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25:
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159:. The Ecca Group is extensive, covering around two-thirds of South Africa (much of it covered by slightly younger rocks - see diagram on the left). Only the northern and north-eastern portion of these Ecca deposits is coal-bearing, but it nevertheless contains more than a third of all coal reserves in the
405:
Environmentalists in South Africa and abroad have criticized the decision of the World Bank's approval for a $ 3.75 billion loan to build the world's fourth-largest coal-fired power in South Africa. The plant will increase the demand for coal mining and production. Protesters are urging the bank to
79:
and consumes almost three-quarters of that domestically. As of 2018, South Africa was the seventh largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. The industry, as of 2015, employs about 80,000 workers, or .5% of total employment, down from a peak in 1981 of 135,000 workers. The coal industry is
357:
In 1995 around a million lower-income households in South Africa depended on coal as their primary energy source for cooking, lighting and heating. This number has been decreasing steadily during the first decade of the 21st century due to the expansion of electricity supply to lower-income
464:
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1007:
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were common, but controlled, at T&DB Collieries during the mine's operation, but the fires have been left to burn out of control since the mine was closed in 1953, to the extent that in 1995 flames could be seen above ground.
417:, have not been rehabilitated prior to being abandoned and are a major source of water and air pollution. It is estimated that clean-up and rehabilitation of the T&DB Collieries will cost around R100 million.
2111:
3272:
1015:
87:
Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal. South Africa is the 5th largest exporter of coal in the world, with 30% consumed overseas. 92% of coal consumed on the
2026:
1866:
410:
377:
A 2017 study estimated over 2000 early deaths a year are caused by Eskom's coal-fired power. However Eskom said in 2023 that the number was 330. A 2023 study for all coal power but only
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Environmentalist protestors at a die-in protest in South Africa in 2021. Widespread coal use for power creates air pollution that causes early deaths in South Africa.
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come from the energy supply which is dependent on coal, which produced the vast majority of the country's energy, or 42GWs. In negotiations leading up to the
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2001:
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1991:
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2006:
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2021:
1976:
1936:
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2011:
1966:
1951:
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1921:
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857:
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1981:
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1881:
139:. It was only along the northern and north-eastern shores of this body of water where marshes formed peat, and eventually turned into coal.
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299:
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stop supporting the development of coal plants and other large emitters of greenhouse gas and polluting operations from coal mining.
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is mostly generated from coal. Most of the country's coal-fired power stations are in the same province as most of the coal mining,
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Some coal mines have been abandoned by their owners, mainly due to companies ceasing to exist. Many of these mines, such as the
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1250:"Minister Barbara Creecy publishes South Africa's 8th National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report | South African Government"
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The constitution says that people have a right to “an environment that is not harmful to their health and well-being.”
312:
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South Africa is one of the seven largest coal-producing and one of the top five coal-exporting countries in the world.
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111:(300–1880 AD), when charcoal (note: not coal, but charred wood) was used to melt iron and copper, but large-scale
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135:(coloured mustard yellow). These rocks were deposited in a vast inland lake or sea, when Africa was part of
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3938:
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3126:
1523:
2260:
1200:"The sensitivity of health impact assessments of PM2.5 from South African coal-fired power stations"
532:
278:
account for roughly half of South
African coal mining operations, the other half being sub-surface.
217:
More than a quarter of coal mined in South Africa is exported, most of which leaves the country via
5034:
3903:
3554:
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3171:
3146:
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2460:
2332:
1776:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
1595:
1508:
1503:
1275:"Assessing South Africa's Energy Transition and the implementation of the Integrated Resource Plan"
399:
304:
92:
682:
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894:
209:
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501:
144:
132:
103:
Climate
Conference in Glasgow, South Africa and its partner countries reached a $ 8.5 billion
3908:
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2809:
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1791:
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887:
1306:
931:"South Africa: Little hope in green transition in town with "the dirtiest air in the world""
286:
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2738:
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2713:
1590:
1565:
1008:"Sasol orders new reactor as part of Synfuels expansion to meet SA growing demand for fuel"
833:
248:
The five largest coal mining companies account for around 85% of all production. They are
8:
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171:
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38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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package to end its reliance on coal. The use of coal in South Africa dates back to the
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at 442 million tonnes CO2eq. Coal power is estimated to emit about 45% of total GHG.
332:
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1488:
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653:
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148:
128:
1236:"Outside of Tsakane, South Africa, People Collect Coal Dust to Cook and Stay Warm"
683:"COP26 latest: Europe to invest €1bn in clean technologies such as green hydrogen"
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2016:
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1342:. The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. p. 3. Archived from
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4296:
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4209:
4070:
4065:
3505:
2963:
2855:
2432:
1372:
1221:
1148:"Health impacts of delaying coal power plant decommissioning in South Africa"
1123:"Air Pollution in South Africa: The Silent Killer That Demands Urgent Action"
829:
341:
Around 35% of liquid fuel used in South Africa is derived from coal mined by
627:
5418:
5388:
5180:
5170:
5134:
5059:
5039:
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4512:
4477:
4456:
4436:
4431:
4376:
4361:
4239:
4224:
4204:
3948:
2928:
1760:
756:"Coal deposits of South Africa - the future of coal mining in South Africa"
218:
68:
3421:
2200:
5248:
5185:
5160:
5139:
5124:
5054:
5029:
4958:
4953:
4903:
4888:
4873:
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4778:
4768:
4667:
4652:
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4602:
4597:
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4557:
4552:
4502:
4371:
4356:
4341:
4306:
4234:
3943:
3898:
3822:
3790:
3713:
3574:
3534:
2511:
1693:
1688:
1630:
1580:
1555:
434:
346:
229:(2000 estimate) is spent on energy and 77% of that is derived from coal.
2556:
5279:
5243:
5114:
5099:
5084:
5074:
5024:
4943:
4928:
4913:
4853:
4813:
4773:
4763:
4567:
4542:
4517:
4406:
4401:
4366:
4346:
4326:
4173:
4060:
3718:
3599:
2830:
2523:
1438:
1313:
316:
5528:
1334:
319:. Many are expensive and unreliable, and this is part of the cause of
5227:
5206:
5165:
4883:
4868:
4687:
4637:
4622:
4592:
4547:
4527:
4487:
4381:
4336:
4301:
4286:
4265:
4249:
4188:
4183:
3872:
2845:
1765:
1750:
1698:
1648:
1638:
1098:"As South Africa Clings to Coal, A Struggle for the Right to Breathe"
1337:"Sustainable Development in the life of coal mining in South Africa"
5069:
5044:
5009:
4461:
4411:
4244:
4214:
3916:
1715:
1663:
1570:
1548:
1513:
1493:
1468:
1443:
858:"HOW ENERGY GENERATION CAUSES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN SOUTH AFRICA"
658:
384:
Mining coal and burning it at home can both cause health problems.
222:
221:. Coal is South Africa's third largest source of foreign exchange;
136:
108:
1453:
909:
59:
5508:
4818:
1783:
1575:
1423:
414:
253:
233:
152:
143:
The largest coal deposits in South Africa are to be found in the
1198:
Simelane, Siyabonga P.; Langerman, Kristy E. (17 October 2023).
5109:
1560:
1478:
1174:"Eskom Says Its Coal Pollution Kills 330 South Africans a Year"
551:
269:
225:
being the largest and gold second. Around 15% of the country's
88:
1072:
852:
850:
563:
2641:
1413:
1011:
722:
378:
342:
336:
261:
156:
100:
91:
continent is produced in South Africa. 80% of South Africa's
72:
957:"Will South Africa's Power Crisis Sink Its Green Ambitions?"
1658:
1610:
1498:
1418:
1395:
847:
82:
South Africa's largest contribution to the greenhouse gases
76:
4148:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
3475:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1605:
1335:
Limpitlaw; Aken, Lodewijks & Viljoen (13 July 2005).
982:"Preliminary study on Sasol fuel plant due in 2008 - CEO"
226:
654:"COP26: South Africa hails deal to end reliance on coal"
300:
List of power stations in South Africa § Coal_fired
1364:
628:"International Energy Outlook 2009, Chapter 4 - Coal"
494:"Production and consumption of coal (2003 estimates)"
1721:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1060:
3858:
Tectonic evolution of the
Barberton greenstone belt
1711:
Environmental justice and coal mining in
Appalachia
880:
127:The surface exposure of the rocks belonging to the
1042:Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa)
974:
862:Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa)
681:
115:of coal did not occur until the mid-19th century.
1197:
5587:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
486:
308:Electricity generation in South-Africa by source
240:39 billion and directly employed 50,000 people.
5316:
749:
747:
622:
620:
5337:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
4115:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
1299:
1291:World Bank approves coal plant is South Africa
708:
4153:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
3437:
2572:
2216:
1799:
1380:
785:
763:Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
744:
617:
465:"BP Statistical review of world energy 2012"
236:mining industry generated a gross income of
3451:
2230:
1152:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
457:
16:Coal mining and consumption in South Africa
5566:
4977:
4701:
4120:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
3444:
3430:
2579:
2565:
2223:
2209:
1806:
1792:
1387:
1373:
822:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
3812:
3464:
2652:National Energy Regulator of South Africa
2586:
1211:
293:
3273:Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity
2647:South African Nuclear Energy Corporation
1038:"Social Impacts on the Environment: # 1"
533:"The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa"
365:
303:
285:
122:
58:
1328:
1030:
1000:
581:
387:
5588:
2423:Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
5487:
5460:
5459:
5315:
4136:
4049:
3811:
3463:
3425:
2560:
2204:
1787:
1679:mining disasters in the United States
1368:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
361:
4050:
3404:
1204:Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
917:"South32 - South Africa Energy Coal"
696:from the original on 2 November 2021
411:Transvaal and Delagoa Bay Collieries
398:The government estimated 2020 total
131:. South Africa's coal occurs in the
18:
3364:Department of Energy (South Africa)
3296:
753:
604:Department of Energy (South Africa)
467:. British Petroleum. Archived from
281:
13:
5342:Geological Society of South Africa
2259:
1813:
1706:Environmental issues in Appalachia
1014:. 18 November 2007. Archived from
782:SchlĂĽter & Trauth 2006, p. 214
516:
203:
71:produces in excess of 255 million
14:
5612:
3894:List of volcanoes in South Africa
2826:Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme
632:Energy Information Administration
5565:
5554:
5553:
5541:
5527:
5439:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
4137:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3252:Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station
3067:Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility
2112:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1882:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1452:
986:Engineering News (Creamer Media)
352:
23:
4724:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
3227:Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm
3112:Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex
2534:National Budget of South Africa
1284:
1267:
1242:
1228:
1191:
1166:
1140:
1115:
1090:
949:
923:
806:. Keaton Energy. Archived from
776:
5332:Evolutionary Studies Institute
4729:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
3319:Graaff Electric Lighting Works
674:
646:
358:households and rural regions.
326:
1:
4714:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
4709:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
4110:Minerals Council South Africa
3967:1620 Robben Island earthquake
2994:Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project
2877:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
2851:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme
445:
394:Environmental effects of coal
5317:Research and administration‎
4990:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
4734:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
2989:SlimSun Swartland Solar Park
2984:Redstone Solar Thermal Power
2908:Newcastle Cogeneration Plant
2836:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme
2428:Qualifying Small Enterprises
961:Council on Foreign Relations
725:. p. 83. Archived from
450:
155:period, between 280 and 250
7:
4985:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
4719:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
3379:South African energy crisis
2944:Jasper Solar Energy Project
2784:Pretoria West Power Station
935:Mongabay Environmental News
428:
313:Electricity in South Africa
84:that cause climate change.
10:
5617:
4013:Vredefort impact structure
4003:Morokweng impact structure
3977:2006 Mozambique earthquake
3374:Renewable energy in Africa
3012:Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm
2979:Mulilo Sonnedix Prieska PV
2709:Bloemfontein Power Station
2440:Exempted Micro Enterprises
2418:Black Economic Empowerment
1726:Health effects of coal ash
1534:power in the United States
1213:10.1007/s11869-023-01447-5
559:"Carbon dioxide emissions"
391:
330:
297:
207:
118:
5521:
5494:
5488:
5483:
5466:
5455:
5414:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
5366:
5350:
5322:
5311:
5295:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
5267:
5236:
5215:
5199:
5148:
5002:
4746:
4470:
4279:
4258:
4197:
4166:
4158:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
4143:
4132:
4056:
4045:
4021:
3990:
3957:
3939:Barberton Greenstone Belt
3886:
3818:
3807:
3783:
3610:
3524:
3483:
3470:
3459:
3387:
3356:
3285:
3265:
3217:Seriti Wind Power Station
3002:
2921:
2885:
2869:
2818:
2797:
2696:
2685:
2668:Atomic Energy Corporation
2660:
2634:
2625:
2592:
2494:
2448:
2408:
2373:
2320:
2304:
2271:
2257:
2238:
2125:
2100:
1819:
1774:
1629:
1461:
1450:
1402:
1068:"Household energy source"
761:. Institute for Geology,
243:
32:This article needs to be
5035:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
3904:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
3555:Table Mountain Sandstone
3491:Bushveld Igneous Complex
3334:Mount Road Power Station
3147:Loeriesfontein Wind Farm
2939:Droogfontein Solar Power
1867:Central African Republic
1596:Greenhouse gas emissions
1394:
400:greenhouse gas emissions
258:South Africa Energy Coal
166:Notable coalfields are:
5548:South Africa portal
5384:Charles Kimberlin Brain
3972:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
3687:Abrahamskraal Formation
3641:Sundays River Formation
3565:Abrahamskraal Formation
3453:Geology of South Africa
3344:Swartkops Power Station
3329:Kroonstad Power Station
3157:Noblesfontein Wind Farm
3092:Golden Valley Wind Farm
2841:Kouga Dam Power Station
2724:Grootvlei Power Station
2529:State-owned enterprises
2388:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2232:Economy of South Africa
1756:Problems in coal mining
1307:"The True Cost of Coal"
895:Statistics South Africa
321:South African blackouts
210:Economy of South Africa
5601:Mining in South Africa
5399:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
5327:Council for Geoscience
5290:West Coast Fossil Park
3982:2014 Orkney earthquake
3863:Terra Australis Orogen
3813:‎Tectonics and orogeny
3626:Buffelskloof Formation
3324:Ingagane Power Station
3314:Driehoek Power Station
3247:West Coast 1 Wind Farm
3117:Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm
2913:Port Rex Power Station
2903:Gourikwa Power Station
2898:Ankerlig Power Station
2729:Hendrina Power Station
2673:Johannesburg Gas Works
2600:Energy in South Africa
2265:
1731:History of coal mining
888:"Mining industry 2004"
371:
309:
294:Electricity generation
290:
232:In 2004, the coal and
140:
64:
3909:Prince Edward Islands
3465:Geological formations
3339:Orlando Power Station
3309:Colenso Power Station
3304:Athlone Power Station
3237:Van Stadens Wind Farm
3187:Phezukomoya Wind Farm
3022:Brandvallei Wind Farm
2810:Rooiwal Power Station
2769:Matimba Power Station
2759:Lethabo Power Station
2587:Power in South Africa
2263:
2027:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1887:Republic of the Congo
1586:Fossil fuel phase-out
1484:Black coal equivalent
804:"About SA coalfields"
369:
307:
289:
126:
62:
5596:Coal in South Africa
5471:Geology of Cape Town
5429:John Talbot Robinson
5379:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
4085:Coal in South Africa
4076:Banket (mining term)
3773:Normandien Formation
3516:Transvaal Supergroup
3369:Coal in South Africa
3182:Perdekraal Wind Farm
3177:Oyster Bay Wind Farm
3132:Klipheuwel Wind Farm
3102:Grassridge Wind Farm
3087:Gibson Bay Wind Farm
2893:Acacia Power Station
2805:Kelvin Power Station
2789:Tutuka Power Station
2779:Medupi Power Station
2764:Majuba Power Station
2754:Kusile Power Station
2744:Komati Power Station
2739:Kendal Power Station
2734:Kelvin Power Station
2714:Camden Power Station
2476:Consumer price index
2264:Flag of South Africa
1591:Great Smog of London
1524:pollution mitigation
834:World Coal Institute
388:Environmental impact
197:Klip River Coalfield
5434:George William Stow
5275:Cradle of Humankind
4029:Bellsbank meteorite
3922:Finsch diamond mine
3878:Witwatersrand Basin
3853:Makhonjwa Mountains
3724:Whitehill Formation
3702:Middleton Formation
3590:Whitehill Formation
3580:Ganigobis Formation
3540:Ganigobis Formation
3222:Soetwater Wind Farm
3207:San Kraal Wind Farm
3202:Roggeveld Wind Farm
3197:Rietkloof Wind Farm
3152:Metrowind Wind Farm
3107:Hopefield Wind Farm
3097:Gouda Wind Facility
3077:Excelsior Wind Farm
3052:Copperton Wind Farm
3047:Cookhouse Wind Farm
2974:Letsatsi Solar Park
2774:Matla Power Station
2749:Kriel Power Station
2719:Duvha Power Station
2704:Arnot Power Station
2312:Automotive industry
2102:States with limited
1509:fired power station
1504:combustion products
1429:Sub-bituminous coal
1406:(lowest to highest)
1403:Coal types by grade
716:"Draft EIR Bravo 5"
692:. 2 November 2021.
413:(T&DB) outside
172:Waterberg Coalfield
161:Southern Hemisphere
147:, a stratum of the
5534:Geology portal
5409:Alfred W. Crompton
5374:Andrew Geddes Bain
4658:Pristerognathoides
4098:Titanium in Africa
4093:Platinum in Africa
4089:Iron ore in Africa
3932:Koffiefontein mine
3927:Jagersfontein Mine
3838:Gondwanide orogeny
3736:Bushveld Sandstone
3707:Teekloof Formation
3636:Kirkwood Formation
3585:Teekloof Formation
3496:Fig Tree Formation
3167:Noupoort Wind Farm
3042:Coleskop Wind Farm
2934:De Aar Solar Power
2466:South African rand
2410:Affirmative action
2383:Mineral Revolution
2355:Telecommunications
2266:
1644:Black lung disease
1621:Toxic heavy metals
1601:Metallurgical coal
1078:on 29 October 2009
754:Schmidt, Stephan.
440:List of coalfields
372:
362:Illness and deaths
310:
291:
250:Anglo American plc
177:Highveld Coalfield
151:, dating from the
141:
65:
5583:
5582:
5517:
5516:
5499:Pothole (geology)
5479:
5478:
5461:Regional articles
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5404:H. Basil S. Cooke
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5080:Heterodontosaurus
4998:
4997:
4742:
4741:
4673:Promoschorhynchus
4128:
4127:
4103:Uranium in Africa
4051:‎Mineral deposits
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3768:Molteno Formation
3763:Katberg Formation
3741:Clarens Formation
3697:Katberg Formation
3692:Balfour Formation
3660:Drakensberg Group
3648:Kalahari Deposits
3570:Balfour Formation
3501:Komatii Formation
3419:
3418:
3352:
3351:
3281:
3280:
3242:Waainek Wind Farm
3192:Red Cap Wind Farm
3122:Kangans Wind Farm
3062:Darling Wind Farm
2969:Lesedi Solar Park
2681:
2680:
2554:
2553:
2456:National Treasury
2272:Natural resources
2198:
2197:
2129:other territories
1902:Equatorial Guinea
1781:
1780:
1539:preparation plant
1474:Asian brown cloud
1407:
1178:www.bloomberg.com
1154:. 24 October 2023
1127:Greenpeace Africa
988:. 8 November 2007
662:. 2 November 2021
539:. 15 October 2018
333:Coal liquefaction
192:Utrecht Coalfield
182:Witbank Coalfield
53:
52:
5608:
5569:
5568:
5557:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5532:
5531:
5485:
5484:
5457:
5456:
5348:
5347:
5313:
5312:
4975:
4974:
4699:
4698:
4628:Macroscelesaurus
4508:Cistecephaloides
4493:Blattoidealestes
4317:Cistecephaloides
4220:Deltacephalaspis
4164:
4163:
4134:
4133:
4047:
4046:
3884:
3883:
3809:
3808:
3758:Elliot Formation
3746:Elliot Formation
3677:Karoo Supergroup
3511:Onverwacht Group
3481:
3480:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3394:
3294:
3293:
3162:Nojoli Wind Farm
3137:Khobab Wind Farm
3127:Karusa Wind Farm
3072:Dorper Wind Farm
3057:De Aar Wind Farm
3027:Castle Wind Farm
3017:Aurora Wind Farm
2954:Kathu Solar Park
2694:
2693:
2632:
2631:
2610:Renewable energy
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2517:Traded companies
2481:Provinces by HDI
2395:Great Depression
2375:Economic history
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2189:(United Kingdom)
2185:Tristan da Cunha
2181:Ascension Island
2173:
2160:
2151:
2127:Dependencies and
1820:Sovereign states
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1736:Hydrogen sulfide
1456:
1405:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1074:. Archived from
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:. Archived from
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:on 7 August 2011
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
921:
920:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
892:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
864:. Archived from
854:
845:
844:
842:
840:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
783:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
760:
751:
742:
741:
739:
737:
731:
720:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
685:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
650:
644:
643:
641:
639:
624:
615:
614:
612:
610:
596:
579:
578:
576:
574:
565:. Archived from
555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
529:
514:
513:
511:
509:
500:. Archived from
498:Planete Energies
490:
484:
483:
481:
479:
473:
461:
282:Coal consumption
266:Glencore Xstrata
187:Ermelo Coalfield
149:Karoo Supergroup
129:Karoo Supergroup
48:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5542:
5540:
5526:
5513:
5504:Steep structure
5490:
5475:
5462:
5443:
5367:Paleontologists
5362:
5346:
5318:
5299:
5263:
5259:Vulpes skinneri
5232:
5211:
5195:
5191:Ptychoceratodus
5156:Acanthohoplites
5144:
5120:Ptychoceratodus
4994:
4973:
4924:Ptychoceratodus
4899:Platycraniellus
4824:Ictidosuchoides
4738:
4697:
4678:Scalopocephalus
4663:Pristerognathus
4578:Homodontosaurus
4466:
4392:Ictidosuchoides
4332:Dicynodontoides
4312:Charassognathus
4275:
4254:
4230:Gondwanascorpio
4193:
4162:
4139:
4124:
4052:
4033:
4017:
3986:
3953:
3882:
3868:Transvaal Basin
3848:Kalahari Craton
3843:Kaapvaal Craton
3814:
3795:
3779:
3731:Stormberg Group
3670:Uitenhage Group
3621:Uitenhage Group
3606:
3550:Bokkeveld Group
3520:
3479:
3466:
3455:
3450:
3420:
3415:
3383:
3348:
3288:
3277:
3261:
3232:Umoya Wind Farm
3172:Nxuba Wind Farm
3142:Kouga Wind Farm
3082:Garob Wind Farm
3037:Coega Wind Farm
3032:Chaba Wind Farm
2998:
2917:
2881:
2865:
2861:Vanderkloof Dam
2814:
2793:
2688:
2677:
2656:
2627:
2621:
2588:
2585:
2555:
2550:
2490:
2444:
2404:
2369:
2316:
2300:
2279:Mining industry
2267:
2255:
2234:
2229:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2171:
2158:
2149:
2130:
2128:
2121:
2105:
2103:
2096:
1815:
1812:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1625:
1462:Coal combustion
1457:
1448:
1434:Bituminous coal
1404:
1398:
1393:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1349:on 28 July 2020
1346:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1048:on 16 July 2011
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
937:. 26 April 2023
929:
928:
924:
915:
914:
910:
900:
898:
890:
886:
885:
881:
871:
869:
868:on 16 July 2011
856:
855:
848:
838:
836:
828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
810:on 14 June 2009
802:
801:
786:
781:
777:
767:
765:
758:
752:
745:
735:
733:
732:on 10 June 2011
729:
718:
714:
713:
709:
699:
697:
689:Financial Times
680:
679:
675:
665:
663:
652:
651:
647:
637:
635:
626:
625:
618:
608:
606:
598:
597:
582:
572:
570:
569:on 4 March 2016
557:
556:
552:
542:
540:
531:
530:
517:
507:
505:
504:on 13 June 2010
492:
491:
487:
477:
475:
474:on 19 June 2012
471:
463:
462:
458:
453:
448:
431:
425:
419:Coal seam fires
396:
390:
381:estimated 800.
364:
355:
339:
329:
302:
296:
284:
276:Open-pit mining
246:
212:
206:
204:Economic impact
201:
121:
105:Climate finance
96:
63:Opencast mining
49:
43:
40:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5614:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5551:
5537:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:James Kitching
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5254:Panthera shawi
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:Macroscaphites
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5130:Sefapanosaurus
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Massospondylus
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Erythrotherium
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4971:
4969:Zorillodontops
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Plateosauravus
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Olivierosuchus
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Microgomphodon
4856:
4851:
4849:Melanorosaurus
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Erythrotherium
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Batrachosuchus
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4696:
4695:
4693:Uranocentrodon
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Lanthanostegus
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Cynariognathus
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:Brachyprosopus
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4471:Beaufort Group
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Alopecognathus
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:Onychopterella
4176:
4170:
4168:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4008:Tswaing crater
4005:
4000:
3998:Kalkkop crater
3994:
3992:
3991:Impact craters
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:Ellisras Basin
3830:
3828:Cape Fold Belt
3825:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3682:Beaufort Group
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3665:Enon Formation
3662:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Enon Formation
3628:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3531:Carboniferous
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3484:Palaeoarchaean
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3289:power stations
3287:Decommissioned
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3257:Wolf Wind Farm
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Sere Wind Farm
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:KaXu Solar One
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2819:Hydro-electric
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2689:power stations
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2449:Macroeconomics
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2365:Power stations
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2174:
2161:
2152:
2138:Canary Islands
2134:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:Coal in Africa
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Mining regions
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:homogenization
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1616:Sulfur dioxide
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:power in China
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1327:
1298:
1295:Democracy Now!
1283:
1266:
1241:
1227:
1190:
1165:
1139:
1114:
1089:
1059:
1029:
999:
973:
948:
922:
908:
879:
846:
821:
784:
775:
743:
707:
673:
645:
616:
580:
550:
515:
485:
455:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
430:
427:
389:
386:
363:
360:
354:
351:
345:Mining at the
328:
325:
295:
292:
283:
280:
245:
242:
205:
202:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
168:
120:
117:
94:
51:
50:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5613:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5458:
5454:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5358:Hans Merensky
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5314:
5310:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Scylacorhinus
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Africanacetus
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Litargosuchus
5093:
5091:
5090:Lesothosaurus
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Gigantoscelus
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Abrictosaurus
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Scaloposaurus
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Proterosuchus
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Progalesaurus
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Lepidodendron
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Euskelosaurus
4807:
4805:
4804:Eucnemesaurus
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Erythrosuchus
4792:
4790:
4789:Ericiolacerta
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Blikanasaurus
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Pelictosuchus
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Lepidodendron
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Ictidochampsa
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Cryptocynodon
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Anomocephalus
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Thliptosaurus
4450:
4448:
4447:Theriognathus
4445:
4443:
4442:Stereosternum
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Scylacosaurus
4425:
4423:
4422:Procynosuchus
4420:
4418:
4417:Odontocyclops
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:Lepidodendron
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Ictidognathus
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Dwykaselachus
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Crapartinella
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Anomocephalus
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4271:Lepidodendron
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:Carboniferous
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Antarctilamna
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4138:Paleontology‎
4135:
4131:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:Witwatersrand
4069:
4067:
4066:Merensky Reef
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Moodies Group
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Khi Solar One
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
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2874:
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2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Steenbras Dam
2854:
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2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
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2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:organisations
2626:Companies and
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Nuclear power
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:National debt
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2486:Foreign trade
2484:
2482:
2479:
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2416:
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2411:
2407:
2401:
2400:Disinvestment
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Nuclear power
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
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2203:
2186:
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2178:
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2156:
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2147:
2143:
2139:
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2135:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2115:
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2110:
2109:
2107:
2099:
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2078:
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2070:
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2040:
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2035:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Guinea-Bissau
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
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1714:
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1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
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1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:mining region
1682:
1680:
1677:
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1672:
1670:
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1662:
1661:
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1477:
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1467:
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1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
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1417:
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1409:
1401:
1397:
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1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1293:9 April 2010
1292:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
987:
983:
977:
962:
958:
952:
936:
932:
926:
918:
912:
896:
889:
883:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
835:
831:
830:"Coal Mining"
825:
809:
805:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
779:
764:
757:
750:
748:
728:
724:
717:
711:
695:
691:
690:
684:
677:
661:
660:
655:
649:
634:. 27 May 2009
633:
629:
623:
621:
605:
601:
595:
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587:
585:
568:
564:
560:
554:
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432:
426:
423:
420:
416:
412:
407:
403:
401:
395:
385:
382:
380:
375:
368:
359:
353:Household use
350:
348:
344:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
301:
288:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
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241:
239:
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230:
228:
224:
220:
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211:
198:
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188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
167:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Ecca deposits
138:
134:
130:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
85:
83:
78:
74:
70:
61:
57:
55:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5572:
5558:
5539:
5525:
5419:Andre Keyser
5394:Alfred Brown
5389:Robert Broom
5181:Nqwebasaurus
5171:Kangnasaurus
5135:Sphenosuchus
5060:Geranosaurus
5040:Dracovenator
5020:Antetonitrus
4964:Ufudocyclops
4949:Tetracynodon
4939:Scymnosaurus
4844:Lystrosaurus
4829:Kannemeyeria
4784:Elliotherium
4683:Silpholestes
4633:Moschorhinus
4613:Leontosaurus
4583:Icticephalus
4573:Euchambersia
4523:Colobodectes
4513:Choerosaurus
4478:Aelurosaurus
4457:Trochosaurus
4437:Simorhinella
4432:Scymnosaurus
4377:Glossopteris
4362:Eunotosaurus
4240:Serenichthys
4225:Diplacanthus
4205:Africanaspis
4084:
3949:Karoo-Ferrar
3409:
3396:
3368:
2929:Bokpoort CSP
2546:Trade unions
2471:Reserve Bank
2348:LGBT tourism
2283:
2246:Western Cape
2177:Saint Helena
2148:
2052:South Africa
2051:
2042:Sierra Leone
1847:Burkina Faso
1761:Refined coal
1674:liquefaction
1566:Energy value
1351:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1316:. p. 53
1301:
1286:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1230:
1203:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:the original
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:the original
1002:
990:. Retrieved
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
934:
925:
911:
899:. Retrieved
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
837:. Retrieved
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:the original
778:
766:. Retrieved
734:. Retrieved
727:the original
710:
698:. Retrieved
687:
676:
664:. Retrieved
657:
648:
636:. Retrieved
607:. Retrieved
571:. Retrieved
567:the original
553:
541:. Retrieved
537:Carbon Brief
536:
506:. Retrieved
502:the original
497:
488:
476:. Retrieved
469:the original
459:
424:
408:
404:
397:
383:
376:
373:
356:
340:
311:
274:
257:
247:
231:
219:Richards Bay
216:
213:
165:
142:
113:exploitation
86:
69:South Africa
67:As of 2011,
66:
56:
54:
41:
33:
5249:Homo naledi
5237:Pleistocene
5186:Paranthodon
5161:Algoasaurus
5140:Tritheledon
5125:Pulanesaura
5055:Fabrosaurus
5030:Coelophysis
4978:Assemblages
4959:Trirachodon
4954:Thrinaxodon
4904:Procolophon
4889:Pentasaurus
4874:Noteosuchus
4864:Micropholis
4839:Lydekkerina
4779:Dinanomodon
4769:Cynognathus
4702:Assemblages
4668:Procolophon
4653:Pristerodon
4648:Polycynodon
4603:Ictidostoma
4598:Ictidodraco
4563:Eohyosaurus
4558:Eodicynodon
4553:Dinanomodon
4503:Broomistega
4372:Glanosuchus
4357:Endothiodon
4342:Dinanomodon
4307:Bulbasaurus
4235:Priscomyzon
3959:Earthquakes
3944:Drakensberg
3899:Pilanesberg
3823:Algoa Basin
3791:Algoa Group
3714:Dwyka Group
3617:Cretaceous
3596:Ordovician
3575:Dwyka Group
3535:Dwyka Group
2886:Oil and gas
2615:Solar power
2512:JSE Limited
2291:Agriculture
2239:By province
2104:recognition
2057:South Sudan
1947:Ivory Coast
1631:Coal mining
1581:Fossil fuel
1107:14 December
435:Coal mining
347:Secunda CTL
327:Liquid fuel
5590:Categories
5351:Geologists
5280:Planolites
5244:Boskop Man
5149:Cretaceous
5115:Pegomastax
5100:Lycorhinus
5085:Ledumahadi
5075:Gyposaurus
5025:Arcusaurus
4944:Shansiodon
4929:Regisaurus
4914:Prolacerta
4854:Mesosuchus
4814:Galesaurus
4774:Diademodon
4764:Bolotridon
4568:Emyduranus
4543:Cynosaurus
4518:Clelandina
4407:Mesosaurus
4402:Lycosuchus
4367:Galechirus
4347:Dinogorgon
4327:Cynosaurus
4174:Notiodella
4167:Ordovician
4061:Kimberlite
4022:Meteorites
3913:Diatremes
3719:Ecca Group
3600:Soom Shale
2831:Gariep Dam
2798:Metro Coal
2697:Eskom Coal
2524:Krugerrand
2502:Corruption
2343:Ecotourism
2159:(Portugal)
2117:Somaliland
2037:Seychelles
2002:Mozambique
1987:Mauritania
1972:Madagascar
1927:The Gambia
1862:Cape Verde
1654:Coalfields
1439:Anthracite
1353:16 January
1320:16 January
1314:Greenpeace
1254:www.gov.za
1082:15 January
1052:15 January
1022:15 January
992:15 January
901:15 January
872:15 January
839:14 January
814:15 January
768:14 January
736:14 January
700:2 November
666:2 November
638:14 January
573:15 January
508:14 January
446:References
392:See also:
331:See also:
317:Mpumalanga
298:See also:
208:See also:
133:Ecca group
5228:Nummulite
5207:Nummulite
5200:Paleogene
5166:Baculites
4884:Orosaurus
4869:Myosaurus
4688:Tamboeria
4638:Paliguana
4623:Lycideops
4593:Ictidodon
4548:Diictodon
4528:Compsodon
4488:Basilodon
4382:Hofmeyria
4337:Diictodon
4302:Basilodon
4287:Abdalodon
4266:Dadoxylon
4250:Umzantsia
4189:Soomaspis
4184:Promissum
3887:Volcanism
3873:Witteberg
3754:Triassic
3656:Jurassic
3546:Devonian
3525:Paleozoic
2846:Ncora Dam
2507:Companies
2433:Scorecard
1992:Mauritius
1766:Whitedamp
1751:Peak coal
1746:Outbursts
1649:Coal dust
1639:Blackdamp
1544:seam fire
1519:phase-out
1259:9 January
1222:1873-9326
1183:9 January
1158:9 January
1132:9 January
1102:Yale E360
966:9 January
941:9 January
609:8 January
478:18 August
451:Citations
97:emissions
5574:Glossary
5560:Category
5070:Gryponyx
5045:Eocursor
5010:Aardonyx
5003:Jurassic
4747:Triassic
4462:Youngina
4412:Moschops
4245:Tutusius
4215:Bainella
4198:Devonian
3917:Big Hole
3784:Cenozoic
3611:Mesozoic
3561:Permian
3398:Category
2949:Kalkbult
2461:Taxation
2333:Gambling
2321:Services
2305:Industry
2183: /
2179: /
2172:(France)
2166: /
2144: /
2140: /
2092:Zimbabwe
2067:Tanzania
1917:Ethiopia
1912:Eswatini
1892:Djibouti
1857:Cameroon
1842:Botswana
1716:Firedamp
1571:Flue gas
1494:Charcoal
1469:Ash pond
1444:Graphite
694:Archived
659:BBC News
543:3 August
429:See also
349:plants.
264:Mining,
223:platinum
137:Gondwana
109:Iron Age
44:May 2020
5509:Swazian
5216:Neogene
4819:Howesia
4280:Permian
3410:Commons
2870:Nuclear
2661:Defunct
2635:Current
2593:Sectors
2338:Tourism
2296:Whaling
2251:Gauteng
2168:RĂ©union
2164:Mayotte
2155:Madeira
2150:(Spain)
2146:Melilla
2077:Tunisia
2047:Somalia
2032:Senegal
2017:Nigeria
2007:Namibia
1997:Morocco
1962:Liberia
1957:Lesotho
1907:Eritrea
1877:Comoros
1852:Burundi
1827:Algeria
1576:Fly ash
1424:Lignite
415:Witbank
254:South32
234:lignite
153:Permian
119:Geology
89:African
34:updated
5110:Ngwevu
2687:Active
2187:
2170:
2157:
2087:Zambia
2082:Uganda
2022:Rwanda
1977:Malawi
1937:Guinea
1832:Angola
1694:slurry
1689:refuse
1561:Coking
1479:Asthma
1220:
897:. 2004
600:"Coal"
270:Exxaro
268:, and
244:Mining
73:tonnes
5489:Other
5268:Other
3357:Other
3266:Other
2922:Solar
2642:Eskom
2495:Misc.
2328:Banks
2142:Ceuta
2062:Sudan
2012:Niger
1967:Libya
1952:Kenya
1932:Ghana
1922:Gabon
1897:Egypt
1837:Benin
1414:Xylit
1347:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1012:Sasol
891:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
730:(PDF)
723:Eskom
719:(PDF)
472:(XLS)
379:PM2.5
343:Sasol
337:Sasol
262:Sasol
101:COP26
3297:Coal
3004:Wind
2284:Coal
2072:Togo
1982:Mali
1872:Chad
1699:town
1659:Coal
1611:Smog
1556:Coke
1499:Coal
1489:Char
1419:Peat
1396:Coal
1355:2010
1322:2010
1261:2024
1218:ISSN
1185:2024
1160:2024
1134:2024
1109:2021
1084:2010
1054:2010
1024:2010
994:2010
968:2024
943:2024
903:2010
874:2010
841:2010
816:2010
770:2010
738:2010
702:2021
668:2021
640:2010
611:2010
575:2010
545:2020
510:2010
480:2011
335:and
77:coal
1664:gas
1606:NOx
1549:tar
1514:gas
1208:doi
256:'s
227:GDP
75:of
5592::
1312:.
1252:.
1216:.
1206:.
1202:.
1176:.
1150:.
1125:.
1100:.
1070:.
1040:.
1010:.
984:.
959:.
933:.
893:.
860:.
849:^
832:.
787:^
746:^
721:.
686:.
656:.
630:.
619:^
602:.
583:^
561:.
535:.
518:^
496:.
323:.
272:.
260:,
252:,
163:.
157:Ma
93:CO
3445:e
3438:t
3431:v
2580:e
2573:t
2566:v
2224:e
2217:t
2210:v
1807:e
1800:t
1793:v
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
1357:.
1324:.
1280:.
1263:.
1238:.
1224:.
1210::
1187:.
1162:.
1136:.
1111:.
1086:.
1056:.
1026:.
996:.
970:.
945:.
919:.
905:.
876:.
843:.
818:.
772:.
740:.
704:.
670:.
642:.
613:.
577:.
547:.
512:.
482:.
238:R
95:2
46:)
42:(
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
