321:
1894:
22:
29:
57:
43:
87:
103:
71:
1236:
1222:
1337:
377:. These steam ships, most of whom were English, bought initially the coal very cheaply and the exploited coal seams were easy to work as they laid almost at ground level. The mining district of BiobĂo Region can be divided in two sectors: one south and one north of
2015:
495:
The geological context of the coals of Zona Sur is not fully understood as there are divergent views on the stratigraphy and the ages the coals. The study of the coals is hampered by the fact that there are few coal
2025:
1995:
1858:
139:
The three zones of mining are Zona
Central Sur (36â38° S), Zona Sur (39â42° S) and Zona Austral (51â54° S) in southernmost Chile. Most of the coal resources of Chile lie in Zona Austral at southernmost Chile.
135:
is restricted to a few places located in its southern half. Energy originating from coal stands for 11,6% of Chile's electricity consumption. Currently the country is not considered a major producer of coal.
2020:
1935:
2000:
358:. Early British travelers had differing opinions on the economic value of Chilean coals, or more specifically, the coals of Zona Central Sur. While David Barry found the coals to be of good quality,
1778:
1848:
1950:
1868:
1713:
1990:
1940:
1200:
2043:
2005:
2060:
2048:
2038:
1985:
1955:
2010:
555:. While these mines had occasional spurts in activity only CatamutĂșn was in continuous operation in the 1940sâ2001 period. Mining in CatamutĂșn, the only active coal mine in
1980:
1853:
1788:
1723:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1763:
1945:
1960:
1883:
1828:
1798:
1718:
999:
Clifford Krauss, Chile's Leader
Remains Socialist but Acts Like Pragmatist, Copyright 2001 The New York Times Company. December 10, 2001, Monday, Late Edition - Final
823:"Recognition and implications of globigerinathekids (Eocene planktic foraminifera) in coal-bearing successions of the forearc of south-central Chile (37Âș45'-41Âș50'S)"
1915:
1863:
1838:
1813:
1773:
1728:
1930:
1925:
1878:
1818:
1793:
1783:
1738:
1833:
1803:
1733:
1920:
1808:
1843:
1768:
351:
1603:
1155:
1030:
1593:
1561:
425:
in the mid-19th century, into a large industrial hub that attracted immigrants from all over Chile well into the 20th century. Lota's coal mines were
369:
It was however not until the mid-19th century that large scale coal mining began in the region. The initial trigger of coal mining was the arrival of
1093:
697:
1001:
1197:
390:
630:
The following mines have been exploited in Zona
Austral over the years: Chilenita, Chinita, El Chino, Estela, Elena, FernĂĄndez Rocuant,
1179:
634:, Josefina, Loreto, Magdalena, Natales, Peckett, Punta Arenas, Servidora, Soledad, Tres Hermanos, Tres Pasos, Tres Puentes, Vulcano.
1703:
1688:
873:
449:
that displace the coal beds and the thin nature of these (less than one metre) mining activity in Arauco Basin proved difficult to
714:
1101:. 10° Congreso Geológico Chileno (in Spanish). Concepción: Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Concepción. Archived from
1077:. Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias,
772:. Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias,
504:
between different localities has not been satisfactory. Age estimations vary. A common view is that the coals of Zona Sur are of
464:, El ChiflĂłn Costa, Mina Consolidada, Mina Chiflones Fortuna, Mina Manto Grande, Mina SocavĂłn Victoria, Pique Anita and others.
597:. The thin coal beds of this last formation were subject of small-scale mining operations around the turn of the 20th century.
1051:
822:
1588:
362:
found them of little value. The
British consul in Chile correctly predicted in 1825 that the area around the mouth of
21:
1174:
975:
1873:
457:
ended in the 1990s. Despite the decline of the coal industry communities in the zone continue to identify with it.
393:, which provided coal to the cement plant of "MelĂłn" was once the most important one. The northern sector contains
1416:
899:
1269:
955:
583:
927:
1681:
1118:
1078:
773:
1102:
260:
118:
1608:
694:
950:
1406:
620:
2082:
1659:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
1478:
1391:
1386:
1016:
998:
978:[Immigration and popular sectors in the coal mines of Lota and Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)].
461:
325:
1758:
1674:
1638:
1095:
SedimentologĂa de la cuenca carbonĂfera NeĂłgena de
Pupunahue-MulpĂșn, X RegiĂłn de Los Lagos, Chile
2087:
1613:
1421:
1048:
EstratigrafĂa y sedimentologĂa de la cuencas terciarias de la RegiĂłn de Los Lagos (39-41°30'S)
590:
533:
320:
240:
1823:
1748:
1743:
1468:
1366:
976:"InmigraciĂłn y sectores populares en las minas de carbĂłn de Lota y Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)"
768:
Davis, Eliodoro MartĂn (1990). "Breves recuerdos de algunas actividades mineras del carbĂłn".
525:
501:
232:
198:
1046:
Elgueta, Sara; Le Roux, Jacobus; Duhart, Paul; McDonough, Michael; Urqueta, Esteban (2000).
589:
Somewhat south, in Los Lagos Region, coal beds can be found in the geological formations of
485:
1473:
1448:
793:
575:
849:
Palinoflora y macroflora de la
FormaciĂłn Loreto, Punta Arenas, RegiĂłn de Magallanes, Chile
619:
is being investigated for new projects. Coal was first discovered in
Magallanes Region by
8:
1902:
1551:
1411:
1311:
1073:
Alfaro, G.; Gantz, E.; Magna, O. (1990). "El yacimiento de carbĂłn
CatamutĂșn (La UniĂłn)".
624:
489:
414:
394:
343:
300:
265:
185:
792:
Hackley, Paul C.; Warwick, Peter D.; Alfaro, Guillermo H.; Cuebas, Rosenelsy M. (2006).
1623:
1566:
1536:
1526:
1483:
1262:
718:
1134:[Coal 2.0, another chapter of the non-conventional energy saga] (in Spanish).
556:
473:
1628:
1556:
1503:
1356:
1055:
847:
355:
1156:
Socio australiano busca vender el 30% de proyecto de gas en
Valdivia al grupo Luksic
1618:
1371:
610:
524:. The geological units containing economically significant amounts of coal are the
477:
442:
430:
347:
291:
280:
1316:
1204:
1005:
701:
594:
537:
446:
410:
244:
217:
1131:
586:
project in the closed MulpĂșn mine, however the project was put on hold in 2013.
378:
363:
1498:
1426:
1401:
1170:
560:
453:. Traditionally the centre of coal mining in Chile, large-scale coal mining in
421:
in 1852. Coal mining transformed rapidly Lota, from being a sparsely populated
359:
1666:
904:
2076:
1255:
1241:
1059:
799:. World Coal Quality Inventory: South America (Report). USGS. pp. 90â131
631:
616:
606:
579:
450:
438:
306:
109:
1643:
1227:
1135:
664:
513:
460:
The following mines were at times active in Sector Sur of Zona Centro Sur:
454:
426:
406:
337:
212:
544:
93:
1576:
1571:
1513:
1463:
1438:
951:
Desarrollo Histórico-genético y División
Funcional del Centro CarbonĂfero
827:
517:
418:
329:
132:
77:
1321:
374:
202:
1907:
1648:
1633:
1581:
1531:
1521:
566:
During a period of the 20th century the electric grid of the city of
552:
505:
434:
370:
286:
250:
548:
529:
236:
1893:
1598:
1546:
1453:
1431:
1396:
1376:
1351:
1326:
651:
567:
543:
Some of the better known coal mines of Los RĂos Region are: Arrau,
481:
422:
1336:
571:
1458:
1306:
1235:
509:
497:
296:
254:
1443:
1361:
980:
935:
521:
207:
874:"Copec concreta la venta de su participaciĂłn en Mina Invierno"
1296:
1045:
128:
1119:
Proyecto GasificarĂĄ el CarbĂłn para Generar EnergĂa ElĂ©ctrica
1541:
1493:
1381:
1301:
1278:
973:
845:
1198:
Llegaron cargadores de barcos para puerto de Mina Invierno
846:
Torres, T.; MeĂłn, H.; Otero, R.; Galleguillos, H. (2009),
791:
1488:
974:
Vivallos Espinoza, Carlos; Brito Peña, Alejandra (2010).
1091:
1247:
1175:"La minerĂa del carbĂłn en Magallanes entre 1868 - 2003"
346:
as fuel dates back to at least 1557 when, according to
1132:"CarbĂłn 2.0, otro capĂtulo de la saga no convencional"
1604:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1217:
1594:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
1092:Villablanca, D.; Alfaro, G.; Quinzio, L.A. (2003).
1085:
816:
814:
1041:
1039:
2074:
1129:
1072:
925:
811:
472:The Zona Sur coal district spans the regions of
405:The coals of the southern sector, i.e. those of
1696:
1165:
1163:
1036:
871:
1066:
855:, XII Congreso GeolĂłgico Chileno, pp. 1â4
663:Not to be confused with the natural region of
650:Not to be confused with the natural region of
259:Pupunahue-MulpĂșn Neogene Carboniferous Basin,
1682:
1263:
897:
821:Finger, Kenneth L.; Encinas, Alfonso (2009).
820:
2016:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1160:
969:
967:
965:
891:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
1026:
1024:
787:
785:
783:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
520:appear to indicate for older ages, that is
1689:
1675:
1270:
1256:
962:
488:. The coals of the Zona Sur district are
1169:
1123:
1021:
872:GonzĂĄlez Encina, VerĂłnica (2022-03-08).
780:
732:
570:was powered by coal from the mines near
319:
122:Location of selected mines and deposits.
28:
1052:Servicio Nacional de GeologĂa y MinerĂa
2075:
1033:. CNE. Accessed on September 10. 2012.
900:"A un año del cierre de Mina Invierno"
704:. CNE. Accessed on September 10. 2012.
1670:
1562:mining disasters in the United States
1251:
1130:HernĂĄn Scandizzo (31 December 2016).
928:"Los BritĂĄnicos y el carbĂłn en Chile"
794:"World Coal Quality Inventory: Chile"
767:
690:
688:
686:
684:
512:age being thus younger than those of
270:No, mining ceased in the early 2000s
366:would be a centre of coal industry.
56:
926:Mazzei de Grazia, Leonardo (1997).
389:In the northern sector the mine of
315:
13:
1589:Environmental issues in Appalachia
1017:CarbĂłn mantiene su sitial en Chile
681:
14:
2099:
956:Revista de GeografĂa Norte Grande
715:"Coal Mining in Chile - Overview"
86:
1892:
1859:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1335:
1234:
1220:
102:
101:
85:
69:
55:
42:
41:
27:
20:
1191:
1149:
1112:
1050:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile:
1010:
992:
943:
919:
600:
516:further north. Yet findings of
384:
865:
839:
707:
657:
644:
433:due to civil unrest and heavy
167:Large-scale mining at present
1:
674:
584:underground coal gasification
559:at the time, halted after an
400:
898:El Espectador (2021-04-18).
70:
7:
1697:Coal mining in the Americas
949:Endlicher, Wilfried. 1986.
480:, roughly from the area of
467:
417:begun mining operations in
10:
2104:
1609:Health effects of coal ash
1417:power in the United States
604:
445:. Given a high density of
335:
2034:
2001:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1901:
1890:
1702:
1657:
1512:
1344:
1333:
1285:
1079:Universidad de ConcepciĂłn
774:Universidad de ConcepciĂłn
621:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
352:GarcĂa Hurtado de Mendoza
171:
2021:Turks and Caicos Islands
1479:Greenhouse gas emissions
1277:
637:
144:Coal districts of Chile
1639:Problems in coal mining
261:OsornoâLlanquihue Basin
155:Coal-bearing formations
1936:British Virgin Islands
1614:History of coal mining
1004:March 5, 2008, at the
939:(in Spanish): 137â167.
615:In Magallanes Region,
582:developed together an
413:nature. Industrialist
333:
1849:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1469:Fossil fuel phase-out
1367:Black coal equivalent
462:El ChiflĂłn del Diablo
326:El ChiflĂłn del Diablo
323:
199:Curanilahue Formation
1474:Great Smog of London
1407:pollution mitigation
1108:on February 5, 2017.
1031:Explotacion Reservas
576:Antofagasta Minerals
119:class=notpageimage|
2026:U.S. Virgin Islands
1869:Trinidad and Tobago
1714:Antigua and Barbuda
1392:fired power station
1387:combustion products
1312:Sub-bituminous coal
1289:(lowest to highest)
1286:Coal types by grade
776:. pp. 189â203.
625:Straits of Magellan
574:. Starting in 2009
534:CheuquemĂł Formation
528:, the very similar
395:sub-bituminous coal
342:Usage of coal from
241:CheuquemĂł Formation
145:
1779:Dominican Republic
1527:Black lung disease
1504:Toxic heavy metals
1484:Metallurgical coal
1211:. August 12, 2012.
1203:2012-08-14 at the
1054:. pp. 15â16.
700:2012-05-26 at the
547:, Ciruelo, MĂĄfil,
486:Chiloé Archipelago
334:
203:Trihueco Formation
143:
2070:
2069:
1664:
1663:
1422:preparation plant
1357:Asian brown cloud
1290:
1209:La Prensa Austral
1081:. pp. 11â28.
447:geological faults
409:, are chiefly of
356:Quiriquina Island
313:
312:
161:Sedimentary basin
2095:
1991:Saint Barthélemy
1951:Falkland Islands
1896:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1619:Hydrogen sulfide
1339:
1288:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1008:
996:
990:
989:
971:
960:
947:
941:
940:
932:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
869:
863:
862:
861:
860:
854:
843:
837:
836:
818:
809:
808:
806:
804:
798:
789:
778:
777:
765:
730:
729:
727:
726:
717:. Archived from
711:
705:
692:
668:
661:
655:
648:
623:who visited the
611:Magallanes Basin
561:underground fire
443:Augusto Pinochet
431:Salvador Allende
348:Diego de Rosales
324:Interior of the
316:Zona Central Sur
292:Magallanes Basin
281:Loreto Formation
172:Zona Central Sur
146:
142:
105:
104:
89:
88:
73:
72:
59:
58:
45:
44:
35:Zona Central Sur
31:
30:
24:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2083:Mining in Chile
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2044:Central America
2030:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1508:
1345:Coal combustion
1340:
1331:
1317:Bituminous coal
1287:
1281:
1276:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1205:Wayback Machine
1196:
1192:
1171:Martinic, Mateo
1168:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1006:Wayback Machine
997:
993:
972:
963:
948:
944:
930:
924:
920:
911:
909:
896:
892:
883:
881:
870:
866:
858:
856:
852:
844:
840:
819:
812:
802:
800:
796:
790:
781:
766:
733:
724:
722:
713:
712:
708:
702:Wayback Machine
693:
682:
677:
672:
671:
662:
658:
649:
645:
640:
613:
603:
557:Los RĂos Region
538:Parga Formation
470:
403:
387:
373:to the port of
340:
318:
309:ceased in 2020
245:Parga Formation
125:
124:
123:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
106:
98:
97:
96:
90:
82:
81:
80:
74:
66:
65:
64:
60:
52:
51:
50:
46:
38:
37:
36:
32:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Sint Eustatius
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Cayman Islands
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:Mining regions
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:homogenization
1549:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:Sulfur dioxide
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:power in China
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1214:
1213:
1190:
1183:(in Spanish).
1159:
1148:
1122:
1111:
1084:
1065:
1035:
1020:
1009:
991:
984:(in Spanish).
961:
942:
918:
890:
878:Reporte Minero
864:
838:
810:
779:
731:
706:
679:
678:
676:
673:
670:
669:
656:
642:
641:
639:
636:
602:
599:
526:Pupunahue Beds
500:and attempted
490:sub-bituminous
469:
466:
415:MatĂas Cousiño
402:
399:
386:
383:
360:Charles Darwin
344:BĂo BĂo Region
317:
314:
311:
310:
305:No, mining in
303:
301:Sub-bituminous
294:
289:
283:
278:
276:
272:
271:
268:
266:Sub-bituminous
263:
257:
247:
233:Pupunahue Beds
230:
228:
224:
223:
220:
215:
210:
205:
196:
192:
191:
188:
186:Sub-bituminous
183:
180:
178:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
117:
116:
108:
107:
100:
99:
92:
91:
84:
83:
76:
75:
68:
67:
62:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
40:
39:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2100:
2089:
2088:Coal in Chile
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2062:
2061:South America
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:North America
2037:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:French Guiana
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:United States
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
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1800:
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1780:
1777:
1775:
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1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
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1747:
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1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1647:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:mining region
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
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1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
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1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
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1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
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1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
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1413:
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1403:
1400:
1398:
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1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1242:Energy portal
1237:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1187:(1): 129â167.
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
987:
983:
982:
977:
970:
968:
966:
958:
957:
952:
946:
938:
937:
929:
922:
907:
906:
901:
894:
879:
875:
868:
851:
850:
842:
834:
830:
829:
824:
817:
815:
795:
788:
786:
784:
775:
771:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
721:on 2008-12-02
720:
716:
710:
703:
699:
696:
691:
689:
687:
685:
680:
666:
660:
653:
647:
643:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:Riesco Island
612:
608:
607:Mina Invierno
598:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
580:Carbon Energy
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:support, but
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:frontier zone
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
331:
328:coal mine at
327:
322:
308:
304:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
187:
184:
181:
179:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
141:
137:
134:
130:
120:
111:
95:
79:
23:
16:
2059:
2011:Sint Maarten
1996:Saint Martin
1903:Dependencies
1753:
1644:Refined coal
1557:liquefaction
1449:Energy value
1228:Chile portal
1208:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1136:Rebelion.org
1125:
1114:
1103:the original
1094:
1087:
1074:
1068:
1047:
1012:
994:
985:
979:
954:
945:
934:
921:
910:. Retrieved
908:(in Spanish)
903:
893:
882:. Retrieved
880:(in Spanish)
877:
867:
857:, retrieved
848:
841:
832:
826:
803:February 23,
801:. Retrieved
769:
723:. Retrieved
719:the original
709:
665:Zona Austral
659:
646:
629:
614:
601:Zona Austral
588:
565:
542:
518:foraminifers
514:Arauco Basin
494:
471:
459:
455:Arauco Basin
441:again under
427:nationalized
407:Arauco Basin
404:
388:
385:Sector Norte
379:BiobĂo River
368:
364:BiobĂo River
341:
338:Arauco Basin
275:Zona Austral
213:Arauco Basin
175:Sector Norte
152:Sub-district
138:
126:
63:Zona Austral
15:
1981:Puerto Rico
1908:territories
1854:Saint Lucia
1789:El Salvador
1514:Coal mining
1464:Fossil fuel
905:El PingĂŒino
828:Ameghiniana
530:MulpĂșn Beds
502:correlation
350:, governor
237:MulpĂșn Beds
182:Itata Basin
133:coal mining
2077:Categories
1976:Montserrat
1971:Martinique
1966:Guadeloupe
1764:Costa Rica
1537:Coalfields
1322:Anthracite
1141:16 January
912:2022-06-08
884:2022-06-08
859:2019-02-15
725:2012-09-10
675:References
605:See also:
439:privatized
411:bituminous
401:Sector Sur
375:Talcahuano
371:steamships
354:stayed in
336:See also:
249:Eocene or
218:Bituminous
195:Sector Sur
164:Coal grade
2049:Caribbean
1961:Greenland
1884:Venezuela
1829:Nicaragua
1799:Guatemala
1719:Argentina
1704:Sovereign
1649:Whitedamp
1634:Peak coal
1629:Outbursts
1532:Coal dust
1522:Blackdamp
1427:seam fire
1402:phase-out
1060:0020-3939
627:in 1584.
591:CheuquemĂł
563:in 2001.
553:Pupunahue
545:CatamutĂșn
478:Los Lagos
451:mechanize
435:Socialist
287:Oligocene
94:CatamutĂșn
1916:Anguilla
1864:Suriname
1839:Paraguay
1814:Honduras
1774:Dominica
1759:Colombia
1729:Barbados
1599:Firedamp
1454:Flue gas
1377:Charcoal
1352:Ash pond
1327:Graphite
1201:Archived
1180:Historia
1173:(2004).
1002:Archived
988:: 73â94.
698:Archived
652:Zona Sur
632:Invierno
568:Valdivia
498:outcrops
482:Valdivia
474:Los RĂos
468:Zona Sur
307:Invierno
297:Lignitic
227:Zona Sur
158:Coal age
149:District
110:Invierno
49:Zona Sur
1946:Curaçao
1931:Bonaire
1926:Bermuda
1879:Uruguay
1819:Jamaica
1794:Grenada
1784:Ecuador
1739:Bolivia
1724:Bahamas
1459:Fly ash
1307:Lignite
510:Miocene
391:Lirquén
285:Eocene-
255:Miocene
1834:Panama
1824:Mexico
1804:Guyana
1749:Canada
1744:Brazil
1734:Belize
1706:states
1577:slurry
1572:refuse
1444:Coking
1362:Asthma
1058:
981:Atenea
936:Atenea
695:Carbon
549:MulpĂșn
522:Eocene
208:Eocene
1921:Aruba
1809:Haiti
1754:Chile
1297:Xylit
1106:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
1075:Actas
931:(PDF)
853:(PDF)
797:(PDF)
770:Actas
638:Notes
595:Parga
572:MĂĄfil
506:Oligo
251:Oligo
129:Chile
1986:Saba
1906:and
1844:Peru
1769:Cuba
1582:town
1542:Coal
1494:Smog
1439:Coke
1382:Coal
1372:Char
1302:Peat
1279:Coal
1143:2017
1056:ISSN
835:(2).
805:2017
609:and
593:and
578:and
551:and
536:and
476:and
419:Lota
330:Lota
299:and
78:Lota
1547:gas
1489:NOx
1432:tar
1397:gas
986:501
484:to
429:by
222:No
190:No
127:In
2079::
1207:.
1185:31
1177:.
1162:^
1038:^
1023:^
964:^
953:.
933:.
902:.
876:.
833:46
831:.
825:.
813:^
782:^
734:^
683:^
540:.
532:,
492:.
397:.
381:.
243:,
239:,
235:,
201:,
131:,
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1145:.
1062:.
959:.
915:.
887:.
807:.
728:.
667:.
654:.
508:-
332:.
253:â
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
