658:
54:
229:, many hitherto subordinate bloc parties would begin to assert their independence and play a role in the democratisation process, while others would be unable to continue functioning either due to a loss of guaranteed yet artificial representation (granted to them by the ruling Communist Party), or due to the stigma of being associated with subservience to the Communists, and would either dissolve or fade into obscurity.
857:
596:, which remains the Coalition's main political opponent. The two parties of the Coalition draw support from different bases, with the Liberals gaining their votes in urban areas and the Nationals winning theirs in rural areas. Arrangements at state and territorial level vary, from the merger of state Liberal and National parties through to electoral alliances on the federal model and, in the case of
906:(DP) than the prior system, which did not compensate parties for differences between their popular vote percentage and seat percentage, as the two major parties have generally won a larger percentage of seats than their popular vote percentage. As a result, the UFP sought to exploit the new system by making a bloc party for the
720:, and has run with Fidesz on a joint electoral list in elections since 2006. However, over time the party has lost popular support to the point it can no longer be measured in opinion polls, and today effectively operates as a satellite party of Fidesz, with the last time it got into parliament on its own being in 1994.
341:
As the
Communists consolidated their power, the bloc parties all jettisoned their original programs. All of them nominally embraced "socialism", becoming loyal partners of the SED. With few exceptions, they voted unanimously for all government proposals. One of the few notable dissensions of a bloc
1140:
B. Vogel, D. Nohlen & R.-O. Schultze (1971). Wahlen in
Deutschland: Theorie, Geschichte, Dokumente 1848–1970. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. pp. 253-283; R. Kulbach, H. Weber & E. Förtsch (1969). Parteien im Blocksystem der DDR. Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik; R. Schröder (2004).
508:
won an overwhelming majority of freely contestable seats- only 35% of the Sejm- while the PZPR and bloc parties were reserved 65% of the seats. The ZSL and SD formed a coalition government with
Solidarity, thus forming Poland's first non-Communist government since World War II. The SD continues
930:
and several other pro-government parties, who in practice play a subordinate role to the Ba'ath Party. Traditionally, legal political parties were required to follow the socialist and Arab nationalist or pan-Arabist orientation of the al-Assad regime. More recently, parties have been no longer
337:
had to work together in the
National Front under the leadership of the communists. This organisation also included so-called mass organisations, such as the communist-led trade union and the women's association or the youth association. The National Front determined the electoral list for the
218:, that while giving voters a choice would be seen as a step towards a totalitarian, Communist-led regime. Bloc parties were able to retain their non-Marxist orientation, but in practice were always subordinate to the ruling Communist party, and were required to accept the Communists' “
935:, was both legalised and admitted to the NPF. This has given rise to suggestions other parties that are neither socialist nor Arab nationalist will gain recognition, but ethnically based (Kurdish or Assyrian) parties continue to be repressed, and Islamist parties remain illegal.
902:, which allocates on a compensatory manner to make seats more closely match the popular vote if a party won a lower percentage of seats via single-member constituencies than their popular vote percentage. The AMS is more disadvantageous for larger parties like the UFP and
563:
A few examples of a bloc party system also exist in non-Communist regimes. In these cases, it is possible to have a bloc party simply be a smaller party in a coalition, often long-lasting, with a larger or more dominant party with no direct connection between the two.
222:" as a condition of their continued existence. All legal parties and civic organisations were required to be members of the official Communist-dominated coalition. Elections were not competitive as the composition of legislatures was generally pre-determined.
827:, parties generally run in elections separately but cooperate with other parties of similar ideology and outlook, and are grouped together by media, commentators, and party members for the purposes of the formation of a coalition government: a "red" bloc of
412:
administration, have been recognized as "parties that can help joint administration of the country under
Chinese Communist Party's lead". These parties are tasked to accept Chinese Communist Parties' leadership as well as political principle and direction.
748:. These helped the PRI government give the superficial appearance of a competitive democratic system. In fact, both satellite parties fully supported the government and co-nominated the PRI candidates for the Presidency of Mexico until 1988.
392:
898:(UFP), at the time the country's main opposition party. All parties excluding the UFP accepted a new election law starting in 2020 which led to the adoption of a more proportional election system. Thirty seats now used the
1032:, has never faced true opposition since its creation, with all other parliamentary parties seen as being allied with the government, only existing to give the impression of multi-party politics.
225:
Parties only occasionally dissented from the line of the ruling party. Some parties were pre-existing, others had been newly formed, to appeal to specific sectors of society. However, during the
843:
parties. Parties almost always form coalition governments consisting of their particular bloc if they have a majority, with the largest party nominating the position of Prime
Minister.
382:
910:
in order to get more electoral seats that are under their control, as they would otherwise be allocated little or no extra compensatory seats. The DP did the same with the
275:
Germany was since 1945 divided into four occupation zones. Each occupying power decided which parties it allowed. Four parties were initially allowed in all four zones:
956:
771:
and its leader. After the election, the ACT leader can then be offered a cabinet position, and the party can serve as a coalition partner in a
National government.
194:
regimes may also have multiple political parties which are nominally independent in order to give the appearance of political pluralism, but support or act in
1155:
326:
696:
elections. Unless there is a coordination failure, the parties within the camp will not contest against each other in local level elections. In the
812:
713:
1066:
549:(until 1988), bloc parties also exist, playing a subordinate role to ruling Communist parties as constituent members of official coalitions.
174:. However, the term also has a more specific meaning, referring to non-ruling but legal political parties in a one-party state (most notably
210:
idea where
Marxist and non-Marxist political parties and other organisations would belong in an umbrella organisation. Following the end of
449:, the parties became more assertive in pressuring for change, and transformed themselves for democratic politics. The Christian democratic
252:
operated bloc party systems where non-communist parties were constituent members of an official coalition. A similar system operates in
572:
Since the 1920s, the main centre-right force in
Australian politics at the federal level has been an alliance of parties known as the
741:
422:
303:
397:
316:
The Soviet occupying government also allowed two other parties. They were both founded in 1948 on the initiative of the communists:
553:
494:
370:
320:
489:) offered limited criticism of government policies. A number of deputies from bloc parties also voted against the imposition of
1239:
907:
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to ensure the greatest coordination and thus greatest possible number of seats, at best simple majority (35+) can be achieved.
701:
338:
parliamentary elections: There was only one unified list of the entire
National Front in a parliamentary election in the GDR.
625:
522:
951:
with the TDP not facing any competitive challenges in elections. The two other parties in the legislature as of 2018, the
346:
took a stand against the legalisation of abortion, with the party's deputies either voting against the law or abstaining.
1254:
1029:
697:
309:
118:
980:
have an electoral agreement under which elections in some constituencies are contested by Co-operative Party members as
1249:
1005:
997:
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90:
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were blatantly rigged in favour of the Democratic Bloc, with Communist and Socialist parties being merged to form the
1110:
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462:
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430:
334:
137:
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broke their formal affiliation with the former ruling party, but only the Free German Youth still operates today.
190:, although such minor parties rarely if ever constitute opposition parties or alternative sources of power. Other
97:
932:
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505:
466:
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241:
306:(CDU or CDUD). Although originally independent, in the Soviet Zone it was forced to follow Communist guidelines.
1234:
952:
764:
693:
689:
450:
398:
353:, the bloc parties began to assert themselves and emerge as independent parties, leading to the first and only
249:
75:
996:. The two Northern Irish parties that are affiliated with parties that compete in the rest of the UK are the
788:
577:
434:
405:
265:
104:
808:
796:
780:
768:
35:
513:. Two of the Catholic associations with Sejm representation continue today as lay Catholic organisations.
404:
have been recognized by the government. All the eight parties established in China before the creation of
589:
530:
245:
71:
17:
1244:
1098:
585:
279:
86:
1118:
Lewis, Paul G. (2006). "Party States and State Parties". In Katz, Richard S.; Crotty, William (eds.).
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293:
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792:
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959:, are seen as having only been created in order to give the impression of a multi-party system.
612:(BSP) and other leftist parties in Bulgaria have been members of the leftist electoral alliance
1013:
1009:
613:
593:
442:
361:, the bloc parties merged with their western counterparts. Non-party organisations such as the
214:, elections were held in areas already under Soviet influence who would become members of the
1216:Прогрессивная социалистическая партия Украины присоединилась к "Интернациональной России" ОНФ
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as auxiliary parties and members of a ruling coalition, differing such governments from pure
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358:
1128:
The Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes
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671:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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329:. It was supposed to take in National Socialists and former soldiers of the Wehrmacht.
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required to do so in order to receive legal recognition and one such party, the
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Two of the three largest national parties do not actively contest elections in
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312:(LDPD). In the East, it was also forced to follow Communist guiding principles.
283:
219:
171:
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481:(SD), while up to three Catholic associations also had representation in the
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winning a comfortable majority in Slovakia. In 1948, however, the Communists
207:
191:
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and non-Marxist parties were made subordinate to the Communists. During the
1214:
948:
237:
215:
211:
187:
183:
433:, take part. However, elections were competitive, with the Communists and
824:
542:
343:
592:. The Coalition's formation was prompted by the rise of the centre-left
1201:
1051:
870:
366:
323:(DBD). It was supposed to take voters away from the CDU in rural areas.
31:
485:. Occasionally, deputies from these groups (most notably the Catholic
641:
350:
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497:
which included the same as well as additional member organisations.
53:
1180:
Seymour, James D. (1957-09-01). "China's Satellite Parties Today".
767:
electorate. In Epsom, the ACT leader is typically endorsed by the
533:. A number of successor parties exist in post-Communist Bulgaria.
1141:
Geschichte des DDR-Rechts. Jura. 26 (2): 73–81, accessible under
947:(TDP) from independence until 2008. However, the country remains
637:
629:
546:
729:
717:
272:, other political parties and various non-party organisations.
493:, after which the Front of National Unity was replaced by the
807:, the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the
284:
leadership group that survived the Second World War in Moscow
253:
41:"Satellite party" redirects here. For the American band, see
1016:
runs candidates in Northern Ireland but used to support the
914:. Both bloc parties were dissolved following the election.
482:
383:
List of political parties in the People's Republic of China
27:
Political party that is a constituent of an electoral bloc
943:
The country operated under a one-party system under the
268:
was the umbrella organisation which included the ruling
584:, it currently includes those parties' successors, the
509:
today, whereas the ZSL eventually evolved into today's
232:
437:
prevailing in the Czech lands, and the anti-Communist
342:
party occurred in 1972 when members of the CDU in the
393:
democratic parties in the People's Republic of China
1093:
Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis
327:
National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany)
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1090:
453:remains a player in Czech parliamentary politics.
198:cooperation with the government or ruling party.
1226:
813:Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia
692:has been establishing an electoral coalition in
1067:Interventions of political parties in Venezuela
1156:"Are there other political parties in China?"
763:party, runs its leader as a candidate in the
716:is the coalition partner of the ruling party
473:was formed, including the PZPR, the agrarian
926:is an umbrella organisation comprising the
864:It has been suggested that this section be
558:
408:, and are willing to collaborate with the
1130:. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books. p. 19.
957:Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs
818:
742:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
554:List of political parties in North Korea
525:was the only other legal party than the
1179:
1085:
521:During Communist rule in Bulgaria, the
495:Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth
292:(SPD). In the Soviet zone, the Soviets
264:In the German Democratic Republic, the
14:
1227:
1125:
1122:. London: SAGE Publishing. p. 476
908:2020 South Korean legislative election
801:Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
1117:
868:out into another article titled
626:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
304:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
850:
651:
371:Democratic Women's League of Germany
321:Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany
233:Bloc parties under Communist regimes
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
987:
714:Christian Democratic People's Party
310:Liberal Democratic Party of Germany
170:that is a constituent member of an
24:
1006:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
998:Social Democratic and Labour Party
290:Social Democratic Party of Germany
25:
1266:
962:
740:(satellite parties) included the
734:Institutional Revolutionary Party
536:
523:Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union
431:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
416:
351:the 'peaceful revolution' of 1989
206:The concept has its roots in the
1028:The country's ruling party, the
945:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
855:
656:
355:free election to the Volkskammer
298:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
270:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
52:
967:
938:
933:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
576:: originally consisting of the
387:In China, under the premise of
357:in 1990. During the process of
294:forced it to unite with the KPD
259:
63:needs additional citations for
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835:parties, and a "blue" bloc of
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628:does not contest elections in
13:
1:
1240:Political science terminology
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1023:
603:
201:
809:Young Guard of United Russia
647:
567:
467:Polish United Workers' Party
282:(KPD), which was built by a
7:
1035:
590:National Party of Australia
516:
451:Czechoslovak People's Party
10:
1271:
1255:Types of political parties
1126:Furtak, Robert K. (1986).
1120:Handbook of Party Politics
1099:Cambridge University Press
924:National Progressive Front
707:
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586:Liberal Party of Australia
551:
406:People's Republic of China
380:
296:in 1946. This created the
280:Communist Party of Germany
40:
34:. Not to be confused with
30:For the English band, see
29:
1250:Political party alliances
823:In multiple countries in
789:A Just Russia — For Truth
781:All-Russia People's Front
774:
723:
665:This section needs to be
610:Bulgarian Socialist Party
600:, a looser relationship.
527:Bulgarian Communist Party
456:
1160:South China Morning Post
1030:Liberal Democratic Party
917:
900:additional member system
894:was a bloc party of the
582:Australian Country Party
559:In non-communist regimes
425:saw only parties of the
376:
803:, the Russian Union of
746:Socialist Popular Party
732:during the rule of the
698:coming General Election
477:(ZSL) and the centrist
471:Front of National Unity
410:Chinese Communist Party
819:Scandinavian countries
761:right-wing libertarian
634:Christian Social Union
614:Coalition for Bulgaria
594:Australian Labor Party
162:), sometimes called a
1235:Political terminology
1018:Ulster Unionist Party
636:. They form a common
511:Polish People's Party
502:partly free elections
491:Martial Law in Poland
475:United People's Party
1057:Arab satellite lists
805:Afghanistan Veterans
783:includes the ruling
469:(PZPR). In 1952 the
359:German reunification
72:improve this article
1062:Systemic opposition
896:United Future Party
700:, they also launch
529:as a member of the
504:were held in which
429:, dominated by the
333:All parties in the
1047:Electoral alliance
1042:Political alliance
1014:Conservative Party
978:Co-operative Party
892:Future Korea Party
736:(PRI, 1929–2000),
690:pro-democracy camp
541:In countries like
1245:Political parties
1087:Sartori, Giovanni
1010:Liberal Democrats
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598:Western Australia
578:Nationalist Party
447:Velvet Revolution
363:Free German Youth
227:fall of Communism
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928:Ba'ath Party
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881:(March 2024)
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837:centre-right
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640:bloc in the
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386:
348:
340:
332:
315:
274:
263:
260:East Germany
238:East Germany
236:
224:
220:leading role
216:Eastern Bloc
212:World War II
205:
195:
188:Soviet Union
184:Nazi Germany
163:
159:
151:
149:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:"Bloc party"
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
847:South Korea
829:centre-left
825:Scandinavia
752:New Zealand
694:local level
543:North Korea
396: [
344:Volkskammer
335:Soviet zone
160:Blockpartei
36:Block Party
18:Blockpartei
1229:Categories
1166:2021-11-01
1101:. p.
1073:References
1052:Decoy list
1024:Uzbekistan
1004:, and the
871:Decoy list
841:right-wing
797:New People
677:April 2022
552:See also:
506:Solidarity
367:Kulturbund
202:Background
152:bloc party
128:March 2016
98:newspapers
32:Bloc Party
1008:with the
833:left-wing
702:primaries
648:Hong Kong
642:Bundestag
574:Coalition
568:Australia
500:In 1989,
1089:(1976).
1036:See also
744:and the
604:Bulgaria
588:and the
580:and the
517:Bulgaria
399:Wikidata
369:and the
250:Bulgaria
196:de facto
186:and the
182:such as
1202:2644085
876:Discuss
708:Hungary
667:updated
638:CDU/CSU
630:Bavaria
620:Germany
547:Vietnam
349:During
256:today.
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112:scholar
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775:Russia
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718:Fidesz
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1000:with
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866:split
765:Epsom
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1107:ISBN
976:and
972:The
955:and
922:The
890:The
839:and
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779:The
759:, a
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483:Sejm
461:The
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728:In
545:or
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