9. 4683: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4576:Chemburkar 2016 4574: 4570: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4091:Madyansyah 2023 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3951: 3943: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3893: 3885: 3878: 3874:, pp. 5–6. 3870: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3820: 3816:, pp. 4–5. 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642:, pp. 1–2. 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3358: 3350: 3337: 3329: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3191: 3159:Borobudur Hotel 3091:in London, and 3037: 2829:Cardinal Point 2686: 2600: 2562: 2452: 2446: 2412: 2319:fourth gallery 2269:second gallery 2137: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2056: 1953: 1932: 1926: 1826:punden berundak 1769: 1760: 1723: 1711:anthropomorphic 1680:extremist group 1653: 1549: 1526: 1504: 1497: 1481:circumabulating 1413: 1408: 1278: 1267:(equivalent to 1252: 1194: 1084: 1054: 1045: 1029:History of Java 1006:Nagarakretagama 996: 985:Mataram Kingdom 965: 940: 933: 926: 919: 899:commissioned a 869: 864: 834: 828: 807: 792:is a Javanese " 750: 744: 739: 721:suggested that 634:is probably an 541:Candi Borobudur 508: 356:Buddhist temple 332:Candi Borobudur 313: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 301: 284: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 273: 182: 157: 156: 148: 97:-7.608; 110.204 96: 94: 90: 87: 82: 79: 77: 75: 74: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12396: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12279: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12225: 12223: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12146: 12140: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12055: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11846:Greco-Buddhist 11838: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11797:Burmese pagoda 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11753: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11655: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11579:Greco-Buddhism 11576: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11512:United Kingdom 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11457:Czech Republic 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11388: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11336: 11331: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11221:Abhidharmadīpa 11218: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11139:B. R. Ambedkar 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11059:Songtsen Gampo 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10803: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10738:Eight precepts 10735: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10526: 10516: 10511: 10509:Five Strengths 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10449: 10444: 10438: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10304: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10250: 10244: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10148:Mental factors 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10089: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 10000:Mahamoggallāna 9997: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9915:Avalokiteśvara 9911: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9879: 9871: 9863: 9855: 9847: 9839: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9654: 9653: 9646: 9639: 9631: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9596: 9595: 9588: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9546:Floral emblems 9543: 9542: 9541: 9531: 9529:Faunal emblems 9526: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9509: 9504: 9498: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9291: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9206:Stock Exchange 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8927:National parks 8924: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8910:Climate change 8902: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8776: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8503: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8480: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8436: 8434: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8353:Nusa Lembongan 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8273:Gili Trawangan 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8233:Bali Bird Park 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8127:Tanjung Puting 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7716:Samosir Island 7713: 7708: 7706:Pugung Raharjo 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7686:Mursala Island 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7656:Lake Singkarak 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7469: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7450:External links 7448: 7446: 7445: 7434: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7379:(1): 126–142. 7366: 7360: 7347: 7341: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7299: 7279: 7255: 7245:on 3 July 2010 7231: 7211: 7194: 7174: 7148: 7139: 7116: 7100: 7084: 7064: 7052: 7032: 7012: 6988: 6968: 6943: 6923: 6904:whc.unesco.org 6892: 6875: 6855: 6838: 6817: 6801: 6777: 6753: 6731: 6710: 6689: 6673: 6653:"Pangguyangan" 6649: 6628: 6604: 6593:British Museum 6585: 6563: 6542: 6526: 6516:on 9 July 2012 6506: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6467:(1): 269–296. 6452: 6440:10.1086/448048 6434:(2): 291–303. 6420: 6402:(3): 113–130. 6391: 6373:(2): 421–422. 6362: 6319: 6301:(23): 87–112. 6286: 6259: 6225:(1): 137–166. 6213: 6196: 6184:(2): 129–137. 6169: 6143:(3): 459–463. 6132: 6100: 6090:(4): 389–416. 6075: 6057:(3): 735–759. 6046: 6017: 6007:(1): 148–151. 5996: 5972:Crouch, Harold 5968: 5948: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5916: 5901: 5891:on 8 June 2008 5875: 5860: 5854: 5841: 5812: 5799: 5778: 5772: 5755: 5724: 5718: 5705: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5632: 5613: 5587: 5573: 5560: 5554: 5541: 5531: 5511: 5505: 5490: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5452: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5414:Gómez, Luis O. 5410: 5404: 5391: 5385: 5372: 5366: 5341: 5335: 5322: 5316: 5303: 5297: 5284: 5275: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5235: 5229: 5216: 5210: 5197: 5191: 5178: 5172: 5159: 5146: 5127: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5074:Buddhanet 2002 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4968:, p. 302. 4958: 4946: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4832: 4830:, p. 130. 4820: 4818:, p. 250. 4808: 4796: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4747:, p. 287. 4737: 4725: 4723:, p. 149. 4713: 4701: 4689: 4685:Situngkir 2010 4677: 4662: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4580: 4568: 4553: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4452:, p. 168. 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4144:, p. 743. 4134: 4132:, p. 739. 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4069:, p. 856. 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4008: 3993: 3981: 3966: 3949: 3932: 3920: 3918:, p. 193. 3908: 3891: 3876: 3864: 3849: 3837: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3780:, p. 354. 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3695: 3683: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3630:, p. 249. 3620: 3605: 3593: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3468:, p. 577. 3458: 3446: 3434: 3417: 3415:, p. 263. 3405: 3393: 3391:, p. 192. 3381: 3356: 3335: 3318: 3316:, p. 190. 3305: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3211: 3208: 3190: 3187: 3149:The emblem of 3089:British Museum 3087:in Amsterdam, 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826:Dhyani Buddha 2824: 2821: 2818: 2762:in Paris, and 2758:in Amsterdam, 2730:level. At the 2708:lotus position 2685: 2684:Buddha statues 2682: 2636:Garden of Jeta 2599: 2596: 2561: 2558: 2546:Shorea robusta 2513:white elephant 2488:, son of King 2448:Main article: 2445: 2442: 2411: 2408: 2404:Perfect Wisdom 2349: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294:third gallery 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2275:Jataka/Avadana 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261:Jataka/Avadana 2258: 2257: 2254: 2253:Jataka/Avadana 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242:Jataka/Avadana 2239: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228:first gallery 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220:Karmavibhangga 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2209:No. of panels 2207: 2204: 2201: 2185:Borobudur Ship 2136: 2133: 2118:, arranged in 2072: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 1952: 1949: 1928:Main article: 1925: 1922: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1722: 1719: 1652: 1649: 1548: 1547:Rehabilitation 1545: 1533:Buddhist monks 1525: 1522: 1496: 1493: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1265:Dutch guilders 1193: 1190: 1053: 1050: 1018:Raden Soekmono 964: 961: 868: 865: 863: 860: 832:Lake Borobudur 827: 824: 743: 740: 738: 735: 677:, daughter of 606:suggests that 599:("mountain"). 507: 504: 488:Southeast Asia 391:Buddha statues 374:, Indonesia. 315: 314: 304: 295: 294: 288: 287: 286: 285: 276: 267: 266: 260: 259: 258: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 242:Southeast Asia 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 204: 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 72: 68: 67: 57: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12395: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12301: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12278: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12051:Miscellaneous 12048: 12042: 12041:Vegetarianism 12039: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863:Buddha in art 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11517:United States 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11408: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11216: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11199: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11074:Padmasambhava 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10986:Major figures 10983: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10933: 10932:Western tulku 10930: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10733:Five precepts 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10711:Dhamma vicaya 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10479:Buddhābhiṣeka 10477: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10123:Enlightenment 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10113:Dhamma theory 10111: 10109: 10108:Buddha-nature 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9947:Samantabhadra 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9864: 9862: 9856: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9840: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9652: 9647: 9645: 9640: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9442:Ethnic groups 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8934:Deforestation 8932: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8762: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333:Mount Tambora 8331: 8329: 8328:Mount Rinjani 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7959:Palabuhanratu 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Museum Angkut 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7809:Cukang Taneuh 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7799:Cemoro Lawang 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7671:Maimun Palace 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Lake Maninjau 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:Bintan Island 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7581:Bagansiapiapi 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Ampera Bridge 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7480:Lalitavistara 7477: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431:j.ctv1qv3kf.7 7428: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7414:0-87727-700-1 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7361:962-593-198-8 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7342:0-89581-151-0 7338: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7309:on 4 May 2015 7308: 7304: 7300: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7200: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7128: 7121: 7117: 7105: 7101: 7090: 7085: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6881: 6876: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6844: 6839: 6827: 6826:kemenag.go.id 6823: 6818: 6806: 6802: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6699: 6695: 6690: 6678: 6674: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6568: 6564: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6532: 6527: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6334:(28): 17–54. 6333: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 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NDU Press. 5909: 5908: 5902: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5802: 5800:92-3-101292-4 5796: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5653:0-87773-906-4 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5574:90-6077-553-8 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5555:90-73084-08-3 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5431:0-89581-151-0 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5367:0-7695-2177-0 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5336:90-04-14126-X 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5317:0-19-588550-3 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5298:0-19-580379-5 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5270:9789814695091 5266: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5249:0-02-865718-7 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5230:0-7007-0234-2 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5173:979-420-085-9 5169: 5165: 5160: 5149: 5147:92-3-103940-7 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5100:, p. 39. 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5052:, p. 38. 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 5002:Muryanto 2014 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4966:Woodward 1979 4962: 4956:, p. 35. 4955: 4954:Soekmono 1976 4950: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4917:, p. 32. 4916: 4915:Soekmono 1976 4911: 4905:, p. 29. 4904: 4903:Soekmono 1976 4899: 4893:, p. 36. 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4869:, p. 26. 4868: 4867:Soekmono 1976 4863: 4856: 4851: 4845:, p. 21. 4844: 4843:Soekmono 1976 4839: 4837: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 20. 4793: 4792:Soekmono 1976 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4699:, p. 38. 4698: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4643:, p. 32. 4642: 4641:Dumarçay 1986 4637: 4631:, p. 14. 4630: 4625: 4619:, p. 28. 4618: 4617:Dumarçay 1986 4613: 4607:, p. 60. 4606: 4605:Dumarçay 2005 4601: 4595:, p. 16. 4594: 4593:Soekmono 1976 4589: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4572: 4566:, p. 18. 4565: 4564:Soekmono 1976 4560: 4558: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4524:, p. 17. 4523: 4522:Soekmono 1976 4518: 4511: 4506: 4500:, p. 14. 4499: 4494: 4488:, p. 87. 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4464:, p. 87. 4463: 4462:Soekmono 1981 4458: 4451: 4450:Vaisutis 2007 4446: 4439: 4434: 4428:, p. 46. 4427: 4422: 4416:, p. 10. 4415: 4414:Dumarçay 2005 4410: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4378:Asdhiana 2015 4374: 4367: 4366:Fitriana 2014 4362: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4329:, p. 14. 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4209:, p. 99. 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4115:Sudiarno 2016 4111: 4104: 4103:Fitriana 2023 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4067:Vaisutis 2007 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3979:, p. 49. 3978: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3947:, p. 48. 3946: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3930:, p. 29. 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3906:, p. 47. 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3889:, p. 42. 3888: 3887:Soekmono 1976 3883: 3881: 3873: 3872:Soekmono 1976 3868: 3861: 3860:Soekmono 1976 3856: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3833:Soekmono 1976 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3814:Soekmono 1976 3810: 3803: 3798: 3792:, p. 21. 3791: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3768:, p. 10. 3767: 3766:Soekmono 1976 3762: 3755: 3750: 3744:, p. 41. 3743: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3706:Dumarçay 1991 3702: 3700: 3692: 3691:Dumarçay 1991 3687: 3680: 3679:Soekmono 1976 3675: 3673: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3652:Dumarçay 1991 3648: 3641: 3640:Dumarçay 1991 3636: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3601:Soekmono 1976 3597: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3564:, p. 15. 3563: 3558: 3551: 3550:Soekmono 1976 3546: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3516:, p. 46. 3515: 3514:Soekmono 1981 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3480:, p. 30. 3479: 3474: 3467: 3466:Revianur 2018 3462: 3456:, p. 31. 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3432:, p. 13. 3431: 3430:Soekmono 1976 3426: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3401:Guinness 2014 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3377:Soekmono 1976 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3331:Soekmono 1976 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3200:Borro Boedoor 3197: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153:province and 3152: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3134:celebration. 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981:Samantabhadra 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2969:Vitarka mudra 2967: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2884:Ratnasambhava 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698:hand position 2697: 2696: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2678:Samantabhadra 2674: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Siva Mahadeva 2657: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2234:Lalitavistara 2233: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2108:in Cambodia. 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1987:were created 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1930:Kesaria Stupa 1921: 1919: 1918: 1917:Vastu Shastra 1911: 1909: 1905: 1904:enlightenment 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1557:Mount Merbabu 1553: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1243: 1240:Concrete and 1238: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1049: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Babad Mataram 1030: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1002: 990: 986: 982: 978: 969: 960: 958: 953: 949: 944: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 873: 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 833: 823: 821: 817: 811: 806: 801: 799: 795: 794:sacred" place 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 754: 749: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Bhūmisambhāra 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:Biara Beduhur 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537: 532: 524: 520: 516: 512: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354: 349: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 292: 264: 254: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 233: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 211: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 172: 168: 153: 150:borobudurpark 147: 143: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 101: 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 54: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12299: 12229:Bodhisattvas 12149:Christianity 12144:Baháʼí Faith 12009:Dharmachakra 11999:Prayer wheel 11989:Prayer beads 11757:Architecture 11636:969 Movement 11420:Saudi Arabia 11398:Central Asia 11391:South Africa 11213: 11196: 11129:Panchen Lama 11034:Buddhapālita 10630:Satipatthana 10625:Mindful Yoga 10538:Recollection 10452:Brahmavihara 10323:Japanese Zen 10318:Chinese Chan 10278:Animal realm 10085:Key concepts 9907:Bodhisattvas 9719:Three Jewels 9459:Homelessness 9429:Demographics 9369:Martial arts 9314: 9295:Architecture 9272:Prostitution 9142: 9110: 9074:Human rights 9059:Constitution 8917:Conservation 8873:(since 1998) 8870: 8647: 8533: 8529: 8440:Fort Belgica 8403:Tirta Gangga 8383:Tampaksiring 8318:Lovina Beach 8014:Surabaya Zoo 7999:Sempu island 7984:Ranu Kumbolo 7929:Mount Semeru 7924:Mount Merapi 7793: 7789:Bogor Palace 7641:Lagundri Bay 7611:Bukit Lawang 7404: 7376: 7370: 7351: 7332: 7311:. Retrieved 7307:the original 7291:. Retrieved 7288:Bangkok Post 7287: 7271:. Retrieved 7267:the original 7262: 7247:. Retrieved 7243:the original 7238: 7223:. Retrieved 7219:the original 7203:. Retrieved 7186:. Retrieved 7182:the original 7166:. Retrieved 7155: 7131:. Retrieved 7108:. Retrieved 7092:. Retrieved 7076:. Retrieved 7071: 7060:the original 7044:. Retrieved 7040:the original 7024:. Retrieved 7020:the original 7004:. Retrieved 7000:the original 6980:. Retrieved 6976:the original 6960:. Retrieved 6956:the original 6951: 6935:. Retrieved 6931: 6915:. Retrieved 6908:the original 6903: 6884:. Retrieved 6867:. Retrieved 6863:the original 6847:. Retrieved 6830:. Retrieved 6825: 6809:. Retrieved 6793:. Retrieved 6789:the original 6784: 6769:. Retrieved 6765:the original 6760: 6745:. Retrieved 6738: 6723:. Retrieved 6718: 6702:. Retrieved 6697: 6681:. Retrieved 6665:. Retrieved 6661:the original 6656: 6648:</ref> 6640:. Retrieved 6636:the original 6620:. Retrieved 6616:the original 6611: 6596:. Retrieved 6578: 6571:. Retrieved 6555:. Retrieved 6550: 6534:. Retrieved 6518:. Retrieved 6514:the original 6498:. Retrieved 6494:the original 6464: 6460: 6431: 6427: 6399: 6395: 6370: 6366: 6331: 6327: 6298: 6294: 6278:. Retrieved 6273: 6269: 6222: 6218: 6200: 6181: 6177: 6140: 6137:The Holocene 6136: 6125:the original 6112: 6087: 6083: 6054: 6050: 6025: 6021: 6004: 6000: 5983: 5979: 5963: 5959: 5940:. Retrieved 5906: 5893:. Retrieved 5889:the original 5865: 5845: 5835:– via 5829:. Retrieved 5820: 5804:. Retrieved 5786: 5763: 5732: 5712:. Springer. 5709: 5690: 5678:. Retrieved 5663: 5639: 5636:Miksic, John 5618: 5605:. Retrieved 5592: 5564: 5545: 5535:– via 5522: 5495: 5473: 5459: 5456:Wayman, Alex 5447: 5421: 5395: 5376: 5345: 5326: 5307: 5288: 5279: 5259: 5239: 5220: 5201: 5182: 5163: 5151:. Retrieved 5132: 5121: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4980:, p. 3. 4973: 4961: 4949: 4944:, p. 6. 4942:Fontein 1967 4927:Fontein 2012 4922: 4910: 4898: 4891:Buswell 2004 4886: 4874: 4862: 4855:Kempers 1976 4850: 4828:Santiko 2016 4823: 4811: 4806:, p. 3. 4804:Nagaoka 2016 4799: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4733:Kempers 1976 4728: 4716: 4704: 4697:Kempers 1976 4692: 4680: 4636: 4629:Kempers 1976 4624: 4612: 4600: 4571: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4498:Haryono 2011 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4255:Wahyuni 2011 4250: 4238: 4231:Naibaho 2010 4226: 4214: 4207:Nagaoka 2016 4202: 4190: 4161: 4154:Hampton 2005 4149: 4142:Hampton 2005 4137: 4130:Hampton 2005 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4045:, p. 7. 4038: 4026: 3984: 3923: 3916:Kempers 1976 3911: 3867: 3862:, p. 6. 3840: 3835:, p. 5. 3809: 3797: 3790:Jordaan 1993 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3708:, p. 4. 3686: 3681:, p. 9. 3659: 3654:, p. 2. 3647: 3635: 3623: 3603:, p. 3. 3596: 3576:, p. 2. 3569: 3557: 3552:, p. 1. 3545: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3478:Raffles 1830 3473: 3461: 3454:Raffles 1830 3449: 3437: 3408: 3396: 3389:Kempers 1976 3384: 3379:, p. 4. 3314:Kempers 1976 3309: 3289: 3282:Samaratungga 3276: 3192: 3151:Central Java 3148: 3143:Central Java 3116:Narada Thera 3109: 3095:in Bangkok. 3085:Tropenmuseum 3083:in Jakarta, 3074: 3050: 3025: 3011: 3003: 2988: 2968: 2953: 2946:Amoghasiddhi 2938:Abhaya mudra 2937: 2922: 2907:Dhyana mudra 2906: 2891: 2875: 2860: 2844: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2770: 2768: 2760:Musée Guimet 2756:Tropenmuseum 2752: 2749:, Amsterdam. 2747:Tropenmuseum 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2693: 2675: 2644: 2629: 2614: 2609: 2585: 2577: 2575: 2563: 2545: 2535: 2502: 2471: 2431: 2421: 2393: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2352: 2165:bodhisattvas 2153: 2148: 2146: 2113: 2110: 2101: 2090:self-similar 2081: 2079: 2039: 2029: 2025: 2018: 1995: 1988: 1962: 1933: 1915: 1912: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1842:step pyramid 1825: 1819:Austronesian 1812:step pyramid 1809: 1790: 1781: 1761: 1758:Architecture 1752: 1748: 1736: 1732: 1695: 1684: 1665: 1633: 1620:microbiology 1608: 1604:Mount Merapi 1590: 1585:Volcanic ash 1577:Mount Merapi 1574: 1561:Mount Merapi 1541: 1524:Conservation 1515: 1513: 1498: 1489:sky lanterns 1474: 1472: 1425: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1379: 1362: 1349: 1343: 1329:World War II 1326: 1318:alkali salts 1314: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1273: 1247: 1217: 1201: 1154: 1146: 1113: 1098: 1063: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1004: 1001:Mpu Prapanca 977:volcanic ash 974: 945: 912:inscriptions 905: 878: 867:Construction 843:lotus flower 835: 802: 759: 722: 706: 702: 698: 694: 686: 679:Samaratungga 670: 660: 647: 643: 636:Old Javanese 631: 627: 623: 615: 607: 601: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 564: 553:Mpu Prapanca 548: 544: 540: 534: 528: 519:Karangtengah 494:celebrating 469: 403: 376: 372:Central Java 340:ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ 323: 319: 318: 167:/bkborobudur 64:Central Java 50:at Borobudur 29: 12074:Dharma talk 11903:Asalha Puja 11699:Eschatology 11502:Switzerland 11482:New Zealand 11410:Middle East 11319:Philippines 11239:Afghanistan 11044:Bodhidharma 11029:Buddhaghosa 10949:Householder 10859:Monasticism 10812:Bodhisattva 10667:Prostration 10620:Mindfulness 10548:Anapanasati 10531:Kammaṭṭhāna 10328:Korean Seon 10268:Asura realm 10263:Human realm 10203:Ten Fetters 10158:Parinirvana 10060:Uppalavanna 10025:Mahākaccana 10010:Mahākassapa 9942:Kṣitigarbha 9937:Ākāśagarbha 9834:Suddhodāna 9779:Four sights 9706:Foundations 9539:Subdivision 9522:Subdivision 9484:LGBT rights 9419:Video games 9171:Agriculture 9089:Enforcement 8939:Earthquakes 8805:Prehistoric 8688:Muara Takus 8683:Muaro Jambi 8450:Puncak Jaya 8348:Nusa Penida 8338:Moyo Island 7979:Ragunan Zoo 7949:Pangandaran 7944:Nusa Barong 7914:Mount Bromo 7874:Kawah Putih 7849:Ijen Crater 7819:Ceto Temple 7646:Lampung Bay 7293:21 December 7273:28 December 7188:8 September 7046:15 February 6982:14 December 6849:31 December 6757:"Borobudur" 6642:11 November 6632:"Borobudur" 5831:21 December 5739:John Murray 5737:, 2nd, 5607:31 December 5153:21 December 5107:Works cited 5098:Landon 1836 4757:Haddon 1920 4673:Atmadi 1988 4549:Kompas 2000 4438:Wayman 1981 4426:Miksic 1990 4402:Antara 2023 4390:Watson 2023 4339:Berger 2006 4327:Crouch 2002 4195:Antara 2010 4166:Antara 2012 4079:Walubi 2002 4043:UNESCO 1999 3962:UNESCO 2004 3718:Miksic 1990 3526:Walubi 2023 2805:Pradakshina 2668:Bodhisattva 2505:bodhisattva 2498:Kapilavastu 2363:balustrades 2355:bas reliefs 2250:balustrade 2214:hidden foot 1969:Progo River 1816:prehistoric 1559:(left) and 1505:2.5 million 1476:Pradakshina 1366:anastylosis 1279: [ 1253: [ 1192:Restoration 1182:waterspouts 1105:Kedu region 1085: [ 1066:its capture 1052:Rediscovery 997: 1365 963:Abandonment 808: [ 626:. The term 618:written in 543:. The term 451:, then the 399:balustrades 127:Restored by 95: / 83:110°12′14″E 71:Coordinates 66:, Indonesia 48:Pradakshina 12307:Categories 12191:Psychology 12171:Gnosticism 12159:Comparison 12154:Influences 12136:Comparison 12019:Bhavacakra 11977:Kushinagar 11952:Pilgrimage 11898:Māgha Pūjā 11853:Bodhi Tree 11669:Buddhology 11659:Abhidharma 11651:Philosophy 11584:Menander I 11452:Costa Rica 11403:Uzbekistan 11244:Bangladesh 11198:Dhammapada 11182:Pali Canon 11144:Ajahn Chah 11124:Dalai Lama 11024:Kumārajīva 11019:Vasubandhu 10994:The Buddha 10902:Zen master 10837:Sakadagami 10817:Buddhahood 10748:Pratimokṣa 10563:Shikantaza 10519:Meditation 10494:Deity yoga 10365:Madhyamaka 10258:Deva realm 10153:Mindstream 10103:Bodhicitta 10015:Aṅgulimāla 9882:Devadatta 9858:Yaśodharā 9761:The Buddha 9751:Middle Way 9517:Historical 9452:Healthcare 9399:Properties 9364:Literature 9316:Rumah adat 9176:Automotive 9084:Censorship 9032:Historical 8733:Sumberawan 8728:Singhasari 8536:Philosophy 8175:Lake Tempe 8069:Kalimantan 7784:Baturraden 7681:Metro City 7626:Jam Gadang 7486:in YouTube 7484:Gandavyuha 7249:9 December 7006:7 November 6886:7 November 6785:Kompas.com 6747:27 January 6719:Kompas.com 6704:14 October 6698:Kompas.com 6683:4 December 6598:24 October 6557:14 October 6551:Kompas.com 6536:19 January 6500:6 November 6349:1813/53687 4019:Voute 1973 3989:Vogel 1913 3730:Munoz 2007 3574:Moens 1951 3442:Moens 1951 3302:References 3183:Yogyakarta 3141:Emblem of 3124:Bodhi Tree 3053:Angkor Wat 3026:Arupadhatu 3018:Vairochana 2977:Vairochana 2876:Vara mudra 2732:Arupadhatu 2716:Arupadhatu 2664:Queen Maya 2658:, the god 2611:Gandavyuha 2587:Jatakamala 2494:Queen Maya 2490:Suddhodana 2459:Queen Maya 2396:karmic law 2380:pradaksina 2336:Gandavyuha 2333:balustrade 2325:Gandavyuha 2311:Gandavyuha 2308:balustrade 2300:Gandavyuha 2286:Gandavyuha 2272:balustrade 2231:main wall 2173:gandharvas 2149:Arupadhatu 2106:Angkor Wat 2042:Gunadharma 2002:stormwater 1981:corbelling 1896:Arupadhatu 1888:Arupadhatu 1863:Arupadhatu 1822:megalithic 1740:Angkor Wat 1691:Yogyakarta 1687:earthquake 1668:nine bombs 1485:meditation 1448:Indonesian 1287:Dutch army 1220:(rear) at 1180:and giant 1064:Following 981:Mpu Sindok 941: 833 934: 824 927: 792 920: 780 901:Shivalinga 847:Kedu Plain 830:See also: 790:Kedu Plain 762:Yogyakarta 746:See also: 715:Sailendras 628:Buddha-Uhr 531:Indonesian 480:Angkor Wat 417:Indonesian 328:Indonesian 203:Designated 161:.kemdikbud 159:kebudayaan 139:Gunadharma 122:1911, 1983 12313:Borobudur 12259:Festivals 12239:Buddhists 12201:Theosophy 12004:Symbolism 11994:Hama yumi 11967:Bodh Gaya 11734:Socialism 11709:Evolution 11684:Economics 11522:Venezuela 11437:Australia 11432:Argentina 11356:Sri Lanka 11351:Singapore 11269:Indonesia 11231:Countries 11172:Tripiṭaka 11134:Ajahn Mun 11009:Nagarjuna 11004:Aśvaghoṣa 10887:Anagārika 10882:Śrāmaṇerī 10877:Śrāmaṇera 10872:Bhikkhunī 10832:Sotāpanna 10721:Passaddhi 10662:Offerings 10637:Nekkhamma 10514:Iddhipada 10434:Practices 10404:Theravada 10377:Vajrayana 10370:Yogachara 10340:Pure Land 10253:Six Paths 10240:Cosmology 10020:Anuruddha 9995:Sāriputta 9985:Kaundinya 9977:Disciples 9952:Vajrapāṇi 9804:Footprint 9769:Tathāgata 9556:Nusantara 9464:Languages 9437:Education 9384:Mythology 9354:Festivals 9221:Transport 9133:President 9112:Pancasila 9064:Elections 9047:Districts 9037:Provinces 9001:Volcanoes 8964:Mountains 8883:Geography 8871:Reformasi 8780:Indonesia 8648:Borobudur 8643:Banyunibo 8617:Indonesia 8393:Tanah Lot 8323:Mandalika 8298:Kintamani 8278:Goa Gajah 8268:Gili Meno 8248:Cempi Bay 8223:Awang Bay 7989:Ranu Pani 7969:Prambanan 7964:Penataran 7794:Borobudur 7779:Batu City 7661:Lake Toba 7596:Berastagi 7550:Indonesia 7393:643483454 7385:0027-9358 7168:3 January 7133:17 August 7110:17 August 7094:7 January 6962:17 August 6917:5 January 6795:23 August 6612:Buddhanet 6473:0080-3545 6448:224792217 6387:163589816 6328:Indonesia 6295:Indonesia 6280:4 January 6255:129186824 6247:0435-3676 6165:129690872 6071:154890055 5992:0219-3213 5942:23 August 5895:17 August 5885:229446531 5846:Indonesia 5818:(1981) . 5806:17 August 5747:578699780 5628:832519854 5486:222264503 5398:. Brill. 5308:Borobudur 5289:Borobudur 5050:Wood 2011 3977:Anom 2005 3945:Anom 2005 3904:Anom 2005 3778:Hall 1956 3628:Anom 2005 3589:Anom 2005 3562:Krom 1927 3120:Sri Lanka 2989:Rupadhatu 2954:Rupadhatu 2923:Rupadhatu 2892:Rupadhatu 2861:Rupadhatu 2728:Rupadhatu 2723:Rupadhatu 2712:Rupadhatu 2515:with six 2389:sanctuary 2371:Rupadhatu 2367:Kāmadhātu 2322:main wall 2297:main wall 2283:main wall 1977:dovetails 1947:domains. 1945:Srivijaya 1892:Rupadhatu 1884:Rupadhatu 1880:Kāmadhātu 1857:Rupadhatu 1851:Kamadhatu 1640:Ratu Boko 1636:Prambanan 1436:full moon 1174:dvarapala 1170:dvarapala 1132:engraver 1125:monograph 1012:Majapahit 989:East Java 893:Prambanan 851:paleolake 766:Surakarta 711:ancestors 608:Borobudur 549:Borobudur 506:Etymology 496:Vesak Day 324:Barabudur 320:Borobudur 198:i, ii, vi 135:Architect 80:7°36′29″S 35:Borobudur 12277:Category 12206:Violence 12176:Hinduism 12124:Sanskrit 12079:Hinayana 12064:Amitābha 12024:Swastika 11893:Uposatha 11883:Holidays 11868:Calendar 11714:Humanism 11552:Kanishka 11542:Timeline 11366:Thailand 11334:Kalmykia 11329:Buryatia 11314:Pakistan 11299:Mongolia 11294:Maldives 11289:Malaysia 11254:Cambodia 11119:Shamarpa 11114:Nichiren 11064:Xuanzang 10999:Nagasena 10917:Rinpoche 10647:Pāramitā 10489:Devotion 10409:Navayana 10397:Dzogchen 10360:Nichiren 10308:Mahayana 10300:Branches 10178:Saṅkhāra 9927:Mañjuśrī 9884:(cousin) 9876:(cousin) 9844:(mother) 9836:(father) 9824:Miracles 9774:Birthday 9691:Glossary 9664:Buddhism 9601:Category 9474:Refugees 9469:Religion 9394:Painting 9305:Colonial 9252:Abortion 9181:Aviation 9096:Military 9015:Politics 8800:Timeline 8784:articles 8638:Batujaya 8378:Senggigi 8373:Seminyak 8343:Nusa Dua 8293:Kelimutu 8288:Jimbaran 8263:Gili Air 8142:Sulawesi 8049:Trowulan 7994:Sangiran 7636:Krakatoa 7442:27868287 7403:(1985). 7225:16 April 6937:17 March 6832:17 March 6725:17 March 6677:"Jataka" 6573:2 August 6121:69201320 6013:27864315 5974:(2002). 5784:(1976). 5638:(1990). 5583:66207713 4990:BBC 2014 4745:Zin 2014 4510:Tartakov 3210:See also 3163:Amanjiwo 3128:Upasakas 2915:Amitabha 2853:Aksobhya 2782:Mahayana 2718:level). 2671:Maitreya 2647:Manjusri 2640:Sravasti 2622:prologue 2570:Avadanas 2542:sal tree 2509:Maitreya 2385:pilgrims 2203:Location 2169:kinnaras 2163:, gods, 2006:gargoyle 1998:drainage 1983:method. 1965:andesite 1801:circular 1715:idolatry 1707:jihadist 1594:donated 1563:(right). 1442:observe 1176:, kala, 1166:gargoyle 1101:resident 1078:Semarang 1035:(or the 1027:(or the 957:Ratubaka 737:Location 727:Sanskrit 671:Jinalaya 620:Sanskrit 612:Javanese 597:bhudhara 484:Cambodia 445:Javanese 410:Javanese 379:andesite 368:Muntilan 364:Magelang 353:Mahayana 336:Javanese 195:Criteria 190:Cultural 119:Restored 56:Location 12254:Temples 12234:Buddhas 12196:Science 12186:Judaism 12181:Jainism 12099:Lineage 12059:Abhijñā 12029:Thangka 11972:Sarnath 11957:Lumbini 11878:Funeral 11873:Cuisine 11749:Culture 11724:Reality 11674:Creator 11664:Atomism 11534:History 11507:Ukraine 11467:Germany 11386:Senegal 11376:Vietnam 11304:Myanmar 11104:Shinran 11094:Karmapa 11069:Shandao 11039:Dignāga 10964:Śrāvaka 10944:Donchee 10939:Kappiya 10897:Sayadaw 10867:Bhikkhu 10842:Anāgāmi 10799:Nirvana 10765:Samadhi 10652:Paritta 10593:Tonglen 10588:Mandala 10543:Smarana 10524:Mantras 10472:Upekkha 10442:Bhavana 10392:Shingon 10345:Tiantai 10198:Tathātā 10188:Śūnyatā 10183:Skandha 10173:Saṃsāra 10168:Rebirth 10143:Kleshas 10133:Indriya 10035:Subhūti 9920:Guanyin 9874:Ānanda 9866:Rāhula 9746:Nirvana 9686:Outline 9611:Gallery 9585:Outline 9507:Costume 9494:Symbols 9414:Theatre 9359:Legends 9344:Cuisine 9339:Costume 9310:Mosques 9287:Culture 9277:Smoking 9240:Society 9216:Tourism 9196:History 9159:Economy 9100:Babinsa 9054:Cabinet 8991:Regions 8954:Islands 8949:Geology 8905:Climate 8895:Borders 8792:History 8723:Sajiwan 8708:Plaosan 8698:Kalasan 8673:Lumbung 8418:Uluwatu 8228:Bedugul 8107:Kakaban 7558:Sumatra 7476:Jatakas 7205:28 June 7026:28 June 6811:21 July 6771:24 July 6520:15 July 6416:1505654 6358:3350894 6315:3350886 6227:Bibcode 6209:1672522 6145:Bibcode 6042:2754037 5680:2 April 5602:5964215 3070:gamelan 3061:Suharto 3057:Sukarno 3022:Zenith 2985:Zenith 2817:Statue 2652:Brahmin 2634:in the 2631:samadhi 2582:Sudhana 2565:Jatakas 2554:Sarnath 2538:Lumbini 2531:ascetic 2482:Sarnath 2474:Tushita 2463:Lumbini 2433:saṃsāra 2428:charity 2359:façades 2200:Section 2177:apsaras 2135:Reliefs 2128:Makaras 2086:fractal 2022:pyramid 1990:in situ 1985:Reliefs 1936:Kesaria 1872:sūnyatā 1868:saṃsāra 1792:mandala 1777:mandala 1746:cover. 1495:Tourism 1400:chattra 1391:chattra 1306:chattra 1302:chattra 1297:chattra 1218:chhatra 1202:chhatra 1148:of the 1130:Flemish 1103:of the 1021:to the 952:Kalasan 897:Sanjaya 888:Sanjaya 862:History 858:built. 778:Merbabu 774:Sumbing 770:Sundoro 703:Kamūlān 697:called 695:Kamūlān 632:Beduhur 476:Myanmar 431:to the 425:nirvāṇa 218:Part of 210:session 145:Website 12249:Sutras 12244:Suttas 12109:Siddhi 12094:Koliya 12069:Brahmā 11984:Poetry 11930:Mantra 11920:Kasaya 11792:Pagoda 11772:Kyaung 11767:Vihāra 11762:Temple 11704:Ethics 11547:Ashoka 11497:Sweden 11492:Poland 11487:Norway 11477:Mexico 11462:France 11447:Canada 11442:Brazil 11381:Africa 11361:Taiwan 11324:Russia 11249:Bhutan 11209:Vinaya 11089:Naropa 11079:Saraha 11014:Asanga 10770:Prajñā 10679:Refuge 10642:Nianfo 10603:Tertön 10598:Tantra 10583:Ganana 10573:Tukdam 10499:Dhyāna 10467:Mudita 10462:Karuṇā 10355:Risshū 10350:Huayan 10283:Naraka 10223:Anattā 10218:Dukkha 10213:Anicca 10118:Dharma 10070:Channa 10005:Ānanda 9990:Assaji 9957:Skanda 9860:(wife) 9829:Family 9809:Relics 9734:Sangha 9729:Dharma 9724:Buddha 9606:Portal 9512:Emblem 9502:Anthem 9447:Health 9334:Cinema 9267:Piracy 9191:Energy 9123:Police 8996:Rivers 8900:Cities 8782: 8693:Ngawen 8678:Mendut 8663:Jabung 8653:Bubrah 8428:Maluku 8358:Pecatu 8243:Canggu 8195:Toraja 8044:Tretes 7974:Puncak 7934:Mrapen 7904:Malang 7824:G-Land 7721:Sipura 7711:Sabang 7440: 7429: 7411: 7391: 7383: 7358: 7339: 7263:Waisak 7239:Walubi 7164:. 2024 7162:UNESCO 7144:UNESCO 7129:. 1999 7127:UNESCO 6667:17 May 6471: 6446: 6414: 6385: 6356: 6313: 6253: 6245: 6207: 6163: 6119: 6069: 6040: 6011: 5990: 5914: 5883: 5873: 5852: 5797: 5770: 5745: 5716: 5697: 5671: 5650: 5626: 5600: 5581: 5571: 5552: 5529: 5503: 5484: 5428: 5416:& 5402: 5383: 5364: 5333: 5314: 5295: 5267: 5246: 5227: 5208: 5189: 5170: 5144: 3294:house. 3175:Rupiah 3171:Sleman 3132:Waisak 3097:Louvre 3066:wayang 3035:Legacy 3014:(law) 3012:dharma 2950:North 2888:South 2820:Mudra 2809:mudras 2786:mudras 2772:mudras 2736:stupas 2347:1,460 2161:asuras 2115:stupas 2098:Mendut 2034:shrine 2014:makara 1973:mortar 1831:hyangs 1805:Buddha 1797:square 1767:Design 1744:rubber 1592:UNESCO 1464:Mendut 1452:Waisak 1428:UNESCO 1396:yasthi 1358:UNESCO 1338:UNESCO 1178:makara 1128:Dutch- 1044:friend 908:carved 820:Mendut 782:Merapi 681:. The 665:. The 656:Buddha 652:vihara 644:dhuhur 461:UNESCO 433:Buddha 429:shrine 387:relief 238:Region 208:(15th 12221:Lists 12089:Kalpa 12084:Iddhi 11947:Music 11942:Mudra 11908:Vassa 11888:Vesak 11858:Budai 11804:Candi 11787:Stupa 11719:Logic 11472:Italy 11371:Tibet 11309:Nepal 11279:Korea 11274:Japan 11264:India 11259:China 11204:Sutra 11159:Texts 11109:Dōgen 11099:Hōnen 11084:Atiśa 11049:Zhiyi 10959:Achar 10927:Tulku 10922:Geshe 10907:Rōshi 10892:Ajahn 10847:Arhat 10807:Bodhi 10777:Vīrya 10694:Sacca 10689:Satya 10684:Sādhu 10672:Music 10615:Merit 10608:Terma 10568:Zazen 10504:Faith 10457:Mettā 10138:Karma 10098:Bardo 10065:Asita 10055:Khema 10045:Upāli 10030:Nanda 9868:(son) 9842:Māyā 9819:Films 9696:Index 9616:Atlas 9592:Index 9566:Songs 9551:Motto 9479:Women 9409:Sport 9379:Music 9374:Media 9349:Dance 9329:Batik 9300:Candi 9257:Crime 9186:Banks 8984:Flora 8979:Fauna 8959:Lakes 8703:Pawon 8633:Bahal 8530:Subak 8432:Papua 8368:Sanur 8363:Rinca 7759:Anyer 7438:JSTOR 7427:JSTOR 7313:4 May 7123:(PDF) 7078:4 May 6911:(PDF) 6900:(PDF) 6869:4 May 6807:. 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