40:
1087:
due to the larger mining populations in the
Appalachia region. There were 103 counties in America that reported the disease during the entire data acquisition process which lasted from 1970 to 2014. However, 333 counties reported deaths from black lung disease during this time, indicating that where people worked and developed the disease may not match where people seek treatment or die afterwards. The research also led to the discovery that since 1990s CWP (Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis) has been increasing. The numbers collected may even be undercounted as the Coal Workers Health Surveillance Programs had a low output of screenings, and compensation approval rates were very slow. Despite these issues, the numbers still show an increase in cases which is concerning. A study released in May of 2018 showed that 4,600 coal miners developed the worst kind of the disease with over half of these cases happening since 2000.
968:, the US Congress set up standards to reduce dust and created the Black Lung Disability Trust. The mining companies agreed to a clause, by which a ten-year history of mine work, coupled with X-ray or autopsy evidence of severe lung damage, guaranteed compensation. Equally important was a "rate retention" clause that allowed workers with progressive lung disease to transfer to jobs with lower exposure without loss of pay, seniority, or benefits. Financed by a federal tax on coal, the Trust by 2009 had distributed over $ 44 billion in benefits to miners disabled by the disease and their widows. A miner who has spent 25 years in underground coal mines has a 5â10% risk of contracting the disease.
778:
1083:
populations researched included miners, mining communities, the Navajo Nation, and
Appalachia residents. The data sets that Summit used were compiled from the US Census Bureau American Community Survey, US Energy Information Administration, US Census Bureau County Business Patters, the CDC, online data for Epidemiologic Research, Coal Workers Health and Surveillance programs, and the MSHA Mines Data Set. These statistics were used to determine if the increasing number of cases can be abated, and to design predictions for future numbers of the disease.
940:
759:(PMF), wherein large masses of dense fibrosis develop, usually in the upper lung zones, measuring greater than 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter, with accompanying decreased lung function. These cases generally require a number of years to develop. Grossly, the lung itself appears blackened. Pathologically, these consist of fibrosis with haphazardly-arranged collagen and many pigment-laden macrophages and abundant free pigment. Radiographically, BLD can appear strikingly similar to
982:
882:
4247:
137:
4276:
1114:
852:
1063:
of PMF ever scientifically documented, despite near-elimination of the disease in the 1990s. The causes of the spike are believed to include longer working shifts, mining of thinner coal seams (which causes mining machines to put more non-coal silica dust in the air), and retirements and layoffs that have prompted more former employees to visit health clinics.
667:(i.e. a productive cough for three months per year for at least two years) associated with workplace dust exposure. The incidence of industrial bronchitis varies with age, job, exposure, and smoking. In non-smokers (who are less prone to develop bronchitis than smokers), studies of coal miners have shown a 16% to 17% incidence of industrial bronchitis.
1055:(MSHA), operates a Mobile Health Screening Program, which travels to mining regions around the United States. Miners who participate in the Program receive health evaluations once every five years, at no cost to themselves. Chest x-rays can detect the early signs of and changes in BLD, often before the miner is aware of any lung problems.
707:, which are important in the development of inflammation and fibrosis in BLD. Aggregations of carbon-laden macrophages can be visualized under a microscope as granular, black areas. In serious cases, the lung may grossly appear black. These aggregations can cause inflammation and fibrosis, as well as the formation of nodular
1094:
A third finding of the study compared rates of black lung disease in the Navajo nation to the residents of
Appalachia and the rest of the country. While the residents of Appalachia suffered much higher rates of the disease and deaths from the disease compared to other areas of the country, the Navajo
1062:
found that NIOSH had under-reported cases of PMF (a complication of black lung) by at least a factor of 20. NPR identified over 2,000 cases at certain clinics in
Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, compared to 99 that NIOSH reported. NIOSH confirmed in 2018 the largest cluster
1047:
New findings have shown that BLD can be a risk for surface coal miners, who are 48% of the workforce. Data from the Coal
Workers' Health Surveillance Program of NIOSH, which examined chest X-rays from more than 2,000 miners in 16 US states from 2010 to 2011, showed that 2% of miners with greater than
829:
There is no cure or discovered treatments for pneumoconiosis. The treatments that are available only relieve the symptoms but do not reverse or stop the illness. Some patients are given supplemental oxygen to help with their breathing and are advised to stop smoking to prevent further decline in lung
1098:
The last finding of the study was to determine the correlation of residential coal burning and instances of black lung disease. In comparison to the rest of the US outside
Appalachia, an increase of cases and deaths was found in residential areas where coal is burned. Residential coal burning may be
1086:
The report's first finding was the rate of black lung disease across the United States, with an average of 4.34 cases and 3.44 deaths per county. In certain areas of the country, these numbers go up dramatically. In
Appalachia it was discovered that there were 28.79 cases and 10.88 deaths per county
867:
In 2013, BLD resulted in 25,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990. Between 1970 and 1974, prevalence of BLD among US coal miners who had worked over 25 years was 32%; the same group saw a prevalence of 9% in 2005â2006. In
Australia, BLD was considered to be eliminated in the 1970s due to strict
960:
they decided not to raise the black lung issue because it might impede the mechanization that was producing higher productivity and higher wages. Union priorities were to maintain the viability of the long-fought-for welfare and retirement fund, which would be sustained by higher outputs of coal.
951:
Black lung is actually a set of conditions and until the 1950s its dangers were not well understood. Over time this disease has taken a large toll on the mining industry and the workers involved. The prevailing view was that silicosis was very serious but it was solely caused by silica and not coal
1082:
In
October of 2023 Summit Consulting LLC did research for the US Department of Labor about incidents of black lung disease. The point of their research was to answer some key questions that would shed some light on the prevalence and danger of black lung disease in specific subpopulations. The sub
1090:
The report's second finding involved a comparison of black lung disease rates in mining communities, former mining communities, and non-mining communities. The results indicate black lung disease rates are highest in current mining communities and significantly lower in former mining communities.
868:
hazard control measures. However, there has been a resurgence of BLD in
Australia, with the first new cases being detected in May 2015. From 1999 to 2016, the average years of life lost due to BLD increased from 8.1 to 12.6 years, most likely due to the increased severity and progression of BLD.
842:
The main way to avoid contracting coal worker's pneumoconiosis is to avoid the inhalation of coal dust. Some of the ways to prevent this disease include: wearing ventilated masks, such as NIOSH-certified respirators, when coming in contact with potentially dangerous airborne particles; regular
1758:
Sim, M., Glass, D., Hoy, R., Roberts, M., Thompson, B., Cohen, R., ... & Deponte, K. (2016). Review of Respiratory Component of the Coal Mine Workers Health Scheme for Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. Final Report. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Monash Centre for
1079:. This research was known as the Pneumoconiosis Field Research (PFR). The research underpinned the recommendations for more stringent airborne dust standards in British coalmines and the PFR was ultimately used as the basis for many national dust standards around the world.
670:
In 2013, BLD resulted in 25,000 deaths globallyâdown from 29,000 deaths in 1990. In the US, a 2018 study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health shows a resurgence among veteran coalminers, recording the highest rate of BLD in roughly two decades.
857:
856:
853:
858:
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one year of surface mining experience developed BLD. 0.5% of these miners had PMF. Most of these workers had never worked in an underground mine prior to surface mining. A high proportion of the X-rays suggested that these miners had developed silicosis.
859:
1039:
After the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 became law in the United States, the percentage of American miners with black lung disease decreased by about 90 percent. More recently, however, rates of the disease have been on the rise. The
843:
pulmonary exams; and becoming educated about the risks of lung diseases in your work environment. Pneumoconiosis can also be caused by inhaling other dusts including aluminum, antimony, barium, graphite, iron, kaolin, mica, and talc.
855:
1095:
nation didn't report major differences compared to the rest of the country with just ten deaths being reported over the course of the collection period from 1970-2020. This may be due to underreporting in the Navajo nation.
723:
Simple BLD is marked by the presence of 1â2 mm (0.039â0.079 in) nodular aggregations of anthracotic macrophages, supported by a fine collagen network, within the lungs. Those 1â2 mm in diameter are known as
1347:
Seixas NS, Robins TG, Attfield MD, Moulton LH (1992). "Exposure-response relationships for coal mine dust and obstructive lung disease following enactment of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969".
763:. In simple BLD, small rounded nodules predominate, tending to first appear in the upper lung zones. The nodules may coalesce and form large opacities (>1 cm), characterizing complicated BLD, or PMF.
1066:
New U.S. MSHA rules took effect in August 2016 that lowered maximum allowed dust concentrations for surface and underground mines, and exposure by miners who have been found to be developing pneumoconiosis.
3917:
3852:
1586:"Pathology standards for coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Report of the Pneumoconiosis Committee of the College of American Pathologists to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health".
813:
relate to the degree of respiratory impairment but are not part of the diagnostic criteria. As noted above, the chest X-ray appearance for BLD can be virtually indistinguishable from silicosis.
1422:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990â2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
39:
854:
2219:
3539:
1044:(NIOSH) reported that close to 9 percent of miners with 25 years or more experience tested positive for black lung in 2005â2006, compared with 4 percent in the late 1990s.
2703:
1470:
961:
After the death of Lewis, the union dropped its opposition to calling black lung a disease and realized the financial advantages of a fund for its disabled members.
3417:
1771:"Coal Workers' PneumoconiosisâAttributable Years of Potential Life Lost to Life Expectancy and Potential Life Lost Before Age 65 Years â United States, 1999â2016"
2083:
1099:
a contributing factor and not the main cause though, as these areas also have more mines and miners that could develop the disease from their occupation.
4267:
3875:
1201:
1041:
1664:
388:
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in the lungs and the consequent lung tissue's reaction to its presence. It is common in coal miners and others who work with coal. It is similar to both
378:
348:
4061:
3846:
2133:
1075:
Work to investigate the relationship between respirable dust exposure and coal worker's pneumoconiosis was carried out in the United Kingdom by the
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2322:
965:
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992:
892:
413:
2243:
2108:
1917:
1383:
Marine WM, Gurr D, Jacobsen M (January 1988). "Clinically important respiratory effects of dust exposure and smoking in British coal miners".
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3870:
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as silica dust. Coal dust that enters the lungs can neither be destroyed nor removed by the body. The particles are engulfed by resident
2134:"Respirable Dust Rule: A Historic Step Forward in the Effort to End Black Lung Disease - Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)"
2922:
4251:
4040:
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2946:
2718:
732:. These structures occur most frequently around the initial site of coal dust accumulationâthe upper regions of the lungs around
2295:
4227:
4086:
3499:
556:
2693:
1900:
1237:
1052:
69:
2220:"Doctors hired by employers to examine miner X-rays for black lung show 'alarming' bias: study | 2021-04-28 | Safety+Health"
1688:
4207:
3489:
3379:
3162:
2917:
2315:
2057:
4157:
3172:
2968:
1076:
368:
4080:
4070:
3825:
3369:
3149:
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2344:
2339:
1622:
1026:
926:
248:
253:
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273:
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4122:
3777:
3514:
3426:
3384:
2850:
2308:
1638:
1151:
777:
695:. Coal dust provides a sufficient stimulus for the macrophage to release various products, including enzymes,
647:â coal, carbon). This is often asymptomatic and is found to at least some extent in all urban dwellers due to
3993:
3746:
2958:
755:
Continued exposure to coal dust following the development of simple BLD may progress to complicated BLD with
736:. The coal macule is the basic pathological feature of BLD and has a surrounding area of enlargement of the
4035:
3968:
3721:
3509:
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3108:
2941:
2879:
2195:
1278:
756:
660:
4172:
3864:
3772:
3736:
3574:
3118:
663:, PMF). More commonly, workers exposed to coal dust develop industrial bronchitis, clinically defined as
1999:"Pneumoconiosis and advanced occupational lung disease among surface coal miners â 16 states, 2010â2011"
4232:
4137:
3911:
3614:
3304:
2275:
1965:"Coal Mine Dust Exposures and Associated Health Outcomes: A Review of Information Published Since 1995"
1538:
810:
549:
373:
3830:
3741:
3726:
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3584:
3559:
3177:
2802:
2776:
2501:
2402:
1279:"Modern Coal Miners Have Higher Death Rates From Lung Diseases Than Their Predecessors | Blogs | CDC"
802:
An exposure history to coal dust (typically underground coal mining) of sufficient amount and latency
704:
483:
651:. Prolonged exposure to large amounts of coal dust can result in more serious forms of the disease,
4222:
4147:
4127:
4020:
3644:
3634:
3609:
2953:
2781:
2766:
2759:
2664:
2625:
2572:
2550:
2508:
2436:
1892:
1008:
908:
383:
263:
176:
171:
2932:
4192:
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3081:
2723:
2639:
2514:
2035:
1004:
904:
745:
440:
64:
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3524:
3207:
3060:
3021:
2936:
2889:
2588:
2431:
1712:
944:
733:
518:
280:
3782:
2469:
2441:
1059:
542:
503:
1964:
1000:
900:
4312:
3983:
3958:
3762:
3679:
3529:
3519:
3479:
3434:
3086:
3038:
3026:
2840:
2798:
2397:
585:
513:
363:
243:
221:
2698:
664:
8:
4117:
4000:
3988:
3953:
3731:
3716:
3709:
3689:
3459:
3441:
3354:
3321:
3067:
3016:
2644:
2464:
2331:
1998:
1102:
There is ongoing research and data is being collected in states all over the country.
956:, realized that rapid mechanization meant drills that produced much more dust, but under
953:
749:
684:
268:
4152:
4056:
3973:
3792:
3212:
3077:
3033:
2865:
2786:
2713:
2583:
1942:
1885:
1860:
1803:
1568:
1514:
1489:
1446:
1421:
1324:
1299:
772:
737:
508:
300:
258:
2280:
1770:
1437:
784:
of anthracosis, with interstitial pigment deposition (black arrow) and an anthracotic
4202:
4015:
3694:
3669:
3564:
3549:
3334:
2578:
2407:
2368:
2300:
2010:
1896:
1865:
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1808:
1790:
1737:
1618:
1595:
1560:
1519:
1451:
1400:
1365:
1329:
1233:
1091:
Non-mining communities reported low rates of black lung disease cases or deaths.
821:(HRCT), are more sensitive than plain X-ray for detecting the small round opacities.
796:
435:
418:
323:
191:
52:
1572:
3943:
3938:
3604:
3544:
3277:
3270:
3134:
3055:
2894:
2830:
2679:
1855:
1839:
1798:
1782:
1550:
1509:
1501:
1441:
1433:
1392:
1357:
1319:
1311:
631:
Black lung disease develops after the initial, milder form of the disease known as
430:
1253:
33:
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis, anthracosis, black lung, coal mine dust lung disease
4217:
4197:
4025:
3704:
3699:
3654:
3395:
3299:
3251:
3139:
3090:
3011:
2927:
2735:
1555:
1132:
1119:
831:
741:
700:
231:
161:
4182:
4142:
4030:
4010:
4005:
3624:
3504:
3237:
2899:
2810:
2730:
2540:
2535:
1843:
1396:
939:
589:
488:
478:
408:
226:
216:
211:
201:
196:
2269:
1539:"Cytokines and cytokine network in silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis"
4296:
4187:
3948:
3649:
3594:
3329:
3043:
2754:
1851:
1827:
1794:
957:
943:
A miner at the Black Lung Laboratory in the Appalachian Regional Hospital in
648:
468:
463:
206:
120:
1828:"The Impact of Black Lung and a Methodology for Controlling Respirable Dust"
1639:"Pathology Basis of Occupational Lung Disease, Pneumoconiosis | NIOSH | CDC"
1361:
4102:
4076:
4066:
3659:
3599:
3569:
3266:
3219:
2604:
2556:
2425:
2109:"Black Lung Study Finds Biggest Cluster Ever Of Fatal Coal Miners' Disease"
2014:
1869:
1812:
1786:
1523:
1505:
1455:
617:
493:
2038:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. November 12, 2008
1564:
1404:
1369:
711:
within the lungs. The centers of dense lesions may become necrotic due to
4112:
3579:
3474:
3469:
3364:
3311:
3294:
3289:
3242:
3197:
3048:
2996:
2963:
2835:
2564:
2496:
2459:
2414:
2349:
2291:
42CFR27 Specifications of Medical Examinations of Underground Coal Miners
1740:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 21 December 2012
1599:
1333:
1315:
688:
601:
528:
498:
358:
353:
290:
238:
57:
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and remain in the lungs, residing in the connective tissue or pulmonary
4212:
4162:
4132:
4107:
3629:
3619:
3494:
3484:
3464:
3454:
3284:
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2820:
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2545:
2419:
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2359:
785:
781:
692:
680:
605:
156:
3853:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
2244:"NIOSH black lung screening program to visit 4 states | Safety+Health"
3933:
3901:
3639:
3449:
3359:
2991:
2860:
2855:
2825:
2376:
760:
696:
642:
597:
523:
445:
343:
333:
100:
4177:
3664:
3534:
3374:
3259:
2659:
2392:
1471:"A tenth of U.S. veteran coal miners have black lung disease:NIOSH"
814:
712:
625:
621:
609:
473:
425:
318:
285:
181:
166:
1537:
Vanhée D, Gosset P, Boitelle A, Wallaert B, Tonnel AB (May 1995).
2612:
2488:
1474:
151:
2084:"NPR Continues To Find Hundreds Of Cases Of Advanced Black Lung"
1254:"Coal worker's pneumoconiosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
136:
3963:
2709:
2522:
2451:
708:
328:
295:
1918:"Dr Dust: the man who discovered a hidden black lung epidemic"
2530:
991:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
891:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
834:
could be done to help prolong the patient's life expectancy.
636:
403:
2296:
Institute of Occupational Medicine's pneumoconiosis research
1536:
2479:
1346:
818:
613:
593:
398:
186:
128:
792:
There are three basic criteria for the diagnosis of BLD:
393:
1997:
Laney AS, Wolfe AL, Petsonk EL, Halldin CN (June 2012).
1996:
1759:
Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University
1612:
1152:"Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis, Simple CWP | NIOSH | CDC"
2285:
612:
dust. Inhaled coal dust progressively builds up in the
16:
Human disease caused by long-term exposure to coal dust
2330:
863:
A video from 2008 on the history of black lung disease
3876:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1042:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2036:"Enhanced Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program"
1487:
1227:
1109:
2196:"Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung Disease)"
4062:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
3847:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
3425:
1884:
1382:
1202:"Pneumoconiosis Symptoms, Causes and Risk Factors"
805:Exclusion of alternative diagnoses (mimics of BLD)
1468:
592:caused by long-term inhalation and deposition of
4294:
3859:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
3907:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
2281:NIOSH Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program
2058:"Advanced Black Lung Cases Surge In Appalachia"
1887:Black lung: anatomy of a public health disaster
966:Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969
837:
1613:Weinberger, S; Cockrill, B; Mandel, J (2019).
3871:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3821:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
3411:
2316:
1943:"Black lung on the rise among US coal miners"
989:The examples and perspective in this article
889:The examples and perspective in this article
715:, leading to large cavities within the lung.
550:
1945:. World Socialist Web Site. January 11, 2010
1490:"Silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis"
1775:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1617:(Seventh ed.). Elsevier. p. 147.
744:. Focal emphysema extends into progressive
3515:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
3418:
3404:
2323:
2309:
1738:"Respiratory Diseases: Occupational Risks"
1606:
1488:Castranova V, Vallyathan V (August 2000).
1416:
1414:
1223:
1221:
557:
543:
349:Coal mining disasters in the United States
38:
2923:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
1882:
1859:
1802:
1730:
1554:
1513:
1445:
1323:
1297:
1027:Learn how and when to remove this message
927:Learn how and when to remove this message
1665:"Diagnosing and Treating Pneumoconiosis"
938:
850:
776:
657:complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis
4041:Immediately dangerous to life or health
2947:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2193:
1825:
1768:
1411:
1218:
830:function. In the most extreme cases, a
4295:
4228:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
3500:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2081:
1232:. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders Company.
3399:
2304:
2286:Mine Safety and Health Administration
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
1693:Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library
1631:
1053:Mine Safety and Health Administration
70:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4303:Lung diseases due to external agents
4275:
3918:Working Environment Convention, 1977
1915:
1832:Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration
1276:
975:
875:
728:, with larger aggregations known as
4087:Workers' right to access the toilet
3380:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
1230:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
653:simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis
85:Simple coal workersâ pneumoconiosis
47:Lung affected by black lung disease
13:
4158:International Chemical Safety Card
2969:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
2332:Diseases of the respiratory system
2151:
1469:Richard Valdmanis (19 July 2018).
1432:(9963): 117â71. 17 December 2014.
1277:Says, Stephen Smyth (2023-02-27).
1077:Institute of Occupational Medicine
14:
4324:
4168:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
3826:International Labour Organization
2263:
1916:East, Elyssa (13 December 2018).
4274:
4246:
4245:
1883:Derickson, Alan (January 1998).
1615:Principles of pulmonary medicine
1112:
980:
880:
364:Environmental problems involving
135:
2248:www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com
2236:
2224:www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com
2212:
2187:
2126:
2101:
2075:
2050:
2028:
1990:
1957:
1935:
1909:
1876:
1819:
1762:
1752:
1705:
1681:
1657:
1579:
1530:
1481:
1462:
1228:Cotran; Kumar, Collins (1999).
1128:Black Lung Benefits Act of 1972
971:
846:
674:
4123:Environment, health and safety
3778:Occupational health psychology
3427:Occupational safety and health
3385:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
1826:Colinet, Jay F. (2020-12-01).
1713:"Pneumoconioses | NIOSH | CDC"
1376:
1340:
1291:
1270:
1246:
1194:
1169:
1144:
954:United Mine Workers of America
952:dust. The miners' union, the
1:
3994:Personal protective equipment
3747:Workplace health surveillance
2959:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
1972:Current Intelligence Bulletin
1438:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1138:
1051:NIOSH, with support from the
748:. Less commonly a variant of
718:
4036:Standard operating procedure
3969:Hierarchy of hazard controls
3722:Hierarchy of hazard controls
2942:Respiratory hypersensitivity
2880:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
2271:Faces of Black Lung - USDHHS
2194:Association, American Lung.
2170:"Black Lung Incidence Study"
2082:Berkes, Howard (July 2017).
1689:"Occupational Lung Diseases"
1556:10.1183/09031936.95.08050834
838:Prevention of pneumoconiosis
824:
766:
757:progressive massive fibrosis
661:progressive massive fibrosis
643:
578:coal workers' pneumoconiosis
88:Progressive massive fibrosis
7:
4173:NIOSH air filtration rating
3865:Health and Safety Executive
3773:Occupational health nursing
3737:Occupational exposure limit
3575:Hospital-acquired infection
3540:Exposure to human nail dust
2851:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
1298:Morgan WK (November 1978).
1105:
1070:
1058:A 2016â17 investigation by
1003:, discuss the issue on the
903:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4329:
4233:Workplace health promotion
4138:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
3912:Worker Protection Standard
3615:Noise-induced hearing loss
2704:Acute exacerbation of COPD
1844:10.1007/s42461-020-00278-7
1769:Mazurek, Jacek M. (2018).
871:
811:pulmonary function testing
770:
637:
4241:
4095:
4049:
3926:
3889:
3839:
3831:World Health Organization
3813:
3801:
3755:
3742:Occupational epidemiology
3727:Prevention through design
3678:
3585:Laboratory animal allergy
3510:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
3485:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
3433:
3347:
3320:
3250:
3236:
3190:
3148:
3127:
3101:
3004:
2990:
2981:
2910:
2795:
2775:
2658:
2638:
2478:
2358:
2338:
1669:American Lung Association
1594:(8): 375â432. July 1979.
1206:American Lung Association
705:fibroblast growth factors
484:Coal pollution mitigation
379:coal mining in Appalachia
106:
95:
75:
63:
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
4148:Hostile work environment
4128:Environmental toxicology
4021:Redundancy (engineering)
3635:Repetitive strain injury
2767:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
2760:Bronchiolitis obliterans
2626:Laryngotracheal stenosis
2573:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2551:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2509:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2437:Nasal septum perforation
1893:Cornell University Press
1494:Environ. Health Perspect
1397:10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.106
819:high-resolution scanning
384:Greenhouse gas emissions
177:Coal-fired power station
172:Coal combustion products
4193:Quality of working life
3979:Administrative controls
2515:Retropharyngeal abscess
1362:10.1002/ajim.4700210511
1300:"Industrial bronchitis"
1181:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
746:centrilobular emphysema
734:respiratory bronchioles
441:Problems in coal mining
3788:Occupational therapist
3768:Industrial engineering
3560:Glassblower's cataract
3525:Decompression sickness
3208:Pulmonary hypertension
2937:Eosinophilic pneumonia
2589:Vocal cord dysfunction
2432:Nasal septum deviation
1787:10.15585/mmwr.mm6730a3
1588:Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med
1506:10.1289/ehp.00108s4675
948:
945:Beckley, West Virginia
864:
789:
624:, and in worse cases,
519:History of coal mining
414:the petroleum industry
281:Coal preparation plant
110:25,000 per year (2013)
99:Prolonged exposure to
4308:Occupational diseases
4258:Occupational diseases
4223:Workers' compensation
3783:Occupational medicine
3645:Silo-filler's disease
3610:Mule spinners' cancer
3335:Mediastinal emphysema
3114:Healthcare-associated
3044:Legionnaires' disease
2470:Peritonsillar abscess
2442:Nasal septal hematoma
1060:National Public Radio
942:
862:
780:
504:Fossil fuel phase-out
3984:Engineering controls
3959:Emergency evacuation
3763:Environmental health
3530:De Quervain syndrome
3520:Concussions in sport
3082:Mendelson's syndrome
2954:HammanâRich syndrome
1385:Am. Rev. Respir. Dis
1316:10.1136/oem.35.4.285
1009:create a new article
1001:improve this article
909:create a new article
901:improve this article
685:alveolar macrophages
679:Coal dust is not as
514:Great Smog of London
4118:Effects of overtime
4001:Job safety analysis
3989:Hazard substitution
3954:Emergency procedure
3732:Exposure assessment
3717:Occupational stress
3710:Psychosocial hazard
3690:Occupational hazard
3555:Flock worker's lung
3355:Respiratory failure
3322:Mediastinal disease
2890:Bird fancier's lung
2465:Adenoid hypertrophy
1500:(Suppl 4): 675â84.
799:consistent with BLD
750:panacinar emphysema
4153:Indoor air quality
4057:Diving regulations
3974:Hazard elimination
3793:Safety engineering
3260:Pleuritis/pleurisy
3213:Pulmonary embolism
3109:Community-acquired
3034:Atypical bacterial
2933:Löffler's syndrome
2714:Status asthmaticus
2699:Chronic bronchitis
2584:Vocal fold paresis
2398:Vasomotor rhinitis
949:
865:
790:
773:ILO Classification
665:chronic bronchitis
570:Black lung disease
509:Fossil fuels lobby
431:Hydrosulfuric acid
419:toxic heavy metals
339:Black lung disease
301:Metallurgical coal
259:Coal-mining region
25:Black lung disease
4290:
4289:
4203:Safety data sheet
4016:Operations manual
3897:Bangladesh Accord
3885:
3884:
3695:Biological hazard
3393:
3392:
3343:
3342:
3300:Empyema/pyothorax
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3186:
3185:
3119:Hospital-acquired
2977:
2976:
2841:Caplan's syndrome
2634:
2633:
2579:Vocal fold nodule
2403:Atrophic rhinitis
1902:978-0-8014-3186-9
1239:978-0-7216-7335-6
1037:
1036:
1029:
1011:, as appropriate.
937:
936:
929:
911:, as appropriate.
860:
797:Chest radiography
576:), also known as
567:
566:
324:Asian brown cloud
114:
113:
19:Medical condition
4320:
4278:
4277:
4249:
4248:
3944:Contingency plan
3939:Code of practice
3811:
3810:
3605:Metal fume fever
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3278:Pleural effusion
3271:Hemopneumothorax
3248:
3247:
3002:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2831:Bauxite fibrosis
2796:External agents/
2793:
2792:
2724:Exercise-induced
2680:Acute bronchitis
2656:
2655:
2356:
2355:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1838:(6): 1847â1856.
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1728:
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1709:
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1635:
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1610:
1604:
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1583:
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1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
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1409:
1408:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1344:
1338:
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1327:
1295:
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1288:
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1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
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1250:
1244:
1243:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1177:"Pneumoconiosis"
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1148:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1012:
984:
983:
976:
932:
925:
921:
918:
912:
884:
883:
876:
861:
687:or interstitial
646:
640:
639:
635:(from the Greek
559:
552:
545:
458:Related articles
139:
116:
115:
42:
22:
21:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4237:
4218:Toxic workplace
4198:Risk management
4091:
4045:
4026:Risk assessment
3922:
3881:
3835:
3806:
3797:
3751:
3705:Physical hazard
3700:Chemical hazard
3681:
3674:
3439:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3394:
3389:
3339:
3316:
3252:Pleural disease
3241:
3224:
3182:
3144:
3128:By distribution
3123:
3102:By vector/route
3097:
2995:
2983:
2973:
2928:Pulmonary edema
2906:
2801:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2736:Cystic fibrosis
2663:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2474:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2252:
2250:
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2241:
2237:
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2218:
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2213:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
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2167:
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2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
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2080:
2076:
2066:
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2056:
2055:
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2041:
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2029:
2019:
2017:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1922:Theguardian.com
1914:
1910:
1903:
1881:
1877:
1824:
1820:
1781:(30): 819â824.
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1645:. 5 August 2020
1637:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1535:
1531:
1486:
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1463:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1381:
1377:
1350:Am. J. Ind. Med
1345:
1341:
1296:
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1281:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1258:medlineplus.gov
1252:
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1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:Caplan syndrome
1120:Medicine portal
1118:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1073:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1013:
998:
985:
981:
974:
933:
922:
916:
913:
898:
885:
881:
874:
851:
849:
840:
832:lung transplant
827:
817:, particularly
775:
769:
742:focal emphysema
721:
701:oxygen radicals
677:
563:
534:
533:
459:
451:
450:
314:
306:
305:
162:Bituminous coal
147:
91:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4208:Source control
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Process safety
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Health physics
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:Safety culture
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Permit To Work
4008:
4006:Lockout-tagout
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
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3891:
3887:
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3873:
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3856:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3670:Writer's cramp
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Pneumoconiosis
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Lead poisoning
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Golfer's elbow
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Fiddler's neck
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Chronic stress
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Cardiovascular
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
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3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
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3338:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3238:Pleural cavity
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
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3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
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3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
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3084:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Lycoperdonosis
2897:
2892:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2811:Pneumoconiosis
2807:
2805:
2790:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:Bronchiectasis
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2653:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2541:Laryngeal cyst
2538:
2536:Laryngomalacia
2533:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2484:
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2305:
2299:
2298:
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2288:
2283:
2278:
2265:
2264:External links
2262:
2260:
2259:
2235:
2211:
2186:
2175:. October 2023
2150:
2125:
2100:
2074:
2049:
2027:
1989:
1956:
1934:
1908:
1901:
1875:
1818:
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1605:
1578:
1543:Eur. Respir. J
1529:
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1290:
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1135:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1104:
1072:
1069:
1035:
1034:
1017:September 2014
995:of the subject
993:worldwide view
988:
986:
979:
973:
970:
935:
934:
895:of the subject
893:worldwide view
888:
886:
879:
873:
870:
848:
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839:
836:
826:
823:
807:
806:
803:
800:
768:
765:
720:
717:
676:
673:
608:from inhaling
600:from inhaling
590:pneumoconiosis
565:
564:
562:
561:
554:
547:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
489:Coal-seam fire
486:
481:
479:Coal phase-out
476:
471:
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
409:sulfur dioxide
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
277:
276:
271:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
132:
131:
125:
124:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
90:
89:
86:
83:
79:
77:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4325:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4269:
4268:Organizations
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Public health
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:United States
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:United States
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Diving safety
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:International
3812:
3809:
3807:organizations
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3680:Occupational
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Sports injury
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Low back pain
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Farmer's lung
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3435:Occupational
3432:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:Other/general
3346:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Mediastinitis
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:noninfectious
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:Obstructive /
2980:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Farmer's lung
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:Bronchiolitis
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2037:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2009:(23): 431â4.
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1739:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1624:9780323523714
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1549:(5): 834â42.
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:(1): 106â12.
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:(5): 715â34.
1355:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:(4): 285â91.
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1280:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1031:
1028:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
987:
978:
977:
969:
967:
962:
959:
958:John L. Lewis
955:
946:
941:
931:
928:
920:
910:
906:
902:
896:
894:
887:
878:
877:
869:
844:
835:
833:
822:
820:
816:
812:
809:Symptoms and
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
793:
788:(white arrow)
787:
783:
779:
774:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:air pollution
645:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
616:and leads to
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
540:
538:
537:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Carboniferous
467:
465:
464:Carbon bubble
462:
461:
455:
454:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:Externalities
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
138:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
87:
84:
81:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
65:Complications
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
4279:
4250:
4077:Right to sit
4067:Potty parity
3660:Tennis elbow
3655:Surfer's ear
3600:Mesothelioma
3570:Hearing loss
3267:Pneumothorax
3220:Lung abscess
3202:
3072:
3061:Pneumocystis
3022:Pneumococcal
2803:lung disease
2799:occupational
2777:Interstitial
2742:
2686:
2672:
2645:lung disease
2611:
2605:Epiglottitis
2595:
2563:
2557:Laryngospasm
2521:
2502:Strep throat
2487:
2450:
2426:nasal septum
2424:
2383:
2367:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2200:www.lung.org
2199:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2141:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2042:November 24,
2040:. Retrieved
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2006:
2002:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1975:
1971:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1886:
1878:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1719:. 2023-05-23
1716:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1464:
1429:
1425:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1307:
1304:Br J Ind Med
1303:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1229:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1183:. 2019-11-19
1180:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1158:. 2023-05-05
1155:
1146:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1023:
1014:
990:
972:21st century
963:
950:
923:
914:
890:
866:
847:Epidemiology
841:
828:
808:
791:
754:
730:coal nodules
729:
726:coal macules
725:
722:
678:
675:Pathogenesis
669:
656:
652:
632:
630:
618:inflammation
586:occupational
581:
580:, or simply
577:
573:
569:
568:
494:Energy lobby
389:human health
338:
222:South Africa
146:Economic use
4313:Coal mining
4113:Drug policy
4050:Legislation
3756:Professions
3580:Indium lung
3475:Brucellosis
3470:Berylliosis
3365:Common cold
3312:Fibrothorax
3295:Chylothorax
3290:Hydrothorax
3243:mediastinum
3203:circulatory
3198:Atelectasis
3005:By pathogen
2997:pneumonitis
2984:Restrictive
2964:Sarcoidosis
2836:Berylliosis
2782:restrictive
2743:unspecified
2665:obstructive
2648:(including
2565:vocal cords
2497:Pharyngitis
2460:Tonsillitis
2415:Nasal polyp
2350:common cold
2343:(including
2143:13 December
2118:13 December
2093:13 December
2067:13 December
1949:January 11,
1927:13 December
1717:www.cdc.gov
1643:www.cdc.gov
1156:www.cdc.gov
917:August 2015
740:, known as
693:lymph nodes
689:macrophages
633:anthracosis
602:silica dust
529:War on coal
499:Fossil fuel
359:Coal slurry
354:Coal refuse
291:Coke (fuel)
239:Coal mining
82:Anthracosis
58:Pulmonology
30:Other names
4297:Categories
4213:Toxic tort
4163:Job strain
4133:Ergonomics
4108:Break room
3630:Radium jaw
3620:Phossy jaw
3495:Chalicosis
3465:Barotrauma
3455:Asbestosis
3285:Hemothorax
3087:Aspiration
3049:Chlamydiae
3039:Mycoplasma
3027:Klebsiella
2885:Bagassosis
2871:Byssinosis
2846:Chalicosis
2821:Asbestosis
2816:Aluminosis
2750:Bronchitis
2621:Tracheitis
2597:epiglottis
2546:Laryngitis
2420:Rhinorrhea
2253:2024-04-28
2229:2024-04-28
2205:2024-04-28
1982:August 18,
1723:2024-04-28
1698:2019-04-25
1674:2019-04-25
1284:2023-05-28
1263:2019-04-25
1211:2019-04-25
1187:2024-04-28
1162:2024-06-18
1139:References
786:macrophage
782:Micrograph
771:See also:
752:develops.
719:Appearance
681:fibrogenic
606:asbestosis
582:black lung
369:Appalachia
274:in the USA
264:Coal power
254:in the USA
157:Anthracite
3934:Checklist
3902:ISO 45001
3890:Standards
3640:Silicosis
3450:Acrodynia
3360:Influenza
3305:Malignant
3068:Parasitic
3017:Bacterial
2992:Pneumonia
2861:Silicosis
2856:Siderosis
2826:Baritosis
2660:Bronchial
2408:Hay fever
2377:Sinusitis
1852:2524-3470
1795:0149-2195
1005:talk page
905:talk page
825:Treatment
767:Diagnosis
761:silicosis
697:cytokines
598:silicosis
594:coal dust
524:Peak coal
446:Whitedamp
436:Outbursts
344:Coal dust
334:Blackdamp
249:in the UK
192:Australia
101:coal dust
53:Specialty
4263:Journals
4252:Category
4178:Overwork
4096:See also
3849:(Canada)
3840:National
3803:Agencies
3665:Tinnitus
3535:Erethism
3442:injuries
3437:diseases
3375:COVID-19
3168:BOOP-COP
3135:Broncho-
3078:Chemical
2866:Talcosis
2787:fibrosis
2640:Lower RT
2393:Rhinitis
2340:Upper RT
2179:April 7,
2138:Msha.gov
2015:22695382
1870:33598636
1813:30070982
1744:23 March
1573:33011018
1524:10931786
1456:25530442
1106:See also
1071:Research
999:You may
899:You may
815:Chest CT
738:airspace
713:ischemia
626:necrosis
622:fibrosis
610:asbestos
588:type of
584:, is an
474:Coal oil
426:Firedamp
374:coal ash
319:Ash pond
286:Coal tar
269:in China
244:in Chile
182:Coal gas
167:Charcoal
121:a series
119:Part of
4281:Commons
3861:(Spain)
3855:(Italy)
3682:hygiene
3480:Burnout
2687:chronic
2613:trachea
2489:pharynx
2369:sinuses
2276:YouTube
2113:Npr.org
2088:Npr.org
2062:Npr.org
2020:July 6,
1861:7885287
1804:6072058
1649:29 July
1565:7656959
1515:1637684
1475:Reuters
1447:4340604
1405:3337449
1370:1609817
1325:1008445
964:In the
947:in 1970
872:History
709:lesions
644:ĂĄnthrax
232:Ukraine
187:Coal in
152:Ammonia
3964:Hazard
3927:Safety
3460:Asthma
3056:Fungal
2710:Asthma
2523:larynx
2452:tonsil
2013:
1978:. 2011
1899:
1868:
1858:
1850:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1621:
1600:378179
1598:
1571:
1563:
1522:
1512:
1454:
1444:
1426:Lancet
1403:
1368:
1334:367424
1332:
1322:
1236:
703:, and
638:áŒÎœÎžÏαΟ
329:Asthma
296:Coking
227:Turkey
217:Russia
212:Poland
202:Europe
197:Canada
107:Deaths
96:Causes
4103:Break
3191:Other
3140:Lobar
3091:Lipid
3012:Viral
2911:Other
2673:acute
2650:LRTIs
2575:(LPR)
2553:(LPR)
2531:Croup
2511:(LPR)
2345:URTIs
2173:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1569:S2CID
1007:, or
907:, or
641:, or
614:lungs
404:smoke
207:India
76:Types
3914:(US)
3878:(US)
3867:(UK)
3805:and
3440:and
3370:SARS
3173:NSIP
2918:ARDS
2719:AERD
2694:COPD
2480:Neck
2385:nose
2360:Head
2181:2024
2145:2018
2120:2018
2095:2018
2069:2018
2044:2008
2022:2012
2011:PMID
2003:MMWR
1984:2011
1951:2010
1929:2018
1897:ISBN
1866:PMID
1848:ISSN
1809:PMID
1791:ISSN
1746:2015
1651:2021
1619:ISBN
1596:PMID
1561:PMID
1520:PMID
1452:PMID
1401:PMID
1366:PMID
1330:PMID
1234:ISBN
659:(or
655:and
604:and
399:smog
129:Coal
3163:DIP
3158:UIP
3150:IIP
2274:on
1856:PMC
1840:doi
1799:PMC
1783:doi
1592:103
1551:doi
1510:PMC
1502:doi
1498:108
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1430:385
1393:doi
1389:137
1358:doi
1320:PMC
1312:doi
574:BLD
394:NOx
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3178:RB
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