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students. The results indicated that favorability is considered highest for likeable ingroup members and lowest for unlikeable ingroup members, with the favorability of unlikeable and likeable outgroup members lying between the two ingroup members. These extreme judgements of likeable and unlikeable (i.e., deviant) ingroup members, relatively to comparable outgroup members is called "black sheep effect". This effect has been shown in various
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In 1988, Marques, Yzerbyt and Leyens conducted an experiment where
Belgian students rated the following groups according to trait-descriptors (e.g. sociable, polite, violent, cold): unlikeable Belgian students, unlikeable North African students, likeable Belgian students, and likeable North African
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Even though there is wide support for the black sheep effect, the opposite pattern has been found, for example, that White participants judge unqualified Black targets more negatively than comparable White targets. Consequently, there are several factors which influence the black sheep effect. For
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The term originated from the occasional black sheep which are born into a flock of white sheep. Black wool is considered commercially undesirable because it cannot be dyed. In 18th and 19th century
England, the black color of the sheep was seen as the mark of the devil. In modern usage, the
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Eidelman and
Biernat wrote in 2003 that personal identities are also threatened through deviant ingroup members. They argue that devaluation of deviant members is an individual response of interpersonal differentiation. Khan and Lambert suggested in 1998 that
400:). Furthermore, the positive social identity may be threatened by group members who deviate from a relevant group norm. To protect the positive group image, ingroup members derogate ingroup deviants more harshly than deviants of an outgroup.
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Coull, A.; Yzerbyt, V. Y.; Castano, E.; Paladino, M.-P.; Leemans, V. (2001). "Protecting the ingroup: Motivated allocation of cognitive resources in the presence of threatening ingroup members".
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expression has lost some of its negative connotations, though the term is usually given to the member of a group who has certain characteristics or lack thereof deemed undesirable by that group.
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for black, about one in four of their lambs will be black. In most white sheep breeds, only a few white sheep are heterozygous for black, so black lambs are usually much rarer than this.
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Castano, E.; Paladino, M.; Coull, A.; Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2002). "Protecting the ingroup stereotype: Ingroup identification and the management of deviant ingroup members".
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and, as a consequence, group members emphasize likeable members and evaluate them more positive than outgroup members, bolstering the positive image of their ingroup (
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Marques, J. M.; Yzerbyt, V. Y.; Leyens, J. (1988). "The 'Black Sheep Effect': Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a function of group identification".
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of the ingroup, the more the black sheep effect emerges. Even situational factors explaining the deviance have an influence whether the black sheep effect occurs.
726:
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Pinto, I. R.; Marques, J. M.; Levine, J. M.; Abrams, D. (2010). "Membership status and subjective group dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect?".
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whose fleece is colored black rather than the more common white; these sheep stand out in the flock and their wool is worth less as it will not dye.
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Lewis, A. C.; Sherman, S. J. (2010). "Perceived entitativity and the black-sheep effect: When will we denigrate negative ingroup members?".
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Branscombe, N.; Wann, D.; Noel, J.; Coleman, J. (1993). "In-group or out-group extremity: Importance of the threatened social identity".
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93:, "black sheep effect" refers to the tendency of group members to judge likeable ingroup members more positively and deviant
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Khan, S.; Lambert, A. J. (1998). "Ingroup favoritism versus black sheep effects in observations of informal conversations".
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gene that switches color production off, thus obscuring any other color that may be present. A black fleece is caused by a
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Feldman, J. M. (1972). "Stimulus characteristics and subject prejudice as determinants of stereotype attribution".
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contexts and under a variety of conditions, and in many experiments manipulating likeability and norm deviance.
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The same concept is illustrated in some other languages by the phrase "white crow": for example,
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Eidelman, S.; Biernat, M. (2003). "Derogating black sheep: Individual or group protection?".
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A prominent explanation of the black sheep effect derives from the social identity approach (
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such as assimilation and contrast, which may underline the effect, should be examined.
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Linville, P. W.; Jones, E. E. (1980). "Polarized appraisals of out-group members".
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Turner, J. C.; Hogg, M. A.; Oakes, P. J.; Reicher, S. D.; Wetherell, M. S. (1987).
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Exploration of the etymology of the phrase "black sheep of the family"
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Black & Coloured Sheep
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Marques, José M.; José M. Marques; Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (1988).
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Rediscovering the Social group: A self-categorization theory
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79:member who does not fit in. The term stems from
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1007:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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763:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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1118:De Cremer, D.; Vanbeselaere, N. (1999).
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421:with the ingroup, and the higher the
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34:Idiom for oddness or disreputability
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846:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
603:Norris, B. J.; Whan, V. A. (2008).
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212:in a family of aristocratic
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406:cognitive processes
41:Black Sheep Bazina
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471:References
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359:intergroup
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189:recessive
124:does not
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185:dominant
181:albinism
175:In most
99:outgroup
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344:) in
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253:Greek
177:sheep
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388:and
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