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287:
547:
I shall at all times be prepared to bear for it any sacrifice. I further swear by God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall unconditionally carry into effect all its orders and commands. I further swear by my God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall keep within myself all the secrets of this organisation and carry them with me into my grave. May God and my brothers in this organisation be my judges if at any time I should wittingly fail or break this oath.
456:
324:
40:
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I (...), by entering into the society, do hereby swear by the Sun which shineth upon me, by the Earth which feedeth me, by God, by the blood of my forefathers, by my honour and by my life, that from this moment onward and until my death, I shall faithfully serve the task of this organisation and that
575:
In 1914, Apis allegedly decided that
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir-apparent of Austria, should be assassinated, as he was trying to pacify the Serbians, which would prevent a revolution if he was successful. Towards that end, three young Bosnian Serbs were allegedly recruited to kill the
537:
was implemented by training guerilla fighters and saboteurs. The Black Hand was organized at the grassroots level in cells of three to five members, supervised by district committees and by a
Central Committee in Belgrade, whose ten-member executive committee was primarily led by Colonel
567:
and thought that he did not act aggressively enough for the Pan-Serb cause. The Black Hand engaged in a bitter power struggle over several issues, such as who would control territories that Serbia had annexed during the
555:
and deliberately worked to obscure any distinctions between the two groups, trading on the prestige and network of the older organization. Black Hand members held important army and government positions.
1070:
1394:
560:
was an enthusiastic financial supporter. The group held influence over government appointments and policies. The
Serbian government was fairly well-informed of Black Hand activities.
1409:
1636:
592:. The decision to kill the Archduke was initiated by Apis and not sanctioned by the full Executive Committee (if Apis was involved at all, a question that remains in dispute).
1586:
1641:
340:
1596:
344:
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542:"Apis". To ensure secrecy, members rarely knew much more than the other members of their own cell and one superior above them. New members swore the oath:
234:
187:
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824:
Y августу 1901. нижи официри су, под руководством капетана Драгутина Димитр^евиhа – Аписа, створили заверенички покрет против ди- насти е ("Црна рука").
431:. They also shared anti-Austrian propaganda and organized spies and saboteurs to operate within the occupied provinces. Satellite groups were formed in
356:
352:
1621:
941:
612:(SKK). The organization was modeled after the Black Hand, including the recruitment process. Two members of the Black Hand, Antonije Antić and
1626:
493:
By 1911–12, Narodna
Odbrana had established ties with the Black Hand, and the two became "parallel in action and overlapping in membership".
1541:
1576:
297: with: events occurring in the long time span between the described regicide and the events of the next subsection. You can help by
1651:
1616:
1631:
119:
1601:
1546:
417:, Serbian ministers, officials, and generals held a meeting at the City Hall in Belgrade. They founded a semi-secret society, the
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1606:
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Archduke. They were certainly trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship by current and former members of the
Serbian military.
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wrote the constitution of the organization, modeled after similar German secret nationalist associations and the
Italian
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was established at the beginning of May 1911, and the original constitution of the organization was signed on 9 May.
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in literature), against the dynasty. The first meeting was held on 6 September 1901. In attendance were captains
1566:
1556:
1429:
262:
601:
183:
1308:
MacKenzie, David (1982). "Serbian
Nationalist and Military Organizations and the Piedmont Idea, 1844–1914".
1591:
1571:
1536:
1372:"Nikola Pašić: The Radicals and the "Black hand" challenges to parliamentary democracy in Serbia 1903–1917"
640:
92:
384:
298:
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723:
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Friendly relations had fairly well cooled by 1914. The Black Hand was displeased with Prime
Minister
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171:
155:
572:. By then, disagreeing with the Black Hand was dangerous, as political murder was one of its tools.
581:
959:
539:
348:
332:
203:
61:
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1010:
Nationalism, Globalization, and
Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans
230:
1008:
765:
650:
609:
490:. The organization was mentioned in the Serbian parliament as the "Black Hand" in late 1911.
439:. The Bosnian group became deeply associated with local groups of pan-Serb activists such as
376:
375:), Captain Apis personally led a group of Army officers who murdered the royal couple at the
364:
222:
132:
1646:
1227:
Crna ruka: ličnosti i događaji u Srbiji od prevrata 1903. do
Solunskog procesa 1917. godine
589:
510:
483:
479:
8:
226:
105:
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were smuggled across the border back into Bosnia by a chain of contacts similar to the
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a focus and an organization. The purpose of the group was to liberate Serbs under the
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396:
318:
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218:
199:
115:
1447:
Jelavich, Barbara (1991). "What the Habsburg Government Knew about the Black Hand".
911:Оригинални Устав истого, друштва од 9/22 ма]а 1911 год. са своеручним потписила опт.
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455:
368:
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1290:
Apis, the Congenial Conspirator: The Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijević
1206:
Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1914–1945: Srbija i Jugoslavija između dva svetska rata
670:
1395:"Narodna Odbrana (The Black Hand): Terrorist Faction that Divided the World"
518:
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383:. Along with the royal couple, the conspirators killed Prime Minister
1495:"The Constitution of the Ujedinjenje ili Smrt (Unification or Death)"
487:
372:
323:
517:) for the dissemination of their ideas. The magazine was founded by
1521:
1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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380:
242:
195:
39:
902:
436:
1091:"Šta je bila Crna ruka i ko je bio Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis"
331:
In August 1901, a group of lower officers headed by captain
186:. It gained a reputation for its alleged involvement in the
1133:
1121:
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Narodna enciklopedija srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenačka, knjiga 2
277:
213:
The society formed to unite all of the territories with a
529:
By 1914, the group had hundreds of members, many of them
767:
Ideology and international relations in the modern world
1637:
Revolutionary organizations against the Ottoman Empire
1145:
979:
829:
973:
816:
Borislav Ratković; Mitar Đurišić; Savo Skoko (1972).
1587:
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
1642:
Revolutionary organizations against Austria-Hungary
675:
The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 and WWI
245:, carried out by the members of the youth movement
925:
819:Srbija i Crna Gora u balkanskim ratovima 1912–1913
809:
551:The Black Hand took over the terrorist actions of
335:"Apis" established a conspiracy group (called the
233:in 1871. Through its connections to the June 1914
1077:Press (7 October 2011). Retrieved on 2011-11-08.
1006:
983:Parlamentarizam u Srbiji od 1903. do 1914. godine
200:assassination of the Serbian royal couple in 1903
1528:
875:
853:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
1512:, Vol. 7, N°. 164, pp. 179–81, 2 May 1923.
790:
750:Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand organization
249:, the Black Hand was instrumental in starting
1597:History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1269:The Exoneration of the "Black Hand," 1917–1953
869:
1499:"Black Hand over Europe" by Henri Pozzi, 1935
1013:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 170–.
921:
919:
896:
793:1914–1918: The History of the First World War
616:, were the organization's military advisors.
608:was founded by, among others, members of the
763:
363:. They made a plan to kill the royal couple—
217:majority that were not then ruled by either
1223:
1202:
1167:
1139:
1127:
960:"The Big Lie: The Defence of Small Nations"
903:Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1955).
835:
677:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–60.
940:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
916:
702:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
1383:
1369:
1345:Prošlost i vreme: iz istorije Jugoslavije
1307:
1286:
1265:
1248:The "Black Hand" on Trial: Salonika, 1917
1244:
1097:(in Serbian (Latin script)). 2 April 2021
930:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb. p. 181.
225:. It took inspiration primarily from the
120:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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454:
322:
1419:
1341:
1191:
1181:Apis, Dragutin T. Dimitrijević (1918).
1151:
954:
822:. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod.
413:On 8 October 1908, just two days after
278:Apis' conspiracy group and the May Coup
1529:
697:
669:
604:, a conspiracy group to overthrow the
415:Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
182:formed in May 1911 by officers in the
1622:Defunct organizations based in Serbia
1324:The Origins of World War I: 1871–1914
1320:
847:
724:"Black Hand | secret Serbian society"
207:
1415:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1180:
1168:Antić, Antonije (20 November 2010).
281:
1542:Serbian revolutionary organizations
1392:
770:. Psychology Press. pp. 122–.
501:The organization used the magazine
402:
371:. On the night of 28/29 May 1903 (
13:
1577:Christian fundamentalism in Europe
1363:
986:. Službeni list SRJ. p. 158.
882:. Službeni list SRJ. p. 462.
535:uniting Serb-inhabited territories
14:
1663:
1652:Freemasonry-related controversies
1617:Organizations established in 1901
1487:
1036:NIN. nedeljne informativne novine
253:(1914–1918) by precipitating the
1627:Austria-Hungary–Serbia relations
636:Serb revolutionary organizations
626:Black Hand (Mandatory Palestine)
450:
423:("National Defense") which gave
285:
229:in 1859–1870, but also from the
38:
1602:History of the Serbs of Croatia
1547:20th century in Austria-Hungary
1109:
1083:
1061:
1043:
1027:
1000:
980:Olga Popović-Obradović (1998).
948:
700:Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War
327:Early members of the Black Hand
16:Serbian secret military society
1327:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
909:. Vol. 243. p. 199.
841:
784:
757:
741:
716:
691:
663:
459:Ritual cross of the Black Hand
175:
159:
1:
1607:1901 establishments in Serbia
1562:Ottoman Empire in World War I
1057:. National Library of Serbia.
656:
272:
202:, under the aegis of Captain
184:Army of the Kingdom of Serbia
1632:Vardar Macedonia (1918–1941)
1370:Bataković, Dušan T. (2006).
1293:. East European Monographs.
1272:. East European Monographs.
1251:. East European Monographs.
1184:Tajna prevratna organizacija
641:Serbian Chetnik Organization
198:in 1914 and for the earlier
7:
1612:Political history of Serbia
1507:"The Serbian 'Black Hand',"
1476:Nešković, Borivoje (1953).
926:Stanoje Stanojević (1929).
619:
509:, the kingdom that led the
435:, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and
429:Austro-Hungarian occupation
395:. This became known as the
44:Unification or Death's logo
10:
1668:
1582:Secret societies in Serbia
1479:Istina o solunskom procesu
1422:The Black Hand at Sarajevo
1224:Kazimirović, Vasa (1997).
1203:Kazimirović, Vasa (1995).
1192:Dedijer, Vladimir (1966).
1161:
1007:Victor Roudometof (2001).
855:. Penguin UK. p. 69.
698:Newman, John Paul (2015).
496:
406:
365:King Alexander I Obrenović
316:
257:, which eventually led to
162:), popularly known as the
1501:. Projekat Rastko. 1935 .
1461:10.1017/S0067237800019913
1449:Austrian History Yearbook
1342:Zečević, Momčilo (2003).
1287:MacKenzie, David (1989).
1266:MacKenzie, David (1998).
1245:MacKenzie, David (1995).
876:Đorđe Radenković (1997).
595:
385:Dimitrije Cincar-Marković
351:, as well as lieutenants
125:
111:
91:
81:
67:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
1402:Oswego Historical Review
791:David Stevenson (2012).
359:, Milan Marinković, and
239:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
192:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1420:Gilfond, Henry (1975).
1393:Blakley, Patrick R. F.
1321:Remak, Joachim (1971).
1310:East European Quarterly
795:. Penguin. p. 12.
728:Encyclopedia Britannica
524:
391:, and General-Adjutant
387:, Minister of the Army
180:secret military society
1073:12 August 2016 at the
836:Antić & 2010-11-20
558:Crown Prince Alexander
549:
533:officers. The goal of
505:(the Serbian name for
468:
460:
328:
231:unification of Germany
167:
151:
116:Killing of Alexander I
1567:Causes of World War I
1557:Serbia in World War I
1198:. Simon and Schuster.
1170:"Škola gnezdo zavere"
764:Alan Cassels (1996).
651:Black Hand (Slovenia)
610:Serbian Cultural Club
544:
540:Dragutin Dimitrijević
466:
458:
349:Dragutin Dimitrijević
333:Dragutin Dimitrijević
326:
204:Dragutin Dimitrijević
133:Serbian Cultural Club
62:Dragutin Dimitrijević
1385:10.2298/BALC0637143B
1195:The Road to Sarajevo
1117:The Road to Sarajevo
590:Underground Railroad
511:unification of Italy
472:Unification or Death
227:unification of Italy
152:Ujedinjenje ili smrt
144:Unification or Death
75:Unification or Death
30:Ujedinjenje ili smrt
24:Unification or Death
1592:Serbian irredentism
1572:Serbian nationalism
1537:Black Hand (Serbia)
1095:BBC News na srpskom
582:Nedeljko Čabrinović
341:Radomir Aranđelović
255:July Crisis of 1914
106:Serbian nationalism
82:Active regions
1515:John Paul Newman:
1115:Vladimer Dedijer,
849:Clark, Christopher
469:
461:
329:
160:Уједињење или смрт
32:Уједињење или смрт
1552:Kingdom of Serbia
1482:. Narodna knjiga.
1424:. Bobbs-Merrill.
1039:. Politika. 2004.
802:978-0-141-90434-4
484:Vojislav Tankosić
480:Bogdan Radenković
345:Milan F. Petrović
319:May Coup (Serbia)
315:
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267:Kingdom of Serbia
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129:Succeeded by
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1187:. Velika Srbija.
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521:in August 1911.
403:National defense
389:Milovan Pavlović
361:Nikodije Popović
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269:in August 1914.
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1647:Yugoslavism
1510:The Freeman
753:. Bookrags.
733:21 February
570:Balkan Wars
441:Mlada Bosna
425:Pan-Serbism
369:Queen Draga
251:World War I
98:Yugoslavism
1531:Categories
1517:Black Hand
1455:: 131–50.
1431:0672520702
1316:(3): 323–.
1230:. Prizma.
1209:. Prizma.
1055:Veliki rat
1051:"Пијемонт"
965:6 November
657:References
519:Ljuba Čupa
513:under the
476:Ljuba Čupa
467:Signatures
377:Old Palace
337:Black Hand
317:See also:
306:April 2017
273:Background
223:Montenegro
166:(Serbian:
164:Black Hand
68:Foundation
53:Black Hand
1469:146532495
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1376:Balcanica
936:cite book
600:In 1938,
488:Carbonari
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178:), was a
176:Црна рука
168:Crna ruka
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1071:Archived
958:(1916).
851:(2012).
673:(2014).
620:See also
507:Piedmont
503:Pijemont
433:Slovenia
397:May Coup
381:Belgrade
263:invasion
243:Sarajevo
196:Sarajevo
93:Ideology
71:May 1911
1440:1692249
1174:Novosti
1162:Sources
497:1911–13
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219:Serbia
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1465:S2CID
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1398:(PDF)
1436:OCLC
1426:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1295:ISBN
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1253:ISBN
1232:ISBN
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1103:2021
1015:ISBN
988:ISBN
967:2022
942:link
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