960:
880:
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1242:, or open-ocean, life stage. Spawning occurs after males slowly push females to the water surface or join females already present. The eggs are spherical and buoyant. Hatching occurs after roughly four days. The fry are tiny, but under magnification have a shape usually reminiscent of a pufferfish. They have a functional mouth and eyes, and must eat within a few days. Brackish-water puffers may breed in bays in a manner similar to marine species, or may breed more similarly to the freshwater species, in cases where they have moved far enough upriver.
1301:
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989:, or pufferfish, are most significantly characterized by the beak-like four teeth – hence the name combining the Greek terms "tetra" for four and "odous" for tooth. Each of the top and bottom arches is fused together with a visible midsagittal demarcation, which are used to break apart and consume small
1152:
in shape. Even if they are not visible when the puffer is not inflated, all puffers have pointed spines, so a hungry predator may suddenly find itself facing an unpalatable, pointy ball rather than a slow, easy meal. Predators that do not heed this warning (or are "lucky" enough to catch the puffer
1249:
court with males following females, possibly displaying the crests and keels unique to this subgroup of species. After the female accepts his advances, she will lead the male into plants or another form of cover, where she can release eggs for fertilization. The male may help her by rubbing against
1290:
Pufferfish diets can vary depending on their environment. Traditionally, their diet consists mostly of algae and small invertebrates. They can survive on a completely vegetarian diet if their environment is lacking resources, but prefer an omnivorous food selection. Larger species of pufferfish are
1253:
Target-group puffers have also been spawned in aquaria, and follow a similar courting behavior, minus the crest/keel display. Eggs are laid, though, on a flat piece of slate or other smooth, hard material, to which they adhere. The male will guard them until they hatch, carefully blowing water over
2059:
Itoi, Shiro; Yoshikawa, Saori; Asahina, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Miwa; Ishizuka, Kento; Takimoto, Narumi; Mitsuoka, Ryoko; Yokoyama, Naoto; Detake, Ayumi; Takayanagi, Chie; Eguchi, Miho; Tatsuno, Ryohei; Kawane, Mitsuo; Kokubo, Shota; Takanashi, Shihori; Miura, Ai; Suitoh, Katsuyoshi; Takatani, Tomohiro;
1108:
motions. This makes it highly maneuverable, but very slow, so a comparatively easy predation target. Its tail fin is mainly used as a rudder, but it can be used for a sudden evasive burst of speed that shows none of the care and precision of its usual movements. The puffer's excellent eyesight,
1572:, are usually consumed by mistake. They are often cheaper than other fish, and because they contain inconsistent levels of toxins between fish and season, there is little awareness or monitoring of the danger. Consumers are regularly hospitalized and some even die from the poisoning.
1276:, the green-spotted puffer, has recently been spawned artificially under captive conditions. It is believed to spawn in bays in a similar manner to saltwater species, as their sperm was found to be motile only at full marine salinities, but wild breeding has never been observed.
1195:) and it is considered a delicacy in North America. Toxin level varies widely even in fish that are poisonous. A puffer's neurotoxin is not necessarily as toxic to other animals as it is to humans, and puffers are eaten routinely by some species of fish, such as
1000:-like dermal spines, which account for the replacement of typical fish scales, and can range in coverage extent from the entire body, to leaving the frontal surface empty. Tetraodontidae typically have smaller spines than the sister family
1449:
often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips. Pufferfish tetrodotoxin deadens the tongue and lips, and induces dizziness and vomiting, followed by numbness and prickling over the body, rapid heart rate, decreased
1992:
Kottelat, M. (2013): The Fishes of the Inland Waters of
Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2013, Supplement No. 27:
993:. The lack of ribs, a pelvis, and pectoral fins are also unique to pufferfish. The notably missing bone and fin features are due to the pufferfish' specialized defense mechanism, expanding by sucking in water through an oral cavity.
1206:
Puffers are able to move their eyes independently, and many species can change the color or intensity of their patterns in response to environmental changes. In these respects, they are somewhat similar to the terrestrial
1291:
able to use their beak-like front teeth to break open clams, mussels, and other shellfish. Some species of pufferfish have also been known to enact various hunting techniques ranging from ambush to open-water hunting.
2002:
Roberts, Tyson R. (1982). The
Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish genus Chonerhinos (Tetraodontidae), with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 43: 1–16.
2332:
Alfaro, Michael E.; Santini, Francesco; Brock, Chad D. (2007). "Do reefs drive diversification in marine teleosts? Evidence from the pufferfish and their allies (Order
Tetraodontiformes)".
1525:
1036:
waters, but some can enter fresh water. About 35 species spend their entire lifecycles in fresh water. These freshwater species are found in disjunct tropical regions of South
America (
1552:
issued a warning not to eat puffer fish, after local fishermen died upon consuming puffer fish for dinner. The warning indicated that puffer fish toxin is 100 times more potent than
1282:
has been reported to be the first bred artificially in
Sarawak, Northwestern Borneo, in June 2016, and the main purpose was for development of aquaculture of the species.
1580:
Cases of neurological symptoms, including numbness and tingling of the lips and mouth, have been reported to rise after the consumption of puffers caught in the area of
1545:
1469:
The source of tetrodotoxin in puffers has been a matter of debate, but it is increasingly accepted that bacteria in the fish's intestinal tract are the source.
418:) when prepared by specially trained chefs who know which part is safe to eat and in what quantity. Other pufferfish species with nontoxic flesh, such as the
2602:
Arreola, V.I.; Westneat, M.W. (1996). "Mechanics of propulsion by multiple fins: kinematics of aquatic locomotion in the burrfish (Chilomycterus schoepfi)".
1211:. Although most puffers are drab, many have bright colors and distinctive markings, and make no attempt to hide from predators. This is likely an example of
1413:
2573:
209:
371:, which have large external spines (unlike the thinner, hidden spines of the Tetraodontidae, which are only visible when the fish have puffed up).
1462:
muscle and stops the person who has ingested it from breathing. People who live longer than 24 hours typically survive, although possibly after a
3033:
2874:
1153:
suddenly, before or during inflation) may die from choking, and predators that do manage to swallow the puffer may find their stomachs full of
959:
2913:
1328:
1177:, as well as trace amounts in muscle. It does not always have a lethal effect on large predators, such as sharks, but it can kill humans.
879:
2223:
1928:
Shono, Takanori; Thiery, Alexandre P.; Cooper, Rory L.; Kurokawa, Daisuke; Britz, Ralf; Okabe, Masataka; Fraser, Gareth J. (2019-09-27).
1224:
have been filmed expertly handling pufferfish amongst themselves in an apparent attempt to get intoxicated or enter a trance-like state.
2377:"A phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes (Acanthomorpha, Tetraodontiformes), Upper Cretaceous to recent"
1429:
Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup,
3038:
2248:
2275:"The first reported artificial propagation of yellow puffer, Xenopterus naritus (Richardson, 1848) from Sarawak, Northwestern Borneo"
2848:
2376:
2887:
1506:
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1841:
1691:
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477:
meaning "teeth" because its species has four large teeth fused into upper and lower plates used to crush the hard shells of
1806:
1489:
895:
1254:
them regularly to keep the eggs healthy. His parenting is finished when the young hatch and the fry are on their own.
3028:
2643:
815:
2014:"Vertebral Column Morphology, C-Start Curvature, and the Evolution of Mechanical Defenses in Tetraodontiform Fishes"
1883:"Vertebral Column Morphology, C-Start Curvature, and the Evolution of Mechanical Defenses in Tetraodontiform Fishes"
1092:
The puffer's unique and distinctive natural defenses help compensate for its slow locomotion. It moves by combining
2985:
2918:
2307:
251:
2511:
1777:
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1300:
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her side. This has been observed in captivity, and they are the only commonly captive-spawned puffer species.
279:
863:
2900:
1476:
1144:
The pufferfish's secondary defense mechanism, used if successfully pursued, is to fill its extremely elastic
966:
799:
783:
1531:
Fisherman handpicks a puffer from his day's catch before throwing it back to prevent poisoning. Tarkwa bay,
2577:
147:
382:
in the world. In certain species, the internal organs, such as the liver, and sometimes the skin, contain
3023:
2796:
2773:
1267:, Japan. The structures serve to attract females and to provide a safe place for them to lay their eggs.
386:, and are highly toxic to most animals when eaten; nevertheless, the meat of some species is considered
2801:
2967:
2574:"Prohibition on Take of Puffer Fish in Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin Counties"
1385:, coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive
2990:
2928:
2471:
1584:, US. The symptoms generally resolve within hours to days, although one affected individual required
1263:
were documented while carving large and complex geometric, circular structures in the seabed sand in
1259:
847:
822:
435:
31:
2274:
3018:
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1737:
1588:
for 72 hours. As a result, Florida banned the harvesting of puffers from certain bodies of water.
1233:
886:
444:
443:
as "the greatest artist of the animal kingdom" due to the males' unique habit of wooing females by
224:
17:
3013:
2475:(Doctoral dissertation). Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. UMI No.: 3229594. pp. 32–33.
1044:
1683:
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2713:
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806:
943:
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1314:
902:
2977:
2941:
2822:
2760:
2680:
2611:
2073:
1941:
1653:
1306:
1109:
combined with this speed burst, is the first and most important defense against predators.
364:
135:
1832:
Keiichi, Matsura & Tyler, James C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
8:
2650:
Gordon, M.S.; Plaut, I.; Kim, D. (1996). "How puffers (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) swim".
2536:
1581:
1320:
1278:
911:
2684:
2615:
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1945:
1184:
by the presence of TTX on the surface of skin, which causes predators to spit them out.
2765:
2696:
2627:
2447:
2412:
2357:
2196:
2171:
2170:
Blount, Jonathan D.; Speed, Michael P.; Ruxton, Graeme D.; Stephens, Philip A. (2009).
2041:
1970:
1929:
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1605:
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1335:
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854:
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142:
2778:
831:
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2639:
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2101:
2033:
1975:
1957:
1902:
1837:
1714:
1687:
1496:
1135:
1038:
986:
979:
Pufferfish are typically small to medium in size, although a few species such as the
918:
838:
300:
199:
2700:
2361:
2688:
2659:
2619:
2442:
2424:
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2341:
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2191:
2183:
2091:
2081:
2025:
1965:
1949:
1894:
1732:
1246:
1181:
289:
2671:
Plaut, I.; Chen, T. (2003). "How small puffers (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) swim".
2086:
2061:
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539:
499:
419:
297:
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between 89 and 138 million years ago. The four major clades diverged during the
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1953:
1597:
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Treatment is mainly supportive and consists of intestinal decontamination with
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1408:
1068:
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427:
293:
189:
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2148:
1713:
Shao, K.; Liu, M.; Hardy, G.; Jing, L.; Leis, J.L. & Matsuura, K. (2014).
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with water (or air when outside the water) until it is much larger and almost
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1961:
1906:
1723:
1212:
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1001:
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247:
84:
38:
2534:
1752:
1359:
between 80 and 101 million years ago. The oldest known pufferfish genus is
1117:
2663:
2623:
2552:
2456:
2353:
2219:
2205:
2187:
2113:
1979:
1857:
1403:
1339:
1157:(TTX), making puffers an unpleasant, possibly lethal, choice of prey. This
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1093:
1021:
649:
619:
529:
383:
274:
233:
2429:
2861:
2788:
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1621:
1609:
1549:
1374:
1361:
1215:
759:
739:
719:
559:
59:
1604:, and life-support until the toxin is metabolized. Case reports suggest
2638:
Ebert, Klaus (2001): The
Puffers of Fresh and Brackish Water, Aqualog,
2308:"Puffer Fish: Fun Facts & Photos of Puffer Fish – (Tetraodontidae)"
2096:
2045:
2013:
1914:
1882:
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549:
519:
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379:
104:
69:
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1930:"Evolution and Developmental Diversity of Skin Spines in Pufferfishes"
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1455:
1352:
1208:
1050:
749:
689:
609:
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569:
456:
159:
126:
109:
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2707:
2537:"Neurologic Illness Associated with Eating Florida Pufferfish, 2002"
2029:
1898:
2840:
2730:
2576:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from
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1366:
1101:
1033:
769:
729:
659:
579:
509:
179:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
37:"Globefish" redirects here. For other fish known by this name, see
2489:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 105.
2060:
Arakawa, Osamu; Sakakura, Yoshitaka; Sugita, Haruo (2014-02-01).
1553:
1418:
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1239:
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997:
639:
482:
114:
89:
1712:
493:
1831:
1370:
1149:
169:
2535:
Centers for
Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (19 April 2002).
2962:
2827:
2172:"Warning displays may function as honest signals of toxicity"
1627:
1532:
1270:
Information on breeding of specific species is very limited.
1200:
1166:
1162:
411:
399:
391:
375:
303:. The family includes many familiar species variously called
2411:
Yong, Y. S.; Quek, L. S.; Lim, E. K.; Ngo, A. (2013-12-04).
1351:
The tetraodontids have been estimated to have diverged from
1187:
Not all puffers are necessarily poisonous; the flesh of the
2484:
1463:
1437:
1245:
Reproduction in freshwater species varies quite a bit. The
1174:
387:
2058:
1630:– common Australian name for local varieties of pufferfish
2404:
2169:
1927:
2249:"Japan Underwater 'Crop Circles' Mystery Finally Solved"
983:
can reach lengths greater than 50 cm (20 in).
1624:– Japanese city known for its locally caught pufferfish
2062:"Larval pufferfish protected by maternal tetrodotoxin"
1807:"Species by family/subfamily in the Catalog of Fishes"
1004:, with some spines not being visible until inflation.
455:
The family name comes from the name of its type genus
2472:
Egg
Toxicity and Egg Predation in Rough-Skinned Newts
2413:"A Case Report of Puffer Fish Poisoning in Singapore"
1804:
1191:
is not toxic (a level of poison can be found in its
2224:"Dolphins Seem to Use Toxic Pufferfish to Get High"
996:Pufferfish can also have many varied structures of
2331:
1675:
2012:Brainerd, Elizabeth L.; Patek, Sheila N. (1998).
1881:Brainerd, Elizabeth L.; Patek, Sheila N. (1998).
1708:
1706:
3005:
2509:
2485:Shibamoto, Takayuki; Bjeldanes, Leonard (2009).
2601:
1836:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 230–231.
1805:Eschmeyer, WN; Fong, JD, eds. (July 31, 2017).
30:"Blowfish" redirects here. For other uses, see
2649:
2410:
1738:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T190246A1945870.en
1703:
1651:
2011:
1880:
1673:
1401:), and other, totally extinct forms, such as
2604:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
2512:"BFAR renews warning vs. eating puffer fish"
2375:Santini, Francesco; Tyler, James C. (2003).
2374:
2246:
2272:
1027:
469:
460:
1776:Scharpf, Christopher (11 September 2023).
1032:Most pufferfish species live in marine or
125:
2670:
2478:
2446:
2428:
2395:
2384:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2195:
2095:
2085:
1969:
1736:
1546:Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
1798:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1483:, can also be found in certain puffers.
1435:, or occasionally from raw puffer meat,
1169:, although smaller amounts exist in the
273:
2368:
1775:
1682:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp.
447:composed of complex geometric designs.
430:, are considered a delicacy elsewhere.
374:The majority of pufferfish species are
14:
3034:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3006:
2325:
1769:
1667:
2712:
2711:
2541:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2218:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1640:
378:, with some among the most poisonous
2968:FD1087D9-FFB5-4A44-FF67-A1C14DB1F853
2929:26ab1319-9ef6-47bc-89f1-156cfb06f4a4
1445:is much more likely to cause death,
459:, it is traced from the Greek words
2247:Heller, Jill (September 21, 2012).
2240:
1724:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1087:
24:
2595:
2273:Ahmad Nasir, Ahmad Syafiq (2016).
2176:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2151:. Key West Aquarium, Florida. 2019
1820:
25:
3050:
3039:Extant Lutetian first appearances
1753:"Courtship, Life Story – BBC One"
1698:the encyclopedia of fish cookery.
1654:"Family Tetraodontidae – Puffers"
2397:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00088.x
2346:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00182.x
2128:"Unterwasserfotos – Ocean-Photo"
1809:. California Academy of Sciences
1678:The Encyclopedia of Fish Cookery
1575:
1524:
1505:
1488:
1327:
1313:
1299:
1125:
1116:
958:
942:
926:
910:
894:
878:
862:
846:
830:
814:
798:
782:
146:
57:
2566:
2528:
2510:Julie S. Alipala (2012-09-07).
2503:
2487:Introduction to Food Toxicology
2463:
2300:
2266:
2212:
2163:
2141:
2120:
2052:
2005:
1996:
1986:
1921:
1295:Spots, stripes and elaborations
1227:
1007:
367:similar to the closely related
1874:
1850:
1745:
1539:
1373:Europe, with fossils found in
1257:In 2012, males of the species
1054:species), and Southeast Asia (
13:
1:
2469:Lehman, Elizabeth M. (2006).
2087:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.003
1652:Froese, R.; D. Pauly (eds.).
1634:
1477:paralytic shellfish poisoning
1020:, and completely absent from
1016:, relatively uncommon in the
1012:They are most diverse in the
974:
967:Carinotetraodon travancoricus
280:Valentinni's sharpnose puffer
2253:International Business Times
1858:"Puffer | fish | Britannica"
1591:
1424:
1381:. The Monte Bolca species,
1346:
7:
1615:
1559:
1421:-aged fossils from Europe.
1238:Many marine puffers have a
450:
265:
10:
3055:
1954:10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.003
1458:. The toxin paralyzes the
1231:
1161:is found primarily in the
36:
29:
2720:
2693:10.1007/s10228-002-0153-3
2516:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2149:"Big poison, little fish"
1260:Torquigener albomaculosus
871:Lagocephalus lagocephalus
823:Carinotetraodon irrubesco
488:
470:
461:
436:Torquigener albomaculosus
263:
258:
239:
232:
143:Scientific classification
141:
133:
124:
48:
32:Blowfish (disambiguation)
3029:Ray-finned fish families
2417:Case Reports in Medicine
1234:Pufferfish mating ritual
1028:Ecology and life history
887:Omegophora cyanopunctata
684:Tyler & Paxton, 1979
614:Su, Hardy et Tyler, 1986
292:of primarily marine and
2673:Ichthyological Research
2652:Journal of Fish Biology
1862:Encyclopædia Britannica
1778:"Family TETRAODONTIDAE"
1544:In September 2012, the
1500:at Big Island of Hawaii
1285:
1045:Colomesus tocantinensis
624:Gilbert et Starks, 1904
2664:10.1006/jfbi.1996.0157
2624:10.1098/rspb.1996.0247
2188:10.1098/rspb.2008.1407
1834:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1674:McClane, A.J. (1977).
1466:lasting several days.
1411:. The extinct genus,
1180:Larval pufferfish are
807:Canthigaster valentini
485:, their natural prey.
445:creating nests in sand
282:
2950:Paleobiology Database
1731:: e.T190246A1945870.
1717:Sphoeroides maculatus
1138:– unpuffed and puffed
903:Sphoeroides spengleri
424:Sphoeroides maculatus
277:
2312:Our Beautiful Planet
2282:Aquaculture Research
1307:White-spotted puffer
136:white-spotted puffer
27:Family of pufferfish
2685:2003IchtR..50..149P
2616:1996RSPSB.263.1689A
2610:(1377): 1689–1696.
2430:10.1155/2013/206971
2078:2014Txcn...78...35I
1946:2019iSci...19.1248S
1785:The ETYFish Project
1606:anticholinesterases
1582:Titusville, Florida
1564:Pufferfish, called
1340:giant or mbu puffer
1182:chemically defended
468:meaning "four" and
394:(as 河豚, pronounced
3024:Aposematic animals
2580:on August 24, 2016
1612:may be effective.
1602:activated charcoal
1379:Caucasus Mountains
1279:Xenopterus naritus
935:Tetractenos glaber
855:Ephippion guttifer
791:Arothron stellatus
441:David Attenborough
283:
242:Tetraodon lineatus
3001:
3000:
2937:Open Tree of Life
2714:Taxon identifiers
2496:978-0-12-374286-5
2294:10.1111/are.13103
2182:(1658): 871–877.
1843:978-0-12-547665-2
1693:978-0-03-015431-7
1514:guineafowl puffer
1497:Arothron hispidus
1213:honestly signaled
1136:Guineafowl puffer
1039:Colomesus asellus
987:Tetraodontiformes
919:Takifugu rubripes
839:Colomesus asellus
775:
765:
755:
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735:
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635:
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505:
439:was described by
301:Tetraodontiformes
272:
271:
228:
200:Tetraodontiformes
55:Lutetian–Holocene
16:(Redirected from
3046:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2906:NBNSYS0000161123
2896:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2667:
2635:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2432:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2340:(9): 2104–2126.
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2288:(8): 4582–4589.
2279:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:. Ocean-photo.de
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2089:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1528:
1509:
1492:
1414:Archaeotetraodon
1369:epoch of Middle
1331:
1317:
1303:
1129:
1120:
1088:Natural defenses
962:
946:
930:
914:
898:
882:
866:
850:
834:
818:
802:
786:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
673:
663:
653:
643:
633:
623:
613:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
513:
503:
473:
472:
464:
463:
223:
151:
150:
129:
119:
56:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3019:Commercial fish
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2716:
2598:
2596:Further reading
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2409:
2405:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2228:Smithsonian.com
2217:
2213:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2057:
2053:
2030:10.2307/1447344
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1926:
1922:
1899:10.2307/1447344
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1618:
1594:
1578:
1562:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1510:
1501:
1493:
1475:, the cause of
1427:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1304:
1288:
1273:T. nigroviridis
1236:
1230:
1189:northern puffer
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1090:
1063:Carinotetraodon
1048:), Africa (six
1030:
1010:
977:
970:
963:
954:
947:
938:
931:
922:
915:
906:
899:
890:
883:
874:
867:
858:
851:
842:
835:
826:
819:
810:
803:
794:
787:
778:
724:Anonymous, 1798
540:Carinotetraodon
500:Amblyrhynchotes
491:
453:
420:northern puffer
365:morphologically
254:
245:
222:
210:Tetraodontoidei
145:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3014:Tetraodontidae
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2783:
2779:Tetraodontidae
2770:
2766:Tetraodontidae
2757:
2752:Tetraodontidae
2742:
2726:
2724:
2722:Tetraodontidae
2718:
2717:
2706:
2705:
2679:(2): 149–153.
2668:
2658:(2): 319–328.
2647:
2636:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2565:
2527:
2502:
2495:
2477:
2462:
2403:
2390:(4): 565–617.
2367:
2324:
2299:
2265:
2239:
2222:(2013-12-30).
2211:
2162:
2140:
2119:
2051:
2024:(4): 971–984.
2004:
1995:
1985:
1920:
1893:(4): 971–984.
1873:
1849:
1842:
1819:
1797:
1768:
1744:
1702:
1692:
1666:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1598:gastric lavage
1593:
1590:
1577:
1574:
1561:
1558:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1452:blood pressure
1426:
1423:
1417:is known from
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1321:Striped puffer
1319:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1229:
1226:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1089:
1086:
1069:Dichotomyctere
1029:
1026:
1018:temperate zone
1009:
1006:
981:Mbu pufferfish
976:
973:
972:
971:
964:
957:
955:
948:
941:
939:
932:
925:
923:
916:
909:
907:
900:
893:
891:
884:
877:
875:
868:
861:
859:
852:
845:
843:
836:
829:
827:
820:
813:
811:
804:
797:
795:
788:
781:
777:
776:
766:
756:
754:Linnaeus, 1758
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
704:Kottelat, 2013
696:
686:
680:Pelagocephalus
676:
666:
656:
654:Swainson, 1839
646:
644:Swainson, 1839
636:
626:
616:
606:
596:
590:Dichotomyctere
586:
576:
566:
556:
546:
536:
534:Swainson, 1839
526:
524:Kottelat, 1999
516:
506:
504:Troschel, 1856
495:
490:
487:
452:
449:
428:Chesapeake Bay
294:estuarine fish
286:Tetraodontidae
270:
269:
261:
260:
256:
255:
246:
237:
236:
230:
229:
220:Tetraodontidae
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
190:Actinopterygii
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3051:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2644:3-931702-60-X
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2554:
2550:
2547:(15): 321–3.
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2258:September 23,
2254:
2250:
2243:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Nuwer, Rachel
2215:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2150:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:: 1248–1259.
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1808:
1801:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1576:United States
1573:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:, and muscle
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:spinacanthids
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:dwarf puffers
1243:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
982:
969:
968:
961:
956:
953:
952:
951:Tetraodon mbu
945:
940:
937:
936:
929:
924:
921:
920:
913:
908:
905:
904:
897:
892:
889:
888:
881:
876:
873:
872:
865:
860:
857:
856:
849:
844:
841:
840:
833:
828:
825:
824:
817:
812:
809:
808:
801:
796:
793:
792:
785:
780:
779:
772:
771:
767:
764:Whitley, 1930
762:
761:
757:
752:
751:
747:
742:
741:
737:
732:
731:
727:
722:
721:
717:
712:
711:
707:
702:
701:
697:
692:
691:
687:
682:
681:
677:
674:Whitley, 1934
672:
671:
667:
662:
661:
657:
652:
651:
647:
642:
641:
637:
632:
631:
627:
622:
621:
617:
612:
611:
607:
602:
601:
597:
594:Duméril, 1855
592:
591:
587:
584:Whitley, 1947
582:
581:
577:
572:
571:
567:
564:Bleeker, 1854
562:
561:
557:
552:
551:
547:
542:
541:
537:
532:
531:
527:
522:
521:
517:
512:
511:
507:
502:
501:
497:
496:
494:
486:
484:
480:
476:
467:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
369:porcupinefish
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
281:
276:
268:
267:
262:
257:
253:
249:
244:
243:
238:
235:
231:
226:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
47:
44:
40:
39:Porcupinefish
33:
19:
2721:
2676:
2672:
2655:
2651:
2607:
2603:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2544:
2540:
2530:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2387:
2383:
2370:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2316:. Retrieved
2314:. 2017-02-07
2311:
2302:
2285:
2281:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:
2214:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2122:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1998:
1988:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1833:
1811:. Retrieved
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1697:
1677:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1595:
1579:
1565:
1563:
1543:
1495:
1471:
1468:
1447:sashimi fugu
1446:
1442:
1438:sashimi fugu
1436:
1430:
1428:
1412:
1404:Zignoichthys
1402:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1360:
1350:
1336:skin pattern
1289:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:Amami Ōshima
1258:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1228:Reproduction
1220:
1205:
1186:
1179:
1155:tetrodotoxin
1143:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1011:
1008:Distribution
995:
985:
978:
965:
949:
933:
917:
901:
885:
869:
853:
837:
821:
805:
789:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
650:Lagocephalus
648:
638:
628:
620:Guentheridia
618:
608:
604:Bibron, 1855
598:
588:
578:
568:
558:
554:Müller, 1841
548:
538:
530:Canthigaster
528:
518:
514:Müller, 1841
508:
498:
492:
474:
465:
454:
434:
433:The species
432:
423:
415:
407:
403:
395:
384:tetrodotoxin
373:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
285:
284:
264:
240:
234:Type species
219:
43:
2862:iNaturalist
2746:Wikispecies
2097:10069/34069
1622:Shimonoseki
1610:edrophonium
1550:Philippines
1540:Philippines
1512:Man with a
1383:E. pygmaeus
1375:Monte Bolca
1365:, from the
1362:Eotetraodon
1216:aposematism
1022:cold waters
1002:Diodontidae
991:crustaceans
774:Hardy, 1984
760:Torquigener
744:Hardy, 1983
740:Tetractenos
720:Sphoeroides
714:Hardy, 1982
694:Hardy, 1983
664:Hardy, 1982
634:Hardy, 1985
560:Chonerhinos
479:crustaceans
380:vertebrates
363:. They are
357:sugar toads
353:honey toads
313:balloonfish
3008:Categories
2521:2012-09-07
2423:: 206971.
2318:2017-03-30
2233:2019-04-16
2134:2012-09-07
1867:2023-02-02
1813:2021-10-02
1762:2017-10-05
1686:(p. 249).
1660:2017-08-23
1656:. FishBase
1635:References
1586:intubation
1518:Costa Rica
1432:fugu chiri
1398:Eolactoria
1392:Proaracana
1357:Cretaceous
1353:diodontids
1334:Elaborate
1232:See also:
1197:lizardfish
1171:intestines
1159:neurotoxin
1106:caudal fin
1057:Auriglobus
975:Morphology
710:Reicheltia
670:Omegophora
630:Javichthys
574:Gill, 1884
550:Chelonodon
544:Benl, 1957
520:Auriglobus
388:a delicacy
329:bubblefish
305:pufferfish
206:Suborder:
2632:109972375
2439:1687-9627
2334:Evolution
2106:0041-0101
2072:: 35–40.
2038:0045-8511
1962:2589-0042
1907:0045-8511
1592:Treatment
1473:Saxitoxin
1460:diaphragm
1456:paralysis
1425:Poisoning
1347:Evolution
1209:chameleon
1150:spherical
1051:Tetraodon
750:Tetraodon
734:Abe, 1949
690:Polyspina
610:Feroxodon
600:Ephippion
570:Colomesus
457:Tetraodon
406:, or 복어,
361:sea squab
337:swellfish
333:globefish
278:Deflated
225:Bonaparte
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
134:Inflated
2786:BioLib:
2731:Wikidata
2701:33832068
2553:11990235
2457:24368916
2362:39231771
2354:17915358
2206:19019790
2114:24279996
1980:31353167
1934:iScience
1616:See also
1608:such as
1570:Thailand
1560:Thailand
1481:red tide
1441:. While
1407:and the
1377:and the
1367:Lutetian
1222:Dolphins
1094:pectoral
1034:brackish
770:Tylerius
730:Takifugu
660:Marilyna
580:Contusus
510:Arothron
483:mollusks
451:Taxonomy
414:(as 河豚,
341:toadfish
317:blowfish
266:See text
248:Linnaeus
216:Family:
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
18:Blowfish
2737:Q201701
2681:Bibcode
2612:Bibcode
2584:30 July
2558:30 July
2448:3867830
2197:2664363
2074:Bibcode
2066:Toxicon
2046:1447344
1971:6831732
1942:Bibcode
1915:1447344
1790:1 April
1566:pakapao
1554:cyanide
1548:in the
1419:Miocene
1387:boxfish
1338:of the
1240:pelagic
1193:viscera
1163:ovaries
1146:stomach
1075:Leiodon
1014:tropics
998:caltrop
640:Leiodon
410:), and
402:(as 복,
345:toadies
325:blowies
321:blowers
309:puffers
296:of the
259:Genera
196:Order:
186:Class:
49:Puffers
2991:125612
2978:114406
2975:uBio:
2926:NZOR:
2893:173283
2880:114230
2841:1TETDF
2699:
2642:
2630:
2551:
2493:
2455:
2445:
2437:
2360:
2352:
2204:
2194:
2155:21 May
2112:
2104:
2044:
2036:
2018:Copeia
1993:1–663.
1978:
1968:
1960:
1913:
1905:
1887:Copeia
1840:
1690:
1371:Eocene
1201:sharks
1104:, and
1098:dorsal
489:Genera
359:, and
349:toadle
290:family
288:is a
227:, 1832
2986:WoRMS
2963:Plazi
2955:83298
2942:65336
2919:31031
2875:IRMNG
2867:49266
2789:16157
2697:S2CID
2628:S2CID
2380:(PDF)
2358:S2CID
2278:(PDF)
2042:JSTOR
1911:JSTOR
1781:(PDF)
1628:Toado
1533:Lagos
1443:chiri
1167:liver
475:odoús
471:ὀδούς
466:tetra
462:τετρα
426:, of
416:hétún
412:China
408:bogeo
400:Korea
392:Japan
376:toxic
298:order
2914:NCBI
2888:ITIS
2854:2219
2849:GBIF
2836:EPPO
2828:5056
2802:1228
2797:BOLD
2640:ISBN
2586:2016
2560:2016
2549:PMID
2491:ISBN
2453:PMID
2435:ISSN
2421:2013
2350:PMID
2260:2012
2202:PMID
2157:2019
2110:PMID
2102:ISSN
2034:ISSN
2022:1998
1976:PMID
1958:ISSN
1903:ISSN
1891:1998
1838:ISBN
1792:2024
1729:2014
1688:ISBN
1600:and
1479:and
1464:coma
1395:and
1286:Diet
1199:and
1175:skin
1173:and
1165:and
1102:anal
1078:and
1042:and
481:and
396:fugu
252:1758
60:PreꞒ
2901:NBN
2823:EoL
2815:H3W
2810:CoL
2774:AFD
2761:ADW
2689:doi
2660:doi
2620:doi
2608:263
2443:PMC
2425:doi
2392:doi
2388:139
2342:doi
2290:doi
2192:PMC
2184:doi
2180:276
2092:hdl
2082:doi
2026:doi
1966:PMC
1950:doi
1895:doi
1757:BBC
1733:doi
1684:511
1568:in
1516:in
1084:).
1081:Pao
700:Pao
404:bok
398:),
390:in
3010::
2988::
2965::
2952::
2939::
2916::
2903::
2890::
2877::
2864::
2851::
2838::
2825::
2812::
2799::
2776::
2763::
2748::
2733::
2695:.
2687:.
2677:50
2675:.
2656:49
2654:.
2626:.
2618:.
2606:.
2545:51
2543:.
2539:.
2514:.
2451:.
2441:.
2433:.
2419:.
2415:.
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2348:.
2338:61
2336:.
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2286:48
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2280:.
2251:.
2226:.
2200:.
2190:.
2178:.
2174:.
2108:.
2100:.
2090:.
2080:.
2070:78
2068:.
2064:.
2040:.
2032:.
2020:.
2016:.
1974:.
1964:.
1956:.
1948:.
1938:19
1936:.
1932:.
1909:.
1901:.
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1885:.
1860:.
1822:^
1783:.
1755:.
1727:.
1721:.
1705:^
1696:.
1642:^
1556:.
1218:.
1203:.
1100:,
1096:,
1072:,
1066:,
1060:,
1024:.
422:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
250:,
110:Pg
2703:.
2691::
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2666:.
2662::
2646:.
2634:.
2622::
2614::
2588:.
2562:.
2524:.
2499:.
2459:.
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2208:.
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2116:.
2094::
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1982:.
1952::
1944::
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1846:.
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1765:.
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1735::
1719:"
1715:"
1663:.
1389:(
115:N
105:K
100:J
95:T
90:P
85:C
80:D
75:S
70:O
65:Ꞓ
41:.
34:.
20:)
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