Birth control movement in the United States

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Women's Suffrage Association. Dennett headed the literary department, undertaking assignments such as distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Following disillusionment with the NAWSA's organizational structure, Dennett, as described above, helped found the National Birth Control League. The NBCL took a strong stance against militant protest strategies and instead focused attention on legislation changes at both the state and federal level. During World War I, Mary Dennett focused her efforts on the peace movement, but she returned to the birth control movement in 1918. She continued to lead the NBCL, and collaborated with Sanger's NYWPC. In 1919, Dennett published a widely distributed educational pamphlet,

689: 582: 970:(CRB), opened on January 2, 1923. To avoid police harassment the clinic's existence was not publicized, its primary mission was stated to be conducting scientific research, and it only provided services to married women. The existence of the clinic was finally announced to the public in December 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. This convinced activists that, after ten years of struggle, birth control had finally become widely accepted in the United States. The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, and quickly grew into the world's leading contraceptive research center. 1069: 1156:(BCFA) initiated a program called the Negro Project, managed by its Division of Negro Service (DNS). As with the Harlem clinic, the primary aim of the DNS and its programs was to improve maternal and infant health. Based on her work at the Harlem clinic, Sanger suggested to the DNS that African Americans were more likely to take advice from a doctor of their own race, but other leaders prevailed and insisted that whites be employed in the outreach efforts. The discriminatory actions and statements by the movement's leaders during the 1920s and 1930s have led to continuing allegations that the movement was racist. 525: 1165: 987: 889:. Dennett was concerned that requiring women to get prescriptions from physicians would prevent poor women from receiving contraception, and she was concerned about a shortage of physicians trained in birth control. Both legislative initiatives failed, partly because some legislators felt that fear of pregnancy was the only thing that kept women chaste. In the early 1920s, Sanger's leadership position in the movement solidified because she gave frequent public lectures, and because she took steps to exclude Dennett from meetings and events. 31: 327: 730:

hunger strike at the cost of securing early release from prison. However, Sanger accepted the plea bargain on her sister's behalf, agreeing that Byrne would be released early from prison if she ended her birth control activism. Horrified, Byrne's relationship quickly eroded with her sister and, both forcefully and willingly, she left the birth control movement. Due to the drama of Byrne's demonstration, the birth control movement became a headline news story in which the organization's purpose was distributed across the country.

840:. The military undertook an extensive education campaign, focusing on abstinence, but also offering some contraceptive guidance. The military, under pressure from purity advocates, did not distribute condoms, or even endorse their use, making the U.S. the only military force in World War I that did not supply condoms to its troops. When U.S. soldiers were in Europe, they found rubber condoms readily available, and when they returned to America, they continued to use condoms as their preferred method of birth control. 1113: 396:'s dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine. By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France. As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, 1404: 578:. After one particularly tragic medical case, Sanger wrote: "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced ... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth." Sanger visited public libraries, searching for information on contraception, but nothing was available. She became outraged that working-class women could not obtain contraception, yet upper-class women who had access to private physicians could. 419: 5898: 746: 949: 820:. The court's opinion upheld her conviction, but indicated that the courts would be willing to permit contraception if prescribed by doctors. This decision was only applicable within New York, where it opened the door for birth control clinics, under physician supervision, to be established. Sanger herself did not immediately take advantage of the opportunity, wrongly expecting that the medical profession would lead the way; instead she focused on writing and lecturing. 5862: 1594:(ACA) by a 5–4 vote. The court said that the mandate was not the least restrictive way to ensure access to contraceptive care, noting that a less restrictive alternative was being provided for religious non-profits, until the court issued an injunction 3 days later, effectively ending said alternative, replacing it with a government-sponsored alternative for any female employees of closely held corporations that do not wish to provide 5943: 5926: 5874: 885:(VPL). Both Dennett and Sanger proposed legislative changes that would legalize birth control, but they took different approaches: Sanger endorsed contraception but only under a physician's supervision; Dennett pushed for unrestricted access to contraception. Sanger, a proponent of diaphragms, was concerned that unrestricted access would result in ill-fitting diaphragms and would lead to medical 5886: 705:

control clinic in New York that would provide free contraceptive services to women. New York state law prohibited the distribution of contraceptives or even contraceptive information, but Sanger hoped to exploit a provision in the law which permitted doctors to prescribe contraceptives for the prevention of disease. On October 16, 1916, she, partnering with

4165:"The official start date is August 1, 2012, but since most plan changes take effect at the beginning of a new plan year, the requirements will be in effect for most plans on January 1, 2013. School health plans, which often begin their health plan years around the beginning of the school year, will see the benefits of the August 1st start date." 1060:

ABCL achieved a major victory in the trial, when the judge ruled that use of contraceptives to space births farther apart was a legitimate medical treatment that benefited the health of the mother. The trial, in which many important physicians served as witnesses for the defense, helped to unite the physicians with the birth control advocates.

726:, and established a network of connections to powerful politicians, activists, and press figures. Despite the strong support, Sanger was convicted; the judge offered a lenient sentence if she promised not to break the law again, but Sanger replied "I cannot respect the law as it exists today." She served a sentence of 30 days in jail. 4582:

as those which a) have more than 50% of the value of their outstanding stock owned (directly or indirectly) by 5 or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of the tax year; and b) are not personal service corporations. By this definition, approximately 90% of U.S. corporations are "closely

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applied to all new health insurance plans in all states from 1 August 2012. Grandfathered plans did not have to comply unless they changed substantially. To be grandfathered, a group plan must have existed or an individual plan must have been sold before President Obama signed the law; otherwise they

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The movement was evolving from radical, working-class roots into a campaign backed by society women and liberal professionals. Sanger and her fellow advocates began to tone down their radical rhetoric and instead emphasized the socioeconomic benefits of birth control, a policy which led to increasing

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offered to defend Sanger free of charge but, bowing to public pressure, the government dropped the charges early in 1916. No longer under the threat of jail, Sanger embarked on a successful cross-country speaking tour, which catapulted her into the leadership of the U.S. birth control movement. Other

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were intellectually backward, would be relatively incompetent in managing their own health, and would require special supervision from whites. The dominance of whites in the movement's leadership and medical staff resulted in accusations of racism from blacks and suspicions that "race suicide" would

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The publicity from Sanger's trial and Byrne's hunger strike generated immense enthusiasm for the cause, and by the end of 1917 there were over 30 birth control organizations in the United States. Sanger was always astute about public relations, and she seized on the publicity of the trial to advance

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in some public restrooms, and men spent twice as much on condoms as on shaving. Although condoms had become commonplace in the 1930s, feminists in the movement felt that birth control should be the woman's prerogative, and they continued to push for development of a contraceptive that was under the

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In protest to her arrest as well, Byrne was sentenced to 30 days in jail at Blackwell's Island Prison and responded to her situation with a hunger strike protest. With no signs of ending her demonstration anytime soon, Byrne was force fed by prison guards. Weakened and ill, Byrne refused to end her

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and contraception as issues of public health and legitimate topics of scientific research. This was the first time a U.S. government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters; as a consequence, contraception transformed from an issue of morals to an issue of public

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Dozens of birth control clinics opened across the United States during the 1920s, but not without incident. In 1929, New York police raided a clinic in New York and arrested two doctors and three nurses for distributing contraceptive information that was unrelated to the prevention of disease. The

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during 1919 and 1920, she was not formally affiliated with either of the major birth control organizations (NBCL or VPL) during that time. In 1921 she became convinced that she needed to associate with a formal body to earn the support of professional societies and the scientific community. Rather

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Encouraged by the public's changing attitudes towards birth control, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic in 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. Throughout the 1920s, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term "birth control" became firmly

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The movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion around the time Planned Parenthood was formed. In 1942, there were over 400 birth control organizations in America, contraception was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the anti-contraception Comstock laws (which still

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Sanger's goal of challenging the law was fulfilled when she was indicted in August 1914, but the prosecutors focused their attention on articles Sanger had written on assassination and marriage, rather than contraception. Afraid that she might be sent to prison without an opportunity to argue for

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Birth control advocacy took on a global aspect as organizations around the world began to collaborate. In the United States, Margaret Sanger was known for her advocacy for birth control and reproductive rights for women and was a prominent figure in the Second Women's Rights Movement which began

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case, and the judge ruled that contraceptive manufacturing was a legitimate business enterprise. He went further, and declared that the federal law prohibiting the mailing of condoms was not legally sound. Sanger precipitated a second legal breakthrough when she ordered a diaphragm from Japan in

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was arrested for protesting World War I and American military conscription. Goldman's commitment to free speech on topics such as socialism, anarchism, birth control, labor/union rights, and free love eventually cost her American citizenship and the right to live in the United States. Due to her

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began to enforce the Comstock laws more rigorously. In response, contraception went underground, but it was not extinguished. The number of publications on the topic dwindled, and advertisements, if they were found at all, used euphemisms such as "marital aids" or "hygienic devices". Drug stores

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The married woman's private medical companion: embracing the treatment of menstruation, or monthly turns, during their stoppage, irregularity, or entire suppression: pregnancy, and how it may be determined, with the treatment of its various diseases: discovery to prevent pregnancy, its great and

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companies, succumbing to pressure from Catholics, refused to cover stories related to birth control. The ABCL turned some of the boycotted speaking events to their advantage by inviting the press, and the resultant news coverage often generated public sympathy for their cause. However, Catholic

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While an important birth control activist and leader, Mary Dennett advocated for a wide variety of organizations. Starting as a field secretary for the Massachusetts Women's Suffrage Association, she worked her way up to win an elected seat as a corresponding secretary for the National American

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During Sanger's 1916 speaking tour, she promoted birth control clinics based on the Dutch model she had observed during her 1914 trip to Europe. Although she inspired many local communities to create birth control leagues, no clinics were established. Sanger therefore resolved to create a birth

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that vacated the decisions of the Circuit Courts of Appeals and remanded the case "to the respective United States Courts of Appeals for the Third, Fifth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits" for reconsideration in light of the "positions asserted by the parties in their supplemental briefs". Because the

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and opened the clinic, staffed with African-American doctors, in 1930. The clinic was guided by a 15-member advisory board consisting of African-American doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers. It was publicized in the African-American press and African-American churches, and

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Following the successful opening of the CRB in 1923, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term "birth control" became firmly established in the nation's vernacular. Of the hundreds of references to birth control in magazines and newspapers of the 1920s, more than

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We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore, we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these

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Four years after the New York Court of Appeals opened the doors for physicians to prescribe contraceptives, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic, which she staffed with physicians to make it legal under that court ruling (the first clinic had employed nurses). This second clinic, the

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marked a major turning point for the movement: it was the first time a government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters. The government's public discourse changed sex from a secret topic into a legitimate topic of scientific research, and it transformed

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noted that even before the federal mandate was implemented, twenty-eight states had their own mandates that required health insurance to cover the prescription contraceptives, but the federal mandate innovated by forbidding insurance companies from charging part of the cost to the patient.

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Sanger's trial began in January 1917. She was supported by a large number of wealthy and influential women who came together to form the Committee of One Hundred, which was devoted to raising funds for Sanger and the NBCL. The committee also started publishing the monthly journal

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than join an existing organization, she considered creating a new one. As a first step, she organized the First American Birth Control Conference, held in November 1921 in New York City. On the final night of the conference, as Sanger prepared to give a speech in the crowded

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lobbying was particularly effective in the legislative arena, where their arguments – that contraception was unnatural, harmful, and indecent – impeded several initiatives, including an attempt in 1924 by Mary Dennett to overturn federal anti-contraception laws.

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had become very popular in Europe and the U.S., and the subject was widely discussed in articles, movies, and lectures. Eugenicists had mixed feelings about birth control: they worried that it would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "superior" and "inferior"

1085:, but they also recognized its value as a tool to "racial betterment". Eugenics buttressed the birth control movement's aims by correlating excessive births with increased poverty, crime and disease. Sanger published two books in the early 1920s that endorsed eugenics: 1635:", the court held that the parties should be given an opportunity to clarify and refine how this approach would work in practice and to "resolve any outstanding issues". The Supreme Court expressed "no view on the merits of the cases." In a concurring opinion, Justice 253:

in 1937 to adopt contraception as a core component of medical school curricula, but the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources. In 1942, the

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to be exempt from a law its owners religiously object to if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest. It is the first time that the court has recognized a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief, but it is limited to

929:, police raided the meeting and arrested her for disorderly conduct. From the stage she shouted: "we have a right to hold under the Constitution ... let them club us if they want to." She was soon released. The following day it was revealed that 717:

at the clinic, and Sanger was arrested. Refusing to walk, Sanger and a co-worker were dragged out of the clinic by police officers. The clinic was shut down, and it was not until 1923 that another birth control clinic was opened in the United States.

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Opposition to birth control remained strong: state legislatures refused to legalize contraception or the distribution of contraceptive information; religious leaders spoke out, attacking women who would choose "ease and fashion" over motherhood; and

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Sanger returned to the United States in October 1915. She planned to open a birth control clinic modeled on the world's first such clinic, which she had visited in Amsterdam. She first had to fight the charges outstanding against her. Noted attorney

999:, and ushered in the emergence of a more sexually permissive society. Other factors that contributed to the new sexual norms included increased mobility brought by the automobile, anonymous urban lifestyles, and post-war euphoria. Sociologists who 1322:) to provide recommendations regarding population growth and its social consequences. The Commission submitted its final recommendations in 1972, which included promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations, for example. The 1994 372:

important necessity where malformation or inability exists to give birth: to prevent miscarriage or abortion when proper and necessary, to effect miscarriage when attended with entire safety: causes and mode of cure of barrenness or sterility

4218:"These changes include cutting benefits significantly; increasing co-insurance, co-payments, or deductibles or out-of-pocket limits by certain amounts; decreasing premium contributions by more than 5%; or adding or lowering annual limits." 675:

and Mary Dennett, chose to work in the background, or turned their attention to other causes. Later in 1916, Sanger traveled to Boston to lend her support to the Massachusetts Birth Control League and to jailed birth control activist

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In 2017, the Trump administration issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions". However, later that same year federal judge

1254:(BCFA). Although Sanger continued in the role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and, in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to 337: Although contraceptives were relatively common in middle-class and upper-class society, the topic was rarely discussed in public. The first book published in the United States which ventured to discuss contraception was 5051:, which were, in turn, based on a set of lectures Sanger gave to groups of Socialist party women in 1910 and 1911. Multiple editions were published through the 1920s, by Max N. Maisel and Sincere Publishing, with the title 1101:(encouraging procreation of "superior" persons). However, many eugenicists refused to support the birth control movement because of Sanger's insistence that a woman's primary duty was to herself, not to the state. 349:

was a laudable effort, and that sexual gratification – without the goal of reproduction – was not immoral. Owen recommended withdrawal, but he also discussed sponges and condoms. That book was followed by

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Although clinics became more common in the late 1920s, the movement still faced significant challenges: Large sectors of the medical community were still resistant to birth control; birth control advocates were

603:, an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan "No Gods, No Masters", and proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body." Sanger coined the term 479:

of contraceptives, as well as their distribution. Comstock was proud of the fact that he was personally responsible for thousands of arrests and the destruction of hundreds of tons of books and pamphlets.

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By 1938, over 400 contraceptive manufacturers were in business, over 600 brands of female contraceptives were available, and industry revenues exceeded $ 250 million per year. Condoms were sold in

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at 20 cents per copy, enduring death threats, heckling, spitting, physical abuse, and police harassment. Over the course of the following ten years, Marion was arrested nine times for her birth control

262:, the movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion, as birth control was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the remaining anti-contraception laws were no longer enforced. 5059: 205:, which prohibited distribution of any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. Hoping to provoke a favorable legal decision, Sanger deliberately broke the law by distributing 1631:

Petitioners agreed that "their religious exercise is not infringed where they 'need to do nothing more than contract for a plan that does not include coverage for some or all forms of contraception

1318:, leading to well-funded birth control campaigns around the world. In the early 1970s, the United States Congress established the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future (Chairman 1201:. However, the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources until the 1960s. 315:

in the United States between 1800 and 1900, particularly in urban regions. The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women's contraceptive habits was performed by

1353:(FDA) in 1960. The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture. It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women. New forms of 1246:(formerly the CRB) – who had joined forces to craft the successful defense effort. Leaders of both groups viewed this as an auspicious time to merge the two organizations, so, in 1937, the 319:

from 1892 to 1912. The survey was based on a small sample of upper-class women, and shows that most of the women used contraception (primarily douching, but also withdrawal, rhythm, condoms and

713:, opened the Brownsville clinic in Brooklyn. The clinic was an immediate success, with over 100 women visiting on the first day. A few days after opening, an undercover policewoman purchased a 1104:

Like many white Americans in the U.S. in the 1930s, some leaders of the birth control movement believed that lighter-skinned races were superior to darker-skinned races. They assumed that

662:(NBCL), which was the first American birth control organization. Throughout 1915, smaller regional organizations were formed in San Francisco, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, and Los Angeles. 3683: 2932:

McCann (1994), pp. 68–69 (laws: advocates tried repeatedly from 1921 onwards to have anti-contraception laws removed from the books, but their efforts rarely made it out of committee).

1531:(ACA) on 23 March 2010. As of 1 August 2011, female contraception was added to a list of preventive services covered by the ACA that would be provided without patient co-payment. The 2860:

Engelman, p. 138. The CRB, from its inception, collected detailed data on the effectiveness of various contraceptive methods, and published the results in many reports and journals.

1477:. Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used. These emergency contraceptives, including 1109:

be a consequence of large scale adoption of birth control. These suspicions were misinterpreted by some of the white birth control advocates as lack of interest in contraception.

937:, had pressured the police to shut down the meeting. The Town Hall raid was a turning point for the movement: opposition from the government and medical community faded, and the 388:, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws. They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the 1643:

noted that in earlier cases "some lower courts have ignored those instructions" and cautioned lower courts not to read any signals in the Supreme Court's actions in this case.

4586: 4250:"Non-grandfathered plans are group health plans created after the health care reform law was signed by the President or individual health plans purchased after that date." 4032: 1190:. His decision overturned an important provision of the anti-contraception laws that prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives. This court victory motivated the 5073: 5101: 5090: 3933: 1423:, to make family planning and preventive health services available to low-income and the uninsured. Without publicly funded family planning services, according to the 5725: 2040:, p. 185. The source of Sanger's quote is identified as: "Birth Control", Library of Congress collection of Sanger's papers: microfilm: reel 129: frame 12, April 1916. 1180:

1932, hoping to provoke a decisive battle in the courts. The diaphragm was confiscated by the U.S. government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to the 1936

1149: 5056: 881:, which treated sex as a natural and enjoyable act. However, in the same year, frustrated with the NBCL's chronic lack of funding, Dennett broke away and formed the 599:, Sanger became determined to challenge the Comstock laws that outlawed the dissemination of contraceptive information. With that goal in mind, in 1914 she launched 1489:

in the war over reproductive rights. Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion, because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized

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boycotted hotels that hosted birth control events; the Catholic police commissioner of Albany prevented Sanger from speaking there; the Catholic mayor of Boston,

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Caption at the bottom of this 1919 issue reads: "Must She Always Plead in Vain? 'You are a nurse – can you tell me? For the children's sake – help me!

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In 2022, Roe v Wade was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. That ruling resulted in an unforeseen future of birth control and planned parenthood in America.

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The most significant opponent to birth control was the Catholic Church, which mobilized opposition in many venues during the 1920s. Catholics persuaded the

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Two important legal decisions in the 1930s helped increase the accessibility of contraceptives. In 1930, two condom manufacturers sued each other in the

570:, whose mother had been through 18 pregnancies in 22 years, and died at age 50 of tuberculosis and cervical cancer. In 1913, Sanger worked in New York's 3305: 1250:, under the leadership of Sanger, was formed to effect a consolidation. The effort eventually led to the merger of the two organizations in 1939 as the 737:

unsuccessfully tried to persuade the New York medical community to push for a change in law to permit physicians to dispense contraceptive information.

1458:, a company formed by pro-choice advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts. 1238: 1182: 148: 1222:

had become the most commonly prescribed form of contraception; in 1938, female contraceptives accounted for 85 percent of annual contraceptive sales.

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Frost J, Finer L, Tapales A., "The impact of publicly funded family planning clinic services on unintended pregnancies and government cost savings",

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commitment to socialist welfare and anti-capitalism, Goldman was associated with communism which led to her expulsion from the country during the

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While Sanger was in Europe, her husband continued her work, which led to his arrest after he distributed a copy of a birth control pamphlet to an

4418: 1282:, advocacy for reproductive rights transitioned into a new era which focused on birth control, abortion, public funding, and insurance coverage. 4397: 4320: 380:

Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by

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were worried that birth control would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "old stock" white Americans and "coloreds" or immigrants.

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Engelman, pp. 115–116. Sanger, jealous of her leadership role, excluded Dennett from meetings and other activities that would benefit Dennett.

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her causes. After her trial, she emerged as the movement's most visible leader. Other leaders, such as William J. Robinson, Mary Dennett, and

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during the 1960s to the early 1980s. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the

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company to manufacture contraceptives – primarily diaphragms, which were Sanger's recommended method. By the 1930s, the diaphragm with

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proponents were the only group to actively oppose the Comstock laws in the 19th century, setting the stage for the birth control movement.

4118: 559:, these activists regularly battled anti-obscenity laws and, later, the government's effort to suppress speech critical of involvement in 5970: 5788: 1678: 1287: 3606: 5626: 3798: 2505: 2365: 1528: 1451: 4535: 279:

was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914, when the movement to legalize contraception began. Longstanding techniques included the

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ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the

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Next Steps for America's Family Planning Program: Leveraging the Potential of Medicaid and Title X in an Evolving Health Care System

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charges, and served three months in prison. A third early American novel on both prevention of conception and abortion was the book

5975: 5715: 1255: 1012: 465:, a federal law prohibiting mailing of "any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of 255: 2665: 2244:

Engelman, p. 61–62: Sanger also gained sympathy from the public when her five-year-old daughter died immediately before the trial.

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Other activists were also pushing for progress. Emma Goldman was arrested in 1916 for circulating birth control information, and

623: 458: 864:. While World War I led to a breakthrough on American acceptance of birth control relating to public health, anti-communist WWI 374:, written by A. M Mauriceau in the year 1847. Mauriceau was a doctor and his work was cited many times in early volumes of the 5750: 1377:

was arrested for distributing a contraceptive foam and a condom to a student during a lecture on birth control and abortion at

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established in the nation's vernacular. The widespread availability of contraception signaled a transition from the stricter

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Sanger formed the New York Woman's Publishing Company (NYWPC) in 1918 and, under its auspices, became the publisher for the

5990: 5745: 1427:, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher; the number of 1040: 938: 469:" as well as any form of contraceptive information. Many states also passed similar state laws (collectively known as the 5914: 5588: 1387:(1972), which extended the Griswold holding to unmarried couples, and thereby legalized birth control for all Americans. 1251: 1171:

were the most commonly used female birth control mechanism before the pill (modern example, shown with a coin for scale).

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Engelman, pp. 92–93. In her memoirs, Sanger often understated or entirely omitted the contributions of fellow activists.

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Engelman, pp. 92–93. In her memoirs, Sanger often understated or entirely omitted the contributions of fellow activists.

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in the United States, but the clinic was immediately shut down by police, and Sanger was sentenced to 30 days in jail.

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brought to low-income women. Since contraception was considered to be obscene at the time, the activists targeted the

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decades later. To increase the availability of high-quality contraceptives, birth control advocates established the

646:. Sanger's exile and her husband's arrest propelled the birth control movement into the forefront of American news. 5730: 5419: 5404: 5118: 1327: 1247: 3544:

Cook, Rebecca J.; Mahmoud F. Fathalla (September 1996). "Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing".

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In 1970, Congress finally removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws; and in 1973, the

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Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement, 1910–1930: The Concept of Women's Sexual Autonomy

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to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation. To avoid consumer boycotts organized by

392: – the world's first birth control advocacy group – which sought to limit population growth to avoid 1586:

of the First Amendment of the Constitution. For such companies, the court's majority directly struck down the

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two-thirds were favorable. The availability of contraception signaled the end of the stricter morality of the

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Population and the American future: The report of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future

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Legal victories in the 1930s continued to weaken anti-contraception laws. The court victories motivated the

5652: 5537: 5527: 4762: 3432: 3410: 3398: 2095: 1350: 1191: 250: 1273: 441:

and obscenity in particular. Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the

323:) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation. 5995: 5720: 5662: 5167: 4388: 2600:

Tone, pp. 91–115 contains a history of contraception in the U.S. military in World War I. Navy secretary

1494: 882: 2063:

Cronin cites Kennedy, p. 19, who points out that some materials on birth control were available in 1913.

1397: 5852: 5621: 5269: 2203:

Engelman, p. 51. Organizations had existed in Europe, notably England and Netherlands, since the 1870s.

1924: 1032:; and state and federal laws – though generally not enforced – still outlawed contraception. 3995:

The phrase "morning-after pill" is a misnomer, because it can be taken several days after unprotected

1370:

that it was unconstitutional for the government to prohibit married couples from using birth control.

832:, as a result of a crisis the U.S. military experienced when many of its soldiers were diagnosed with 5985: 5302: 5264: 5259: 1416: 1168: 813: 642:

toured the country, speaking in support of the Sangers, and distributing copies of Sanger's pamphlet

498:

The efforts of the free love movement were not successful and, at the beginning of the 20th century,

429:

Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a

288: 3651: 941:

emerged as its most vocal opponent. After the conference, Sanger and her supporters established the

491: – an initiative to promote sexual freedom, equality for women, and abolition of marriage. The 5705: 5394: 5249: 4905:

Reproductive Health, Reproductive Rights: Reformers and the Politics of Maternal Welfare, 1917–1940

4583:

held", and approximately 52% of the U.S. workforce is employed by "closely held" corporations. See

4579: 4035:. FDA Reproductive Health Drugs Advisory Committee report. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 3777: 1518: 1501:; while proponents contend that it is not abortion, because the absence of implantation means that 967: 812:

Sanger appealed her 1917 conviction and won a mixed victory in 1918 in a unanimous decision by the

563:. Prior to 1914, the free speech movement focused on politics, and rarely addressed contraception. 1473:, a more effective emergency contraceptive was approved for use up to five days after unprotected 5783: 5710: 5636: 5427: 5320: 4587:"A LOT of people could be affected by the Supreme Court's birth control decision – theoretically" 1683: 1462: 1366: 1319: 1295: 154: 3637:(2002). "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions". 2972:

For a detailed discussion of religious objection to birth control, see: Tobin, Kathleen (2001),

5432: 5414: 5369: 5254: 4981: 4952: 4620:

American Women's Rights Movement: A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008

3646: 1611: 1545: 1342: 953: 934: 430: 4419:"Female Justices Issue Scathing Dissent In The First Post-Hobby Lobby Birth Control Exemption" 4122: 2090:

Kennedy, pp. 1, 22. The slogan "No Gods, No Masters" originated in a flyer distributed by the

1651:

issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of the Trump administration ruling.

1357:

were introduced in the 1960s, increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives.

626:. The arrest and his 30-day jail sentence prompted several mainstream publications, including 5611: 5598: 5274: 3616: 3572: 3244: 1920: 1615: 1587: 1554: 1532: 1374: 1140: 575: 3806: 2373: 1913: 1015:

declined 20 percent between 1920 and 1930, primarily due to increased use of birth control.

581: 181:

in the U.S. through education and legalization. The movement began in 1914 when a group of

5902: 5832: 5677: 5512: 5244: 5004: 3802: 1583: 1537: 1428: 1424: 1303: 1279: 1194:

in 1937 to finally adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a core component of

1048: 930: 772: 352: 312: 292: 3030: 2991:, Williams and Wilkins (70 clinics in U.S. and Britain by 1930, cited by Kennedy, p. 291). 1446:, which was initially utilized as a contraceptive, but is now generally prescribed with a 211:, a newsletter containing a discussion of contraception. In 1916, Sanger opened the first 8: 5532: 5472: 5389: 5236: 3764: 1668: 1640: 1591: 1490: 1383: 1354: 1338: 1266:

and shifted focus to more moderate themes such as family planning and population policy.

1187: 1044: 672: 160: 71: 5126: 5033: 4261: 5932: 5778: 5667: 5573: 5374: 5297: 5020: 4009: 3996: 3938: 3664: 3561: 2673: 1673: 1474: 1470: 1455: 1346: 1299: 1274:

Legalization and aftermath / Impact of the Second Women's Rights Movement (1960s-1980s)

1231: 1215: 1211: 1036: 1000: 817: 677: 628: 596: 566:

Goldman's circle of radicals, socialists, and bohemians was joined in 1912 by a nurse,

499: 488: 446: 284: 230: 182: 137: 47: 2833:

The ABCL was established in December 1921, and held its first meeting in January 1922.

2666:"Dennett, Mary Ware, 1872-1947. Papers of Mary Ware Dennett, 1874-1944: A Finding Aid" 1242:

court battle brought together two birth control organizations – the ABCL and the

311:

increased throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to a 50 percent drop in the

5547: 5467: 5147: 5010: 5000: 4926: 4908: 4893: 4875: 4857: 4842: 4818: 4803: 4788: 4770: 4752: 4737: 4722: 4704: 4686: 4668: 4653: 4638: 4623: 4608: 4101: 4069: 4023: 3969: 3897: 3880: 3727: 3717: 3668: 3526: 1928: 1648: 1378: 1311: 1097:(discouraging procreation of "inferior" persons), but did not advocate euthanasia or 759: 688: 536: 389: 381: 75: 4503: 3123:

was a black leader that opposed contraception due to fear of "extinction" of blacks.

1381:. Baird's appeal of his conviction resulted in the United States Supreme Court case 461:

and leader in the purity movement, successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1873

5809: 5804: 5700: 5684: 5025: 4992: 4522:"Federal judge in Pennsylvania temporarily blocks new Trump rules on birth control" 4262:"Implementing the Federal Contraceptive Coverage Guarantee: Progress and Prospects" 3891: 3656: 3634: 3553: 3521: 3516: 2601: 1626: 1602: 1466: 1263: 1145: 1116: 1105: 634: 503: 454: 450: 422: 358: 342: 330: 229:. The government's response included an anti-venereal disease campaign that framed 226: 5949: 1915:

Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America

5890: 5866: 5631: 5568: 5502: 5462: 5444: 5312: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5108: 5097: 5080: 5063: 5038: 4963: 4918: 4798:

McCann, Carole Ruth (2010), "Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement", in

4052: 3985: 3785: 3611: 3309: 1636: 1618:. Churches were already exempt. On May 16, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 1315: 1206: 1128: 1123:

In spite of these suspicions, many African-American leaders supported efforts to

861: 667: 587: 571: 567: 528: 346: 207: 194: 101: 35: 4734:

Birth Control on Main Street: Organizing Clinics in the United States, 1916–1939

3934:"U.S. approves abortion pill; drug offers more privacy and could reshape debate" 3579:, Joël Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan (Eds.), Oxford University Press, pp. 726–727. 2736:

McCann (1994), pp. 71–72 gives examples that show Sanger's fears were justified.

5878: 5053:

What Every Mother Should Know, Or How Six Little Children Were Taught the Truth

4229:"Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law: Frequently Asked Questions" 4197:"Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law: Frequently Asked Questions" 4144:"Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law: Frequently Asked Questions" 3959: 3833: 3630: 1420: 1195: 1029: 734: 524: 393: 4121:. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 2000-12-14. Archived from 5964: 5827: 5542: 5361: 5329: 5324: 5292: 5047: 5014: 4867: 4780: 4678: 3954: 3120: 1595: 1478: 1447: 1258:, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic. After 1008: 996: 849: 745: 706: 552: 471: 442: 413: 397: 316: 308: 280: 276: 243: 239: 212: 202: 178: 174: 43: 3731: 638:, to publish articles about the birth control controversy. Emma Goldman and 5839: 5822: 4996: 4971: 4885: 4719:

The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America

4714: 4696: 4536:"Roe v. Wade and Supreme Court Abortion Cases | Brennan Center for Justice" 3239: 3020: 2528: 2487:

Sanger's movie was banned as "indecent" in New York. Other movies included

1582:(RFRA) and does not address whether such corporations are protected by the 1570: 1524: 1443: 1259: 1132: 856: 796: 767: 714: 697: 655: 556: 548: 544: 508: 462: 438: 401: 385: 339:

Moral Physiology; or, A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question

259: 190: 186: 97: 93: 5131:

Sanger, Margaret (1921), "The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda",

5030:

Moral Physiology, or A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question

3757: 1164: 766:

acceptance by mainstream Americans. Media coverage increased, and several

574:, often with poor women who were suffering due to frequent childbirth and 258:

was formed, creating a nationwide network of birth control clinics. After

5657: 5616: 5583: 5351: 5344: 4701:

Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America

4635:

Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America

4559:

Epstein, Abby. The Business of Birth Control. Collective Eye Films, 2022.

1454:

organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to

1392: 1331: 1068: 1004: 829: 792: 710: 639: 560: 540: 304: 222: 39: 5143: 5122: 1334:

declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies.

326: 197:, became concerned about the hardships that childbirth and self-induced 5817: 5517: 5507: 5439: 3565: 3415:

Date of merger recorded as 1938 (not 1939) in: O'Connor, Karen (2010),

2641: 1620: 1403: 1219: 868:

sacrificed one of the birth control movement's most dedicated members.

865: 781: 492: 400:. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by 5179: 3991:

FDA Approves Over-the-Counter Access for Plan B for Women 18 and Older

3799:"Facts on Publicly Funded Contraceptive Services in the United States" 3035:

American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism

177:

campaign beginning in 1914 that aimed to increase the availability of

50:, on 8 January 1917, during a trial for opening a birth control clinic 30: 5606: 5494: 5334: 5089:, Max N. Maisel; 91 pages; also published in several later editions. 4976:

Birth Control Laws: Shall We Keep Them, Abolish Them, or Change Them?

3889: 2053:

Women's Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues

1502: 1307: 1198: 1025: 948: 837: 543:. Supported by radicals, feminists, anarchists, and atheists such as 535:

At the turn of the century, an energetic movement arose, centered in

366: 320: 4294: 3557: 2117:, New York: Archives of Social History, 1976. Facsimile of original. 5578: 5522: 5379: 5339: 3660: 1749:

Engelman, pp. 5–6. Rarely in public: Engelman cites Brodie, Janet,

1436: 1077: 1052: 986: 886: 844: 833: 770:

produced in the 1910s featured birth control as a theme (including

466: 418: 362: 198: 4457:, No. 14–1418, 578 U.S. ___, slip op. at 3, 5 (2016) (per curiam). 4046:

FDA approves ella tablets for prescription emergency contraception

1112: 4020:

Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health

3873:

Mifepristone is still used for contraception in Russia and China.

3236:

Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility

1482: 1412: 1007:

women approved of birth control, and more than 80 percent of the

5072:, a 16-page pamphlet; also published in several later editions. 5045:, based on a series of articles Sanger published in 1911 in the 3999:

to have an effect to reduce the rates of an unplanned pregnancy.

3530: 1841:, Helen Tierney (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 301. 1799:

Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West

5384: 4955:(1922), "A Study of the Sex Life of the Normal Married Woman", 4347:"Supreme Court sides with Hobby Lobby on contraception mandate" 1498: 1465:

pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available

1136: 828:

The birth control movement received an unexpected boost during

296: 215: 2765:

The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference

654:

In the spring of 1915 supporters of the Sangers – led by

619:

birth control in court, she fled to England to escape arrest.

5908: 3234:

Allegations of racism can be found in Franks, Angela (2005),

3217:"Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project" 1306:

became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about

1039:

city council to ban Sanger from giving a speech in 1924; the

445:

campaign also attacked contraception, which was viewed as an

3767:

Web Archives (1972). Findlaw.com. Retrieved 26 January 2007.

3629: 2763:"Birth control: What it is, How it works, What it will do", 425:

was responsible for many anti-contraception laws in the U.S.

5006:

Fruits of Philosophy: A Treatise On the Population Question

4815:

Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America

4055:(press release). 13 August 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 3993:(press release). 24 August 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 3484:, Herrick, John and Stuart, Paul (Eds), SAGE, 2005, p. 323. 3303:"Biographical Note", Smith College, Margaret Sangers Papers 2974:

The American Religious Debate Over Birth Control, 1907–1937

434: 333:

wrote the first book on birth control published in the U.S.

3988:(press release). 22 April 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 2123:, a 16-page pamphlet summarizing contraceptive techniques. 1861:

Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877–1947

1150:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

265: 5180:

The Margaret Sanger Papers Project at New York University

4839:

An Infidel Body-Snatcher and the Fruits of His Philosophy

4389:"Supreme Court rules against Obama in contraception case" 2107:

Engelman, Peter C. (2004), "Margaret Sanger", article in

1291: 4376:"Justices rule for Hobby Lobby on contraception mandate" 3515:. Washington DC: US Government Publishing Office. 1972. 2119:

Engelman, pp. 43–44: At the same time, Sanger published

1770:

Year of publication is variously stated as 1830 or 1831.

1431:

among poor women would nearly double. According to the

1337:

In the early 1950s in the United States, philanthropist

1210:

woman's control, a campaign which ultimately led to the

475:), sometimes extending the federal law by outlawing the 4785:

Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916–1945

4767:

Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger

3543: 3482:

Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America

1578:

corporations. The decision is an interpretation of the

1119:

served on the board of the Harlem birth control clinic.

762:, could not match Sanger's charisma, charm and fervor. 4438:"Justices Seem Split in Case on Birth Control Mandate" 4398:"A Supreme Feud Over Birth Control: Four Blunt Points" 4321:"Group protests Hobby Lobby decision on birth control" 3594:, Vern L. Bullough (Ed.), ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp. 170–171. 3359:

Tone, pp. 127–128. Holland–Rantos was founded in 1925.

3223:(28). Margaret Sanger Papers Project. 14 November 2002 1435:, publicly funded family planning saves nearly $ 4 in 1324:

International Conference on Population and Development

1125:

supply birth control to the African-American community

1051:, blocked Sanger from speaking in public; and several 976: 5850: 4749:

Regulating reproduction: law, technology and autonomy

4295:"Hobby Lobby case: Court curbs contraception mandate" 3979:

Updated FDA Action on Plan B (levonorgestrel) Tablets

3480:

Esser-Stuart, Joan E., "Margaret Higgins Sanger", in

2055:, Endres, Kathleen L. (Ed.), Greenwood Press, p. 448. 1979:

Freedom of Speech: Rights and Liberties Under the Law

1768:, Infobase Publishing, p. 53 (first book in America). 1433:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

1294:

international family planning organization. In 1952,

1262:, the leadership of Planned Parenthood de-emphasized 848:

contraception from an issue of morals to an issue of

611:, as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as 59:

A reform movement to overturn anti-contraception laws

4345:

Haberkorn, Jennifer; Gerstein, Josh (Jun 30, 2014).

2111:, George R. Goethals, et al. (Eds.), SAGE, p. 1382. 740: 649: 4800:

Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook

4098:

Abortion in the United States: a Reference Handbook

3859:

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved

3590:Engelman, Peter, "McCormick, Katharine Dexter", in 3417:

Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook

3259:

Youngs Rubber Corporation v. C. I. Lee and Co, Inc.

221:A major turning point for the movement came during 5227: 4939:Selected works from the birth control movement era 4665:A History of the Birth Control Movement in America 4338: 4119:"Commission Decision on Coverage of Contraception" 3821: 1912: 1764:Cullen DuPont, Kathryn (2000), "Contraception" in 1751:Contraception and Abortion in 19th Century America 1710:Engelman, p. 5. Fertility rate dropped from 7 to 3 407: 4344: 1131:, a black social worker and leader of New York's 1076:Before the advent of the birth control movement, 5962: 5117:, Truth Publishing, foreword by Havelock Ellis. 4176:"Prescription Drug Costs and Health Reform: FAQ" 3962:(Plan B) was approved, by prescription, in 1999. 3890:Baulieu, Étienne-Émile; Rosenblum, Mort (1991). 3791: 3099:The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1 2134:The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1 2113:Engelman cites facsimile edited by Alex Baskin, 2038:The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1 892: 799:, standing on New York street corners, sold the 507:continued to sell condoms as "rubber goods" and 225:, when many U.S. servicemen were diagnosed with 4578:"Closely held" corporations are defined by the 3922:. 28 September 2000. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 2631:Engelman pp. 109–110, quoting Tone pp. 102–109. 2485:Engelman, pp. 94–96 ("phenomenal media hype"). 1442:In 1982, European drug manufacturers developed 692:This page from the 1914 birth control pamphlet 355:: The Private Companion of Young Married People 5154:Contraceptive Methods – A Clinical Survey 4493:, slip op. at 2–3 (Sotomayor, J., concurring). 4318: 3838:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2928:McCann (1994), pp. 67–68 (medical resistance). 2906:Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture 1614:other than churches should be exempt from the 1536:were required to comply with the new law. The 960: 365:. Knowlton was prosecuted in Massachusetts on 5213: 3893:The "Abortion Pill": RU-486, A Woman's Choice 3871:The drug is also known as RU-486 or Mifeprex. 3778:"Fact Sheet: Title X Family Planning Program" 3714:Controlling Reproduction: An American History 3577:The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World 3037:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 137–158. 2904:Lynd, Robert S., Lynd, Helen Merrell (1929), 1396:decision legalized abortion during the first 1270:remained on the books) were rarely enforced. 683: 483:Comstock and his allies also took aim at the 5074:1917, 6th edition, Michigan State University 4429: 3931: 3776:Office of Population Affairs Clearinghouse. 3711: 3690:. Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from 3125:McCann (1994), pp. 151–154 ("race suicide"). 776:, produced by Sanger and starring herself). 5911:Birth control movement in the United States 5789:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 5774:Birth control movement in the United States 5168:The Margaret Sanger Papers at Smith College 3283:Abortion: A Documentary and Reference Guide 2908:, Harcourt, Brace & World, pp. 123–124. 2719: 2717: 2051:Cronin, Mary (1996), "The Woman Rebel", in 2014:Buchanan, p. 121 (tuberculosis and cancer). 1679:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 1288:International Planned Parenthood Federation 952:The Clinical Research Bureau operated from 531:was a leader of the birth control movement. 171:birth control movement in the United States 5627:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 5220: 5206: 4386: 3546:International Family Planning Perspectives 3095:McCann (1994), pp. 150–4. Bigotry: p. 153. 2436:Chesler, pp. 127, 131, 148, 152, 166, 392. 1766:Encyclopedia of Women's History in America 1529:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1439:expenses for every $ 1 spent on services. 823: 270: 4650:Margaret Sanger: Rebel For Women's Rights 4416: 4387:Mears, Bill; Cohen, Tom (June 30, 2014). 4022:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 386, 3920:FDA approval letter to Population Council 3850:Gold RB, Sonfield A, Richards C, et al., 3650: 3520: 3221:Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter 1461:In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription 1159: 977:Progress and setbacks (1920s–1940s) 6001:Reproductive rights in the United States 4991: 4968:, published by author. via Google Books. 4496: 4259: 3910:Mifeprex prescribing information (label) 2794: 2792: 2714: 1402: 1256:Planned Parenthood Federation of America 1163: 1111: 1067: 985: 981: 947: 920:Although Sanger was busy publishing the 753:was published monthly from 1917 to 1940. 744: 687: 580: 523: 514: 449:practice that promoted prostitution and 417: 325: 256:Planned Parenthood Federation of America 38:, a birth control activist, her sister, 16:Social reform campaign beginning in 1914 5102:1922 edition, Michigan State University 5091:1920 edition, Michigan State University 5057:1921 edition, Michigan State University 4395: 3966:Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology 3964:Ebadi, Manuchair, "Levonorgestrel", in 3877:Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology 3865: 3675: 3419:, p. 743. O'Connor cites Gordon (1976). 3171: 3169: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2868: 2866: 2642:"Emma Goldman | Jewish Women's Archive" 1515:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1330:addressed birth control and influenced 607:, which first appeared in the pages of 595:Under the influence of Goldman and the 519: 266:Contraception in the nineteenth century 246:to a more sexually permissive society. 5963: 4435: 4292: 4253: 4221: 4189: 4168: 3287:Tone, p. 178: Tone calls the ruling a 2604:led the efforts to enforce abstinence. 2349: 2347: 2252: 2250: 2075: 1953: 1951: 1910: 1904: 1863:, University of Illinois Press, p. 54. 1839:Women's Studies Encyclopedia, Volume 1 1801:, Harvard University Press, pp. 226–7. 1244:Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau 1093:. Sanger and other advocates endorsed 871: 5201: 4584: 4524:. Associated Press. 16 December 2017. 4504:"Trump rolls back free birth control" 4136: 4111: 4068:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 3462:Engelman, p. 171 (400 organizations). 2985:Engelman, p. 153 (number increasing). 2829:, Random House Digital, Inc., p. 211. 2789: 2010:Engelman, pp. 29–30 (Goldman circle). 1225: 1072:Sanger's 1920 book endorsed eugenics. 433:grew in strength, aimed at outlawing 5915: 5184:Bassett, Laura (February 14, 2013). 4373: 3875:Ebadi, Manuchair, "Mifepristone" in 3770: 3747: 3575:(2001), "Reproductive Politics", in 3166: 2884: 2863: 2234:Clarence Darrow: American Iconoclast 2109:Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 4 1290:and soon became the world's largest 1063: 1041:National Catholic Welfare Conference 6006:Social history of the United States 5019:A publication about birth control. 5009:. San Francisco: Reader's Library. 4986:Techniques of Contraception Control 4319:O'Donoghue, Amy Joi (Jul 5, 2014). 3932:Kolata, Gina (September 29, 2000). 3915:Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information 3399:"Birth Control Council of America". 3397:NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project 2344: 2247: 1948: 1252:Birth Control Federation of America 1154:Birth Control Federation of America 1135:, asked Sanger to open a clinic in 1043:lobbied against birth control; the 13: 5971:Birth control in the United States 4830: 4721:, University of Illinois Press, 4605:Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion 4066:A Clinical Guide for Contraception 3411:NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project 2987:Robinson, Caroline Hadley (1930), 2008:Baker, pp. 50–51 (Goldman circle). 1664:Birth control in the United States 1139:. Sanger secured funding from the 539:, that sought to overturn bans on 14: 6017: 5483:self-report sexual risk behaviors 5161: 4417:LoGiurato, Brett (July 3, 2014). 3854:, Guttmacher Institute, 2009; and 3681: 1753:, Cornell University Press, 1987. 1580:Religious Freedom Restoration Act 1152:(NAACP). In the early 1940s, the 1001:surveyed women in Muncie, Indiana 741:Mainstream acceptance (1917–1923) 650:Early birth control organizations 345:in 1831. The book suggested that 5941: 5924: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5553:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 5034:1842 edition, (Internet Archive) 4736:, University of Illinois Press, 4572: 4553: 4528: 4514: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4410: 4364: 4312: 4286: 4090: 4079: 4058: 4002: 3947: 3925: 3738: 3705: 3599: 3596:Engelman, p. 182 (FDA approval). 3582: 3537: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3422: 3404: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3294: 3273: 3264: 3251: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3178: 3157: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3113: 3104: 3089: 3080: 3069: 3060: 3049: 3040: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2979: 2964: 2955: 2944: 2935: 2922: 2913: 2898: 1584:free-exercise of religion clause 1328:Fourth World Conference on Women 1248:Birth Control Council of America 807: 29: 5976:Censorship in the United States 5673:Sexually transmitted infections 5144:1922 edition, Project Gutenberg 4907:, Ohio State University Press, 4852:Coates, Patricia Walsh (2008), 4436:Liptak, Adam (March 23, 2016). 4374:Wolf, Richard (June 30, 2014). 4293:Willis, David (June 30, 2014). 3615:. April 7, 1967. Archived from 3257:Engelman, p. 166. The case was 2930:Chesler, p. 220 (blacklisting). 2910:Lynd cited by Engelman, p. 143. 2875: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2780: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2728: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2658: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2534: 2521: 2512: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2430: 2419: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2358: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2306: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2226: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2126: 2101: 2084: 2066: 2043: 2030: 2019: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1969: 1960: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1866: 1853: 1844: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1508: 1341:provided funding for biologist 487:and utopians who comprised the 408:Anti-contraception laws enacted 5229:Sexual and reproductive health 5148:1922 edition, Internet Archive 4652:, Chelsea House Publications, 4585:Blake, Aaron (June 30, 2014). 4396:Barrett, Paul (July 7, 2014). 3716:. Wilmington, Del.: SR Books. 3033:, see: Ordover, Nancy (2003), 2506:The Hand That Rocks the Cradle 2370:The Model Editions Partnership 1981:, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 109–110. 1791: 1782: 1773: 1756: 1743: 1732: 1723: 1704: 1695: 1280:Second Woman's Rights Movement 845:anti-venereal disease campaign 1: 5043:What Every Mother Should Know 4802:, Karen O'Connor (Ed), SAGE, 4565: 3805:. August 2011. Archived from 3592:Encyclopedia of Birth Control 3433:MS Papers: Planned Parenthood 3029:For a detailed discussion of 2989:Seventy Birth Control Clinics 2827:The Essential Feminist Reader 2825:Freedman, Estelle B. (2007), 2767:, November 1921, pp. 207–208. 1018: 943:American Birth Control League 913:American Birth Control League 906:conditions can be satisfied. 899:American Birth Control League 893:American Birth Control League 660:National Birth Control League 134:American Birth Control League 130:National Birth Control League 5653:Disorders of sex development 4787:, Cornell University Press, 4234:. 2011-11-01. Archived from 4202:. 2011-11-01. Archived from 4149:. 2011-11-01. Archived from 4038:Prescribing information for 3917:. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 3912:. Retrieved 24 January 2012. 3862:, 2008 August, 19(3):778-96. 3829:"Family Planning - Overview" 3639:Journal of Political Economy 3435:(retrieved 14 October 2011). 3413:. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 3312:. Retrieved 15 October 2011. 2952:Chesler, p. 220 (newsreels). 2096:1912 Lawrence Textile Strike 1351:Food and Drug Administration 1349:, which was approved by the 1192:American Medical Association 251:American Medical Association 7: 5991:History of social movements 5663:Reproductive system disease 5186:"Birth Control on the Rise" 5087:What Every Girl Should Know 4663:Engelman, Peter C. (2011), 4043:. Retrieved 24 January 2012 3968:, CRC Press, 2007, p. 338, 3944:Retrieved 15 November 2011. 3879:, CRC Press, 2007, p. 443, 3573:Petchesky, Rosalind Pollack 3502:Tone, pp. 207–208, 265–266. 3213:McCann (1994), pp. 168–173. 3184:McCann (1994), pp. 160–161. 3075:McCann (1994), pp. 110–113. 3055:McCann (1994), pp. 124–125. 3046:McCann (1994), pp. 107–110. 2081:McCann (2010), pp. 750–751. 1911:Beisel, Nicola Kay (1997). 1657: 1608:United States Supreme Court 1563:United States Supreme Court 1419:was enacted as part of the 1278:After World War II and the 1003:in 1925 found that all the 961:Second birth control clinic 883:Voluntary Parenthood League 120:What Every Girl Should Know 10: 6024: 5622:Obstetrics and gynaecology 4732:Hajo, Cathy Moran (2010), 4618:Buchanan, Paul D. (2009), 3712:Tone, Andrea, ed. (1997). 3401:Retrieved 12 October 2011. 2540:McCann (1994), pp. 99–101. 2527:Engelman, pp. 97, quoting 1925:Princeton University Press 1859:Ahluwalia, Sanjam (2008), 1229: 896: 684:First birth control clinic 411: 46:, leaving a courthouse in 5797: 5766: 5693: 5645: 5597: 5561: 5538:Pregnant patients' rights 5493: 5453: 5403: 5360: 5311: 5303:Pre-conception counseling 5285: 5260:Abortion-rights movements 5235: 5140:The Pivot of Civilization 5138:Sanger, Margaret (1922), 5113:Sanger, Margaret (1920), 5085:Sanger, Margaret (1916), 5068:Sanger, Margaret (1914), 4988:, Williams & Wilkins. 4978:, Frederick H. Hitchcock. 4957:Journal of Social Hygiene 4769:, Yale University Press, 4685:, Free Press Paperbacks, 4096:McBride, Dorothy (2008), 2777:(12):18, (December 1921). 2745:McCann (1994), pp. 44–45. 2036:Patient was Sadie Sachs. 2016:Chelsler, p. 41 (age 50). 1417:Public Health Service Act 1144:received the approval of 1091:The Pivot of Civilization 814:New York Court of Appeals 671:leading figures, such as 185:in New York City, led by 143: 125: 107: 89: 81: 63: 55: 28: 21: 5424:Gamete Cryopreservation 5270:Circumcision controversy 5250:Compulsory sterilization 4959:8 (April, 1922): 173–89. 4945:Bocker, Dorothy (1924), 4903:Rosen, Robyn L. (2003), 4874:, Free Paperback Press, 4637:, Simon & Schuster, 4580:Internal Revenue Service 4269:Guttmacher Policy Review 4033:ella, ulipristal acetate 3896:. Simon & Schuster. 3285:, ABC-CLIO, 2008, p. 29. 3025:Eugenics: A Reassessment 2771:The Birth Control Review 2769:Sanger, Margaret (Ed.), 2723:McCann (1994) pp. 69–70. 2366:"Margaret Sanger Papers" 2232:Kersten, Andrew (2011), 2012:Cox, p. 4 (pregnancies). 1797:Riddle, John M. (1999), 1689: 1519:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1298:founded the influential 968:Clinical Research Bureau 624:undercover postal worker 5784:Social hygiene movement 5637:Transgender health care 4982:Dickinson, Robert Latou 4953:Davis, Katharine Bement 4925:, Cooper Square Press, 4747:Jackson, Emily (2001), 4703:, Grossman Publishers, 4633:Chesler, Ellen (1992), 4603:Baker, Jean H. (2011), 4260:Sonfield, Adam (2013). 3522:2027/mdp.39015007261855 3444:McCann (1994), pp. 1–2. 1684:Social hygiene movement 1463:emergency contraception 1367:Griswold v. Connecticut 1320:John D. Rockefeller III 1296:John D. Rockefeller III 990:Advertisement from 1926 824:World War I and condoms 301:prolonged breastfeeding 271:Birth control practices 155:Griswold v. Connecticut 5612:Genitourinary medicine 5415:In vitro fertilization 5370:Hormonal contraception 5255:Contraceptive security 5152:Stone, Hannah (1925), 5115:Woman and the New Race 4962:Dennett, Mary (1919), 4856:, Edwin Mellen Press, 4087:Gordon (2002), p. 336. 4064:Speroff, Leon (2010), 3784:April 5, 2012, at the 3453:Engelman, pp. 181–186. 3430:Engelman, pp. 178–179. 3386:Engelman, pp. 170–171. 3300:Engelman, pp. 169–170. 3279:Engelman, pp. 167–168. 3204:McCann (1994), p. 163. 3195:McCann (1994), p. 166. 3186:Engelman, pp. 175–177. 3134:McCann (1994), p. 152. 3110:McCann (1994), p. 151. 3066:Engelman, pp. 132–133. 2950:Engelman, pp. 147–148. 2941:Engelman, pp. 146–147. 2881:Engelman, pp. 141–142. 2831:Engelman, pp. 129–130. 2807:Engelman, pp. 125–126. 2798:Engelman, pp. 124–125. 2734:Engelman, pp. 113–115. 2725:Engelman, pp. 113–115. 2613:Engelman, pp. 107–109. 2598:Engelman, pp. 107–109. 2580:Engelman, pp. 101–103. 2571:Engelman, pp. 101–103. 2425:McCann (2010), p. 751. 1612:religious institutions 1606:was a case before the 1546:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby 1429:unintended pregnancies 1408: 1398:trimester of pregnancy 1186:legal ruling by Judge 1172: 1160:Expanding availability 1120: 1087:Woman and the New Race 1073: 991: 957: 954:this New York building 935:Archbishop of New York 908: 768:silent motion pictures 754: 701: 592: 576:self-induced abortions 532: 511:as "womb supporters". 431:social purity movement 426: 334: 22:Birth control movement 5275:Intersex human rights 4947:Birth Control Methods 4837:Allosso, Dan (2013), 4813:Tone, Andrea (2002), 4540:www.brennancenter.org 4012:or by the brand name 4008:The drug is known as 3953:The FDA approved the 3493:Chesler, pp. 425–428. 3245:Women, Race and Class 2786:Engelman, p. 120–122. 2670:oasis.lib.harvard.edu 2569:Chesler, pp. 159–160. 2560:Engelman, pp. 99–101. 2501:Where Are My Children 2274:Engelman, pp. 73, 76. 2057:Cronin cites Sanger, 1977:Kersch, Kenneth Ira, 1921:Princeton, New Jersey 1616:contraceptive mandate 1588:contraceptive mandate 1557:___ (2014), is a 1406: 1167: 1141:Julius Rosenwald Fund 1115: 1071: 1013:birth rate in America 989: 982:Widespread acceptance 951: 903: 748: 691: 584: 527: 515:Beginning (1914–1916) 421: 376:Birth Control Review. 357:, written in 1832 by 329: 293:contraceptive sponges 116:Motherhood in Bondage 5981:Feminism and history 5833:tax on childlessness 5589:Genital modification 5513:Unintended pregnancy 5245:Reproductive Justice 5133:Birth Control Review 4965:The Sex Side of Life 3809:on 26 September 2008 3803:Guttmacher Institute 3688:Contraception Online 3684:"History of the IUD" 3682:Lynch, Catherine M. 3619:on February 19, 2005 3238:, McFarland; and in 2542:Engelman, pp. 97–98. 2458:Engelman, pp. 92–93. 2438:Kennedy pp. 84, 181. 2403:Engelman, pp. 84–85. 2332:Engelman, pp. 87–89. 2283:Engelman, pp. 75–77. 2236:, Macmillan, p. 170. 2221:Engelman, pp. 57–58. 2194:Engelman, pp. 49–50. 2185:Engelman, pp. 54–55. 1999:Engelman, pp. 25–26. 1990:Engelman, pp. 23–25. 1975:Engelman, pp. 23–27. 1966:Engelman, pp. 18–19. 1901:Engelman, pp. 15–16. 1883:Engelman, pp. 13–14. 1874:Engelman, pp. 13–14. 1850:Engelman, pp. 9, 47. 1837:"Contraception", in 1740:Engelman, pp. 11–12. 1720:children per couple. 1639:, joined by Justice 1538:Guttmacher Institute 1487:another battleground 1425:Guttmacher Institute 1355:intrauterine devices 1148:, co-founder of the 1011:women approved. The 931:Patrick Joseph Hayes 922:Birth Control Review 879:The Sex Side of Life 789:Birth Control Review 751:Birth Control Review 724:Birth Control Review 520:Free speech movement 361:, which recommended 353:Fruits of Philosophy 24:in the United States 5533:Pregnancy from rape 5390:Intrauterine device 5021:View original copy. 4841:, SOTB Publishing, 4781:McCann, Carole Ruth 4751:, Hart Publishing, 4648:Cox, Vicki (2004), 4591:The Washington Post 3765:Library of Congress 3261:1930, 45 F. 2d 103. 3031:Sanger and Eugenics 2303:Engelman, p. 79–80. 2027:Kennedy, pp. 16–18. 1669:History of abortion 1592:Affordable Care Act 1407:Birth control pills 1384:Eisenstadt v. Baird 1339:Katharine McCormick 1045:Knights of Columbus 872:Legislative efforts 673:William J. Robinson 658: – formed the 585:The first issue of 161:Eisenstadt v. Baird 85:1914 – c. 1945 72:Reproductive rights 5996:Planned Parenthood 5779:History of condoms 5668:Sexual dysfunction 5574:Sexual orientation 5528:Options counseling 5375:Male contraception 5298:Genetic counseling 5173:2011-05-27 at the 5119:Harvard University 5107:2022-09-02 at the 5096:2022-09-02 at the 5079:2022-09-02 at the 5062:2022-09-02 at the 5001:Bradlaugh, Charles 4469:, slip op. at 3–4. 4442:The New York Times 4051:2012-02-09 at the 4010:ulipristal acetate 3997:sexual intercourse 3984:2012-06-30 at the 3939:The New York Times 3763:2001-11-30 at the 3588:Tone, pp. 204–207. 3308:2006-09-12 at the 2025:Baker, pp. 49–51. 1927:. pp. 76–78. 1828:Engelman, pp. 8–9. 1819:Engelman, pp. 7–8. 1788:Engelman, pp. 6–7. 1701:Engelman, pp. 3–4. 1674:History of condoms 1475:sexual intercourse 1471:ulipristal acetate 1469:in 2006. In 2010, 1456:Danco Laboratories 1409: 1347:birth control pill 1300:Population Council 1232:Planned Parenthood 1226:Planned Parenthood 1212:birth control pill 1173: 1121: 1074: 992: 958: 956:from 1930 to 1973. 915:founding statement 855:In 1917, advocate 818:Frederick E. Crane 755: 702: 678:Van Kleeck Allison 597:Free Speech League 593: 533: 489:free love movement 427: 335: 231:sexual intercourse 183:political radicals 138:Planned Parenthood 48:Brooklyn, New York 5848: 5847: 5548:Teenage pregnancy 5265:Genital integrity 5135:(April, 1921): 5. 5123:Project Gutenberg 5070:Family Limitation 5026:Owen, Robert Dale 4995:(October 1891) . 4993:Knowlton, Charles 4913:978-0-8142-0920-2 4898:978-0-87905-096-2 4880:978-0-684-83498-6 4862:978-0-7734-5099-8 4847:978-1-4826-7868-0 4823:978-0-8090-3816-9 4817:, Hill and Wang, 4808:978-1-4129-6083-0 4793:978-0-8014-8612-8 4775:978-0-300-01495-2 4757:978-1-84113-301-0 4742:978-0-252-03536-4 4727:978-0-252-02764-2 4709:978-0-670-77817-1 4691:978-0-684-83498-6 4673:978-0-684-83498-6 4628:978-0-8283-2160-0 4622:, Branden Books, 4613:978-0-8090-9498-1 4510:. 6 October 2017. 4106:978-1-59884-098-8 4074:978-1-60831-610-6 4028:978-0-19-957166-6 3974:978-1-4200-4743-1 3885:978-1-4200-4743-1 3744:Engelman, p. 184. 3395:Engelman, p. 171. 3350:Tone, p. 108–110. 3339:Engelman, p. 167. 3330:Engelman, p. 167. 3270:Engelman, p. 166. 3163:Engelman, p. 160. 3154:Engelman, p. 160. 3086:Engelman, p. 134. 3077:Engelman, p. 134. 3057:Engelman, p. 134. 3027:, Praeger, p. 18. 3018:Engelman, p. 131. 3009:Engelman, p. 158. 3000:Engelman, p. 157. 2970:Engelman, p. 148. 2961:Engelman, p. 148. 2919:Engelman, p. 144. 2895:Engelman, p. 142. 2872:Engelman, p. 139. 2851:Engelman, p. 138. 2842:Engelman, p. 137. 2816:Engelman, p. 129. 2711:Engelman, p. 111. 2702:Engelman, p. 105. 2693:Engelman, p. 104. 2622:Engelman, p. 109. 2589:Engelman, p. 103. 2121:Family Limitation 1934:978-0-691-02779-1 1649:Wendy Beetlestone 1559:landmark decision 1505:never commenced. 1379:Boston University 1373:In 1967 activist 1302:. Fear of global 1220:spermicidal jelly 1106:African Americans 1099:positive eugenics 1095:negative eugenics 1064:Eugenics and race 927:Town Hall theater 816:written by Judge 760:Blanche Ames Ames 694:Family Limitation 644:Family Limitation 613:family limitation 537:Greenwich Village 504:state governments 390:Malthusian League 382:Charles Bradlaugh 227:venereal diseases 167: 166: 68:Freedom of speech 6013: 5986:Health movements 5954: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5810:Two-child policy 5805:One-child policy 5685:Gender dysphoria 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5127:Internet Archive 5039:Sanger, Margaret 5018: 4923:An Autobiography 4919:Sanger, Margaret 4872:Born for Liberty 4683:Born for Liberty 4595: 4594: 4576: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4481:, slip op. at 4. 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4455:Zubik v. Burwell 4452: 4446: 4445: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4423:Business Insider 4414: 4408: 4405: 4392: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4094: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4018:Sankar, Nathan, 4006: 4000: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3929: 3923: 3907: 3869: 3863: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3654: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3603: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3569: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3471:Engelman, p 186. 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3428:Chesler, p. 393. 3426: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3119:Tone pp. 86–87: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2721: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2672:. Archived from 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602:Josephus Daniels 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2551:Engelman, p. 99. 2549: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2518:Engelman, p. 96. 2516: 2510: 2483: 2477: 2476:Engelman, p. 92. 2474: 2468: 2467:Engelman, p. 93. 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2427:Engelman, p. 92. 2423: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2394:Engelman, p. 84. 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2372:. Archived from 2362: 2356: 2355:Engelman, p. 91. 2351: 2342: 2341:Engelman, p. 89. 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2323:Engelman, p. 86. 2321: 2315: 2314:Engelman, p. 83. 2310: 2304: 2301:Chesler, p. 150. 2299: 2293: 2292:Engelman, p. 79. 2290: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2265:Engelman, p. 72. 2263: 2257: 2256:Engelman, p. 64. 2254: 2245: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2212:Engelman, p. 52. 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176:Engelman, p. 49. 2174: 2168: 2167:Chesler, p. 127. 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149:Engelman, p. 43. 2147: 2141: 2140:Kennedy, p. 101. 2138:Engelman, p. 23. 2130: 2124: 2105: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072:Tone, pp. 79–80. 2070: 2064: 2059:An Autobiography 2049:Engelman, p. 34. 2047: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957:Engelman, p. 20. 1955: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1918: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1892:Engelman, p. 15. 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1741: 1738:Tone, pp. 73–75. 1736: 1730: 1729:Engelman, p. 11. 1727: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1634: 1627:Zubik v. Burwell 1603:Zubik v. Burwell 1485:, proved to be 1467:over the counter 1292:non-governmental 1264:radical feminism 1207:vending machines 1146:W. E. B. Du Bois 1117:W. E. B. Du Bois 916: 635:New-York Tribune 459:postal inspector 455:Anthony Comstock 451:venereal disease 437:in general, and 423:Anthony Comstock 359:Charles Knowlton 343:Robert Dale Owen 331:Robert Dale Owen 275:The practice of 33: 19: 18: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916:sister projects 5913:at Knowledge's 5907: 5897: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5849: 5844: 5793: 5762: 5735:United Kingdom 5689: 5641: 5632:Sexual medicine 5593: 5569:Gender identity 5557: 5503:Maternal health 5489: 5449: 5445:fertility fraud 5406: 5399: 5356: 5307: 5281: 5231: 5226: 5191:Huffington Post 5175:Wayback Machine 5164: 5159: 5109:Wayback Machine 5098:Wayback Machine 5081:Wayback Machine 5064:Wayback Machine 4936: 4900:(1982 reprint). 4868:Evans, Sara, M. 4833: 4831:Further reading 4828: 4599: 4598: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4434: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4085:Jackson, p. 89. 4084: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4053:Wayback Machine 4044: 4036: 4031: 4017: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3989: 3986:Wayback Machine 3977: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3888: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3855: 3849: 3848:The DHHS cites: 3841: 3839: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3786:Wayback Machine 3775: 3771: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3724: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3680: 3676: 3652:10.1.1.473.6514 3631:Goldin, Claudia 3628: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3570: 3558:10.2307/2950752 3542: 3538: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310:Wayback Machine 3301: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2493:The Black Stork 2489:Miracle of Life 2486: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2312:Chesler p. 151. 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2223:Kennedy, p. 77. 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810:Engelman, p. 7. 1809: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779:Engelman, p. 6. 1778: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1762:Engelman, p. 6. 1761: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1660: 1632: 1533:federal mandate 1525:President Obama 1511: 1345:to develop the 1316:quality of life 1276: 1234: 1228: 1162: 1129:James H. Hubert 1066: 1021: 984: 979: 973: 963: 939:Catholic Church 918: 910: 901: 895: 874: 862:First Red Scare 843:The military's 826: 810: 743: 686: 668:Clarence Darrow 652: 629:Harper's Weekly 601:The Woman Rebel 588:The Woman Rebel 572:Lower East Side 568:Margaret Sanger 529:Margaret Sanger 522: 517: 416: 410: 347:family planning 341:, published by 273: 268: 208:The Woman Rebel 195:Margaret Sanger 158: 152: 136: 132: 118: 114: 112:The Woman Rebel 102:Margaret Sanger 100: 96: 74: 70: 51: 36:Margaret Sanger 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5956: 5955: 5953:from Wikibooks 5938: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5751:teen pregnancy 5743: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5182: 5177: 5163: 5162:External links 5160: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5136: 5129: 5111: 5083: 5066: 5036: 5023: 4989: 4979: 4969: 4960: 4950: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4916: 4901: 4890:Living My Life 4883: 4865: 4850: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4811: 4796: 4778: 4763:Kennedy, David 4760: 4745: 4730: 4712: 4694: 4679:Evans, Sara M. 4676: 4661: 4646: 4631: 4616: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4552: 4527: 4513: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4428: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4393: 4384: 4363: 4337: 4311: 4285: 4252: 4220: 4188: 4167: 4135: 4110: 4089: 4078: 4076:, pp. 153–155. 4057: 4001: 3960:Levonorgestrel 3946: 3924: 3902: 3864: 3834:Healthy People 3820: 3790: 3769: 3746: 3737: 3722: 3704: 3674: 3661:10.1086/340778 3645:(4): 730–770. 3598: 3581: 3552:(3): 115–121. 3536: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3421: 3403: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3293: 3281:Rose, Melody, 3272: 3263: 3250: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3177: 3165: 3156: 3145: 3143:Baker, p. 200. 3136: 3127: 3112: 3103: 3088: 3079: 3068: 3059: 3048: 3039: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2978: 2963: 2954: 2943: 2934: 2921: 2912: 2897: 2883: 2874: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2788: 2779: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2727: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2657: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 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313:fertility rate 309:contraceptives 272: 269: 267: 264: 165: 164: 145: 141: 140: 127: 123: 122: 109: 105: 104: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 76:Women's rights 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6019: 6018: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5951: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5904: 5903:United States 5894: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5828:child benefit 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5756:birth control 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5746:United States 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 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A1. 3941: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903:0-671-73816-X 3899: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3788:January 2008. 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3723:0-8420-2574-X 3719: 3715: 3708: 3694:on 2006-01-27 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635:Lawrence Katz 3632: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3434: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3383: 3377:Tone, p. 152. 3374: 3368:Tone, p. 117. 3365: 3356: 3347: 3341:Tone, p. 136. 3336: 3327: 3321:Tone, p. 155. 3318: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3276: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240:Davis, Angela 3237: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3121:Marcus Garvey 3116: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3083: 3072: 3063: 3052: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3021:Lynn, Richard 3015: 3006: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2958: 2947: 2938: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2828: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2731: 2720: 2718: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2676:on 2017-12-01 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2433: 2422: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2376:on 2017-12-01 2375: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2350: 2348: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2309: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2240:Autobiography 2235: 2229: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2158:Baker, p. 89. 2155: 2146: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2054: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2022: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1980: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1869: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1735: 1726: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1596:birth control 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1513:In 2000, the 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452:anti-abortion 1449: 1448:prostoglandin 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362:Supreme Court 1360:In 1965, the 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1326:and the 1995 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:Augustus Hand 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177:Youngs Rubber 1170: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009:working class 1006: 1002: 998: 997:Victorian era 988: 974: 971: 969: 955: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 917: 914: 907: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 869: 867: 863: 858: 853: 851: 850:public health 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 821: 819: 815: 808:Legal victory 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 777: 775: 774: 773:Birth Control 769: 763: 761: 752: 747: 738: 736: 731: 727: 725: 719: 716: 712: 708: 707:Fania Mindell 699: 695: 690: 681: 679: 674: 669: 663: 661: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 636: 631: 630: 625: 620: 616: 614: 610: 606: 605:birth control 602: 598: 590: 589: 583: 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553:D. 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