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acidity in lower areas of bogs that is affecting the rich organic material. Many of these areas have been permeated to the lowest levels with oxygen, which dries and cracks layers. There have been some temporary solutions to try and fix these issues, such as adding soil to the tops of threatened areas, yet they do not work in the long-term. Extreme weather like dry summers are likely the cause, as they lower precipitation and the groundwater table. It is speculated that these issues will only increase with a rise in global temperature and climate change. Since bogs take thousands of years to form and create the rich peat that is used as a resource, once they are gone they are extremely hard to recover. Arctic and sub-Arctic circles where many bogs are warming at 0.6 °C per decade, an amount twice as large as the global average. Because bogs and other peatlands are carbon sinks, they are releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases as they warm up. These changes have resulted in a severe decline of biodiversity and species populations of peatlands throughout
Northern Europe.
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720:(even if the substrate is non-acidic). The bog continues to form peat, and over time a shallow dome of bog peat develops into a raised bog. The dome is typically a few meters high in the center and is often surrounded by strips of fen or other wetland vegetation at the edges or along streamsides where groundwater can percolate into the wetland.
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871:) may grow in this bog regime. Walking on the surface causes it to move – larger movements may cause visible ripples on the surface, or they may even make trees sway. The bog mat may eventually spread across the water surface to cover bays or even entire small lakes. Bogs at the edges of lakes may become detached and form
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or peat accumulates within the lake. Eventually, peat builds up to a level where the land surface is too flat for ground or surface water to reach the center of the wetland. This part, therefore, becomes wholly rain-fed (ombrotrophic), and the resulting acidic conditions allow the development of bog
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in
England. The Tollund Man was so well preserved that when the body was discovered in 1950, the discoverers thought it was a recent murder victim and researchers were even able to tell the last meal that the Tollund Man ate before he died: porridge and fish. This process happens because of the low
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ones, if abundant acidic rainwater predominates over the groundwater. A blanket bog can occur in drier or warmer climates, because under those conditions hilltops and sloping ground dry out too often for peat to form – in intermediate climates a blanket bog may be limited to areas which are shaded
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Bogs are fragile ecosystems, and have been deteriorating quickly, as archaeologists and scientists have been recently finding. Bone material found in bogs has had accelerated deterioration from first analyses in the 1940s. This has been found to be from fluctuations in ground water and increase in
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is a rare ecological community formed where a permanent stream flows over a granite outcropping. The sheeting of water keeps the edges of the rock wet without eroding the soil, but in this precarious location, no tree or large shrub can maintain a roothold. The result is a narrow, permanently wet
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Like all wetlands, it is difficult to rigidly define bogs for a number of reasons, including variations between bogs, the in-between nature of wetlands as an intermediate between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and varying definitions between wetland classification systems. However, there are
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These develop in gently sloping valleys or hollows. A layer of peat fills the deepest part of the valley, and a stream may run through the surface of the bog. Valley bogs may develop in relatively dry and warm climates, but because they rely on ground or surface water, they only occur on acidic
917:, and it has been used that way for centuries. More than 20% of home heat in Ireland comes from peat, and it is also used for fuel in Finland, Scotland, Germany, and Russia. Russia is the leading exporter of peat for fuel, at more than 90 million metric tons per year. Ireland's
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and low in nutrients. A bog usually is found at a freshwater soft spongy ground that is made up of decayed plant matter which is known as peat. They are generally found in cooler northern climates and are formed in poorly draining lake basins. In contrast to
225:. In general, the low fertility and cool climate result in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower due to low oxygen levels in saturated bog soils. Hence, peat accumulates. Large areas of the landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat.
982:. As one example, the peatlands of the former Soviet Union were calculated to be removing 52 Tg of carbon per year from the atmosphere. Therefore, the rewetting of drained peatlands may be one of the most cost-effective ways to mitigate climate change.
827:. In Europe, these mostly very thin peat layers without significant surface structures are distributed over the hills and valleys of Ireland, Scotland, England, and Norway. In North America, blanket bogs occur predominantly in Canada east of
810:. In these circumstances, bog develops as a layer "blanketing" much of the land, including hilltops and slopes. Although a blanket bog is more common on acidic substrates, under some conditions it may also develop on neutral or even
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Swindles, Graeme T.; Morris, Paul J.; Mullan, Donal J.; Payne, Richard J.; Roland, Thomas P.; Amesbury, Matthew J.; Lamentowicz, Mariusz; Turner, T. Edward; Gallego-Sala, Angela; Sim, Thomas; Barr, Iestyn D. (21 October 2019).
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shrubs. The shrubs are often evergreen, which may assist in conservation of nutrients. In drier locations, evergreen trees can occur, in which case the bog blends into the surrounding expanses of boreal evergreen forest.
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There are many highly specialized animals, fungi, and plants associated with bog habitat. Most are capable of tolerating the combination of low nutrient levels and waterlogging. Sphagnum is generally abundant, along with
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969:, since peat accumulation is a slow process. More than 90% of the bogs in England have been damaged or destroyed. In 2011 plans for the elimination of peat in gardening products were announced by the UK government.
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oxygen levels of bogs in combination with the high acidity. These anaerobic conditions lead to some of the best-preserved mummies and offer much archeological insight into society as far as 8,000 years back.
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in 2019 showed that peatlands across Europe have undergone rapid drying in recent centuries owing to human impacts including drainage, peat cutting and burning. A 2014 expedition leaving from Itanga village,
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General View of The
Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful
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The peat in bogs is an important place for the storage of carbon. If the peat decays, carbon dioxide would be released to the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Undisturbed, bogs function as a
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is a form of floating bog occurring in wetter parts of valley bogs and raised bogs and sometimes around the edges of acidic lakes. The bog vegetation, mostly sphagnum moss anchored by sedges (such as
1911:
2063:"Human encroachment, climate change and the loss of our archaeological organic cultural heritage: Accelerated bone deterioration at Ageröd, a revisited Scandinavian Mesolithic key-site in despair"
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In cool climates with consistently high rainfall (on more than c. 235 days a year), the ground surface may remain waterlogged for much of the time, providing conditions for the development of bog
221:, they derive most of their water from precipitation rather than mineral-rich ground or surface water. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat
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Damman, A.W.H. (1986). "Hydrology, development, and biogeochemistry of ombrogenous bogs with special reference to nutrient relocation in a western
Newfoundland bog".
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Bogs are recognized as a significant/specific habitat type by a number of governmental and conservation agencies. They can provide habitat for mammals, such as
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Nielsen, N.; Henriksen, P.; Enevold, R.; Mortensen, M; Scavenius, C.; Enghild, J. (2021). "The last meal of
Tollund Man: New analyses of his gut content".
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Campbell, D.R.; Rochefort, L. (2003). "Germination and seedling growth of bog plants in relation to the recolonization of milled peatlands".
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and hunting. For example, many popular canoe routes in northern Canada include areas of peatland. Some other activities, such as
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Glaser, P.H. (1992). "Raised bogs in eastern North
America: regional controls for species richness and floristic assemblages".
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area, over either non-acidic or acidic substrates. Over centuries there is a progression from open lake, to a marsh, to a
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Cobbaert, D.; Rochefort, L.; Price, J.S. (2004). "Experimental restoration of a fen plant community after peat mining".
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shrubs rooted in the sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a
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Peat bogs are also important in storing fresh water, particularly in the headwaters of large rivers. Even the enormous
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1959:"Distribution of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and landscape favourability for the species in Northern Ireland"
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within bogs can result in the remarkable preservation of organic material. Finds of such material have been made in
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Because all bogs have peat, they are a type of peatland. As a peat-producing ecosystem, they are also classified as
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281:, which cover more than a million square kilometres. Large peat bogs also occur in North America, particularly the
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Schuur, E. A. G.; McGuire, A.; Schadel, C. (9 April 2015). "Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback".
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have adapted to these conditions through the use of mycorrhizal fungi to extract nutrients. Some shrubs such as
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Sphagnum moss and sedges can produce floating bog mats along the shores of small lakes. This bog in Duck Lake,
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Bogs may be classified on their topography, proximity to water, method of recharge, and nutrient accumulation.
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and the
Mackenzie River Basin. They are less common in the Southern Hemisphere, with the largest being the
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Newman, Michael C.; Schalles, John F. (1990). "The water chemistry of
Carolina bays: A regional survey".
286:
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1343:, Third Edition (Temple Big Thicket Series #5). University of North Texas Press. Denton, Texas. 152 pp.
1122:, large masses of fat, usually in wooden containers. These are thought to have been food stores of both
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923:("peat board") was one of the first companies to mechanically harvest peat, which is being phased out.
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Bogs have distinctive assemblages of animal, fungal, and plant species, and are of high importance for
145:, Latvia, formed approximately 10,000 years ago in the postglacial period and now a tourist attraction.
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water (groundwater). Blanket bogs do not occur north of the 65th latitude in the northern hemisphere.
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establishes bog habitats as a priority for conservation. Russia has a large reserve system in the
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approximately half a meter thick on the surface of water or above very wet peat. White spruce (
289:, comprising some 44,000 square kilometres (17,000 sq mi) in southern South America.
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2001:
Solomeshch, A.I. (2005). "The West
Siberian Lowland". In Fraser, L.H.; Keddy, P.A. (eds.).
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Bog habitats may develop in various situations, depending on the climate and topography.
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2492:"Northern peatlands role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming"
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The wetland is strongly acidic (bogs near coastal areas may be less acidic due to
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2122:"Climate change aggravates bog species extinctions in the Black Forest (Germany)"
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509:), and bogs in North America are habitat for a butterfly called the bog copper (
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Boethius, Adam; Kjällquist, Mathilda; Magnell, Ola; Apel, Jan (29 July 2020).
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Tutterow, Annalee M.; Graeter, Gabrielle J.; Pittman, Shannon E. (June 2017).
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2555:"Guest post: How human activity threatens the world's carbon-rich peatlands"
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2343:"Bord na Móna announces biggest change of land use in modern Irish history"
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Farren, Aodan; Prodöhl, Paulo; Laming, Peter; Reid, Neil (1 January 2010).
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1571:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from
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412:, Canada. Spruce trees can be seen on a forested ridge in the background.
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The wetland receives most of its water and nutrients from precipitation (
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but have often been cleared and drained for agriculture. A paper led by
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Once the peat has been extracted it can be difficult to restore the
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characteristics common to all bogs that provide a broad definition:
232:, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.
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occurs, thereby providing another supplemental source of nitrogen.
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Peat is present, usually thicker than 30 centimetres (12 in).
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Texas Parks and
Wildlife. Ecological Mapping Systems of Texas: "
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are also used for outdoor recreation, with activities including
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1475:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Oxford.
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This article is about the type of wetland. For other uses, see
273:. The world's largest wetland is the peat bogs of the Western
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2005:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–62.
1597:"Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries"
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794:
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484:
384:) while proximity to coastal areas is associated with higher
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519:, the only known reptile in the country, dwells in bogland.
499:. Bogs contain species of vulnerable reptilians such as the
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1693:. James G. Gosselink (4th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
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Many species of evergreen shrub are found in bogs, such as
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van Breeman, N. (1995). "How Sphagnum bogs down [
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1593:
1268: – 2008 series of bogslides in County Kerry, Ireland
1085:. Excellent examples of such human specimens include the
1070:
708:
372:) that act to buffer the natural acidity of atmospheric
218:
190:
2553:
Loisel, Julie; Gallego-Sala, Angela (21 December 2020).
1912:"Bog Turtle Demographics within the Southern Population"
491:, as well as for species of nesting shorebirds, such as
106:
Drone video of Kakerdaja bog in Estonia (September 2021)
2317:"How Do You Solve a Problem Like a Giant Floating Bog?"
1956:
1830:
Plants and Vegetation: Origins, Processes, Consequences
1731:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1384:"British Soil Is Battlefield Over Peat, for Bogs' Sake"
989:
arises in the Ruoergai peatland near its headwaters in
442:) have adapted to the low-nutrient conditions by using
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states in the United States. They are often covered in
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2003:
The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation
1909:
1544:
The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation
2120:
Sperle, Thomas; Bruelheide, Helge (25 October 2020).
1878:
Bond, G. (1985). Salisbury, F.B.; Ross, C.W. (eds.).
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The various types of raised bog may be divided into:
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accumulates in many bogs, forming bog pools, such as
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831:. These bogs are often still under the influence of
212:
Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is
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1504:Gorham, E. (1957). "The development of peatlands".
1114:farming landscape has been found preserved under a
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1884:(3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p.
1569:"Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Latvia"
197:is another type of bog found in the forest of the
2586:"Interview: Rewetting Peatlands to Cut Emissions"
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1537:
1535:
1361:West Gulf Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall
4755:
2641:
2119:
1285: – Ecological process of peatland formation
575:
426:are one of the more common herbaceous species.
3431:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2771:Describes a forested bog type of North America
2611:THE EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON ECOSYSTEMS
2019:
1759:
1532:
3977:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
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3516:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
3441:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
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1996:
1994:
1832:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1722:
1720:
1718:
1546:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1077:. They have yielded extremely well-preserved
711:(or, on acidic substrates, valley bog), to a
1729:Wetland ecology: principles and conservation
1353:
1333:
1319:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1317:Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation
1250: – Ancient substance found in peat bogs
950:whisky-producing region, use the smoke from
4042:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2273:
1881:Plant Physiology (Wadsworth biology series)
1665:"Peat bog as big as England found in Congo"
1541:
1470:
649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3694:
3680:
2851:
2837:
2000:
1991:
1715:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1341:Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction
1256: – Form of iron ore deposited in bogs
1045:The anaerobic environment and presence of
926:The other major use of dried peat is as a
823:form of blanket bog may occur, known as a
235:
2702:"Bog Butter: A Two Thousand Year History"
2340:
2137:
2096:
2086:
1974:
1852:
1628:
1566:
1381:
669:Learn how and when to remove this message
534:. The highest protected status occurs in
395:
250:pitcher plant of the eastern seaboard of
2652:"Welcome to the story of the Tollundman"
2314:
2027:"Russian Zapovedniks and National Parks"
1542:Fraser, L.H.; Keddy, P.A., eds. (2005).
900:
793:
773:
680:
587:
466:
399:
239:
128:
109:
92:
72:
54:
38:
2699:
1444:Education | National Geographic Society
1382:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (6 October 2012).
1366:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
14:
4756:
3701:
3536:Meadowview Biological Research Station
3468:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
2625:The Bog People: Iron Age Man Preserved
2583:
2489:
2246:
2203:
1688:
1503:
1188:and boulders at the Stumpy Knowe near
1037:use, are especially damaging to bogs.
334:) rather than surface or groundwater (
4230:
4229:
3713:
3675:
2832:
2565:from the original on 21 December 2020
1827:
1774:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/118/1990/147
1726:
1662:
1311:
1262: – Irish charitable organisation
1015:are harvested from the wild in bogs.
258:Bogs are widely distributed in cold,
2622:
2453:from the original on 24 October 2007
2341:de Róiste, Daithí (5 October 2015).
1877:
1471:Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, J. K. (2013).
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1296:
647:adding citations to reliable sources
614:
601:Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina
4305:Oceanic physical-biological process
4167:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3531:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
2584:Mandel, Martti (10 November 2018).
2443:"Insight into threatened peat bogs"
2353:from the original on 7 October 2015
1394:from the original on 7 October 2012
1260:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
310:" which stretches into neighboring
306:, discovered a peat bog "as big as
27:Type of wetland with peat-rich soil
24:
2429:10.1111/j.1654-109X.2004.tb00612.x
2037:from the original on 11 March 2018
896:
703:These develop from a lake or flat
436:) and pitcher plants (for example
404:An expanse of wet Sphagnum bog in
25:
4795:
2750:
2315:Appleton, Andrea (6 March 2018).
1457:
1244: – Corpse preserved in a bog
1204:Bog with October morning mist in
909:recultivated after industrial use
244:Carnivorous plants, such as this
177:moss. It is one of the four main
60:Tourbière du Lac-à-la-Tortue (fr)
4738:
4737:
4725:
4711:
4343:
4015:
3832:Colored dissolved organic matter
3656:
3655:
3644:
2791:'Preserve peat bogs' for climate
2706:The Journal of Irish Archaeology
1800:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00458.x
1219:
1197:
1178:
1163:
1140:
1133:
913:After drying, peat is used as a
619:
4177:Latin America and the Caribbean
3027:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2735:
2693:
2658:
2616:
2603:
2577:
2546:
2483:
2465:
2435:
2400:
2365:
2334:
2308:
2282:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
2267:
2240:
2197:
2146:
2113:
1950:
1903:
1871:
1846:
1821:
1780:
1753:
1682:
1656:
1587:
1560:
1339:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2000)
878:
181:. Other names for bogs include
4659:Ecological values of mangroves
4202:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1497:
1432:
1414:"Peatlands and climate change"
1406:
1040:
838:
782:, US, supports populations of
763:
693:, which is rich in raised bogs
341:The wetland is nutrient-poor (
13:
1:
3551:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
3541:Society of Wetland Scientists
1916:Ichthyology & Herpetology
1788:"Home Organization Selection"
1567:Adamovich, Alexander (2005).
1290:
1110:in Ireland, a 5,000-year-old
972:
610:
583:
550:are two prominent examples.
317:
4679:Marine conservation activism
4664:Fisheries and climate change
3166:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
2858:
2294:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90007-1
2088:10.1371/journal.pone.0236105
1857:. London: Chapman and Hall.
1663:Smith, David (27 May 2014).
576:By location and water source
312:Democratic Republic of Congo
189:; alkaline mires are called
7:
4674:Human impact on marine life
4551:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3787:Aquatic population dynamics
3436:National Wetlands Inventory
2126:Diversity and Distributions
1855:Ecology of World Vegetation
1689:Mitsch, William J. (2007).
1506:Quarterly Review of Biology
1212:
10:
4800:
3521:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
2700:Earwood, Caroline (1997).
2473:"Destruction of peat bogs"
2409:Applied Vegetation Science
2249:Canadian Journal of Botany
1976:10.1163/156853810791769428
767:
696:
561:
77:Peat bog and peat to dry,
29:
4705:
4644:
4516:
4452:
4414:
4361:
4352:
4341:
4290:Marine primary production
4242:
4238:
4225:
4184:List of marine ecoregions
4159:
4024:
4013:
3727:
3723:
3709:
3639:
3563:
3508:
3458:
3449:
3421:
3390:
3337:
3309:
3269:
2873:
2866:
2780:Germany's Endangered Bogs
1621:10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z
815:from direct sunshine. In
45:Lauhanvuori National Park
4536:Coastal biogeomorphology
4531:Marine coastal ecosystem
3500:Wetland indicator status
1853:Archibold, O.W. (1995).
1762:Archiv für Hydrobiologie
1473:The Biology of Peatlands
1363:". Retrieved 7 July 2020
905:The Sitniki peat bog in
557:
528:Biodiversity Action Plan
293:bogs were widespread in
185:, mosses, quagmire, and
4444:Paradox of the plankton
4255:Diel vertical migration
4149:Freshwater swamp forest
3867:GIS and aquatic science
3715:General components and
3211:Freshwater swamp forest
2821:The American Cyclopædia
2805:Encyclopædia Britannica
2762:19 October 2021 at the
2741:Aiton, William (1811).
2496:Ecological Applications
2386:10.1023/A:1026258114901
1727:Keddy, Paul A. (2010).
1152:northern pitcher plants
891:
406:Frontenac National Park
236:Distribution and extent
4270:Large marine ecosystem
3962:Shoaling and schooling
3546:Wetlands International
3317:List of wetland plants
2808:(11th ed.). 1911.
2475:. RSPB. Archived from
1083:Celtic human sacrifice
910:
803:
791:
694:
603:
476:
446:as a nutrient source.
413:
396:Ecology and protection
255:
146:
126:
107:
90:
70:
52:
4689:Marine protected area
4616:Salt pannes and pools
4391:Marine larval ecology
4366:Census of Marine Life
4250:Deep scattering layer
4207:San Francisco Estuary
4172:Africa and Madagascar
3997:Underwater camouflage
3777:Aquatic biomonitoring
3717:freshwater ecosystems
3191:Salt pannes and pools
2479:on 30 September 2007.
2280:] other plants".
904:
797:
777:
687:Lahemaa National Park
684:
591:
568:Ecological succession
532:West Siberian Lowland
506:Phaonia jaroschewskii
470:
403:
304:Republic of the Congo
243:
165:as a deposit of dead
132:
113:
105:
76:
58:
42:
4424:Marine bacteriophage
4386:Marine invertebrates
2679:10.15184/aqy.2021.98
2609:Taylor, Richard B, "
1828:Keddy, P.A. (2007).
1192:, Ayrshire, Scotland
643:improve this section
139:Ķemeri National Park
32:Bog (disambiguation)
4300:Ocean fertilization
4109:Trophic state index
4067:Lake stratification
3797:Aquatic respiration
3651:Wetlands portal
3282:Constructed wetland
2867:Types and landforms
2654:. Silkeborg Museum.
2627:. Faber and Faber.
2623:Glob, P.V. (2011).
2508:1991EcoAp...1..182G
2490:Gorham, E. (1991).
2421:2004AppVS...7..209C
2218:1992JEcol..80..535G
2175:10.1038/nature14338
2167:2015Natur.520..171S
2079:2020PLoSO..1536105B
1613:2019NatGe..12..922S
1035:all-terrain vehicle
515:). In Ireland, the
439:Sarracenia purpurea
287:Magellanic moorland
271:Northern Hemisphere
247:Sarracenia purpurea
4566:Intertidal wetland
4561:Intertidal ecology
4429:Marine prokaryotes
4371:Deep-sea community
4265:Iron fertilization
4188:Specific examples
4114:Upland and lowland
4032:Freshwater biology
3897:Microbial food web
3807:Aquatic toxicology
3750:Aquatic adaptation
3703:Aquatic ecosystems
3495:Salt marsh die-off
3413:Salt marsh dieback
3322:List of fen plants
3161:Palustrine wetland
3062:Intertidal wetland
3057:Interdunal wetland
2673:(383): 1195–1212.
2206:Journal of Ecology
1792:docs.shib.ncsu.edu
1388:The New York Times
911:
804:
792:
695:
604:
477:
456:(bog myrtle) have
428:Carnivorous plants
414:
299:Graeme T. Swindles
283:Hudson Bay Lowland
256:
169:materials – often
147:
127:
108:
91:
79:L'Isle-aux-Coudres
71:
53:
4751:
4750:
4732:Oceans portal
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4576:Hydrothermal vent
4512:
4511:
4401:Seashore wildlife
4232:Marine ecosystems
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
3987:Thermal pollution
3952:Ramsar Convention
3892:Microbial ecology
3852:Fisheries science
3792:Aquatic predation
3669:
3668:
3571:Aquatic ecosystem
3559:
3558:
3478:Ramsar Convention
3305:
3304:
3287:Converted wetland
3229:Peat swamp forest
3092:Inland salt marsh
2793:BBC 28 March 2007
2161:(7546): 171–179.
2139:10.1111/ddi.13184
1963:Amphibia-Reptilia
1928:10.1643/CH-16-478
1864:978-0-412-44290-2
1738:978-1-139-22365-2
1700:978-0-471-69967-5
1601:Nature Geoscience
1575:on 11 August 2017
1482:978-0-19-150828-8
1420:. 6 November 2017
946:, notably in the
679:
678:
671:
517:viviparous lizard
512:Lycaena epixanthe
462:nitrogen fixation
430:such as sundews (
267:boreal ecosystems
179:types of wetlands
161:that accumulates
103:
16:(Redirected from
4791:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4718:Lakes portal
4716:
4715:
4714:
4684:Marine pollution
4376:Deep-water coral
4359:
4358:
4347:
4280:Marine chemistry
4240:
4239:
4227:
4226:
4144:Freshwater marsh
4037:Freshwater biome
4019:
3735:Acoustic ecology
3725:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3631:Will-o'-the-wisp
3564:Related articles
3456:
3455:
3256:Whitewater river
3206:Coniferous swamp
3087:Freshwater marsh
2980:Clearwater river
2896:Blackwater river
2871:
2870:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2769:Black Spruce Bog
2730:
2729:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2614:
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2487:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. 31 July 2004.
2439:
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2044:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1907:
1901:
1900:See figure 13.3.
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1844:
1843:
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1816:
1814:
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1403:
1401:
1399:
1379:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1309:
1266:Kerry bog slides
1236:Blackwater river
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1201:
1190:South Auchenmade
1182:
1167:
1156:Brown's Lake Bog
1144:
1093:in Denmark, and
1087:Haraldskær Woman
1075:dendrochronology
873:floating islands
858:Carex lasiocarpa
784:English sundew (
674:
667:
663:
660:
654:
623:
615:
592:Aerial image of
392:concentrations.
203:heath or heather
104:
62:, ombrotrophic,
21:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4724:
4723:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4693:
4654:Coral bleaching
4640:
4621:Seagrass meadow
4518:Marine habitats
4508:
4482:Coral reef fish
4448:
4434:Marine protists
4410:
4348:
4339:
4310:Ocean turbidity
4285:Marine food web
4234:
4213:
4155:
4094:River ecosystem
4047:Freshwater fish
4020:
4011:
3817:Bioluminescence
3802:Aquatic science
3719:
3705:
3700:
3670:
3665:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3555:
3526:Ducks Unlimited
3504:
3463:Clean Water Act
3445:
3423:Classifications
3417:
3386:
3333:
3301:
3265:
3216:Mangrove forest
2862:
2857:
2812:
2796:
2782:- slideshow by
2764:Wayback Machine
2757:Ballynahone Bog
2753:
2738:
2733:
2698:
2694:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2642:
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2621:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2594:
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2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2547:
2516:10.2307/1941811
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2261:10.1139/b86-055
2245:
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2226:10.2307/2260697
2202:
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2147:
2118:
2114:
2073:(7): e0236105.
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2013:
1999:
1992:
1955:
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1607:(11): 922–928.
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1354:
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1310:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1227:Wetlands portal
1225:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1145:
1136:
1073:logs useful in
1043:
975:
958:used in making
899:
897:Industrial uses
894:
881:
841:
798:Blanket bog in
786:Drosera anglica
772:
766:
701:
675:
664:
658:
655:
640:
624:
613:
594:Carbajal Valley
586:
578:
570:
560:
493:Siberian cranes
398:
320:
295:northern Europe
238:
93:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4797:
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4472:Saltwater fish
4469:
4467:Marine reptile
4464:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4439:Marine viruses
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
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4416:Microorganisms
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4406:Wild fisheries
4403:
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4320:Thorson's rule
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4277:
4275:Marine biology
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4134:Brackish marsh
4131:
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4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Lake ecosystem
4059:
4054:
4052:Hyporheic zone
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3902:Microbial loop
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3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Eutrophication
3844:
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3834:
3829:
3827:Cascade effect
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3755:Aquatic animal
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Drainage basin
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:Paludification
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:Sapric or muck
3357:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3338:Soil mechanics
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Brackish marsh
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2810:
2794:
2788:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2751:External links
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2692:
2657:
2640:
2634:978-0571270903
2633:
2615:
2602:
2576:
2545:
2482:
2464:
2434:
2399:
2364:
2333:
2307:
2288:(7): 270–275.
2266:
2239:
2196:
2145:
2132:(2): 282–295.
2112:
2048:
2031:Russian Nature
2018:
2011:
1990:
1969:(3): 387–394.
1949:
1922:(2): 293–300.
1902:
1894:
1870:
1863:
1845:
1839:978-0521864800
1838:
1820:
1779:
1768:(2): 147–168.
1752:
1737:
1714:
1699:
1681:
1655:
1586:
1559:
1552:
1531:
1518:10.1086/401755
1496:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1405:
1365:
1352:
1349:978-1574412147
1332:
1326:978-0521739672
1325:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1283:Paludification
1280:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:Mukri, Estonia
1203:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1042:
1039:
974:
971:
928:soil amendment
898:
895:
893:
890:
880:
877:
840:
837:
768:Main article:
765:
762:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
697:Main article:
677:
676:
627:
625:
618:
612:
609:
585:
582:
577:
574:
559:
556:
542:category IV);
524:United Kingdom
397:
394:
374:carbon dioxide
354:
353:
346:
339:
328:
319:
316:
237:
234:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4796:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:Types of soil
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Sponge ground
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Marine biomes
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Demersal fish
4490:
4488:
4487:Deep-sea fish
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Marine mammal
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Trophic level
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Sediment trap
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Phytoplankton
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Aquatic plant
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Anoxic waters
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3662:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Riparian zone
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:Organizations
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:Tropical peat
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Várzea forest
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Polygonal bog
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:(2): 182–95.
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:(2): 209–20.
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:Plant Ecology
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2322:
2321:Atlas Obscura
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:(3): 535–54.
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2012:9780521834049
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1553:9780521834049
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:(2): 145–66.
1511:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1217:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:Image gallery
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:Lindow Common
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Sphagnum bogs
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:lingonberries
1010:
1009:huckleberries
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
988:
987:Yangtze River
983:
981:
970:
968:
963:
961:
960:Scotch whisky
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:sphagnum peat
933:
929:
924:
922:
921:
916:
908:
903:
889:
886:
876:
874:
870:
869:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
801:
796:
789:
787:
781:
776:
771:
759:
758:Polygonal bog
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
692:
688:
683:
673:
670:
662:
652:
648:
644:
638:
637:
633:
628:This section
626:
622:
617:
616:
608:
602:
598:
595:
590:
581:
573:
569:
565:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
444:invertebrates
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
425:
420:
411:
407:
402:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:minerotrophic
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
253:
252:North America
249:
248:
242:
233:
231:
226:
224:
220:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
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180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
140:
136:
131:
124:
120:
116:
115:Precipitation
112:
88:
84:
80:
75:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4646:Conservation
4497:Pelagic fish
4477:Coastal fish
4381:Marine fungi
4128:
4119:Water garden
4002:Water column
3947:Productivity
3922:Pelagic zone
3882:Macrobenthos
3872:Hydrobiology
3842:Ecohydrology
3596:List of bogs
3451:Conservation
3382:Ombrotrophic
3326:
3297:Water-meadow
3221:
3032:Grass valley
3022:Flood-meadow
2985:Cypress dome
2916:Cataract bog
2905:
2891:Beach meadow
2819:
2803:
2783:
2742:
2736:Bibliography
2709:
2705:
2695:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2559:Carbon Brief
2558:
2548:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2477:the original
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2347:Bord na Móna
2346:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2310:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2070:
2066:
2039:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2002:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1880:
1873:
1854:
1848:
1829:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1728:
1690:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1669:The Guardian
1668:
1658:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1562:
1543:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1472:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1387:
1355:
1340:
1335:
1316:
1278:List of bogs
1172:Ostfriesland
1147:
1104:Céide Fields
1047:tannic acids
1044:
1025:
1005:cloudberries
995:
984:
976:
964:
944:distilleries
935:
931:
925:
920:Bord na Móna
918:
912:
885:cataract bog
882:
879:Cataract bog
868:Picea glauca
866:
863:floating mat
856:
852:
848:
844:
842:
833:mineral soil
805:
785:
722:
702:
685:Viru Bog in
665:
659:January 2021
656:
641:Please help
629:
607:substrates.
605:
579:
571:
552:
521:
510:
504:
478:
473:Labrador tea
458:root nodules
451:
437:
431:
415:
355:
343:oligotrophic
332:ombrotrophic
321:
277:Lowlands in
265:, mostly in
257:
245:
230:biodiversity
227:
211:
173:, typically
154:
150:
148:
36:
4631:Sponge reef
4606:Rocky shore
4601:Oyster reef
4571:Kelp forest
4454:Vertebrates
4354:Marine life
4330:Viral shunt
4295:Marine snow
4197:Maharashtra
4104:Stream pool
4007:Zooplankton
3927:Photic zone
3887:Meiobenthos
3740:Algal bloom
3621:Telmatology
3616:River delta
3483:Ramsar site
3473:Marsh organ
3372:Hydric soil
3251:Vernal pool
3234:Shrub swamp
3102:Tidal marsh
2931:Plateau bog
2921:Coastal bog
2911:Blanket bog
2815:"Bog"
2799:"Bog"
2785:Der Spiegel
2744:Engravings.
1813:23 February
1630:10871/39305
1449:25 February
1313:Keddy, P.A.
1116:blanket bog
1108:County Mayo
1091:Tollund Man
1041:Archaeology
1001:cranberries
997:Blueberries
980:carbon sink
954:to dry the
861:), forms a
849:schwingmoor
845:quaking bog
839:Quaking bog
819:climates a
817:periglacial
770:Blanket bog
764:Blanket bog
733:Plateau bog
728:Coastal bog
536:Zapovedniks
453:Myrica gale
207:carbon sink
4758:Categories
4611:Salt marsh
4546:Coral reef
4335:Whale fall
4315:Photophore
4192:Everglades
4160:Ecoregions
4099:Stream bed
4072:Macrophyte
4025:Freshwater
3857:Food chain
3770:Water bird
3581:Bog butter
3277:Bog garden
3270:Artificial
3241:Wet meadow
3107:High marsh
3097:Salt marsh
3000:Fen-meadow
2968:Alder carr
2951:Upland bog
2946:String bog
2941:Raised bog
2775:Bog bodies
2595:2 November
2357:18 October
2255:: 384–94.
1895:0534044824
1291:References
1272:Kettle bog
1248:Bog butter
1158:, Ohio, US
1120:bog butter
1095:Lindow man
1079:bog bodies
1031:ecotourism
973:Other uses
952:peat fires
829:Hudson Bay
825:string bog
808:vegetation
748:String bog
738:Upland bog
699:Raised bog
611:Raised bog
584:Valley bog
562:See also:
501:bog turtle
497:yellowlegs
419:ericaceous
318:Definition
199:Gulf Coast
135:raised bog
4784:Limnology
4769:Landforms
4636:Tide pool
4541:Cold seep
4325:Upwelling
4089:Rheotaxis
4082:Fish pond
4057:Limnology
3982:Substrate
3967:Siltation
3837:Dead zone
3403:Hydrosere
3391:Processes
3377:Marsh gas
3222:Myristica
3112:Low marsh
2926:Kermi bog
2901:Bofedales
2881:Backswamp
2718:0268-537X
2712:: 25–42.
2687:238030730
2667:Antiquity
2569:1 January
2380:: 71–84.
1985:1568-5381
1936:2766-1512
1747:801405617
1647:202908362
1639:1752-0908
1526:129085635
1491:861559248
1424:15 August
1398:7 October
1170:A bog in
1112:neolithic
1097:found at
1021:furniture
932:moss peat
930:(sold as
888:habitat.
853:swingmoor
821:patterned
802:, Ireland
800:Connemara
753:Palsa bog
743:Kermi bog
630:does not
564:Hydrosere
460:in which
378:manganese
370:carbonate
366:magnesium
350:sea spray
260:temperate
119:Koitjärve
51:, Finland
43:A bog in
4779:Wetlands
4743:Category
4669:HERMIONE
4586:Mangrove
4396:Seagrass
3942:Pleuston
3937:Plankton
3917:Particle
3862:Food web
3661:Category
3591:Bog-wood
3586:Bog iron
3576:Bog body
3398:Halosere
3350:Histosol
3345:Acrotelm
3328:Sphagnum
3186:Reed bed
3131:Moorland
3010:Rich fen
3005:Poor fen
2860:Wetlands
2760:Archived
2746:Glasgow.
2726:30001649
2613:," 2001.
2563:Archived
2532:27755660
2451:Archived
2447:BBC News
2394:42590665
2351:Archived
2302:21237035
2183:25855454
2107:32726345
2067:PLOS ONE
2035:Archived
1944:90491294
1808:84241035
1709:78893363
1691:Wetlands
1579:23 April
1392:Archived
1315:(2010).
1254:Bog iron
1242:Bog body
1213:See also
1186:Bog-wood
1148:Sphagnum
1051:Slovenia
812:alkaline
548:Yugansky
544:Gydansky
291:Sphagnum
275:Siberian
175:sphagnum
4596:Mudflat
4556:Estuary
4526:Bay mud
4504:Seabird
4260:f-ratio
4243:General
4124:Wetland
3912:Neuston
3877:Hypoxia
3822:Biomass
3812:Benthos
3728:General
3626:Turbary
3606:Estuary
3181:Pothole
3171:Pocosin
3136:Mudflat
2975:Ciénega
2958:Callows
2874:Natural
2824:. 1879.
2540:2701885
2524:1941811
2504:Bibcode
2457:8 March
2417:Bibcode
2326:8 March
2234:2260697
2214:Bibcode
2191:4460926
2163:Bibcode
2098:7390309
2075:Bibcode
2041:8 March
1652:Alt URL
1609:Bibcode
1063:Ireland
1059:Germany
1055:Denmark
1017:Bog oak
967:wetland
942:. Some
691:Estonia
651:removed
636:sources
526:in its
489:beavers
481:caribou
448:Orchids
433:Drosera
386:sulfate
362:calcium
308:England
269:in the
223:tannins
195:bayhead
159:wetland
155:bogland
143:Jūrmala
123:Estonia
121:bog in
49:Isojoki
4581:Lagoon
3907:Nekton
3765:Mammal
3760:Insect
3196:Slough
3151:Pakihi
3141:Muskeg
3067:Kettle
3037:Guelta
2724:
2716:
2685:
2631:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2392:
2300:
2232:
2189:
2181:
2155:Nature
2105:
2095:
2009:
1983:
1942:
1934:
1892:
1861:
1836:
1806:
1745:
1735:
1707:
1697:
1674:31 May
1645:
1637:
1550:
1524:
1489:
1479:
1347:
1323:
1128:tallow
1124:butter
1067:Russia
1011:, and
956:barley
907:Russia
780:Oregon
705:marshy
599:bogs,
487:, and
424:Sedges
410:Quebec
390:sodium
279:Russia
263:climes
214:acidic
187:muskeg
171:mosses
89:, 1976
87:Canada
83:Quebec
68:Canada
64:Quebec
3972:Spawn
3292:Swale
3261:Yaéré
3224:swamp
3201:Swamp
3156:Palsa
3146:Oasis
3126:Misse
3077:Marsh
3047:Igapó
3042:Hamun
3017:Flark
2990:Dambo
2886:Bayou
2722:JSTOR
2683:S2CID
2536:S2CID
2520:JSTOR
2390:S2CID
2230:JSTOR
2187:S2CID
1940:S2CID
1804:S2CID
1643:S2CID
1522:S2CID
1440:"Bog"
1150:with
991:Tibet
948:Islay
940:mulch
851:, or
715:, as
558:Types
485:moose
358:mires
167:plant
157:is a
4764:Bogs
4077:Pond
3488:List
3355:Peat
3310:Life
3176:Pond
3121:Mere
3072:Lagg
3052:Ings
2963:Carr
2714:ISSN
2629:ISBN
2597:2019
2590:EUKI
2571:2021
2528:PMID
2459:2018
2359:2021
2328:2018
2298:PMID
2179:PMID
2103:PMID
2043:2018
2007:ISBN
1981:ISSN
1932:ISSN
1890:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1815:2021
1743:OCLC
1733:ISBN
1705:OCLC
1695:ISBN
1676:2014
1635:ISSN
1581:2010
1548:ISBN
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1451:2023
1426:2019
1418:IUCN
1400:2012
1345:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1126:and
1089:and
915:fuel
892:Uses
717:silt
713:carr
634:any
632:cite
597:peat
566:and
546:and
540:IUCN
522:The
495:and
388:and
382:iron
219:fens
193:. A
191:fens
183:mire
163:peat
18:Bogs
4139:Fen
4129:Bog
2995:Fen
2906:Bog
2675:doi
2512:doi
2425:doi
2382:doi
2378:169
2290:doi
2277:sic
2257:doi
2222:doi
2171:doi
2159:520
2134:doi
2093:PMC
2083:doi
1971:doi
1924:doi
1920:105
1886:254
1796:doi
1770:doi
1766:118
1625:hdl
1617:doi
1514:doi
1154:at
1106:in
1071:oak
934:or
709:fen
645:by
153:or
151:bog
137:in
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