Borobudur - Knowledge

1252:, chairman of the Archaeological Society in Yogyakarta, discovered that the temple base enclosed a hidden foot. Photographs made in 1890–1891 revealed reliefs on the hidden foot; the coverings were then replaced. The discovery led the Dutch East Indies government to take steps to safeguard the monument. In 1900, a three-member commission formed to plan protection, and in 1902, the commission submitted a threefold proposal. First, collapse could be avoided by resetting the corners, removing stones that endangered the adjacent parts, strengthening the first balustrades and restoring several niches, archways, stupas and the main dome. Second, care should be maintained and water discharge should be improved by restoring floors and spouts. Third, all loose stones should be removed, the monument cleared up to the first balustrades, disfigured stones removed and the main dome restored. In 1905, the proposal was approved, and the total cost was estimated at that time around 48,800 2921: 2952: 2890: 861: 3029: 2404: 1046: 2592: 2987: 2859: 2828: 1715: 1541: 1198: 1186: 2731: 2042: 1129: 1532:

destabilization of the structure. Earthquakes are by far the most important contributing factors, since not only do stones fall down and arches crumble, but the earth itself can move in waves, further destroying the structure. The increasing popularity of the stupa brings in many visitors, most of whom are from Indonesia. Despite warning signs on all levels not to touch anything, the regular transmission of warnings over loudspeakers and the presence of guards, vandalism on reliefs and statues is a common occurrence and problem, leading to further deterioration.

1218: 2129: 252: 280: 3127: 1826: 1945: 1405: 2512: 2073:, defined as the length of a human face from the forehead's hairline to the tip of the chin or the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger when both fingers are stretched at their maximum distance. The unit is thus relative from one individual to the next, but the monument has exact measurements. A survey conducted in 1977 revealed frequent findings of a ratio of 4:6:9 around the monument. The architect had used the formula to lay out the precise dimensions of the 2678: 2444: 500: 1784:, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. Some scholars reject the idea that it is a mandala because, in their view, no evidence is present to suggest that the Shailendras were followers of Tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism. Moreover, the Buddhas of the Borobudur do not identify as the Five Tathagatas. The original foundation is a square, approximately 118 metres (387 ft) on each side. It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are 1645: 1226: 12262: 3207: 1855:(the formless world). Ordinary sentient beings live out their lives on the lowest level, the realm of desire. Those who have burnt out all desire for continued existence leave the world of desire and live in the world on the level of form alone: they see forms but are not drawn to them. Finally, full Buddhas go beyond even form and experience reality at its purest, most fundamental level, the formless ocean of nirvāṇa. The liberation from the cycle of 1557: 12273: 1761: 742: 9671: 9658: 1518: 2057: 3185: 957: 9648: 31: 287: 259: 1903:

the scenes to be carved. The real base is hidden by an encasement base, the purpose of which remains a mystery. It was first thought that the real base had to be covered to prevent a disastrous subsidence of the monument into the hill. There is another theory that the encasement base was added because the original hidden footing was incorrectly designed, according to

1500:. Tourism development, however, has been criticized for not including the local community, giving rise to occasional conflicts. In 2003, residents and small businesses around Borobudur organized several meetings and poetry protests, objecting to a provincial government plan to build a three-storey mall complex, dubbed "Java World". 7092: 1373:

in 1991. It is listed under Cultural criteria (i) "to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius", (ii) "to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning

1324:

in 1945 to 1949, Borobudur restoration efforts were halted. The monument suffered further from the weather and drainage problems, which caused the earth core inside the temple to expand, pushing the stone structure and tilting the walls. By 1950s some parts of Borobudur were facing imminent danger of

1084:

complex in 1806–07, to investigate. In two months, Cornelius and his 200 men cut down trees, burned down vegetation and dug away the earth to reveal the monument. Due to the danger of collapse, he could not unearth all galleries. Cornelius reported his findings to Raffles, including various drawings.

1009:

mentioned the assumption of the temple abandonment, which occurred after the population had converted to Islam in the 15th century. The monument was not forgotten completely, and folk stories gradually became superstitious beliefs associated with bad luck and misery, which Soekmono relates. According

943:

to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 779 AD. This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king

2111:. There is one main dome at the center, the top of which is the highest point of the monument, 35 metres (115 ft) above ground level. Stairways at the center of each of the four sides give access to the top, with a number of arched gates overlooked by 32 lion statues. The gates are adorned with 2100:

The main structure can be divided into three components: base, body, and top. The base is 123 m × 123 m (404 ft × 404 ft) in size with 4 metres (13 ft) walls. The body is composed of five square platforms, each of diminishing height. The first terrace is set back 7

2008:

Borobudur differs markedly from the general design of other structures built for this purpose. Instead of being built on a flat surface, Borobudur is built on a natural hill. However, construction technique is similar to other temples in Java. Without the inner spaces seen in other temples, and with

1902:

In 1885, a hidden structure under the base was accidentally discovered. The "hidden footing" contains reliefs, 160 of which depict narratives describing the world of desires. The remaining reliefs are panels with short inscriptions that apparently provide instructions for the sculptors, illustrating

1722:

The high volume of visitors ascending the Borobudur's narrow stairs, has caused a severe wear out on the stone of the stairs, eroding the stones surface and made them thinner and smoother. Overall, Borobudur has 2,033 surfaces of stone stairs, spread over four cardinal directions; including the west

1619:

would spend a week in Borobudur in June, then return for another visit in September or October. These missions would launch the preservation activities recommended in the January report and would include capacity building activities to enhance the preservation capabilities of governmental staff and

1136:

In 1882, the chief inspector of cultural artifacts recommended that Borobudur be entirely disassembled with the relocation of reliefs into museums due to the unstable condition of the monument. As a result, the government appointed Willem Pieter Groeneveldt, curator of the archaeological collection

2714:

level, arranged in rows on the outer sides of the balustrades, the number of statues decreasing as platforms progressively diminish to the upper level. The first balustrades have 104 niches, the second 104, the third 88, the fourth 72 and the fifth 64. In total, there are 432 Buddha statues at the

2365:

The narrative reliefs are arranged into 11 series over a length of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) around the hidden foot and the first four galleries of the monument. The hidden foot contains the first series with 160 narrative panels, and the remaining 10 series are distributed throughout walls and

1576:

from Merapi fell on the temple complex, which is approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) west-southwest of the crater. A layer of ash up to 2.5 centimetres (1 in) thick fell on the temple statues during the eruption of 3–5 November, covering the reliefs and clogging the drainage-system, with

1531:

UNESCO identified three specific areas of concern under the present state of conservation: (i) vandalism by visitors; (ii) soil erosion in the south-eastern part of the site; and (iii) analysis and restoration of missing elements. The soft soil, the numerous earthquakes and heavy rains lead to the

846:

could not find any pollen or spores that would indicate vegetation endemic to a water environment; Jacques Dumarçay published this work in 1977, as did Thanikaimoni in 1983. Caesar Voûte and J.J. Nossin made field studies in 1985–86 that confirmed the absence of a lake around Borobudur when it was

7413:

Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and

2556:

are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha. They are the stories that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha, in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear in them as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue

1352:

In 1975, the actual work began. Over one million stones were dismantled and removed during the restoration, and set aside like pieces of a massive jig-saw puzzle to be individually identified, catalogued, cleaned and treated for preservation. Borobudur became a testing ground for new conservation

1107:

government then commissioned Frans Carel Wilsen, a Dutch engineering official, who studied the monument and drew hundreds of relief sketches. Jan Frederik Gerrit Brumund was also appointed to make a detailed study of the monument, which was completed in 1859. The government intended to publish an

2608:

about the boy Sudhana's tireless wandering in search of the Highest Perfect Wisdom. It covers two galleries (third and fourth) and also half of the second gallery, comprising in total of 460 panels. The principal figure of the story, the youth Sudhana, son of a rich merchant, appears on the 16th

1357:

method), with new andesite stone blocks used sparingly to replaces some missing stones, only to ensure structural integrity. The foundation was stabilized, and all 1,460 panels were cleaned. The restoration involved the dismantling of the five square platforms and the improvement of drainage by

1278:

engineer. The first seven months of restoration were occupied with excavating the grounds around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones. Van Erp dismantled and rebuilt the upper three circular platforms and stupas. Along the way, van Erp discovered more things he could do to

2742:

Of the original 504 buddha statues, over 300 are damaged (mostly headless), and 43 are missing. Since the monument's discovery, heads have been acquired by museums (mostly Western) or looted by personal collectors. Some of these Buddha heads are now displayed in numbers of museums, such as the

1304:

Due to the limited budget, the restoration had been primarily focused on cleaning the sculptures, and van Erp did not solve the drainage problem. Within fifteen years, the gallery walls were sagging, and the reliefs showed signs of new cracks and deterioration. Van Erp used concrete from which

879:

dynasties followed. Dumarçay says that de Casparis concluded that Sanjaya and Sailendra shared power in central Java for a century and a half, and that de Casparis traced alternating succession from 732 until 882. During this time many Hindu and Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and

825:

Speculation about a surrounding lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century, and while the idea was explored, experts concluded that a lake was not present or never surrounded the temple. Advancing the lake hypothesis in 1931, Dutch painter

1751:

The archaeological excavation into Borobudur during reconstruction suggests that adherents of Hinduism or a pre-Indic faith had already begun to erect a large structure on Borobudur's hill before the site was appropriated by Buddhists. The foundations are unlike any Hindu or Buddhist shrine

2638:

to meet the monk Megasri, his first spiritual friend and teacher. As his journey continues, Sudhana meets 53 teachers, such as Supratisthita, the physician Megha (Spirit of Knowledge), the banker Muktaka, the monk Saradhvaja, the female lay follower Asa (Spirit of Supreme Enlightenment),

1096:, continued Cornelius's work, and in 1835, the whole complex was finally unearthed. His interest in Borobudur was more personal than official. Hartmann did not write any reports of his activities, in particular, the alleged story that he discovered the large statue of Buddha in the main 3052:

regime — realized its important symbolic and economic meanings — diligently embarked on a massive project to restore the monument with the help from UNESCO. Many museums in Indonesia contain a scale model replica of Borobudur. The monument has become almost an icon, grouped with the

903:

commonly used in royal charters during the 8th and 9th centuries. Comparison of an Indian architectural process across temples, and acknowledgment of who was in power, enabled Dumarçay to approximately date the construction of Borobudur in five stages. Loosely, the Sailendra began

1635:

volcano in East Java, located around 200 kilometers east from Yogyakarta. Workers covered the iconic stupas and statues of Borobudur temple to protect the structure from volcanic ash. The Kelud volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 with an explosion heard as far away as Yogyakarta.

2119:

projecting from each side. This Kala-Makara motif is commonly found on the gates of Javanese temples. The main entrance is on the eastern side, the location of the first narrative reliefs. Stairways on the slopes of the hill also link the monument to the low-lying plain.

2429:(Karmawibhangga Museum), located just several hundred meters north of the temple. During the restoration, the foot encasement was reinstalled, covering the Karmavibhanga reliefs. Today, only the southeast corner of the hidden foot is revealed and visible for visitors. 1738:

Due to vandalism and graffiti, access to the temple grounds was temporarily blocked in 2020. Since then, a maximum of 1200 visitors are allowed to enter the temple for one hour a day accompanied by tourist guides. Visitors are expected to wear bamboo slippers.

2391:, while the lower part of the wall and also the balustrades in the first and the second galleries tell the story of the Buddha's former lives. The remaining panels are devoted to Sudhana's further wandering about his search, terminated by his attainment of the 1329:

for advice on ways to counteract the problem of weathering at Borobudur and other monuments. In 1968, Soekmono, then head of the Archeological Service of Indonesia, launched his "Save Borobudur" campaign, in an effort to organize a massive restoration project.

2143:

The bas-reliefs in Borobudur depicted many scenes of daily life in 8th-century ancient Java, from the courtly palace life, hermit in the forest, to those of commoners in the village. It also depicted temple, marketplace, various flora and fauna, and also

2425:(the endless cycle of birth and death). The encasement base of the Borobudur temple was disassembled to reveal the hidden foot, and the reliefs were photographed by Casijan Chepas between 1890 and 1891. It is these photographs that are displayed in 3188: 1726:

To avoid further wear of stairs' stones, since November 2014, two main sections of Borobudur stairs – the eastern (ascending route) and northern (descending route) sides – are covered with wooden structures. A similar method has been used in

2101:

metres (23 ft) from the edge of the base. Each subsequent terrace is set back 2 metres (6.6 ft), leaving a narrow corridor at each stage. The top consists of three circular platforms, with each stage supporting a row of perforated

2025:

for the Buddha. Sometimes stupas were built only as devotional symbols of Buddhism. A temple, on the other hand, is used as a house of worship. The meticulous complexity of the monument's design suggests that Borobudur is in fact a temple.

2561:

are similar to jatakas, but the main figure is not the Bodhisattva himself. The saintly deeds in avadanas are attributed to other legendary persons. Jatakas and avadanas are treated in one and the same series in the reliefs of Borobudur.

1927:

sites. Both sites have mandalas and life like Buddhas facing the sections of the universe. Both sites have hill-like mandala structures filled with Buddhist statues. This hints at the travel of ritualistic texts and ideas between the

1032:

in 1757. In spite of a taboo against visiting the monument, the prince "took such pity on 'the knight who was captured in a cage' (i.e. the statue in one of the perforated stupas) that he could not help coming to see his 'unfortunate

1116:

based on Brumund's and Wilsen's sources. In 1873, the first monograph of the detailed study of Borobudur was published, followed by its French translation a year later. The first photograph of the monument was taken in 1872 by the

2669:, depicted in the fourth gallery. The entire series of the fourth gallery is devoted to the teaching of Samantabhadra. The narrative panels finally end with Sudhana's achievement of the Supreme Knowledge and the Ultimate Truth. 3028: 1085:

Although Raffles mentioned the discovery in only a few sentences in his book, and did not visit the site himself, he has been credited with the monument's rediscovery, as the one who had brought it to the world's attention.

6205:

Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Budd, David A.; Dahren, Börje; Schwarzkopf, Lothar M. (1 March 2015). "Ancient oral tradition describes volcano–earthquake interaction at merapi volcano, indonesia".

3282:

On the right depicts sinful act of killing and cooking turtles and fishes. On the left, those who make a living by killing animals will be tortured in hell, by being cooked alive, being cut, or being thrown into a burning

2168:. The images depicted on bas-relief often served as reference for historians to research for certain subjects, such as the study of architecture, weaponry, economy, fashion, and also mode of transportation of 8th-century 1595:'s 2010 eruption. More than 55,000 stone blocks comprising the temple's structure were dismantled to restore the drainage system, which had been clogged by slurry after the rain. The restoration was finished in November. 1045: 1909:, the Indian ancient book about architecture and town planning. Regardless of why it was commissioned, the encasement base was built with detailed and meticulous design and with aesthetic and religious consideration. 980:

after a series of volcanic eruptions; it is not certain whether this influenced the abandonment, but several sources mention this as the most likely period of abandonment. The monument is mentioned vaguely as late as

2366:

balustrades in four galleries starting from the eastern entrance stairway to the left. Narrative panels on the wall read from right to left, while those on the balustrade read from left to right. This conforms with

7044: 1742:

According to Statistics Indonesia, the number of domestic tourists rose from 422,930 in 2021 to 1.44 million in 2022. The Indonesian government is aiming to increase the number of tourists to 2 million per year.

1685:

In August 2014, Indonesian police and security forces tightened the security in and around Borobudur temple compound, as a precaution to a threat posted on social media by a self-proclaimed Indonesian branch of

1598:

In January 2012, two German stone-conservation experts spent ten days at the site analyzing the temples and making recommendations to ensure their long-term preservation. In June, Germany agreed to contribute

1152:

visited Java and requested and was allowed to take home eight cartloads of sculptures taken from Borobudur. These include thirty pieces taken from a number of relief panels, five buddha images, two lions, one

7166: 1817:

as discovered in Pangguyangan site near Cisolok and in Cipari near Kuningan. The construction of stone pyramids is based on native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode of ancestral spirits or

1374:

or landscape design", and (vi) "to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance".

1890:

Congregational worship in Borobudur is performed in a walking pilgrimage. Pilgrims are guided by the system of staircases and corridors ascending to the top platform. Each platform represents one stage of

1065:, who took great interest in the history of Java. He collected Javanese antiques and made notes through contacts with local inhabitants during his tour throughout the island. On an inspection tour to 1879:

by the three circular platforms and the large topmost stupa. The architectural features between the three stages have metaphorical differences. For instance, square and detailed decorations in the

6124:

Murwanto, H.; Gunnell, Y; Suharsono, S.; Sutikno, S.; Lavigne, F. (2004). "Borobudur monument (Java, Indonesia) stood by a natural lake: chronostratigraphic evidence and historical implications".

3146:

bears the image of Borobudur. It has become the symbol of Central Java, and also Indonesia on a wider scale. Borobudur has become the name of several establishments, such as Borobudur University,

2419:

and pilgrimage to sanctuaries, and their subsequent rewards. The pains of hell and the pleasure of heaven are also illustrated. There are scenes of daily life, complete with the full panorama of

2148:. People depicted here are the images of king, queen, princes, noblemen, courtier, soldier, servant, commoners, priest and hermit. The reliefs also depicted spiritual beings in Buddhism such as 6886:"Periodic Reporting Exercise on the Application of the World Heritage Convention, State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region Section II, Borobudur Temple" 968:

and jungle growth. The facts behind its abandonment remain a mystery. It is not known when active use of the monument and Buddhist pilgrimage to it ceased. Sometime between 928 and 1006, King

1353:

techniques, including new procedures to battle the microorganisms attacking the stone. The attempt was made to restore the structure as much as possible using reassembled original materials (

2579:. The remaining 237 panels depict stories from other sources, as do the lower series and panels in the second gallery. Some jatakas are depicted twice, for example the story of King Sibhi ( 2136:

Borobudur is constructed in such a way that it reveals various levels of terraces, showing intricate architecture that goes from being heavily ornamented with bas-reliefs to being plain in

1141:, to undertake a thorough investigation of the site and to assess the actual condition of the complex; his report found that these fears were unjustified and recommended it be left intact. 3111:, visited Indonesia for the first time as part of his journey to spread the Dharma in Southeast Asia. This opportunity was used by a few local Buddhists to revive Buddhism in Indonesia. A 1293:, citing that there were not enough original stones used in reconstructing the pinnacle, which means that the original design of Borobudur's pinnacle is actually unknown. The dismantled 7291: 6980: 1358:

embedding water channels into the monument. Both impermeable and filter layers were added. This colossal project involved around 600 people to restore the monument and cost a total of

444:, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was completed in 1983 by the 5126: 1326: 1792:. The upper platform contains seventy-two small stupas surrounding one large central stupa. Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the 7425:

Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020.

1283:

875,176 in 2022). The restoration was completed in 1911 and at first glance, Borobudur had been restored to its old glory. Van Erp went further by carefully reconstructing the

6478: 7048: 7024: 6498: 5941: 12366: 8486: 2140:

circular terraces. The first four terrace walls are showcases for bas-relief sculptures. These are considered to be among the finest works of art in the Buddhist world.

3150:

in Central Jakarta, and several Indonesian restaurants abroad. The monument inspired the architectural designs of two notable five-star hotels in Indonesia: the nearby

7525: 5893:

Wood, Michael (2011). "Chapter 2: Archaeology, National Histories, and National Borders in Southeast Asia". In Clad, James; McDonald, Sean M.; Vaughan, Bruce (eds.).

12356: 7170: 2415:. There are depictions of blameworthy activities, from gossip to murder, with their corresponding punishments. There are also praiseworthy activities, that include 1690:, citing that the terrorists planned to destroy Borobudur and other statues in Indonesia. The security improvements included the repair and increased deployment of 7223: 7004: 2508:, and penetrated to Queen Maya's right womb. Queen Maya had a dream of this event, which was interpreted that her son would become either a sovereign or a Buddha. 8818: 8592: 2781:. Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades have the vitarka mudra and the buddhas inside the 72 stupas on the top platform have the same dharmachakra mudra. Each 1660: 1337:

had requested from the international community a major renovation to protect the monument. In 1973, a master plan to restore Borobudur was created. Through an

3166:

banknotes and stamps and in numbers of books, publications, documentaries and Indonesian tourism promotion materials. The monument has become one of the main

2920: 650:

The construction and inauguration of a sacred Buddhist building—possibly a reference to Borobudur—was mentioned in two inscriptions, both discovered in Kedu,

1238: 592: 7077: 7056: 2951: 6885: 6847: 2889: 1020:), the monument was a fatal factor for a rebel who revolted against the king of Mataram in 1709. The insurgent was defeated and sentenced to death. In the 10412: 6641: 2662:

and then back to Manjusri. Each spiritual friend gives Sudhana specific teachings, knowledge, and wisdom. These meetings are shown in the third gallery.

1070: 811:, are positioned along a straight line. A ritual relationship between the three temples must have existed, although the exact ritual process is unknown. 5172:

Save Borobudur! The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. In Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission

1108:

article based on Brumund's study supplemented by Wilsen's drawings, but Brumund refused to cooperate. The government then commissioned another scholar,

11327: 9802: 5249:

Borobudur's Pāla Forebear? A Field Note from Kesariya, Bihar, India. In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons

3096:

in New Taipei also displayed the replica of Borobudur. The monument has drawn global attention to the classical Buddhist civilization of ancient Java.

1264: 793: 2537:), holding one branch with her right hand, and she gave birth to a son, Prince Siddhartha, from her side. The story on the panels continues until the 1313:

leached and were transported into the rest of the construction. This caused some problems, so that a further thorough renovation was urgently needed.

9020: 5247: 6703: 6916: 860: 1144:

Borobudur was considered as the source of souvenirs, and parts of its sculptures were looted, some even with colonial-government consent. In 1896

895:

There are no known records of construction or the intended purpose of Borobudur. The duration of construction has been estimated by comparison of

12326: 11331: 8808: 8479: 3040:

The aesthetic and technical mastery of Borobudur, and also its sheer size, has evoked the sense of grandeur and pride for Indonesians. Just like

948:

plateau was much after and was a political battle. There was a climate of peaceful coexistence where Sailendra involvement existed in Prambanan.

1577:

experts fearing that the acidic ash might damage the historic site. The temple complex was closed from 5 to 9 November to clean up the ashfall.

11555: 7518: 5333:

Ferschin, Peter & Gramelhofer, Andreas (2004). "Proceedings. Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004".

3119:

were ordained as monks. Once a year, thousands of Buddhist from Indonesia and neighboring countries flock to Borobudur to commemorate national

1678:

of 6.2 magnitude struck the south coast of Central Java. The event caused severe damage around the region and casualties to the nearby city of

230: 7295: 6988: 2403: 386:. The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the 8957: 8646: 3064:

Several archaeological artifacts taken from Borobudur or its replica have been displayed in some museums in Indonesia and abroad. Other than

1279:

improve the monument; he submitted another proposal in 1908, which was approved with the additional budget of 34,600 guilders (equivalent to

6596: 12361: 9772: 8828: 6312: 6279: 6769: 2492:

The birth is preceded by 27 panels showing various preparations, in the heavens and on the earth, to welcome the final incarnation of the

1345:, 29 January 1973), Australia, Belgium, Cyprus, France and Germany agreed to contribute to the restoration. The Indonesian government and 8585: 8138: 3269:

Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD. Munoz says the Sailendra king

1138: 7247: 6936: 6745: 939:, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples. In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the village of 12351: 12321: 9880: 8759: 8472: 428:. Evidence suggests that Borobudur was constructed in the 8th century and subsequently abandoned following the 14th-century decline of 9615: 6620: 5808: 5774: 9637: 9030: 8495: 7511: 6810: 5924: 1387:

has been revisited. However, an expert said a thorough study is needed on restoring the umbrella-shaped pinnacle. By early 2018, the

5153:

Some Architectural Design Principles of Temples in Java: A study through the buildings projection on the reliefs of Borobudur temple

3044:

for Cambodia, Borobudur has become a powerful symbol for Indonesia — to testify for its past greatness. Indonesia's first President

2643:

Jayosmayatna, Princess Maitrayani, the monk Sudarsana, a boy called Indriyesvara, the upasika Prabhuta, the banker Ratnachuda, King

9214: 875:

for generations, a fact that architect and author Jacques Dumarçay finds first mentioned in 450 AD. Influence of the Sailendra and

2387:. The walls of the first gallery have two superimposed series of reliefs; each consists of 120 panels. The upper part depicts the 12147: 11599: 8910: 8888: 8554: 7714: 6682: 6482: 6093: 12331: 11802: 9782: 9116: 8578: 7167:"Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany" 7028: 6502: 6960: 6519: 1887:

to represent how the world of forms—where men are still attached with forms and names—changes into the world of the formless.

1723:

side, the east, south and north. There are around 1,028 surfaces of them, or about 49.15 percent, that are severely worn out.

12311: 8962: 8838: 8813: 7203: 6383:

Voute, Caesar (1973). "The Restoration and Conservation Project of Borobudur Temple, Indonesia. Planning: Research: Design".

5904: 5863: 5842: 5760: 5706: 5687: 5661: 5519: 5493: 5392: 5373: 5198: 5179: 5651: 9965: 9807: 6831: 6535: 6251: 3115:

planting ceremony was held in Southeastern side of Borobudur on 10 March 1934 under the blessing of Narada Thera, and some

2755:

in London. Germany has in 2014 returned its collection and funded their reattachment and further conservation of the site.

880:

mountains around the Kedu Plain. Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same period as the Hindu

65: 7488: 7483: 5942:"A fragmented Provenance Report regarding Four Buddha heads gifted by Artis in the NMVW and the social lives of Borobudur" 5109: 12142: 9580: 9189: 8915: 8772: 8143: 8075: 7822: 7594: 2354:. The total relief surface is 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft), and they are distributed at the hidden foot ( 1731:

in Cambodia and Egyptian Pyramids. In March 2015, Borobudur Conservation Center proposed further to seal the stairs with

1100:. In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main dome, although what he discovered is unknown and the main stupa remains empty. 8798: 7449: 7231: 7008: 5504: 2176:. Today, the actual-size replica of Borobudur Ship that had sailed from Indonesia to Africa in 2004 is displayed in the 935:

Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor,

12039: 11589: 9684: 9293: 8246: 1671:

that carried out the bombings were each sentenced to 20 years in 1986, and another man received a 13-year prison term.

1667:

for masterminding a series of bombings in the mid-1980s, including the temple attack. Two other members of the Islamic

7324:. presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press. 5461: 2033:, the architect of the complex. His name is recounted from Javanese folk tales rather than from written inscriptions. 9885: 9534: 9517: 9106: 8932: 8173: 7907: 7887: 7401: 7348: 7329: 7187: 6252:"Agreement concerning the voluntary contributions to be given for the execution of the project to preserve Borobudur" 5787: 5640: 5561: 5542: 5418: 5354: 5323: 5304: 5285: 5257: 5236: 5217: 5160: 5134: 2986: 2858: 2827: 12132: 5853: 1851: 12336: 11817: 11562: 9387: 9298: 9164: 9084: 8927: 8448: 5525: 1339:

Agreement concerning the Voluntary Contributions to be Given for the Execution of the Project to Preserve Borobudur

279: 6868: 2777:: North, East, South and West, of which the Buddha statues that face one compass direction have the corresponding 1714: 12209: 12199: 10028: 9125: 8952: 5483: 5432: 2496:. Before descending from Tushita heaven, the Bodhisattva entrusted his crown to his successor, the future Buddha 1687: 707: 549: 6896: 6851: 2591: 1839: 1752:

structures, and therefore, the initial structure is considered more indigenous Javanese than Hindu or Buddhist.

12341: 12154: 11807: 11609: 11500: 11445: 10018: 9342: 9250: 9057: 8989: 8833: 8788: 8752: 8376: 8158: 7360: 5727: 5554:

Ageless Borobudur: Buddhist mystery in stone, decay and restoration, Mendut and Pawon, folklife in ancient Java

3235: 1607:

172,529 in 2023) to UNESCO for the second phase of rehabilitation, in which six experts in stone conservation,

1569: 1505: 1321: 370:-like stone, the temple consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central 251: 6649: 6073:

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia

1845: 12124: 11822: 11505: 9797: 9630: 9495: 9482: 9327: 9228: 9184: 8883: 8858: 8843: 7792: 3170:, vital for generating local economy in the region surrounding the temple. The tourism sector of the city of 2758:

At first glance, all the Buddha statues appear similar, but there is a subtle difference between them in the

782: 6793: 6723: 6162: 1968:

were used to form joints between stones. The roof of stupas, niches and arched gateways were constructed in

1089: 12306: 11707: 11579: 11550: 11252: 9500: 9392: 9077: 8942: 8803: 8671: 8271: 8178: 8153: 8085: 8070: 8022: 7619: 7145: 6068: 2411:

The 160 hidden panels do not form a continuous story, but each panel provides one complete illustration of

1892: 1448: 398: 6555: 2727:. The first circular platform has 32 stupas, the second 24 and the third 16, which adds up to 72 stupas. 1349:

then undertook the complete overhaul of the monument in a big restoration project between 1975 and 1982.

12346: 11398: 11307: 10777: 10422: 9935: 9830: 9199: 8984: 8898: 8848: 8226: 7847: 5825: 3069: 2695:

carved in stone, Borobudur has many statues of various Buddhas. The cross-legged statues are seated in a

2573:. The first 135 upper panels in the same gallery on the balustrades are devoted to the 34 legends of the 1990: 1540: 1497: 437: 10942: 1492:. In 1974, 260,000 tourists visited the monument; 36,000 of them were foreigners. The figure climbed to 12247: 11727: 11203: 10689: 9812: 9645: 9604: 9527: 9430: 9377: 9174: 9111: 8947: 8922: 8544: 8506: 8080: 8012: 7997: 5606: 5535:

Imagine Buddha in Prambanan: Reconsidering the Buddhist Background of the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex

3089: 2486: 1675: 1069:

in 1814, he was informed about a big monument deep in a jungle near the village of Bumisegoro. He sent

736: 210: 11137: 2548: 12316: 12137: 11950: 11940: 11812: 10795: 10375: 10136: 10111: 9554: 9447: 9417: 9283: 9260: 9062: 9047: 9015: 8905: 8745: 8559: 8047: 7897: 7857: 7564: 3225: 3220: 3093: 2769:: North, East, South, West and Zenith, which represent the five cardinal compass points according to 2666: 1316:

Small restorations had been performed since then, but not sufficient for complete protection. During

405: 10161: 1623:

On 14 February 2014, major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java, including Borobudur,

1197: 1185: 12371: 12242: 11594: 11408: 11386: 11379: 11282: 10815: 10435: 10251: 10196: 9817: 9623: 9472: 9407: 9194: 9159: 8168: 7842: 7737: 7719: 7664: 7609: 3192: 2116: 2002: 1813:

culture in Indonesia had constructed several earth mounds and stone step pyramid structures called

655: 540:, is derived from Boro for big and Budur for Buddha. Dutch scholar J. L. Moens says the court poet 507: 198: 6577: 5988:

De Casparis, J.G. (1992). "Review of The law of cause and effect in ancient Java, by J. Fontein".

2730: 1631:, were closed to visitors, after being severely affected by the volcanic ash from the eruption of 1049:

Borobudur's main stupa in mid 19th-century, a wooden deck had been installed above the main stupa.

12179: 12159: 11490: 11470: 11227: 10957: 10201: 9544: 9440: 9362: 9357: 9072: 8311: 7493: 7478: 6604: 6102:

Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde deel LXXXIV, aflevering 3, jaarg. P.-386

3081: 2538: 2466: 2169: 2145: 1993:

run-off. To prevent flooding, 100 spouts are installed at the corners, each with a unique carved

1859:

where the enlightened seeker is no longer attached to worldly form corresponds to the concept of

1334: 1174: 1062: 1054: 864:

A painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday

671: 662:(the realm of those who have conquered worldly desire and reached enlightenment), inaugurated by 511: 3068:

within Borobudur temple ground, some museums boast to host works of art from Borobudur, such as

2093:

have calendrical, astronomical and cosmological significance, as is the case with the temple of

552:. In a footnote, Raffles says, "Bóro is the name of the district, and bódo means ancient." Most 12189: 12029: 11697: 11667: 11440: 11391: 11232: 11180: 11175: 10937: 10758: 10655: 10407: 10402: 10151: 9452: 9425: 9372: 9209: 9121: 9052: 9035: 9025: 8871: 8193: 8105: 7802: 6777: 6728: 5632: 5580: 3245: 2412: 1656: 1649: 1612: 1275: 1247: 1243: 1122: 843: 10519: 6197: 5964: 5208:

Bucknell, Roderick S. & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1995). "Chapter 1: Meditation and Symbolism".

2438: 12194: 12164: 11745: 11677: 11510: 11425: 11420: 11344: 11339: 11257: 9787: 9510: 9505: 9462: 9457: 9352: 9347: 9240: 9169: 9003: 8853: 8793: 8605: 8534: 8433: 8188: 8148: 7757: 7255: 6944: 6753: 5366:

The pilgrimage of Sudhana : a study of Gandavyuha illustrations in China, Japan and Java

3100: 3065: 2041: 1804: 1428: 1298: 1210: 536:

also loosely describes ancient structures, for example, gates and baths. The origins of name

480: 445: 429: 401: 10810: 7108: 3174:

for example, flourishes partly because of its proximity to Borobudur and Prambanan temples.

2619: 12217: 12184: 12169: 11687: 11584: 11530: 11415: 11354: 11322: 11317: 11302: 11287: 11277: 11242: 11155: 10847: 10770: 10073: 10013: 9762: 9729: 9679: 9573: 9539: 9402: 9275: 9265: 9204: 9147: 9100: 9094: 9042: 8979: 8937: 8893: 8780: 8726: 8529: 8291: 8203: 8120: 7654: 7604: 7534: 6665: 6624: 6215: 6133: 5108:

Anom, I.G.N.; Sugiyanti, Sri; Hasibuan, Hadniwati (1996). Ibrahim, Maulana; Samidi (eds.).

4456: 3167: 3061:

music into a vague classical Javanese past from which Indonesians are to draw inspiration.

2392: 2177: 1960:

to build the monument. The stone was cut to size, transported to the site and laid without

1616: 1489: 1289:(three-tiered parasol) pinnacle on top of the main stupa. However, he later dismantled the 1075: 1029: 488: 12057: 10672: 10541: 10467: 10343: 10081: 2172:. One of the famous renderings of an 8th-century Southeast Asian double outrigger ship is 1837:

The monument's three divisions symbolize the three "realms" of Buddhist cosmology, namely

1128: 892:

sanctuary to be built on the Wukir hill, only 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Borobudur.

8: 12024: 11903: 11737: 11712: 11702: 11662: 11639: 11522: 11495: 11455: 11374: 11364: 11292: 11219: 10650: 10507: 10288: 10266: 10218: 10038: 9838: 9694: 9674: 9435: 9382: 9322: 9255: 9179: 8453: 8100: 8027: 7877: 7554: 5537:. Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Ocenanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. 5299:. trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies (2nd ed.). Singapore: Oxford University Press. 5280:. trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies (1st ed.). Singapore: Oxford University Press. 3191:., to an engraving of a painting by W. Purser in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836, 2786: 2432: 1807: 1694:

monitors and the implementation of a night patrol in and around the temple compound. The

1451:

in Indonesia, and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from

1436: 1370: 1269: 798: 519: 453: 425: 316: 168: 9998: 9925: 6578:"Figure of Buddha head; globular head and full rounded features. Made of volcanic stone" 6219: 6137: 6104:. trans. by Mark Long. Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: 1–109. 1591:

4,063,314 in 2023) as a part of the costs towards the rehabilitation of Borobudur after

1472:

Borobudur clockwise while also ascending the stages of Borobudur through the galleries,

1057:, Java was under British administration from 1811 to 1816. Britain's representative and 12301: 12087: 11992: 11834: 11797: 11792: 11722: 11672: 11619: 11614: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11465: 11450: 11435: 11430: 11369: 11349: 11312: 11237: 11042: 10743: 10667: 10545: 10487: 10328: 10228: 10156: 10131: 9777: 9707: 9589: 9467: 9397: 9367: 9337: 9332: 9317: 9288: 9245: 8972: 8967: 8616: 8516: 8443: 8420: 8401: 8065: 7832: 7762: 7498: 7426: 7415: 6569: 6445: 6432: 6400: 6371: 6342: 6299: 6239: 6149: 6055: 6026: 5997: 3230: 2752: 2692: 2515: 2455: 2421: 2089:, nearby Buddhist temples. Archeologists have conjectured that the 4:6:9 ratio and the 1896: 1230: 1145: 827: 651: 524: 503: 382:. The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated 11886: 2407:

Scene illustrating a narrative from the Karmavibhanga Sutra on Borobudur's hidden foot

580:

for Buddha. However, another archaeologist suggests the second component of the name (

564:, the monument should have been named "BudurBoro". Soekmono says Raffles thought that 12265: 12227: 11923: 11908: 11871: 11856: 11629: 11545: 11460: 11297: 11262: 11247: 10974: 10964: 10645: 10492: 10477: 10348: 10271: 10191: 10126: 10058: 9945: 9702: 9599: 9522: 9132: 8823: 8716: 8539: 8042: 7992: 7872: 7684: 7397: 7377: 7369: 7344: 7325: 6984: 6457: 6436: 6412: 6375: 6243: 6231: 6193: 6153: 6113: 6105: 6059: 5976: 5900: 5869: 5859: 5838: 5783: 5756: 5739: 5731: 5702: 5683: 5657: 5636: 5612: 5586: 5567: 5557: 5538: 5515: 5489: 5470: 5414: 5406: 5388: 5369: 5350: 5319: 5300: 5281: 5253: 5232: 5213: 5194: 5175: 5156: 5130: 5120: 3250: 3240: 3163: 2723:

level (or the three circular platforms), Buddha statues are placed inside perforated

2614: 2384: 1998: 1785: 1664: 1310: 1202: 1104: 936: 750: 628: 600: 557: 394: 324: 101: 11209: 10003: 9903: 8464: 7131:"UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites" (Press release). 572:("ancient")—i.e., "ancient Boro". He also suggested that the name might derive from 11913: 11866: 11861: 11717: 11682: 11657: 11652: 11403: 11359: 11272: 10947: 10603: 10596: 10380: 10370: 10256: 9920: 9792: 9594: 9067: 8381: 8301: 8017: 7817: 7689: 7503: 7389: 6964: 6424: 6392: 6363: 6332: 6324: 6291: 6223: 6174: 6141: 6080: 6047: 6018: 5717: 5342: 3212: 3143: 3033: 2665:

After a second meeting with Manjusri, Sudhana went to the residence of Bodhisattva

2604: 2549:

The stories of Buddha's previous life (Jataka) and other legendary people (Avadana)

2426: 2416: 2149: 1961: 1933: 1469: 1420: 1109: 1058: 1012: 679: 663: 545: 409: 390:. Borobudur has one of the world's most extensive collections of Buddhist reliefs. 348: 48: 10992: 7078:"Indonesia's police on alert over apparent ISIS terror threat to Borobudur Temple" 5402: 1217: 838:. In 2004, others claimed that Borobudur was built above the floor of a dried-out 12277: 12222: 12174: 12102: 11972: 11770: 11750: 11692: 11604: 11267: 11165: 11012: 10748: 10731: 10716: 10694: 10246: 10116: 9950: 9930: 8601: 8386: 8286: 8241: 8110: 8090: 8007: 7942: 7882: 7867: 7852: 7827: 7767: 7752: 7742: 7579: 7207: 6051: 6038:

Hampton, Mark P. (2005). "Heritage, Local Communities and Economic Development".

5894: 5753:

Forms and types of Borobudur's stupas. In Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World

5748: 3147: 2078: 1699: 994: 973: 876: 436:

conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by

433: 344: 147: 11022: 10176: 10166: 8570: 7499:

360° virtual tour, Indonesian Directorate General of Buddhist Community Guidance

7045:"Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official" 2128: 1860: 12232: 11935: 11785: 11567: 11147: 11127: 11047: 10736: 10726: 10660: 10497: 9983: 9846: 9490: 9312: 8416: 8406: 8341: 8261: 8221: 8115: 7987: 7704: 7694: 7674: 7644: 7574: 6937:"Lecture 17: Sherman Lee's History of Far Eastern Art (Indonesia and Cambodja)" 6640: 6581: 5624: 4462: 3159: 3126: 3077: 2696: 2501: 2474: 2388: 2173: 1965: 1825: 1793: 1524: 1447:

attained the perfect enlightenment to become the Buddha. Waisak is an official

1444: 1118: 1093: 839: 820: 786: 476: 7460: 7454: 7414:

Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020.

6367: 6145: 6084: 5020: 3600: 3598: 2511: 2112: 2048: 1856: 1404: 1028:), the monument was associated with the misfortune of the crown prince of the 12295: 12002: 11851: 11160: 11062: 10920: 10721: 10699: 10635: 10306: 10101: 10096: 9988: 9657: 8321: 8316: 7947: 7927: 7797: 7787: 7659: 7639: 7589: 7569: 7559: 7468: 7419: 7381: 7373: 6461: 6235: 5980: 5960: 5873: 5616: 5474: 2872: 2748: 1944: 1924: 1918: 1905: 1545: 1280: 1257: 1253: 1080:, a Dutch engineer who, among other antiquity explorations had uncovered the 1037:". Upon returning to his palace, the prince fell ill and died one day later. 896: 766: 762: 758: 80: 67: 10460: 10450: 9822: 7450:

PBS page which talks about the hidden part of Borobudur, 160 reliefs buried.

7358:

Morton III, W. Brown (January 1983). "Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur".

7272: 6109: 5571: 5346: 12092: 12077: 12047: 11997: 11987: 11829: 11624: 11117: 10952: 10830: 10618: 10613: 10440: 10311: 10186: 9647: 8621: 8428: 8391: 8371: 8306: 8002: 7972: 7912: 7777: 7699: 7669: 7629: 7599: 6179: 5590: 3595: 3484: 3270: 3139: 3131: 3104: 3073: 2993: 2934: 2744: 2735: 2683: 2677: 2153: 2081:

geometry in Borobudur's design. This ratio is also found in the designs of

1830: 1800: 1608: 1592: 1573: 1565: 1549: 1317: 1157:, several kala motifs from the stairs and gateways, and a guardian statue ( 989: 965: 831: 770: 719: 667: 624: 541: 441: 379: 360: 52: 10875: 10860: 10820: 10517: 10181: 9757: 5735: 5044: 4751: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 2565:

The first twenty lower panels in the first gallery on the wall depict the

2525:

While Queen Maya felt that it was the time to give birth, she went to the

1956:

stones were taken from neighbouring stone quarries or from the bed of the

499: 12062: 11891: 11032: 11017: 10800: 10608: 10536: 10316: 10146: 10048: 9895: 9767: 9549: 8701: 8676: 8656: 8438: 8356: 8336: 8326: 7967: 7937: 7932: 7902: 7862: 7807: 7634: 7057:"UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration" 5877: 5505:"Prambanan and Borobudur: Managing tourism and conservation in Indonesia" 5444: 2656: 2493: 1969: 1957: 1929: 1644: 1477: 1464: 1354: 1306: 900: 885: 774: 36: 12052: 10512: 7430: 6001: 5512:

UNESCO in Southeast Asia World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective

5469:. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Ireland and Great Britain. 5385:

Entering the Dharmadhātu, A Study of the Gandavyūha Reliefs of Borobudur

5210:

The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism

4167: 4165: 4163: 2443: 1496:

visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid-1990s, before

1225: 960:

Borobudur stupas overlooking a mountain. For centuries, it was deserted.

12007: 11965: 11841: 11647: 11572: 11186: 11170: 11132: 11112: 11007: 10982: 10890: 10825: 10805: 10551: 10482: 10353: 10236: 10206: 10141: 10091: 9749: 9739: 9712: 9304: 8721: 8511: 8163: 8057: 7772: 7614: 7472: 7410:

Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp. 207.

6404: 6346: 6303: 6227: 6030: 3325: 3171: 3112: 3041: 3006: 2969: 2965: 2773:. The buddha statues on the first four balustrades have the first four 2652: 2599: 2586: 2575: 2482: 2478: 2447: 2368: 2351: 2343: 2108: 2094: 2030: 1810: 1728: 1679: 1473: 1170: 969: 889: 835: 778: 506:

Borobudur viewed from the northwest. The monument was mentioned in the

468: 387: 127: 11027: 10023: 6941:

Lecture notes for Asian Art and Architecture: Art & Design 382/582

6337: 4516: 3910: 3116: 2433:

The story of Prince Siddhartha and the birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara)

1556: 459:

Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and ranks with

11982: 11955: 11122: 10997: 10709: 10625: 10502: 10392: 10365: 10358: 10321: 10278: 10241: 10008: 9973: 9940: 9915: 9870: 8768: 8737: 8631: 8266: 8256: 8236: 8211: 7977: 7957: 7952: 7649: 7584: 7538: 7140: 5722: 4160: 4013: 3108: 2595:

A relief of the Gandavyuha story from Borobudur 2nd level north wall.

2377: 2161: 1776: 1668: 1648:

The damage of several stupas of Borobudur upper terraces caused by a

1628: 1624: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1584: 1424: 1363: 1359: 1162: 1158: 1113: 1000: 977: 945: 881: 754: 703: 699: 220: 11755: 10591: 10445: 10211: 9993: 9862: 9854: 6396: 6328: 6295: 6096:[Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship] 6022: 5680:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

5318:. trans. by Barbara Silverstone, Raphaelle Dedourge. Leiden: Brill. 4861: 4285: 1923:

There are quite a few design similarities between the Borobudur and

1760: 1517: 12272: 12112: 12067: 12012: 11977: 11881: 11540: 11107: 11102: 11052: 10987: 10905: 10870: 10865: 10526: 10397: 10385: 10296: 9955: 9652: 8626: 8549: 8366: 8361: 8331: 8281: 8276: 8251: 8130: 8037: 7982: 7624: 6428: 5804: 5770: 5267:

De Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertu (1966). Malalasekera, G. P. (ed.).

4798: 4468: 3151: 3099:

The rediscovery and reconstruction of Borobudur has been hailed by

2903: 2841: 2770: 2659: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2610: 2530: 2497: 1994: 1986: 1953: 1703: 1695: 1154: 1066: 1006: 757:, Borobudur is located in an elevated area between twin volcanoes, 741: 715: 608: 472: 367: 356: 352: 341: 11097: 11087: 11072: 10895: 10765: 10033: 7273:"How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn" 6981:"Borobudur Temple Forced to Close While Workers Remove Merapi Ash" 3395: 3184: 2056: 698:

which means "the place of origin", a sacred building to honor the

12017: 11960: 11945: 11092: 11082: 11057: 10932: 10927: 10885: 10855: 10787: 10753: 10640: 10581: 10576: 10430: 10333: 10171: 10121: 9908: 9734: 9088: 8711: 8696: 8686: 8661: 8216: 8095: 7546: 5170:

Bloembergen, Marieke; Eickhoff, Martijn (2015). Falser, M (ed.).

3058: 3049: 3045: 2640: 2570: 2558: 2542: 2526: 2519: 2470: 2462: 2451: 2373: 2347: 2157: 2074: 2010: 1978: 1780: 1765: 1698:

group follows a strict interpretation of Islam that condemns any

1521: 1379: 1285: 956: 940: 803:

discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur,

464: 413: 10704: 10472: 6917:"Photo: Waisak prayers, processions in pursuit of enlightenment" 6811:"Pradaksina, Ribuan Umat Buddha Enam Negara Mengitari Borobudur" 5127:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

5068: 4960: 3520: 1369:

After the renovation was finished, UNESCO listed Borobudur as a

12097: 12082: 11918: 11780: 11760: 11535: 11197: 11077: 11067: 11002: 10630: 10586: 10571: 10561: 10531: 10455: 10338: 10106: 9978: 9722: 9717: 8681: 8666: 8651: 8641: 8346: 8231: 8183: 8032: 7962: 7922: 7917: 7892: 7812: 7709: 7464: 7150: 7132: 7115: 6744: 6123: 5447:(1981). "Reflections on the Theory of Barabudur as a Mandala". 5008: 4996: 3736: 3646: 3604: 3490: 3085: 3054: 2553: 2346:(1,460 narrative and 1,212 decorative panels), which cover the 2165: 2086: 2069:

The basic unit of measurement used during construction was the

2022: 1973: 1864: 1789: 1732: 1580: 1544:

Borobudur is surrounded by mountains, including twin volcanoes

1452: 1416: 1346: 1237:

Borobudur attracted attention in 1885, when the Dutch engineer

1166: 808: 644: 640: 449: 421: 417: 375: 7479:

Australian National University's research project on Borobudur

7093:"1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia" 6961:"The Borobudur Ship Expedition, Indonesia to Africa 2003–2004" 6009:

Hall, D.G.E. (1956). "Problems of Indonesian Historiography".

5751:; Budiman, Manneke; Kusno, Abidin; Moriyama, Mikihiro (eds.). 5316:

Construction Techniques in South and Southeast Asia, A History

2013:, Borobudur was first thought more likely to have served as a 1952:

Approximately 55,000 cubic metres (72,000 cu yd) of

619:

could mean "the city of Buddhas", while another possible term

12237: 12072: 11930: 11896: 11876: 11846: 11775: 11192: 11037: 10915: 10910: 10880: 10835: 10682: 10677: 10556: 10261: 10086: 10053: 10043: 8691: 8351: 7747: 6959: 6846: 6704:"Saat Ribuan Lampion Waisak Diterbangkan di Langit Borobudur" 6188:

Situngkir, H. (2010). "Borobudur Was Built Algorithmically".

5050: 4757: 4558: 4333: 4273: 4261: 4201: 3472: 3155: 3120: 3048:

made a point of showing the site to foreign dignitaries. The

2980:

niches in all directions on the fifth (uppermost) balustrade

2760: 2724: 2648: 2644: 2103: 2082: 1819: 1772: 1632: 1560:

Location of Borobudur relative to Mount Merapi and Yogyakarta

1476:

surrounding Borobudur, and might also include the release of

1456: 1432: 1408: 1342: 1097: 918:

through to an unremarkable fourth stage during their decline

868: 804: 631:, which means "a high place", constructed from the stem word 484: 460: 383: 138: 30: 7444: 7396:. Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. 7139: 6163:"Identification of Karmawibbanga Reliefs at Candi Borobudur" 5650:

Miksic, John; Tranchini, Marcello; Tranchini, Anita (1996).

4691: 4297: 4225: 4037: 3784: 3724: 3340: 1948:

Cross-section with 4:6:9 height ratio of foot, body and head

100:

Originally built in the 9th century during the reign of the

12107: 10900: 10566: 10063: 8706: 8396: 8296: 7837: 7729: 7679: 7025:"Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption" 5338: 4715: 4703: 4003: 4001: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3103:

as the sign of the Buddhist revival in Indonesia. In 1934,

2580: 2505: 1691: 1149: 1081: 872: 718:

for a mountain of combined virtues after the ten stages of

548:

mentioned "Bóro Bódo" and described the temple in his 1817

371: 8512:

Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks

7322:

Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument

5437:

Barabudur: History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument

5411:

Barabudur: History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument

4837: 4827: 4825: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4739: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4249: 4136: 3827: 3573: 3571: 1895:. The path that guides pilgrims was designed to symbolize 11765: 10301: 7445:

Official site of Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko Park

5449:

Barabudur History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument

4909: 4667: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4548: 4546: 4420: 4114: 4112: 3871: 3869: 3673: 2796:(clockwise circumumbulation) starting from the East, the 2461:

The story starts with the descent of the Buddha from the

785:

and has been dubbed "the garden of Java" due to its high

745:

Straight-line arrangement of Borobudur, Pawon, and Mendut

7254:. Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia). Archived from 6520:"Borobudur Temple: Govt targets 2 mln visitors per year" 6094:"Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang" 5649: 5191:

The Politics of Heritage in Indonesia A Cultural History

4948: 4926: 4924: 3998: 3971: 3916: 3844: 3842: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3712: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3663: 3661: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3308: 3154:(from where the temple can be seen on a clear day), and 1443:) day commemorating the birth, death, and the time when 777:

and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as

6664: 6479:"Covered in volcanic ash, Borobudur closed temporarily" 6446:"Imagery of Hell in South, South East and Central Asia" 4936: 4897: 4885: 4867: 4849: 4822: 4810: 4763: 4623: 4599: 4587: 4570: 4432: 4350: 4348: 4049: 3854: 3796: 3622: 3568: 3448: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 2765:

or the position of the hands. There are five groups of

1775:

and, when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant

1161:). Several of these artifacts, most notably the lions, 842:. Examining samples from excavations in 1974 and 1977, 6499:"Candi Borobudur dicatatkan di Guinness World Records" 5965:"The Key Determinants of Indonesia's Political Future" 5056: 4873: 4679: 4657: 4655: 4635: 4611: 4543: 4504: 4444: 4396: 4124: 4109: 4073: 3898: 3866: 3748: 3496: 3424: 1655:

On 21 January 1985, nine stupas were badly damaged by

749:

Approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of

560:

conventions and was named after the nearby village of

335: 8494: 7206:. Wacana Nusantara. 23 September 2015. Archived from 7027:. The Jakarta Globe. 14 February 2014. Archived from 6963:. The Borobudur Ship Expedition. 2003. Archived from 6883: 6066: 5955:. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. 5699:

Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia

5107: 5080: 5026: 4984: 4921: 4786: 4533: 4531: 4480: 4474: 4189: 4171: 3961: 3959: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3839: 3808: 3772: 3685: 3658: 3634: 3583: 3532: 3460: 3436: 3407: 3371: 3296: 1912: 7533: 7047:. The Jakarta Post. 17 February 2011. Archived from 6501:(in Indonesian). Antara. 5 July 2012. Archived from 6204: 6167:

AMERTA, Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Arkeologi

5502: 4463:

Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat 2012

4408: 4360: 4345: 4309: 4097: 4085: 3526: 3401: 3346: 3202: 3195:

reflects on Borobudur from a Christian perspective.

2587:

Sudhana's search for the ultimate truth (Gandavyuha)

2376:

who move in a clockwise direction while keeping the

7290: 6850:. Museum of World Religions, Taipei. Archived from 5503:Hitchcock, Michael; Darma Putra, I. Nyoman (2016). 5332: 5188: 5169: 5111:

Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I

5074: 5032: 4804: 4727: 4652: 4522: 4291: 4237: 4213: 4025: 3760: 3610: 3383: 3017:in 72 perforated stupas on three rounded platforms 2398: 2180:, located a few hundred meters north of Borobudur. 2132:

Position of narrative bas-reliefs on Borobudur wall

1221:

Water spout of drainage systems in Borobudur temple

1189:Borobudur after van Erp's restoration in 1911. The 964:Borobudur lay hidden for centuries under layers of 12367:Religious buildings and structures in Central Java 5939: 5269:Barabudur, in: Encyclopedia of Buddhism, volume II 5207: 5014: 4966: 4528: 4384: 4372: 4321: 4177: 4148: 4061: 3956: 3939: 3922: 3881: 3556: 3544: 3508: 2699:and distributed on the five square platforms (the 2342:Borobudur contains approximately 2,670 individual 1564:Borobudur was heavily affected by the eruption of 792:During the restoration in the early 20th century, 678:, the (tax-free) lands awarded by Çrī Kahulunnan ( 591:Another possible etymology by Dutch archaeologist 8600: 7169:. UNESCO Jakarta. 16 January 2012. Archived from 7075: 7023: 7007:. The Jakarta Globe. 12 June 2012. Archived from 7003: 6979: 6752:(in Indonesian). 21 December 2012. Archived from 5252:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 191–210. 4339: 4279: 4267: 4207: 2800:of the Borobudur buddha statues are: 556:are named after a nearby village. If it followed 544:referred to a holy sanctuary at "Budur" in 1365. 479:. Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with 452:, followed by the monument's listing as a UNESCO 12357:Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java 12293: 7388: 7320:Gomez, Luis O. & Woodward, Hiram W. (1981). 7202: 7091: 7055: 7043: 6354:Vogel, J. Ph. (1913). "The Borobudur Restored". 5189:Bloembergen, Marieke; Eickhoff, Martijn (2020). 5114:(in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. 4972: 4492: 4303: 4231: 4043: 3790: 925:. The Sanjaya completed Borobudur's fifth stage 6646:Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat 6619: 6470: 5488:(in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 4697: 1883:disappear into plain circular platforms in the 658:, dated 824, mentioned a sacred building named 7165: 6576: 6310: 6277: 6250: 5246:Chemburkar, Swati (2016). Acri, Andrea (ed.). 4255: 4019: 3988: 3986: 3833: 3742: 3730: 3652: 2945:niches on the first four northern balustrades 2883:niches on the first four southern balustrades 2602:is the story told in the final chapter of the 2473:. The relief shows the birth of the Buddha as 2372:, the ritual of circumambulation performed by 1682:and Prambanan, but Borobudur remained intact. 1415:Following the major 1973 renovation funded by 16:9th-century Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia 9631: 8753: 8586: 8480: 7519: 7319: 6776:(in Indonesian). 7 April 2000. Archived from 5816:(3rd ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius 5605:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture". 5582:Borobudur, Archaeological Description, vol. I 5271:. The Government of Ceylon. pp. 545–549. 2914:niches on the first four western balustrades 2852:niches on the first four eastern balustrades 1875:by the five square platforms (the body), and 1301:, a few hundred meters north from Borobudur. 682:) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a 568:might correspond to the modern Javanese word 528:; thus locals refer to "Borobudur Temple" as 10413:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 7489:Explore Borobudur on Global Heritage Network 7455:Borobudur Temple Compounds short documentary 7005:"Germany Supports Safeguarding of Borobudur" 6809:Madyansyah, Muhammad Marjan (22 July 2023). 6683:"Tangga Candi Borobudur Mulai Dilapisi Kayu" 5990:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2703:level), as well as on the top platform (the 2545:, his first sermon after his Enlightenment. 1503:In June 2012, Borobudur was recorded in the 899:reliefs on the temple's hidden foot and the 7338: 7294:. Wonderful Indonesia. 2013. Archived from 7292:"Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience" 5987: 5716: 5431: 5335:8th Int. Conf. on Information Visualization 5266: 5155:. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. 5002: 4709: 3983: 3478: 1799:The design of Borobudur took the form of a 1709: 1173:are now on display in the Java Art room in 639:(high). This suggests that Borobudur means 475:as one of the great archeological sites of 9638: 9624: 8760: 8746: 8593: 8579: 8540:Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto 8487: 8473: 7526: 7512: 7357: 7188:"Borobudur clean-up to finish in November" 6808: 5755:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 577–584. 5245: 4564: 4079: 2500:. He descended on earth in the shape of a 1003:era and mentioning "the vihara in Budur". 814: 491:, Borobudur is the most-visited monument. 29: 8517:Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the 7463:about Borobudur's bas-reliefs stories of 6832:"Buddhas to be reunited with their heads" 6595: 6481:. Antara. 6 November 2010. Archived from 6336: 6187: 6178: 5851: 5062: 4673: 4646: 2529:park near Kapilavastu. She stood under a 2009:a general design similar to the shape of 1325:collapsing. In 1965, Indonesia asked the 7204:"Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang" 6914: 6829: 6722: 6701: 6680: 6533: 6411: 5832: 5810:Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 5803: 5769: 5746: 5435:(1981). "The Dual Nature of Barabudur". 5313: 5294: 5275: 4990: 4954: 4942: 4903: 4891: 4855: 4831: 4780: 4629: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4552: 4510: 4450: 4438: 4402: 4366: 4354: 4103: 4091: 4055: 3875: 3860: 3848: 3821: 3802: 3754: 3694: 3679: 3667: 3640: 3628: 3589: 3538: 3502: 3454: 3418: 3389: 3365: 3319: 3177: 3125: 3027: 2729: 2710:The Buddha statues are in niches at the 2676: 2590: 2510: 2442: 2402: 2383:The hidden foot depicts the workings of 2127: 1943: 1824: 1759: 1713: 1643: 1555: 1539: 1516: 1509:as the world's largest Buddhist temple. 1488:The monument is the single most visited 1462:The rituals held in Borobudur including 1423:and pilgrimage. Once a year, during the 1403: 1377:In December 2017, the idea to reinstall 1224: 1216: 1196: 1184: 1127: 1044: 955: 859: 740: 498: 11600:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 8555:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 8139:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park 7715:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 7185: 6943:. Iowa State University. Archived from 6895:. UNESCO. pp. 1–26. Archived from 6866: 6623:. Buddhist Travel. 2008. Archived from 6536:"Tangga Candi Borobudur Dilapisi Karet" 6160: 6037: 5855:Borobudur: Pyramid of the Cosmic Buddha 5852:Voûte, Caesar & Long, Mark (2008). 5776:Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind 5715: 5696: 5551: 5532: 5481: 5382: 5363: 5226: 4930: 4915: 4879: 4843: 4816: 4792: 4721: 4685: 4617: 4486: 4243: 4219: 4195: 4142: 4130: 4118: 3904: 3778: 3466: 3442: 3377: 3302: 2734:Head from a Borobudur Buddha statue in 1982:after the building had been completed. 1764:Borobudur floor plan in the shape of a 1132:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913 944:to act likewise. The 856 battle on the 753:and 86 kilometres (53 mi) west of 12327:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Indonesia 12294: 11803:List of Buddhist architecture in China 8767: 7270: 7246: 7222: 7130: 7107: 6830:Muryanto, Bambang (20 November 2014). 6768: 6517: 6497: 6477: 5959: 5922: 5653:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 5629:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 5623: 5604: 5459: 5443: 5413:. Berkeley: University of California. 5150: 5086: 4745: 4661: 4537: 4426: 4414: 4390: 4378: 4327: 4315: 4183: 4154: 4067: 4031: 3950: 3917:Miksic, Tranchini & Tranchini 1996 3706: 3514: 2609:panel. The preceding 15 panels form a 1702:representations such as sculptures as 1394: 1263:The restoration began in 1907, led by 884:temple compound. In 732 AD, King 834:floating on a lake in what is now the 722:, was the original name of Borobudur. 647:located on a high place or on a hill. 412:and the Buddhist concept of attaining 9619: 8741: 8574: 8468: 7507: 7224:"Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan" 6382: 6353: 6091: 5940:Bloembergen, M.; Monquil, M. (2022). 5925:"An ancient wonder reduced to rubble" 5677: 4007: 3977: 3718: 3562: 3430: 1985:The monument is equipped with a good 1939: 1771:Borobudur is built as a single large 1399: 1139:Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences 911:, and continued stages two and three 576:, meaning "great" or "honorable" and 522:, ancient temples are referred to as 7076:The Straits Times (23 August 2014). 6934: 6356:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6067:Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J.E. (1965). 6008: 5892: 5738:. Retrieved on December 22, 2023 at 5578: 5118: 5038: 4498: 3965: 3933: 3892: 3766: 3616: 3577: 3550: 3491:Indonesian Embassy in The Hague 2012 2613:to the story of the miracles during 1659:. In 1991, a blind Muslim preacher, 1419:, Borobudur is once again used as a 1233:pipe improve drainage system (1973). 730: 12362:Tourist attractions in Central Java 8144:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park 8076:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park 7823:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park 7595:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park 7484:Analysis of Borobudur's hidden base 7461:Learning From Borobudur documentary 7109:"Cultural heritage and partnership" 7095:. The Miami Herald. 22 January 1985 6554: 6443: 5915: 5463:The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes 4978: 4733: 4475:Anom, Sugiyanti & Hasibuan 1996 3032:Sukarno and India's Prime Minister 1989:system to cater to the area's high 1829:Aerial view of Borobudur shows the 1796:sit inside the pierced enclosures. 1650:terrorist attack on 21 January 1985 1639: 1391:restoration has not yet commenced. 487:at the monument. Among Indonesia's 13: 11590:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8819:French and British era (1806–1816) 7312: 7271:Watson, Penny (19 December 2023). 7114:(programme and meeting document). 6869:"Inilah Foto-foto Kerusakan Candi" 6867:Naibaho, Juang (7 November 2010). 6817:(in Indonesian). Kementerian Agama 6681:Fitriana, Ika (19 November 2014). 6190:BFI Working Paper Series WP-9-2010 4758:The Borobudur Ship Expedition 2003 2557:that the tale thereby inculcates. 2115:'s head carved on top of each and 1913:Similarities with the Kesaria site 1849:(the world of forms), and finally 1088:Christiaan Lodewijk Hartmann, the 871:clerics appealed to the people of 14: 12383: 12352:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia 12322:Archaeological sites in Indonesia 8521:System as a Manifestation of the 8496:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia 8174:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park 7908:Mount Halimun Salak National Park 7888:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat 7494:Borobudur, Hening dalam Keagungan 7438: 6987:. 7 November 2010. Archived from 6534:Asdhiana, I Made (6 March 2015). 6313:"King Sañjaya and His Successors" 6069:"The Dhyani-Buddhas of Barabudur" 5923:Berger, Sebastien (30 May 2006). 5896:The Borderlands of Southeast Asia 5051:Museum of World Religions, Taipei 3341:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2024 2672: 2358:) and the five square platforms ( 1535: 1383:on top of Borobudur main stupa's 674:, dated 842, is mentioned in the 286: 258: 12271: 12261: 12260: 11818:Thai temple art and architecture 11563:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 9803:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 9669: 9656: 9646: 8449:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park 6210:. Series A, Physical Geography. 5608:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book 5526:Goldsmiths, University of London 5514:. NIAS Press. pp. 258–273. 5227:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). 3402:Hitchcock & Darma Putra 2016 3276: 3205: 3183: 3036:visiting Borobudur in June 1950. 2985: 2950: 2919: 2888: 2857: 2826: 2399:The law of karma (Karmavibhanga) 2055: 2040: 830:thought Borobudur represented a 599:is a corrupted simplified local 285: 278: 257: 250: 9670: 8839:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 6915:Sudiarno, Tarko (25 May 2016). 6848:"The Greatest Sacred Buildings" 6792: 6770:"Borobudur Pernah Salah Desain" 6750:Indonesian Embassy in The Hague 6648:(in Indonesian). Archived from 5433:De Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertu 4805:Bloembergen & Eickhoff 2020 4523:Ferschin & Gramelhofer 2004 4292:Bloembergen & Eickhoff 2015 3992: 3263: 3168:tourism attraction in Indonesia 2518:cuts off his hair to become an 2465:heaven and ends with his first 1746: 1512: 1490:tourist attraction in Indonesia 855: 708:Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis 627:term, still surviving today in 11808:Japanese Buddhist architecture 11610:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 10690:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 9881:Places where the Buddha stayed 9107:People's Consultative Assembly 8377:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre 8159:Kepulauan Togean National Park 6884:Republic of Indonesia (2002). 6311:Van der Meulen, W. J. (1979). 6278:Van der Meulen, W. J. (1977). 5485:Sendratari mahakarya Borobudur 5193:. Cambridge University Press. 5095: 5015:Bucknell & Stuart-Fox 1995 4967:Bloembergen & Monquil 2022 3273:completed Borobudur in 825 AD. 3236:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2789:; each has its own symbolism. 2184:Narrative panels distribution 2146:native vernacular architecture 2047:Stairs seen through arches of 1587:3 million (equivalent to 1506:Guinness Book of World Records 1322:Indonesian National Revolution 1180: 1175:The National Museum in Bangkok 1040: 1026:History of the Mataram Kingdom 951: 393:Built during the reign of the 1: 12332:Buddhist temples in Indonesia 11823:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 8849:Transitional period (1965–66) 8834:National Revolution (1945–49) 8829:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 8824:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 7793:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark 7186:Wahyuni, Sri (28 June 2011). 6702:Fitriana, Ika (4 June 2023). 6192:. Bandung Fe Institute: 1–9. 5174:. Springer. pp. 83–119. 3290: 3182:In her poetical illustration 2900:Concentration and meditation 2838:Calling the Earth to witness 2450:on a horse carriage going to 1498:the country's economic crisis 1205:(front) and the main stupa's 982: 926: 919: 912: 905: 374:. It is decorated with 2,672 12312:9th-century Buddhist temples 11580:Buddhism and the Roman world 11556:Decline of Buddhism in India 11551:History of Buddhism in India 9651: Topics in 8272:Gunung Rinjani National Park 8179:Taka Bone Rate National Park 8154:Gandang Dewata National Park 8086:Danau Sentarum National Park 8071:Betung Kerihun National Park 7620:Kerinci Seblat National Park 7146:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7141:"Borobudur Temple Compounds" 6871:(in Indonesian). Tribun News 6471:Newspaper and online sources 6259:United Nations Treaty Series 6052:10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.010 5510:. In King, Victor T. (ed.). 5122:The Restoration of Borobudur 4868:Encyclopædia Britannica 2011 3162:. Borobudur has appeared on 2691:Apart from the story of the 1871:is represented by the base, 1865:the nonexistence of the self 1620:young conservation experts. 494: 397:, the temple design follows 7: 10778:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 10518: 9215:Water supply and sanitation 8227:Bali Safari and Marine Park 7848:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument 7248:"The Meaning of Procession" 5927:. The Sydney Morning Herald 5826:Yogyakarta State University 5723:The History of Java, v. 1-2 5678:Munoz, Paul Michel (2007). 5231:. Macmillan Reference USA. 3198: 1863:, the complete voidness or 1193:pinnacle is now dismantled. 725: 584:) comes from Javanese term 438:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 336: 10: 12388: 11728:The unanswerable questions 8844:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 8809:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 8545:Prambanan Temple Compounds 8507:Borobudur Temple Compounds 8081:Baning Nature Tourist Park 8013:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah 7998:Sukorambi Botanical Garden 7394:The symbolism of the stupa 7341:The Mysteries of Borobudur 6518:Antara (11 October 2023). 6040:Annals of Tourism Research 5833:Vaisutis, Justine (2007). 5314:Dumarçay, Jacques (2005). 5295:Dumarçay, Jacques (1991). 5276:Dumarçay, Jacques (1986). 5119:Anom, I.G.N., ed. (2005). 5027:Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw 1965 4172:Republic of Indonesia 2002 3070:Indonesian National Museum 2634:Sudhana was instructed by 2436: 2123: 2062:Reliefs on a corridor wall 1964:. Knobs, indentations and 1916: 1483: 850: 818: 737:Borobudur Temple Compounds 734: 378:panels and originally 504 211:Borobudur Temple Compounds 169:UNESCO World Heritage Site 12256: 12208: 12123: 12038: 11813:Buddhist temples in Korea 11736: 11638: 11521: 11218: 11146: 10973: 10846: 10786: 10421: 10376:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 10287: 10279:Three planes of existence 10227: 10072: 9964: 9894: 9886:Buddha in world religions 9748: 9693: 9665: 9567: 9481: 9416: 9274: 9236: 9227: 9155: 9146: 9011: 9002: 8958:Provincial highest points 8879: 8870: 8779: 8612: 8560:Ujung Kulon National Park 8502: 8415: 8202: 8129: 8056: 8048:Ujung Kulon National Park 7898:Meru Betiri National Park 7858:Karimunjawa National Park 7728: 7565:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque 7545: 6724:"Largest Buddhist temple" 6668:. Encyclopædia Britannica 6368:10.1017/S0035869X00044798 6265:(1973): 12414–12422. 1980 6161:Santiko, Hariani (2016). 6146:10.1191/0959683604hl721rr 6085:10.1163/22134379-90002949 5949:PPROCE Provenance Reports 5888:– via borobudur.tv. 3226:Architecture of Indonesia 3221:Ancient monuments of Java 3107:, a missionary monk from 3094:Museum of World Religions 3090:Malaysian National Museum 3023: 2869:Benevolence, alms giving 2639:Bhismottaranirghosa, the 2332: 2307: 2282: 2257: 2238: 2219: 2216: 2017:, instead of a temple. A 1755: 1570:October and November 2010 1459:and ending at Borobudur. 1362:6,901,243 (equivalent to 972:moved the capital of the 432:kingdoms in Java and the 328: 244: 240: 236: 226: 216: 206: 191: 183: 175: 166: 162: 133: 123: 115: 107: 96: 59: 44: 28: 23: 11595:Persecution of Buddhists 10816:Four stages of awakening 10197:Three marks of existence 9783:Physical characteristics 9016:Administrative divisions 8169:Lore Lindu National Park 7738:Alas Purwo National Park 7720:Way Kambas National Park 7665:Mentawai Islands Regency 7610:Gunongan Historical Park 6935:Tartakov, Gary Michael. 6732:. Guinness World Records 6568:A History of The World, 6450:Rocznik Orientalistyczny 6280:"In Search of "Ho-Ling"" 5969:Trends in Southeast Asia 5718:Raffles, Thomas Stamford 5611:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5552:Kempers, Bernet (1976). 5533:Jordaan, Roy E. (1993). 5482:Haryono, Timbul (2011). 5229:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5151:Atmadi, Parmono (1988). 5100: 5075:Wonderful Indonesia 2013 5029:, pp. 391, 413–416. 3256: 3193:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 2569:or the saintly deeds of 2454:to give birth to Prince 1843:(the world of desires), 1788:and the upper three are 1710:Visitor overload problem 702:, probably those of the 656:Karangtengah inscription 512:Tri Tepusan inscriptions 408:indigenous tradition of 12337:Former Buddhist temples 10958:Ten principal disciples 9841:(aunt, adoptive mother) 8550:Sangiran Early Man Site 6597:"Buddhism in Indonesia" 6556:"Borobudur Buddha head" 6415:(1979). "Acquisition". 6385:Studies in Conservation 5858:. D.K. Printworld Ltd. 5782:. Paris: Unesco Press. 5347:10.1109/IV.2004.1320142 4022:, pp. 12414–12422. 2821:Location of the Statue 2792:Following the order of 2539:Sermon in the Deer Park 2467:sermon in the Deer Park 2389:biography of the Buddha 2170:Maritime Southeast Asia 1603:130,000 (equivalent to 1333:In the late 1960s, the 815:Ancient lake hypothesis 712:Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra 672:Tri Tepusan inscription 11668:Buddhism and democracy 11181:Tibetan Buddhist canon 11176:Chinese Buddhist canon 10408:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 10403:Early Buddhist schools 9190:Science and technology 9031:Regencies & Cities 8194:Wakatobi National Park 8106:Sabangau National Park 7803:Dieng Volcanic Complex 7343:. Hongkong: Periplus. 7230:. 2023. Archived from 6729:Guinness World Records 6603:. 2002. Archived from 6413:Woodward, Hiram W. Jr. 6180:10.24832/amt.v34i2.179 5633:Shambhala Publications 5585:. The Hague: Nijhoff. 5556:. Wassenaar: Servire. 5460:Haddon, A. C. (1920). 4340:The Straits Times 2014 4280:The Jakarta Globe 2014 4268:The Jakarta Globe 2012 4208:The Jakarta Globe 2010 3246:Trail of Civilizations 3158:Regency Yogyakarta in 3135: 3037: 2931:Courage, fearlessness 2785:represents one of the 2739: 2688: 2596: 2522: 2458: 2408: 2133: 2029:Little is known about 1949: 1834: 1768: 1719: 1652: 1613:structural engineering 1561: 1553: 1528: 1440: 1429:Buddhists in Indonesia 1412: 1234: 1222: 1214: 1194: 1133: 1123:Isidore van Kinsbergen 1050: 961: 865: 844:Ganapathi Thanikaimoni 787:agricultural fertility 773:, and two rivers, the 746: 515: 481:Buddhists in Indonesia 320: 12342:Pyramids in Indonesia 11678:Eight Consciousnesses 9788:Life of Buddha in art 8799:Hinduism-Buddhism era 8535:Lorentz National Park 8434:Lorentz National Park 8189:Trans Studio Makassar 8149:Bunaken National Park 7758:Baluran National Park 6092:Moens, J. L. (1951). 5747:Revianur, A. (2018). 5656:. Tuttle publishing. 5383:Fontein, Jan (2012). 5364:Fontein, Jan (1967). 4647:Voûte & Long 2008 4304:The Miami Herald 1985 4232:The Jakarta Post 2011 4044:The Jakarta Post 2018 3791:Wacana Nusantara 2015 3178:In art and literature 3134:displaying Borobudur. 3129: 3092:in Kuala Lumpur, and 3066:Karmawibhangga Museum 3031: 2999:Turning the Wheel of 2962:Reasoning and virtue 2733: 2680: 2594: 2514: 2446: 2406: 2131: 1947: 1828: 1763: 1718:Tourists in Borobudur 1717: 1661:Husein Ali Al Habsyie 1647: 1559: 1543: 1520: 1411:ceremony at Borobudur 1407: 1366:47,367,152 in 2023). 1335:Indonesian government 1299:Karmawibhangga Museum 1228: 1220: 1211:Karmawibhangga Museum 1200: 1188: 1131: 1048: 959: 863: 744: 550:book on Javan history 502: 446:Indonesian government 442:British ruler of Java 402:Buddhist architecture 297:Show map of Indonesia 294:Borobudur (Indonesia) 12155:East Asian religions 11585:Buddhism in the West 11156:Early Buddhist texts 10771:Four Right Exertions 10237:Ten spiritual realms 9730:Noble Eightfold Path 8933:Environmental issues 8530:Komodo National Park 8292:Komodo National Park 8247:Garuda Wisnu Kencana 8204:Lesser Sunda Islands 8121:The Equator monument 7655:Lumbini Natural Park 7605:East Lampung Regency 7339:John Miksic (1999). 7173:on 14 September 2017 6444:Zin, Monika (2014). 5341:. pp. 181–186. 4698:Buddhist Travel 2008 3605:Murwanto et al. 2004 3101:Indonesian Buddhists 3082:Thai National Museum 2567:Sudhanakumaravadana, 2178:Samudra Raksa Museum 1617:chemical engineering 1260:1,392,279 in 2022). 1030:Yogyakarta Sultanate 416:. The monument is a 366:Constructed of gray 340:), is a 9th-century 266:Location within Java 12307:820s establishments 12278:Religion portal 12025:Temple of the Tooth 11904:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 10943:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 10436:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 10219:Two truths doctrine 10039:Mahapajapati Gotamī 9839:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8854:New Order (1966–98) 8814:VOC era (1603–1800) 8454:Wasur National Park 8101:Kutai National Park 8028:Tirto Samodra Beach 7878:Keraton Kacirebonan 7575:Bandar Lampung City 7555:Aceh Tsunami Museum 7535:Tourist attractions 7361:National Geographic 7258:on 11 February 2009 7051:on 16 January 2016. 7031:on 14 February 2014 6991:on 11 November 2010 6967:on 17 February 2003 6780:on 26 December 2007 6652:on 24 December 2019 6607:on 14 February 2002 6220:2015GeAnA..97..137T 6208:Geografiska Annaler 6138:2004Holoc..14..459M 5697:Nagaoka, M (2016). 5579:Krom, N.J. (1927). 5451:. pp. 139–172. 5368:. Mouton & Co. 5005:, pp. 547–548. 4748:, pp. 101–104. 4724:, pp. 233–279. 4567:, pp. 191–210. 4525:, pp. 181–186. 4429:, pp. 139–172. 4256:UNESCO Jakarta 2012 4145:, pp. 752–753. 4020:United Nations 1980 4010:, pp. 113–130. 3834:British Museum 2023 3743:Van der Meulen 1979 3731:Van der Meulen 1979 3721:, pp. 143–144. 3653:Van der Meulen 1977 3580:, pp. 248–249. 2787:Five Dhyani Buddhas 2681:Buddha statue with 2439:Lalitavistara Sūtra 2185: 1674:On 27 May 2006, an 1663:, was sentenced to 1527:on the top platform 1395:Contemporary events 1371:World Heritage Site 1239:Jan Willem IJzerman 999:written during the 629:Balinese vocabulary 593:A.J. Bernet Kempers 489:tourist attractions 454:World Heritage Site 426:Buddhist pilgrimage 404:, which blends the 351:, near the city of 311:, also transcribed 77: / 12347:Shailendra dynasty 12200:Western philosophy 11798:Dzong architecture 11620:Vipassana movement 11615:Buddhist modernism 11043:Emperor Wen of Sui 10811:Pratyekabuddhayāna 10744:Threefold Training 10546:Vipassana movement 10262:Hungry Ghost realm 10082:Avidyā (Ignorance) 10029:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 9778:Great Renunciation 9773:Eight Great Events 9655: 9200:Telecommunications 8911:Biosphere reserves 8727:Taman Alam Lumbini 8617:Candi of Indonesia 8444:Raja Ampat Islands 8402:Ujung Water Palace 8066:Beras Basah Island 7833:House of Sampoerna 7763:Banyuwangi Regency 7190:. The Jakarta Post 6902:on 11 January 2012 6854:on 7 February 2017 6834:. The Jakarta Post 6794:"Saving Borobudur" 6756:on 6 November 2014 6570:The British Museum 6485:on 9 November 2010 6228:10.1111/geoa.12099 6119:on 10 August 2007. 5720: (2015). 5407:Woodward, Hiram W. 3980:, p. 421-422. 3709:, pp. 25, 46. 3481:, pp. 70, 83. 3433:, pp. 12, 64. 3231:Candi of Indonesia 3136: 3038: 2994:Dharmachakra mudra 2753:The British Museum 2740: 2693:Buddhist cosmology 2689: 2684:dharmachakra mudra 2597: 2523: 2516:Siddhartha Gautama 2459: 2456:Siddhartha Gautama 2409: 2183: 2134: 2109:concentric circles 1997:in the shape of a 1950: 1940:Building structure 1897:Buddhist cosmology 1835: 1803:. Previously, the 1769: 1720: 1653: 1562: 1554: 1529: 1445:Siddhārtha Gautama 1413: 1400:Religious ceremony 1235: 1223: 1215: 1195: 1146:King Chulalongkorn 1134: 1051: 962: 866: 828:W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp 747: 652:Temanggung Regency 516: 217:Reference no. 12286: 12285: 11924:Om mani padme hum 11630:Women in Buddhism 11546:Buddhist councils 11416:Western countries 11204:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 10965:Shaolin Monastery 10542:Samatha-vipassanā 10152:Pratītyasamutpāda 9956:Metteyya/Maitreya 9874: 9866: 9858: 9850: 9842: 9834: 9826: 9703:Four Noble Truths 9613: 9612: 9563: 9562: 9251:Human trafficking 9223: 9222: 9142: 9141: 9133:Wawasan Nusantara 9117:Political parties 9058:Foreign relations 8998: 8997: 8735: 8734: 8568: 8567: 8462: 8461: 7993:Sidoarjo mud flow 7873:Keraton Kasepuhan 7685:Pagaruyung Palace 7457:by UNESCO and NHK 7135:. 31 August 2004. 7063:. 20 January 2018 6985:The Jakarta Globe 6627:on 5 January 2012 5906:978-1-78039-922-5 5865:978-8-12460-403-8 5844:978-1-74104-435-5 5837:. Lonely Planet. 5762:978-1-138-62664-5 5740:Project Gutenberg 5708:978-3-319-42045-5 5689:978-981-4155-67-0 5682:. Didier Millet. 5663:978-0-945971-90-0 5521:978-87-7694-667-8 5495:978-979-9103-33-8 5394:978-90-04-22348-6 5375:978-3-11-156269-8 5212:. UK: Routledge. 5200:978-1-108-61475-7 5181:978-3-319-13637-0 4846:, p. 92-102. 4294:, pp. 91–92. 3745:, pp. 40–41. 3682:, pp. 4, 52. 3655:, pp. 92–93. 3527:Troll et al. 2015 3322:, pp. 35–36. 3251:Unfinished Buddha 3241:Ligor inscription 3088:museum in Paris, 3021: 3020: 2834:Bhumisparsa mudra 2812:Symbolic meaning 2615:Shakyamuni Buddha 2475:Prince Siddhartha 2340: 2339: 2021:is intended as a 1665:life imprisonment 1311:calcium hydroxide 1297:now is stored in 1203:Unfinished Buddha 1112:, who compiled a 1105:Dutch East Indies 1071:Hermann Cornelius 976:to the region of 937:Rakai Panangkaran 731:The three temples 694:is from the word 613:Vihara Buddha Uhr 603:pronunciation of 558:Javanese language 395:Sailendra Dynasty 337:Candhi Barabudhur 334: 306: 305: 202: 102:Sailendra Dynasty 81:7.608°S 110.204°E 12379: 12317:Archaeoastronomy 12276: 12275: 12264: 12263: 12103:Sacred languages 11951:Maya Devi Temple 11914:Mahabodhi Temple 11718:Secular Buddhism 11683:Engaged Buddhism 10523: 10371:Tibetan Buddhism 10322:Vietnamese Thiền 9921:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 9872: 9864: 9856: 9848: 9840: 9832: 9824: 9673: 9672: 9660: 9650: 9640: 9633: 9626: 9617: 9616: 9583: 9576: 9234: 9233: 9153: 9152: 9095:National capital 9009: 9008: 8877: 8876: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8739: 8738: 8602:Buddhist temples 8595: 8588: 8581: 8572: 8571: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8466: 8465: 8302:Lake Segara Anak 8023:Thousand Islands 8018:Tangkuban Perahu 7818:Gembira Loka Zoo 7690:Penyengat Island 7528: 7521: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7407: 7390:Adrian Snodgrass 7385: 7354: 7335: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7136: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7113: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7061:The Jakarta Post 7052: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6947:on 27 April 2002 6931: 6929: 6927: 6921:The Jakarta Post 6911: 6909: 6907: 6901: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6573: 6565: 6563: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6465: 6440: 6417:Critical Inquiry 6408: 6379: 6350: 6340: 6307: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6256: 6247: 6201: 6184: 6182: 6157: 6120: 6118: 6112:. Archived from 6099: 6088: 6063: 6034: 6017:(3/4): 353–359. 6005: 5984: 5956: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5916:Journal articles 5910: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5876:. Archived from 5848: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5766: 5749:Budianta, Melani 5743: 5742: 5712: 5693: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5646: 5620: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5575: 5548: 5529: 5509: 5499: 5478: 5468: 5452: 5440: 5424: 5398: 5379: 5360: 5329: 5310: 5291: 5272: 5263: 5242: 5223: 5204: 5185: 5166: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5115: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5003:De Casparis 1966 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4918:, p. 17-25. 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4710:De Casparis 1992 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4174:, pp. 1–26. 4169: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3996: 3990: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3954: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3479:De Casparis 1981 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3306: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3215: 3213:Indonesia portal 3210: 3209: 3208: 3187: 3144:Magelang Regency 3057:puppet play and 3034:Jawaharlal Nehru 2989: 2954: 2923: 2892: 2861: 2830: 2803: 2802: 2605:Avatamsaka Sutra 2583:'s forefather). 2427:Borobudur Museum 2413:cause and effect 2380:to their right. 2186: 2182: 2059: 2044: 1833:and mandala plan 1777:tantric Buddhist 1640:Security threats 1495: 1449:national holiday 1427:in May or June, 1421:place of worship 1273: 1265:Theodoor van Erp 1251: 1110:Conradus Leemans 1079: 1063:Stamford Raffles 1059:governor-general 1036: 1013:Babad Tanah Jawi 987: 984: 931: 928: 924: 921: 917: 914: 910: 907: 802: 794:Theodoor van Erp 720:Boddhisattvahood 680:Pramodhawardhani 664:Pramodhawardhani 546:Stamford Raffles 424:and a place for 410:ancestor worship 355:and the town of 349:Magelang Regency 339: 333:romanized: 332: 330: 298: 289: 288: 282: 270: 269:Show map of Java 261: 260: 254: 196: 158: 155: 153: 151: 149: 143: 140: 119:Theodoor van Erp 92: 91: 89: 88: 87: 82: 78: 75: 74: 73: 70: 49:Magelang Regency 35:Monks following 33: 21: 20: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12372:Buddhist relics 12292: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12282: 12270: 12252: 12204: 12119: 12034: 11771:Ordination hall 11732: 11634: 11605:Buddhist crisis 11517: 11214: 11166:Mahayana sutras 11142: 11138:Thích Nhất Hạnh 10969: 10842: 10782: 10732:Bodhisattva vow 10417: 10283: 10223: 10182:Taṇhā (Craving) 10117:Five hindrances 10068: 9960: 9890: 9744: 9689: 9661: 9644: 9614: 9609: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9559: 9550:Personification 9477: 9412: 9393:Public holidays 9378:National heroes 9270: 9219: 9138: 8994: 8963:Natural history 8866: 8804:Spread of Islam 8775: 8766: 8736: 8731: 8608: 8599: 8569: 8564: 8523:Tri Hita Karana 8498: 8493: 8463: 8458: 8411: 8387:Tanjung Ringgit 8242:Dreamland Beach 8198: 8125: 8111:Samboja Lestari 8091:Derawan Islands 8052: 8043:Yogyakarta City 8008:Suramadu Bridge 7943:Patenggang Lake 7883:Keraton Kanoman 7868:Kenjeran Bridge 7853:Jawa Timur Park 7843:Istiqlal Mosque 7828:Heroes Monument 7753:Arjuno-Welirang 7743:Ancol Dreamland 7724: 7580:Barelang Bridge 7541: 7532: 7441: 7436: 7404: 7351: 7332: 7315: 7313:Further reading 7310: 7301: 7299: 7281: 7279: 7261: 7259: 7237: 7235: 7213: 7211: 7210:on 5 March 2016 7193: 7191: 7176: 7174: 7156: 7154: 7121: 7119: 7111: 7098: 7096: 7082: 7080: 7066: 7064: 7034: 7032: 7014: 7012: 7011:on 15 June 2012 6994: 6992: 6970: 6968: 6950: 6948: 6925: 6923: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6888: 6874: 6872: 6857: 6855: 6837: 6835: 6820: 6818: 6799: 6797: 6783: 6781: 6759: 6757: 6735: 6733: 6713: 6711: 6710:(in Indonesian) 6692: 6690: 6689:(in Indonesian) 6671: 6669: 6655: 6653: 6630: 6628: 6610: 6608: 6586: 6584: 6561: 6559: 6545: 6543: 6542:(in Indonesian) 6524: 6522: 6508: 6506: 6488: 6486: 6473: 6468: 6397:10.2307/1505654 6329:10.2307/3350894 6296:10.2307/3350886 6268: 6266: 6254: 6116: 6097: 6023:10.2307/2754037 6011:Pacific Affairs 5944: 5930: 5928: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5883: 5881: 5866: 5845: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5805:Soekmono, Raden 5794: 5792: 5790: 5779: 5771:Soekmono, Raden 5763: 5709: 5690: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5643: 5595: 5593: 5564: 5545: 5522: 5507: 5496: 5466: 5421: 5409:, eds. (1981). 5401: 5395: 5376: 5357: 5326: 5307: 5288: 5260: 5239: 5220: 5201: 5182: 5163: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676:, pp. 1–9. 4672: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4571: 4565:Chemburkar 2016 4563: 4559: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4080:Madyansyah 2023 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3940: 3932: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3882: 3874: 3867: 3863:, pp. 5–6. 3859: 3855: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3809: 3805:, pp. 4–5. 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3631:, pp. 1–2. 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3347: 3339: 3326: 3318: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3180: 3148:Borobudur Hotel 3080:in London, and 3026: 2818:Cardinal Point 2675: 2589: 2551: 2441: 2435: 2401: 2308:fourth gallery 2258:second gallery 2126: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2045: 1942: 1921: 1915: 1815:punden berundak 1758: 1749: 1712: 1700:anthropomorphic 1669:extremist group 1642: 1538: 1515: 1493: 1486: 1470:circumabulating 1402: 1397: 1267: 1256:(equivalent to 1241: 1183: 1073: 1043: 1034: 1018:History of Java 995:Nagarakretagama 985: 974:Mataram Kingdom 954: 929: 922: 915: 908: 888:commissioned a 858: 853: 823: 817: 796: 781:is a Javanese " 739: 733: 728: 710:suggested that 623:is probably an 530:Candi Borobudur 497: 345:Buddhist temple 321:Candi Borobudur 302: 301: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 290: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 262: 171: 146: 145: 137: 86:-7.608; 110.204 85: 83: 79: 76: 71: 68: 66: 64: 63: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12385: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12268: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12135: 12129: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12044: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11835:Greco-Buddhist 11827: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11786:Burmese pagoda 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11742: 11740: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11568:Greco-Buddhism 11565: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11527: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11501:United Kingdom 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11446:Czech Republic 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11325: 11320: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11210:Abhidharmadīpa 11207: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11152: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11128:B. R. Ambedkar 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11048:Songtsen Gampo 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10792: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10727:Eight precepts 10724: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10606: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10515: 10505: 10500: 10498:Five Strengths 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10438: 10433: 10427: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10293: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10239: 10233: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10137:Mental factors 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9989:Mahamoggallāna 9986: 9981: 9976: 9970: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9904:Avalokiteśvara 9900: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9868: 9860: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9828: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9754: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9643: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9620: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9585: 9584: 9577: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9535:Floral emblems 9532: 9531: 9530: 9520: 9518:Faunal emblems 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9498: 9493: 9487: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9280: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9195:Stock Exchange 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9129: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9097: 9092: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8916:National parks 8913: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8899:Climate change 8891: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8765: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8425: 8423: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8342:Nusa Lembongan 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262:Gili Trawangan 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8222:Bali Bird Park 8219: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8116:Tanjung Puting 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7705:Samosir Island 7702: 7697: 7695:Pugung Raharjo 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7675:Mursala Island 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Lake Singkarak 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7458: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7439:External links 7437: 7435: 7434: 7423: 7411: 7408: 7402: 7386: 7368:(1): 126–142. 7355: 7349: 7336: 7330: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7288: 7268: 7244: 7234:on 3 July 2010 7220: 7200: 7183: 7163: 7137: 7128: 7105: 7089: 7073: 7053: 7041: 7021: 7001: 6977: 6957: 6932: 6912: 6893:whc.unesco.org 6881: 6864: 6844: 6827: 6806: 6790: 6766: 6742: 6720: 6699: 6678: 6662: 6642:"Pangguyangan" 6638: 6617: 6593: 6582:British Museum 6574: 6552: 6531: 6515: 6505:on 9 July 2012 6495: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6456:(1): 269–296. 6441: 6429:10.1086/448048 6423:(2): 291–303. 6409: 6391:(3): 113–130. 6380: 6362:(2): 421–422. 6351: 6308: 6290:(23): 87–112. 6275: 6248: 6214:(1): 137–166. 6202: 6185: 6173:(2): 129–137. 6158: 6132:(3): 459–463. 6121: 6089: 6079:(4): 389–416. 6064: 6046:(3): 735–759. 6035: 6006: 5996:(1): 148–151. 5985: 5961:Crouch, Harold 5957: 5937: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5890: 5880:on 8 June 2008 5864: 5849: 5843: 5830: 5801: 5788: 5767: 5761: 5744: 5713: 5707: 5694: 5688: 5675: 5662: 5647: 5641: 5621: 5602: 5576: 5562: 5549: 5543: 5530: 5520: 5500: 5494: 5479: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5441: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5403:Gómez, Luis O. 5399: 5393: 5380: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5330: 5324: 5311: 5305: 5292: 5286: 5273: 5264: 5258: 5243: 5237: 5224: 5218: 5205: 5199: 5186: 5180: 5167: 5161: 5148: 5135: 5116: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5063:Buddhanet 2002 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4957:, p. 302. 4947: 4935: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4821: 4819:, p. 130. 4809: 4807:, p. 250. 4797: 4785: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4736:, p. 287. 4726: 4714: 4712:, p. 149. 4702: 4690: 4678: 4674:Situngkir 2010 4666: 4651: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4569: 4557: 4542: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4441:, p. 168. 4431: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4133:, p. 743. 4123: 4121:, p. 739. 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4058:, p. 856. 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 3997: 3982: 3970: 3955: 3938: 3921: 3909: 3907:, p. 193. 3897: 3880: 3865: 3853: 3838: 3826: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3769:, p. 354. 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3684: 3672: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 249. 3609: 3594: 3582: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 577. 3447: 3435: 3423: 3406: 3404:, p. 263. 3394: 3382: 3380:, p. 192. 3370: 3345: 3324: 3307: 3305:, p. 190. 3294: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3200: 3197: 3179: 3176: 3138:The emblem of 3078:British Museum 3076:in Amsterdam, 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815:Dhyani Buddha 2813: 2810: 2807: 2751:in Paris, and 2747:in Amsterdam, 2719:level. At the 2697:lotus position 2674: 2673:Buddha statues 2671: 2625:Garden of Jeta 2588: 2585: 2550: 2547: 2535:Shorea robusta 2502:white elephant 2477:, son of King 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2400: 2397: 2393:Perfect Wisdom 2338: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283:third gallery 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2264:Jataka/Avadana 2262: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250:Jataka/Avadana 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242:Jataka/Avadana 2240: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2231:Jataka/Avadana 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217:first gallery 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209:Karmavibhangga 2207: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2198:No. of panels 2196: 2193: 2190: 2174:Borobudur Ship 2125: 2122: 2107:, arranged in 2061: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 1941: 1938: 1917:Main article: 1914: 1911: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1711: 1708: 1641: 1638: 1537: 1536:Rehabilitation 1534: 1522:Buddhist monks 1514: 1511: 1485: 1482: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1254:Dutch guilders 1182: 1179: 1042: 1039: 1007:Raden Soekmono 953: 950: 857: 854: 852: 849: 821:Lake Borobudur 816: 813: 732: 729: 727: 724: 666:, daughter of 595:suggests that 588:("mountain"). 496: 493: 477:Southeast Asia 380:Buddha statues 363:, Indonesia. 304: 303: 293: 284: 283: 277: 276: 275: 274: 265: 256: 255: 249: 248: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 231:Southeast Asia 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 98: 94: 93: 61: 57: 56: 46: 42: 41: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12384: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12290: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12267: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12040:Miscellaneous 12037: 12031: 12030:Vegetarianism 12028: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11852:Buddha in art 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11520: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:United States 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11063:Padmasambhava 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10975:Major figures 10972: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10921:Western tulku 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10722:Five precepts 10720: 10719: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10700:Dhamma vicaya 10698: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468:Buddhābhiṣeka 10466: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10112:Enlightenment 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10102:Dhamma theory 10100: 10098: 10097:Buddha-nature 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9936:Samantabhadra 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9867: 9861: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9845: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9668: 9667: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9641: 9636: 9634: 9629: 9627: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Ethnic groups 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Deforestation 8921: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8756: 8751: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8483: 8478: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322:Mount Tambora 8320: 8318: 8317:Mount Rinjani 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7948:Palabuhanratu 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7928:Museum Angkut 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7798:Cukang Taneuh 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7788:Cemoro Lawang 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7660:Maimun Palace 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640:Lake Maninjau 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590:Bintan Island 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570:Bagansiapiapi 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:Ampera Bridge 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7522: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7469:Lalitavistara 7466: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420:j.ctv1qv3kf.7 7417: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7403:0-87727-700-1 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7350:962-593-198-8 7346: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7331:0-89581-151-0 7327: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7298:on 4 May 2015 7297: 7293: 7289: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7189: 7184: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7117: 7110: 7106: 7094: 7090: 7079: 7074: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6870: 6865: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6833: 6828: 6816: 6815:kemenag.go.id 6812: 6807: 6795: 6791: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6667: 6663: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6557: 6553: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6521: 6516: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323:(28): 17–54. 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5908: 5902: 5899:. NDU Press. 5898: 5897: 5891: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5791: 5789:92-3-101292-4 5785: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5642:0-87773-906-4 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5563:90-6077-553-8 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5544:90-73084-08-3 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5420:0-89581-151-0 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5356:0-7695-2177-0 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5325:90-04-14126-X 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5306:0-19-588550-3 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5287:0-19-580379-5 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5259:9789814695091 5255: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5238:0-02-865718-7 5234: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5219:0-7007-0234-2 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5162:979-420-085-9 5158: 5154: 5149: 5138: 5136:92-3-103940-7 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5089:, p. 39. 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5041:, p. 38. 5040: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4991:Muryanto 2014 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4955:Woodward 1979 4951: 4945:, p. 35. 4944: 4943:Soekmono 1976 4939: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4906:, p. 32. 4905: 4904:Soekmono 1976 4900: 4894:, p. 29. 4893: 4892:Soekmono 1976 4888: 4882:, p. 36. 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4858:, p. 26. 4857: 4856:Soekmono 1976 4852: 4845: 4840: 4834:, p. 21. 4833: 4832:Soekmono 1976 4828: 4826: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4783:, p. 20. 4782: 4781:Soekmono 1976 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4688:, p. 38. 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4632:, p. 32. 4631: 4630:Dumarçay 1986 4626: 4620:, p. 14. 4619: 4614: 4608:, p. 28. 4607: 4606:Dumarçay 1986 4602: 4596:, p. 60. 4595: 4594:Dumarçay 2005 4590: 4584:, p. 16. 4583: 4582:Soekmono 1976 4578: 4576: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4555:, p. 18. 4554: 4553:Soekmono 1976 4549: 4547: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4513:, p. 17. 4512: 4511:Soekmono 1976 4507: 4500: 4495: 4489:, p. 14. 4488: 4483: 4477:, p. 87. 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4453:, p. 87. 4452: 4451:Soekmono 1981 4447: 4440: 4439:Vaisutis 2007 4435: 4428: 4423: 4417:, p. 46. 4416: 4411: 4405:, p. 10. 4404: 4403:Dumarçay 2005 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4367:Asdhiana 2015 4363: 4356: 4355:Fitriana 2014 4351: 4349: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4318:, p. 14. 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4198:, p. 99. 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4104:Sudiarno 2016 4100: 4093: 4092:Fitriana 2023 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4056:Vaisutis 2007 4052: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3974: 3968:, p. 49. 3967: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3936:, p. 48. 3935: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3919:, p. 29. 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3895:, p. 47. 3894: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3878:, p. 42. 3877: 3876:Soekmono 1976 3872: 3870: 3862: 3861:Soekmono 1976 3857: 3850: 3849:Soekmono 1976 3845: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3822:Soekmono 1976 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3803:Soekmono 1976 3799: 3792: 3787: 3781:, p. 21. 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3757:, p. 10. 3756: 3755:Soekmono 1976 3751: 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 41. 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3695:Dumarçay 1991 3691: 3689: 3681: 3680:Dumarçay 1991 3676: 3669: 3668:Soekmono 1976 3664: 3662: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3641:Dumarçay 1991 3637: 3630: 3629:Dumarçay 1991 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590:Soekmono 1976 3586: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3553:, p. 15. 3552: 3547: 3540: 3539:Soekmono 1976 3535: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3505:, p. 46. 3504: 3503:Soekmono 1981 3499: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3469:, p. 30. 3468: 3463: 3456: 3455:Revianur 2018 3451: 3445:, p. 31. 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3421:, p. 13. 3420: 3419:Soekmono 1976 3415: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3390:Guinness 2014 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3366:Soekmono 1976 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3321: 3320:Soekmono 1976 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3189:Borro Boedoor 3186: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142:province and 3141: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3123:celebration. 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970:Samantabhadra 2967: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2958:Vitarka mudra 2956: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2873:Ratnasambhava 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687:hand position 2686: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2667:Samantabhadra 2663: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:Siva Mahadeva 2646: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2223:Lalitavistara 2222: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2097:in Cambodia. 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2058: 2050: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1976:were created 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1920: 1919:Kesaria Stupa 1910: 1908: 1907: 1906:Vastu Shastra 1900: 1898: 1894: 1893:enlightenment 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1546:Mount Merbabu 1542: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1229:Concrete and 1227: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:Babad Mataram 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 996: 991: 979: 975: 971: 967: 958: 949: 947: 942: 938: 933: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 878: 874: 870: 862: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 822: 812: 810: 806: 800: 795: 790: 788: 784: 783:sacred" place 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 743: 738: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 688:Bhūmisambhāra 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Biara Beduhur 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 526: 521: 513: 509: 505: 501: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 343: 338: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 281: 253: 243: 239: 235: 232: 229: 225: 222: 219: 215: 212: 209: 205: 200: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 157: 142: 139:borobudurpark 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 99: 95: 90: 62: 58: 54: 50: 47: 43: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 12288: 12218:Bodhisattvas 12138:Christianity 12133:Baháʼí Faith 11998:Dharmachakra 11988:Prayer wheel 11978:Prayer beads 11746:Architecture 11625:969 Movement 11409:Saudi Arabia 11387:Central Asia 11380:South Africa 11202: 11185: 11118:Panchen Lama 11023:Buddhapālita 10619:Satipatthana 10614:Mindful Yoga 10527:Recollection 10441:Brahmavihara 10312:Japanese Zen 10307:Chinese Chan 10267:Animal realm 10074:Key concepts 9896:Bodhisattvas 9708:Three Jewels 9448:Homelessness 9418:Demographics 9358:Martial arts 9303: 9284:Architecture 9261:Prostitution 9131: 9099: 9063:Human rights 9048:Constitution 8906:Conservation 8862:(since 1998) 8859: 8636: 8522: 8518: 8429:Fort Belgica 8392:Tirta Gangga 8372:Tampaksiring 8307:Lovina Beach 8003:Surabaya Zoo 7988:Sempu island 7973:Ranu Kumbolo 7918:Mount Semeru 7913:Mount Merapi 7782: 7778:Bogor Palace 7630:Lagundri Bay 7600:Bukit Lawang 7393: 7365: 7359: 7340: 7321: 7300:. Retrieved 7296:the original 7280:. Retrieved 7277:Bangkok Post 7276: 7260:. Retrieved 7256:the original 7251: 7236:. Retrieved 7232:the original 7227: 7212:. Retrieved 7208:the original 7192:. Retrieved 7175:. Retrieved 7171:the original 7155:. Retrieved 7144: 7120:. Retrieved 7097:. Retrieved 7081:. Retrieved 7065:. Retrieved 7060: 7049:the original 7033:. Retrieved 7029:the original 7013:. Retrieved 7009:the original 6993:. Retrieved 6989:the original 6969:. Retrieved 6965:the original 6949:. Retrieved 6945:the original 6940: 6924:. Retrieved 6920: 6904:. Retrieved 6897:the original 6892: 6873:. Retrieved 6856:. Retrieved 6852:the original 6836:. Retrieved 6819:. Retrieved 6814: 6798:. Retrieved 6782:. Retrieved 6778:the original 6773: 6758:. Retrieved 6754:the original 6749: 6734:. Retrieved 6727: 6712:. Retrieved 6707: 6691:. Retrieved 6686: 6670:. Retrieved 6654:. Retrieved 6650:the original 6645: 6637:</ref> 6629:. Retrieved 6625:the original 6609:. Retrieved 6605:the original 6600: 6585:. Retrieved 6567: 6560:. Retrieved 6544:. Retrieved 6539: 6523:. Retrieved 6507:. Retrieved 6503:the original 6487:. Retrieved 6483:the original 6453: 6449: 6420: 6416: 6388: 6384: 6359: 6355: 6320: 6316: 6287: 6283: 6267:. Retrieved 6262: 6258: 6211: 6207: 6189: 6170: 6166: 6129: 6126:The Holocene 6125: 6114:the original 6101: 6076: 6072: 6043: 6039: 6014: 6010: 5993: 5989: 5972: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5929:. Retrieved 5895: 5882:. Retrieved 5878:the original 5854: 5834: 5824:– via 5818:. Retrieved 5809: 5793:. Retrieved 5775: 5752: 5721: 5701:. Springer. 5698: 5679: 5667:. Retrieved 5652: 5628: 5625:Miksic, John 5607: 5594:. Retrieved 5581: 5553: 5534: 5524:– via 5511: 5484: 5462: 5448: 5445:Wayman, Alex 5436: 5410: 5384: 5365: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5277: 5268: 5248: 5228: 5209: 5190: 5171: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5121: 5110: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4969:, p. 3. 4962: 4950: 4938: 4933:, p. 6. 4931:Fontein 1967 4916:Fontein 2012 4911: 4899: 4887: 4880:Buswell 2004 4875: 4863: 4851: 4844:Kempers 1976 4839: 4817:Santiko 2016 4812: 4800: 4795:, p. 3. 4793:Nagaoka 2016 4788: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4722:Kempers 1976 4717: 4705: 4693: 4686:Kempers 1976 4681: 4669: 4625: 4618:Kempers 1976 4613: 4601: 4589: 4560: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4487:Haryono 2011 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4244:Wahyuni 2011 4239: 4227: 4220:Naibaho 2010 4215: 4203: 4196:Nagaoka 2016 4191: 4179: 4150: 4143:Hampton 2005 4138: 4131:Hampton 2005 4126: 4119:Hampton 2005 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4034:, p. 7. 4027: 4015: 3973: 3912: 3905:Kempers 1976 3900: 3856: 3851:, p. 6. 3829: 3824:, p. 5. 3798: 3786: 3779:Jordaan 1993 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3697:, p. 4. 3675: 3670:, p. 9. 3648: 3643:, p. 2. 3636: 3624: 3612: 3592:, p. 3. 3585: 3565:, p. 2. 3558: 3546: 3541:, p. 1. 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3467:Raffles 1830 3462: 3450: 3443:Raffles 1830 3438: 3426: 3397: 3385: 3378:Kempers 1976 3373: 3368:, p. 4. 3303:Kempers 1976 3298: 3278: 3271:Samaratungga 3265: 3181: 3140:Central Java 3137: 3132:Central Java 3105:Narada Thera 3098: 3084:in Bangkok. 3074:Tropenmuseum 3072:in Jakarta, 3063: 3039: 3014: 3000: 2992: 2977: 2957: 2942: 2935:Amoghasiddhi 2927:Abhaya mudra 2926: 2911: 2896:Dhyana mudra 2895: 2880: 2864: 2849: 2833: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2749:Musée Guimet 2745:Tropenmuseum 2741: 2738:, Amsterdam. 2736:Tropenmuseum 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2682: 2664: 2633: 2618: 2603: 2598: 2574: 2566: 2564: 2552: 2534: 2524: 2491: 2460: 2420: 2410: 2382: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2341: 2154:bodhisattvas 2142: 2137: 2135: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2079:self-similar 2070: 2068: 2028: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1984: 1977: 1951: 1922: 1904: 1901: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1831:step pyramid 1814: 1808:Austronesian 1801:step pyramid 1798: 1779: 1770: 1750: 1747:Architecture 1741: 1737: 1725: 1721: 1684: 1673: 1654: 1622: 1609:microbiology 1597: 1593:Mount Merapi 1579: 1574:Volcanic ash 1566:Mount Merapi 1563: 1550:Mount Merapi 1530: 1513:Conservation 1504: 1502: 1487: 1478:sky lanterns 1463: 1461: 1414: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1368: 1351: 1338: 1332: 1318:World War II 1315: 1307:alkali salts 1303: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1262: 1236: 1206: 1190: 1143: 1135: 1102: 1087: 1052: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1005: 993: 990:Mpu Prapanca 966:volcanic ash 963: 934: 901:inscriptions 894: 867: 856:Construction 832:lotus flower 824: 791: 748: 711: 695: 691: 687: 683: 675: 668:Samaratungga 659: 649: 636: 632: 625:Old Javanese 620: 616: 612: 604: 596: 590: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 553: 542:Mpu Prapanca 537: 533: 529: 523: 517: 508:Karangtengah 483:celebrating 458: 392: 365: 361:Central Java 329:ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ 312: 308: 307: 156:/bkborobudur 53:Central Java 39:at Borobudur 18: 12063:Dharma talk 11892:Asalha Puja 11688:Eschatology 11491:Switzerland 11471:New Zealand 11399:Middle East 11308:Philippines 11228:Afghanistan 11033:Bodhidharma 11018:Buddhaghosa 10938:Householder 10848:Monasticism 10801:Bodhisattva 10656:Prostration 10609:Mindfulness 10537:Anapanasati 10520:Kammaṭṭhāna 10317:Korean Seon 10257:Asura realm 10252:Human realm 10192:Ten Fetters 10147:Parinirvana 10049:Uppalavanna 10014:Mahākaccana 9999:Mahākassapa 9931:Kṣitigarbha 9926:Ākāśagarbha 9823:Suddhodāna 9768:Four sights 9695:Foundations 9528:Subdivision 9511:Subdivision 9473:LGBT rights 9408:Video games 9160:Agriculture 9078:Enforcement 8928:Earthquakes 8794:Prehistoric 8677:Muara Takus 8672:Muaro Jambi 8439:Puncak Jaya 8337:Nusa Penida 8327:Moyo Island 7968:Ragunan Zoo 7938:Pangandaran 7933:Nusa Barong 7903:Mount Bromo 7863:Kawah Putih 7838:Ijen Crater 7808:Ceto Temple 7635:Lampung Bay 7282:21 December 7262:28 December 7177:8 September 7035:15 February 6971:14 December 6838:31 December 6746:"Borobudur" 6631:11 November 6621:"Borobudur" 5820:21 December 5728:John Murray 5726:, 2nd, 5596:31 December 5142:21 December 5096:Works cited 5087:Landon 1836 4746:Haddon 1920 4662:Atmadi 1988 4538:Kompas 2000 4427:Wayman 1981 4415:Miksic 1990 4391:Antara 2023 4379:Watson 2023 4328:Berger 2006 4316:Crouch 2002 4184:Antara 2010 4155:Antara 2012 4068:Walubi 2002 4032:UNESCO 1999 3951:UNESCO 2004 3707:Miksic 1990 3515:Walubi 2023 2794:Pradakshina 2657:Bodhisattva 2494:bodhisattva 2487:Kapilavastu 2352:balustrades 2344:bas reliefs 2239:balustrade 2203:hidden foot 1958:Progo River 1805:prehistoric 1548:(left) and 1494:2.5 million 1465:Pradakshina 1355:anastylosis 1268: [ 1242: [ 1181:Restoration 1171:waterspouts 1094:Kedu region 1074: [ 1055:its capture 1041:Rediscovery 986: 1365 952:Abandonment 797: [ 615:. The term 607:written in 532:. The term 440:, then the 388:balustrades 116:Restored by 84: / 72:110°12′14″E 60:Coordinates 55:, Indonesia 37:Pradakshina 12296:Categories 12180:Psychology 12160:Gnosticism 12148:Comparison 12143:Influences 12125:Comparison 12008:Bhavacakra 11966:Kushinagar 11941:Pilgrimage 11887:Māgha Pūjā 11842:Bodhi Tree 11658:Buddhology 11648:Abhidharma 11640:Philosophy 11573:Menander I 11441:Costa Rica 11392:Uzbekistan 11233:Bangladesh 11187:Dhammapada 11171:Pali Canon 11133:Ajahn Chah 11113:Dalai Lama 11013:Kumārajīva 11008:Vasubandhu 10983:The Buddha 10891:Zen master 10826:Sakadagami 10806:Buddhahood 10737:Pratimokṣa 10552:Shikantaza 10508:Meditation 10483:Deity yoga 10354:Madhyamaka 10247:Deva realm 10142:Mindstream 10092:Bodhicitta 10004:Aṅgulimāla 9871:Devadatta 9847:Yaśodharā 9750:The Buddha 9740:Middle Way 9506:Historical 9441:Healthcare 9388:Properties 9353:Literature 9305:Rumah adat 9165:Automotive 9073:Censorship 9021:Historical 8722:Sumberawan 8717:Singhasari 8525:Philosophy 8164:Lake Tempe 8058:Kalimantan 7773:Baturraden 7670:Metro City 7615:Jam Gadang 7475:in YouTube 7473:Gandavyuha 7238:9 December 6995:7 November 6875:7 November 6774:Kompas.com 6736:27 January 6708:Kompas.com 6693:14 October 6687:Kompas.com 6672:4 December 6587:24 October 6546:14 October 6540:Kompas.com 6525:19 January 6489:6 November 6338:1813/53687 4008:Voute 1973 3978:Vogel 1913 3719:Munoz 2007 3563:Moens 1951 3431:Moens 1951 3291:References 3172:Yogyakarta 3130:Emblem of 3113:Bodhi Tree 3042:Angkor Wat 3015:Arupadhatu 3007:Vairochana 2966:Vairochana 2865:Vara mudra 2721:Arupadhatu 2705:Arupadhatu 2653:Queen Maya 2647:, the god 2600:Gandavyuha 2576:Jatakamala 2483:Queen Maya 2479:Suddhodana 2448:Queen Maya 2385:karmic law 2369:pradaksina 2325:Gandavyuha 2322:balustrade 2314:Gandavyuha 2300:Gandavyuha 2297:balustrade 2289:Gandavyuha 2275:Gandavyuha 2261:balustrade 2220:main wall 2162:gandharvas 2138:Arupadhatu 2095:Angkor Wat 2031:Gunadharma 1991:stormwater 1970:corbelling 1885:Arupadhatu 1877:Arupadhatu 1852:Arupadhatu 1811:megalithic 1729:Angkor Wat 1680:Yogyakarta 1676:earthquake 1657:nine bombs 1474:meditation 1437:Indonesian 1276:Dutch army 1209:(rear) at 1169:and giant 1053:Following 970:Mpu Sindok 930: 833 923: 824 916: 792 909: 780 890:Shivalinga 836:Kedu Plain 819:See also: 779:Kedu Plain 751:Yogyakarta 735:See also: 704:Sailendras 617:Buddha-Uhr 520:Indonesian 469:Angkor Wat 406:Indonesian 317:Indonesian 192:Designated 150:.kemdikbud 148:kebudayaan 128:Gunadharma 111:1911, 1983 12302:Borobudur 12248:Festivals 12228:Buddhists 12190:Theosophy 11993:Symbolism 11983:Hama yumi 11956:Bodh Gaya 11723:Socialism 11698:Evolution 11673:Economics 11511:Venezuela 11426:Australia 11421:Argentina 11345:Sri Lanka 11340:Singapore 11258:Indonesia 11220:Countries 11161:Tripiṭaka 11123:Ajahn Mun 10998:Nagarjuna 10993:Aśvaghoṣa 10876:Anagārika 10871:Śrāmaṇerī 10866:Śrāmaṇera 10861:Bhikkhunī 10821:Sotāpanna 10710:Passaddhi 10651:Offerings 10626:Nekkhamma 10503:Iddhipada 10423:Practices 10393:Theravada 10366:Vajrayana 10359:Yogachara 10329:Pure Land 10242:Six Paths 10229:Cosmology 10009:Anuruddha 9984:Sāriputta 9974:Kaundinya 9966:Disciples 9941:Vajrapāṇi 9793:Footprint 9758:Tathāgata 9545:Nusantara 9453:Languages 9426:Education 9373:Mythology 9343:Festivals 9210:Transport 9122:President 9101:Pancasila 9053:Elections 9036:Districts 9026:Provinces 8990:Volcanoes 8953:Mountains 8872:Geography 8860:Reformasi 8769:Indonesia 8637:Borobudur 8632:Banyunibo 8606:Indonesia 8382:Tanah Lot 8312:Mandalika 8287:Kintamani 8267:Goa Gajah 8257:Gili Meno 8237:Cempi Bay 8212:Awang Bay 7978:Ranu Pani 7958:Prambanan 7953:Penataran 7783:Borobudur 7768:Batu City 7650:Lake Toba 7585:Berastagi 7539:Indonesia 7382:643483454 7374:0027-9358 7157:3 January 7122:17 August 7099:17 August 7083:7 January 6951:17 August 6906:5 January 6784:23 August 6601:Buddhanet 6462:0080-3545 6437:224792217 6376:163589816 6317:Indonesia 6284:Indonesia 6269:4 January 6244:129186824 6236:0435-3676 6154:129690872 6060:154890055 5981:0219-3213 5931:23 August 5884:17 August 5874:229446531 5835:Indonesia 5807:(1981) . 5795:17 August 5736:578699780 5617:832519854 5475:222264503 5387:. Brill. 5297:Borobudur 5278:Borobudur 5039:Wood 2011 3966:Anom 2005 3934:Anom 2005 3893:Anom 2005 3767:Hall 1956 3617:Anom 2005 3578:Anom 2005 3551:Krom 1927 3109:Sri Lanka 2978:Rupadhatu 2943:Rupadhatu 2912:Rupadhatu 2881:Rupadhatu 2850:Rupadhatu 2717:Rupadhatu 2712:Rupadhatu 2701:Rupadhatu 2504:with six 2378:sanctuary 2360:Rupadhatu 2356:Kāmadhātu 2311:main wall 2286:main wall 2272:main wall 1966:dovetails 1936:domains. 1934:Srivijaya 1881:Rupadhatu 1873:Rupadhatu 1869:Kāmadhātu 1846:Rupadhatu 1840:Kamadhatu 1629:Ratu Boko 1625:Prambanan 1425:full moon 1163:dvarapala 1159:dvarapala 1121:engraver 1114:monograph 1001:Majapahit 978:East Java 882:Prambanan 840:paleolake 755:Surakarta 700:ancestors 597:Borobudur 538:Borobudur 495:Etymology 485:Vesak Day 313:Barabudur 309:Borobudur 187:i, ii, vi 124:Architect 69:7°36′29″S 24:Borobudur 12266:Category 12195:Violence 12165:Hinduism 12113:Sanskrit 12068:Hinayana 12053:Amitābha 12013:Swastika 11882:Uposatha 11872:Holidays 11857:Calendar 11703:Humanism 11541:Kanishka 11531:Timeline 11355:Thailand 11323:Kalmykia 11318:Buryatia 11303:Pakistan 11288:Mongolia 11283:Maldives 11278:Malaysia 11243:Cambodia 11108:Shamarpa 11103:Nichiren 11053:Xuanzang 10988:Nagasena 10906:Rinpoche 10636:Pāramitā 10478:Devotion 10398:Navayana 10386:Dzogchen 10349:Nichiren 10297:Mahayana 10289:Branches 10167:Saṅkhāra 9916:Mañjuśrī 9873:(cousin) 9865:(cousin) 9833:(mother) 9825:(father) 9813:Miracles 9763:Birthday 9680:Glossary 9653:Buddhism 9590:Category 9463:Refugees 9458:Religion 9383:Painting 9294:Colonial 9241:Abortion 9170:Aviation 9085:Military 9004:Politics 8789:Timeline 8773:articles 8627:Batujaya 8367:Senggigi 8362:Seminyak 8332:Nusa Dua 8282:Kelimutu 8277:Jimbaran 8252:Gili Air 8131:Sulawesi 8038:Trowulan 7983:Sangiran 7625:Krakatoa 7431:27868287 7392:(1985). 7214:16 April 6926:17 March 6821:17 March 6714:17 March 6666:"Jataka" 6562:2 August 6110:69201320 6002:27864315 5963:(2002). 5773:(1976). 5627:(1990). 5572:66207713 4979:BBC 2014 4734:Zin 2014 4499:Tartakov 3199:See also 3152:Amanjiwo 3117:Upasakas 2904:Amitabha 2842:Aksobhya 2771:Mahayana 2707:level). 2660:Maitreya 2636:Manjusri 2629:Sravasti 2611:prologue 2559:Avadanas 2531:sal tree 2498:Maitreya 2374:pilgrims 2192:Location 2158:kinnaras 2152:, gods, 1995:gargoyle 1987:drainage 1972:method. 1954:andesite 1790:circular 1704:idolatry 1696:jihadist 1583:donated 1552:(right). 1431:observe 1165:, kala, 1155:gargoyle 1090:resident 1067:Semarang 1024:(or the 1016:(or the 946:Ratubaka 726:Location 716:Sanskrit 660:Jinalaya 609:Sanskrit 601:Javanese 586:bhudhara 473:Cambodia 434:Javanese 399:Javanese 368:andesite 357:Muntilan 353:Magelang 342:Mahayana 325:Javanese 184:Criteria 179:Cultural 108:Restored 45:Location 12243:Temples 12223:Buddhas 12185:Science 12175:Judaism 12170:Jainism 12088:Lineage 12048:Abhijñā 12018:Thangka 11961:Sarnath 11946:Lumbini 11867:Funeral 11862:Cuisine 11738:Culture 11713:Reality 11663:Creator 11653:Atomism 11523:History 11496:Ukraine 11456:Germany 11375:Senegal 11365:Vietnam 11293:Myanmar 11093:Shinran 11083:Karmapa 11058:Shandao 11028:Dignāga 10953:Śrāvaka 10933:Donchee 10928:Kappiya 10886:Sayadaw 10856:Bhikkhu 10831:Anāgāmi 10788:Nirvana 10754:Samadhi 10641:Paritta 10582:Tonglen 10577:Mandala 10532:Smarana 10513:Mantras 10461:Upekkha 10431:Bhavana 10381:Shingon 10334:Tiantai 10187:Tathātā 10177:Śūnyatā 10172:Skandha 10162:Saṃsāra 10157:Rebirth 10132:Kleshas 10122:Indriya 10024:Subhūti 9909:Guanyin 9863:Ānanda 9855:Rāhula 9735:Nirvana 9675:Outline 9600:Gallery 9574:Outline 9496:Costume 9483:Symbols 9403:Theatre 9348:Legends 9333:Cuisine 9328:Costume 9299:Mosques 9276:Culture 9266:Smoking 9229:Society 9205:Tourism 9185:History 9148:Economy 9089:Babinsa 9043:Cabinet 8980:Regions 8943:Islands 8938:Geology 8894:Climate 8884:Borders 8781:History 8712:Sajiwan 8697:Plaosan 8687:Kalasan 8662:Lumbung 8407:Uluwatu 8217:Bedugul 8096:Kakaban 7547:Sumatra 7465:Jatakas 7194:28 June 7015:28 June 6800:21 July 6760:24 July 6509:15 July 6405:1505654 6347:3350894 6304:3350886 6216:Bibcode 6198:1672522 6134:Bibcode 6031:2754037 5669:2 April 5591:5964215 3059:gamelan 3050:Suharto 3046:Sukarno 3011:Zenith 2974:Zenith 2806:Statue 2641:Brahmin 2623:in the 2620:samadhi 2571:Sudhana 2554:Jatakas 2543:Sarnath 2527:Lumbini 2520:ascetic 2471:Sarnath 2463:Tushita 2452:Lumbini 2422:saṃsāra 2417:charity 2348:façades 2189:Section 2166:apsaras 2124:Reliefs 2117:Makaras 2075:fractal 2011:pyramid 1979:in situ 1974:Reliefs 1925:Kesaria 1861:sūnyatā 1857:saṃsāra 1781:mandala 1766:mandala 1735:cover. 1484:Tourism 1389:chattra 1380:chattra 1295:chattra 1291:chattra 1286:chattra 1207:chhatra 1191:chhatra 1137:of the 1119:Flemish 1092:of the 1010:to the 941:Kalasan 886:Sanjaya 877:Sanjaya 851:History 847:built. 767:Merbabu 763:Sumbing 759:Sundoro 692:Kamūlān 686:called 684:Kamūlān 621:Beduhur 465:Myanmar 420:to the 414:nirvāṇa 207:Part of 199:session 134:Website 12238:Sutras 12233:Suttas 12098:Siddhi 12083:Koliya 12058:Brahmā 11973:Poetry 11919:Mantra 11909:Kasaya 11781:Pagoda 11761:Kyaung 11756:Vihāra 11751:Temple 11693:Ethics 11536:Ashoka 11486:Sweden 11481:Poland 11476:Norway 11466:Mexico 11451:France 11436:Canada 11431:Brazil 11370:Africa 11350:Taiwan 11313:Russia 11238:Bhutan 11198:Vinaya 11078:Naropa 11068:Saraha 11003:Asanga 10759:Prajñā 10668:Refuge 10631:Nianfo 10592:Tertön 10587:Tantra 10572:Ganana 10562:Tukdam 10488:Dhyāna 10456:Mudita 10451:Karuṇā 10344:Risshū 10339:Huayan 10272:Naraka 10212:Anattā 10207:Dukkha 10202:Anicca 10107:Dharma 10059:Channa 9994:Ānanda 9979:Assaji 9946:Skanda 9849:(wife) 9818:Family 9798:Relics 9723:Sangha 9718:Dharma 9713:Buddha 9595:Portal 9501:Emblem 9491:Anthem 9436:Health 9323:Cinema 9256:Piracy 9180:Energy 9112:Police 8985:Rivers 8889:Cities 8771: 8682:Ngawen 8667:Mendut 8652:Jabung 8642:Bubrah 8417:Maluku 8347:Pecatu 8232:Canggu 8184:Toraja 8033:Tretes 7963:Puncak 7923:Mrapen 7893:Malang 7813:G-Land 7710:Sipura 7700:Sabang 7429: 7418: 7400: 7380: 7372: 7347: 7328: 7252:Waisak 7228:Walubi 7153:. 2024 7151:UNESCO 7133:UNESCO 7118:. 1999 7116:UNESCO 6656:17 May 6460: 6435: 6403: 6374: 6345: 6302: 6242: 6234: 6196: 6152: 6108: 6058: 6029: 6000: 5979: 5903: 5872: 5862: 5841: 5786: 5759: 5734: 5705: 5686: 5660: 5639: 5615: 5589: 5570: 5560: 5541: 5518: 5492: 5473: 5417: 5405:& 5391: 5372: 5353: 5322: 5303: 5284: 5256: 5235: 5216: 5197: 5178: 5159: 5133: 3283:house. 3164:Rupiah 3160:Sleman 3121:Waisak 3086:Louvre 3055:wayang 3024:Legacy 3003:(law) 3001:dharma 2939:North 2877:South 2809:Mudra 2798:mudras 2775:mudras 2761:mudras 2725:stupas 2336:1,460 2150:asuras 2104:stupas 2087:Mendut 2023:shrine 2003:makara 1962:mortar 1820:hyangs 1794:Buddha 1786:square 1756:Design 1733:rubber 1581:UNESCO 1453:Mendut 1441:Waisak 1417:UNESCO 1385:yasthi 1347:UNESCO 1327:UNESCO 1167:makara 1117:Dutch- 1033:friend 897:carved 809:Mendut 771:Merapi 670:. The 654:. The 645:Buddha 641:vihara 633:dhuhur 450:UNESCO 422:Buddha 418:shrine 376:relief 227:Region 197:(15th 12210:Lists 12078:Kalpa 12073:Iddhi 11936:Music 11931:Mudra 11897:Vassa 11877:Vesak 11847:Budai 11793:Candi 11776:Stupa 11708:Logic 11461:Italy 11360:Tibet 11298:Nepal 11268:Korea 11263:Japan 11253:India 11248:China 11193:Sutra 11148:Texts 11098:Dōgen 11088:Hōnen 11073:Atiśa 11038:Zhiyi 10948:Achar 10916:Tulku 10911:Geshe 10896:Rōshi 10881:Ajahn 10836:Arhat 10796:Bodhi 10766:Vīrya 10683:Sacca 10678:Satya 10673:Sādhu 10661:Music 10604:Merit 10597:Terma 10557:Zazen 10493:Faith 10446:Mettā 10127:Karma 10087:Bardo 10054:Asita 10044:Khema 10034:Upāli 10019:Nanda 9857:(son) 9831:Māyā 9808:Films 9685:Index 9605:Atlas 9581:Index 9555:Songs 9540:Motto 9468:Women 9398:Sport 9368:Music 9363:Media 9338:Dance 9318:Batik 9289:Candi 9246:Crime 9175:Banks 8973:Flora 8968:Fauna 8948:Lakes 8692:Pawon 8622:Bahal 8519:Subak 8421:Papua 8357:Sanur 8352:Rinca 7748:Anyer 7427:JSTOR 7416:JSTOR 7302:4 May 7112:(PDF) 7067:4 May 6900:(PDF) 6889:(PDF) 6858:4 May 6796:. PBS 6611:4 May 6558:. BBC 6454:LXVII 6433:S2CID 6401:JSTOR 6372:S2CID 6343:JSTOR 6300:JSTOR 6255:(PDF) 6240:S2CID 6150:S2CID 6117:(PDF) 6098:(PDF) 6056:S2CID 6027:JSTOR 5998:JSTOR 5945:(PDF) 5814:(PDF) 5780:(PDF) 5508:(PDF) 5467:(PDF) 5101:Books 3257:Notes 3156:Hyatt 2908:West 2846:East 2783:mudra 2779:mudra 2767:mudra 2645:Anala 2506:tusks 2333:Total 2195:Story 2083:Pawon 2019:stupa 2015:stupa 1999:giant 1773:stupa 1633:Kelud 1525:chant 1457:Pawon 1433:Vesak 1409:Vesak 1343:Paris 1272:] 1250:] 1098:stupa 1078:] 988:, in 869:Hindu 805:Pawon 801:] 775:Progo 696:mula, 637:luhur 582:Budur 578:Budur 566:Budur 554:candi 534:candi 525:candi 504:Candi 461:Bagan 430:Hindu 384:stupa 359:, in 195:1991 97:Built 12108:Pāḷi 12093:Māra 12003:Flag 11404:Iran 11328:Tuva 11273:Laos 10901:Lama 10749:Śīla 10717:Śīla 10705:Pīti 10695:Sati 10646:Puja 10567:Koan 10473:Dāna 10064:Yasa 9951:Tārā 9523:Flag 9126:List 8707:Sewu 8702:Sari 8657:Jawi 8647:Gana 8419:and 8397:Ubud 8297:Kuta 7730:Java 7680:Nias 7471:and 7398:ISBN 7378:OCLC 7370:ISSN 7345:ISBN 7326:ISBN 7304:2015 7284:2023 7264:2008 7240:2009 7216:2024 7196:2012 7179:2017 7159:2024 7124:2008 7101:2008 7085:2024 7069:2018 7037:2014 7017:2012 6997:2010 6973:2011 6953:2008 6928:2024 6908:2024 6877:2010 6860:2015 6840:2019 6823:2024 6802:2014 6786:2008 6762:2014 6738:2014 6716:2024 6695:2015 6674:2011 6658:2017 6633:2011 6613:2015 6589:2023 6564:2014 6548:2015 6527:2024 6511:2012 6491:2010 6458:ISSN 6271:2024 6232:ISSN 6194:SSRN 6106:OCLC 5977:ISSN 5933:2008 5901:ISBN 5886:2008 5870:OCLC 5860:ISBN 5839:ISBN 5822:2023 5797:2008 5784:ISBN 5757:ISBN 5732:OCLC 5703:ISBN 5684:ISBN 5671:2012 5658:ISBN 5637:ISBN 5613:OCLC 5598:2023 5587:OCLC 5568:OCLC 5558:ISBN 5539:ISBN 5516:ISBN 5490:ISBN 5471:OCLC 5415:ISBN 5389:ISBN 5370:ISBN 5351:ISBN 5339:IEEE 5320:ISBN 5301:ISBN 5282:ISBN 5254:ISBN 5233:ISBN 5214:ISBN 5195:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5157:ISBN 5144:2023 5131:ISBN 2581:Rama 2481:and 2362:). 2350:and 2278:128 2267:100 2253:128 2245:372 2234:120 2226:120 2212:160 2206:wall 2164:and 2113:Kala 2091:tala 2085:and 2077:and 2071:tala 2049:Kala 1932:and 1930:Pala 1692:CCTV 1688:ISIS 1627:and 1615:and 1605:US$ 1601:US$ 1589:US$ 1585:US$ 1364:US$ 1360:US$ 1320:and 1309:and 1274:, a 1201:The 1150:Siam 1103:The 1082:Sewu 1061:was 873:Java 807:and 765:and 676:sima 574:boro 570:Buda 562:Bore 510:and 467:and 448:and 372:dome 176:Type 141:.com 11830:Art 11766:Wat 10302:Zen 9313:Art 9068:Law 8604:in 7537:in 7366:163 6425:doi 6393:doi 6364:doi 6333:hdl 6325:doi 6292:doi 6263:865 6224:doi 6175:doi 6142:doi 6081:doi 6077:121 6048:doi 6019:doi 5994:148 5343:doi 3993:PBS 2968:or 2627:at 2617:'s 2541:at 2485:of 2469:at 2328:72 2317:84 2303:88 2292:88 2001:or 1822:. 1568:in 1468:or 1455:to 1231:PVC 1148:of 992:'s 643:of 635:or 611:as 518:In 471:in 463:in 347:in 221:592 154:.id 152:.go 12298:: 11332:ru 7467:, 7376:. 7364:. 7275:. 7250:. 7226:. 7149:. 7143:. 7059:. 6983:. 6939:. 6919:. 6891:. 6813:. 6772:. 6748:. 6726:. 6706:. 6685:. 6644:. 6599:. 6580:. 6566:. 6538:. 6452:. 6448:. 6431:. 6419:. 6399:. 6389:18 6387:. 6370:. 6360:45 6358:. 6341:. 6331:. 6321:28 6319:. 6315:. 6298:. 6288:23 6286:. 6282:. 6261:. 6257:. 6238:. 6230:. 6222:. 6212:97 6171:34 6169:. 6165:. 6148:. 6140:. 6130:14 6128:. 6100:. 6075:. 6071:. 6054:. 6044:32 6042:. 6025:. 6015:38 6013:. 5992:. 5975:. 5971:. 5967:. 5953:36 5951:. 5947:. 5868:. 5730:. 5635:. 5631:. 5566:. 5349:. 5337:. 5129:. 5125:. 4923:^ 4824:^ 4765:^ 4654:^ 4637:^ 4572:^ 4545:^ 4530:^ 4347:^ 4162:^ 4111:^ 4000:^ 3985:^ 3958:^ 3941:^ 3924:^ 3883:^ 3868:^ 3841:^ 3810:^ 3687:^ 3660:^ 3597:^ 3570:^ 3409:^ 3348:^ 3327:^ 3310:^ 2655:, 2651:, 2631:. 2489:. 2395:. 2160:, 2156:, 2005:. 1899:. 1867:. 1706:. 1611:, 1572:. 1480:. 1439:: 1270:nl 1248:nl 1246:; 1244:id 1177:. 1125:. 1076:nl 983:c. 932:. 927:c. 920:c. 913:c. 906:c. 799:nl 789:. 714:, 706:. 690:. 456:. 331:, 327:: 323:, 319:: 144:, 51:, 11334:) 11330:( 10548:) 10544:( 9639:e 9632:t 9625:v 9128:) 9124:( 9091:) 9087:( 8761:e 8754:t 8747:v 8594:e 8587:t 8580:v 8488:e 8481:t 8474:v 7527:e 7520:t 7513:v 7433:. 7422:. 7406:. 7384:. 7353:. 7334:. 7306:. 7286:. 7266:. 7242:. 7218:. 7198:. 7181:. 7161:. 7126:. 7103:. 7087:. 7071:. 7039:. 7019:. 6999:. 6975:. 6955:. 6930:. 6910:. 6879:. 6862:. 6842:. 6825:. 6804:. 6788:. 6764:. 6740:. 6718:. 6697:. 6676:. 6660:. 6635:. 6615:. 6591:. 6550:. 6529:. 6513:. 6493:. 6464:. 6439:. 6427:: 6421:6 6407:. 6395:: 6378:. 6366:: 6349:. 6335:: 6327:: 6306:. 6294:: 6273:. 6246:. 6226:: 6218:: 6200:. 6183:. 6177:: 6156:. 6144:: 6136:: 6087:. 6083:: 6062:. 6050:: 6033:. 6021:: 6004:. 5983:. 5973:7 5935:. 5909:. 5847:. 5828:. 5799:. 5765:. 5711:. 5692:. 5673:. 5645:. 5619:. 5600:. 5574:. 5547:. 5528:. 5498:. 5477:. 5439:. 5423:. 5397:. 5378:. 5359:. 5345:: 5328:. 5309:. 5290:. 5262:. 5241:. 5222:. 5203:. 5184:. 5165:. 5146:. 5077:. 5065:. 5053:. 5017:. 4993:. 4981:. 4870:. 4760:. 4700:. 4664:. 4649:. 4540:. 4501:. 4465:. 4393:. 4381:. 4369:. 4357:. 4342:. 4330:. 4306:. 4282:. 4270:. 4258:. 4246:. 4234:. 4222:. 4210:. 4186:. 4157:. 4106:. 4094:. 4082:. 4070:. 4046:. 3995:. 3953:. 3836:. 3793:. 3607:. 3529:. 3517:. 3493:. 3392:. 3343:. 2763:, 2533:( 1435:( 1341:( 1281:ƒ 1258:ƒ 1213:. 1035:' 997:, 769:- 761:- 514:. 315:( 201:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.