Margaret Sanger - Knowledge

6968: 621:, were arrested for breaking a New York state law that prohibited distribution of contraceptives. Sanger was also charged with running a public nuisance. Sanger and Byrne went to trial in January 1917. Byrne was convicted and sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse but went on a hunger strike. She was force-fed, the first woman hunger striker in the US to be so treated. Only when Sanger pledged that Byrne would never break the law was she pardoned after ten days. Sanger was convicted; the trial judge held that women did not have "the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception." Sanger was offered a more lenient sentence if she promised to not break the law again, but she replied: "I cannot respect the law as it exists today." For this, she was sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse. An initial appeal was rejected, but in a subsequent court proceeding in 1918, the birth control movement won a victory when Judge 460:

of a woman, "Sadie Sachs", who had become extremely ill due to a self-induced abortion. Afterward, Sadie begged the attending doctor to tell her how she could prevent this from happening again, to which the doctor simply advised her to remain abstinent. His exact words and actions, apparently, were to laugh and say "You want your cake while you eat it too, do you? Well it can't be done. I'll tell you the only sure thing to do .... Tell Jake to sleep on the roof." A few months later, Sanger was called back to Sadie's apartment—only this time, Sadie died shortly after Sanger arrived. She had attempted yet another self-induced abortion. Sanger would sometimes end the story by saying, "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced ... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth"; biographer

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masturbation was dangerous. She stated: "In my personal experience as a trained nurse while attending persons afflicted with various and often revolting diseases, no matter what their ailments, I never found anyone so repulsive as the chronic masturbator. It would not be difficult to fill page upon page of heart-rending confessions made by young girls, whose lives were blighted by this pernicious habit, always begun so innocently." She believed that women had the ability to control their sexual impulses and should utilize that control to avoid sex outside of relationships marked by "confidence and respect". She believed that exercising such control would lead to the "strongest and most sacred passion". Sanger maintained links with affiliates of the

1118:] imply or insist that a woman's first duty is to the state; we contend that her duty to herself is her duty to the state. We maintain that a woman possessing an adequate knowledge of her reproductive functions is the best judge of the time and conditions under which her child should be brought into the world. We further maintain that it is her right, regardless of all other considerations, to determine whether she shall bear children or not, and how many children she shall bear if she chooses to become a mother." Sanger was a proponent of negative eugenics, which aimed to improve human hereditary traits through social intervention by reducing the reproduction of those who were considered unfit. 1097: 1129:, with whom she formed a close, lasting friendship. She did not speak specifically to the idea of race or ethnicity being determining factors and "although Sanger articulated birth control in terms of racial betterment and, like most old-stock Americans, supported restricted immigration, she always defined fitness in individual rather than racial terms." Instead, she stressed limiting the number of births to live within one's economic ability to raise and support healthy children. This would lead to a betterment of society and the human race. Sanger's view put her at odds with leading American eugenicists, such as 1190:

to women exhorted them in all capitals: "Do not kill, do not take life, but prevent." Sanger's patients at that time were told "that abortion was the wrong way—no matter how early it was performed it was taking life; that contraception was the better way, the safer way—it took a little time, a little trouble, but it was well worth while in the long run, because life had not yet begun." Sanger consistently distanced herself from any calls for legal access to abortion, arguing that legal access to contraceptives would remove the need for abortion.

75: 1858: 581: 727:. In her autobiography, she justified her decision to address them by writing "Always to me any aroused group was a good group," meaning that she was willing to seek common ground with anyone who might help promote legalization and awareness of birth-control. She described the experience as "weird" and reported that she had the impression that the audience were all half-wits, and, therefore, spoke to them in the simplest possible language, as if she were talking to children. 330: 11453: 504:". Sanger, collaborating with anarchist friends, popularized the term "birth control" as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as "family limitation"; the term "birth control" was suggested in 1914 by a young friend called Otto Bobstei Sanger proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body." In these early years of Sanger's activism, she viewed birth control as a free-speech issue, and when she started publishing 1207: 904: 1844: 1049:. She later praised Ellis for clarifying "the question of homosexuals ... making the thing a—not exactly a perverted thing, but a thing that a person is born with different kinds of eyes, different kinds of structures and so forth ... that he didn't make all homosexuals perverts—and I thought he helped clarify that to the medical profession and to the scientists of the world as perhaps one of the first ones to do that. 762: 6987: 11477: 960:. Pincus had recruited John Rock, Harvard gynecologist, to investigate clinical use of progesterone to prevent ovulation. (Jonathan Eig (2014). "The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution." W. W. Norton & Company. New York. London. pp. 104ff.) Pincus would often say that he never could have done it without Sanger, McCormick, and Rock. (Ibid., p. 312.) 11465: 1374:, which was named after Sanger. This decision was made in response to criticisms over Sanger's promotion of eugenics. In announcing the decision, Karen Seltzer explained, "The removal of Margaret Sanger's name from our building is both a necessary and overdue step to reckon with our legacy and acknowledge Planned Parenthood's contributions to historical reproductive harm within communities of color." 889:, have interpreted the passage "as evidence that she led a calculated effort to reduce the Black population against its will". Others, such as Charles Valenza, state that this notion is based on a misreading of Sanger's words. He believes that Sanger wanted to overcome the fear of some black people that birth control was "the white man's way of reducing the black population". 1830: 285:, after an undercover policewoman bought a copy of her pamphlet on family planning. Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy. Sanger felt that for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent so-called 648: 562:. William Sanger was tried and convicted, spending thirty days in jail while attracting interest in birth control as an issue of civil liberty. Margaret's second husband, Noah Slee, also lent his help to her life's work. In 1928, Slee would smuggle diaphragms into New York through Canada in boxes labeled as 1181:

than the state. Later, she proposed that "Permits for parenthood shall be issued upon application by city, county, or state authorities to married couples," but added that the requirement should be implemented by state advocacy and reward for complying, not enforced by punishing anyone for violating it.

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Regarding punishment, she wrote, in the same essay: "Society could not very well put a couple into jail for having a baby without permission; and in the case of paupers a fine could not be collected. How then should the guilty be punished? By blacklisting? By depravation of certain civil rights, such

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Sanger opposed abortion and sharply distinguished it from birth control. She believed that the latter is a fundamental right of women, and the former is a shameful crime. In 1916, when she opened her first birth control clinic, she was employing harsh rhetoric against abortion. Flyers she distributed

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This 1936 contraception court victory was the culmination of Sanger's birth control efforts, and she took the opportunity, now in her late 50s, to move to Tucson, Arizona, intending to play a less critical role in the birth control movement. In spite of her original intentions, she remained active in

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In 1930, Sanger opened a family planning clinic in Harlem that sought to enlist support for contraceptive use and to bring the benefits of family planning to women who were denied access to their city's health and social services. Staffed by a Black physician and a Black social worker, the clinic was

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in 1914. She feared the consequences of her writings, so she fled to Britain until public opinion had quieted. Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States. Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood, Sanger is frequently criticized

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In 1937, Sanger became chairman of the newly formed Birth Control Council of America, and attempted to resolve the schism between the ABCL and the BCCRB. Her efforts were successful, and the two organizations merged in 1939 as the Birth Control Federation of America. Although Sanger continued in the

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and a host of state laws. Seeking to help these women, Sanger visited public libraries, but was unable to find information on contraception. These problems were epitomized in a story that Sanger would later recount in her speeches: while Sanger was working as a nurse, she was called to the apartment

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program, and donated to the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda. Sanger believed that self-determining motherhood was the only unshakable foundation for racial betterment. Initially she advocated that the responsibility for birth control should remain with able-minded individual parents rather

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The ministers work is also important and also he should be trained, perhaps by the Federation as to our ideals and the goal that we hope to reach. We do not want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever

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After Sanger's appeal of her conviction for the Brownsville clinic secured a 1918 court ruling that exempted physicians from the law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptive information to women (provided it was prescribed for medical reason), she established the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB)

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Over the course of her career, Sanger was arrested at least eight times for expressing her views during an era in which speaking publicly about contraception was illegal. Numerous times in her career, local government officials prevented Sanger from speaking by shuttering a facility or threatening

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Sanger opposed excessive sexual indulgence. She wrote that "every normal man and woman has the power to control and direct his sexual impulse. Men and women who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual." Sanger said that birth control would elevate

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inspired by Sanger's visit went on to be significantly involved in the subsequent Chinese debates on birth control and eugenics. Sanger introduced Carbizone birth control tablets to China. During the visit, Sanger encouraged the use of female birth control in part because of her view that frequent

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led to poverty, famine and war. At the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian Conference in 1922, she was the first woman to chair a session. She organized the Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth-Control Conference that took place in New York in 1925. Over-population would remain a concern of

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from the snowbank in which she had been left—marks the beginning of Sanger's commitment to spare women from the pursuit of dangerous and illegal abortions. Sanger opposed abortion, but primarily as a societal ill and public health danger which would disappear if women were able to prevent unwanted

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she criticized certain charity organizations for providing free obstetric and immediate post-birth care to indigent women without also providing information about birth control nor any assistance in raising or educating the children. By such charities, she wrote, "The poor woman is taught how to

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and elevate sex away from an activity that was purely being engaged in for the purpose of satisfying lust, saying that birth control "denies that sex should be reduced to the position of sensual lust, or that woman should permit herself to be the instrument of its satisfaction." Sanger wrote that

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and opened the clinic, staffed with Black doctors, in 1930. The clinic was directed by a 15-member advisory board consisting of Black doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers. The clinic was publicized in the African American press as well as in Black churches, and it received the

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that the use of contraception would improve the "quality" of the Chinese people and resulted in many newspaper articles addressing the benefits and shortcomings of birth control. Also following Sanger's visit, a wide range of texts on birth control and population issues were imported into China.

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Given the connection between contraception and working-class empowerment, Sanger came to believe that only by liberating women from the risk of unwanted pregnancy would fundamental social change take place. She launched a campaign to challenge governmental censorship of contraceptive information

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While Sanger condemned abortion as a method of family limitation, she was not opposed to abortion intended to save a woman's life. Furthermore, in 1932, Sanger directed the Clinical Research Bureau to start referring patients to hospitals for therapeutic abortions when indicated by an examining

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role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic.

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In "The Morality of Birth Control", a 1921 speech, she divided society into three groups: the "educated and informed" class that regulated the size of their families, the "intelligent and responsible" who desired to control their families in spite of lacking the means or the knowledge, and the

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issued a ruling which allowed doctors to prescribe contraception. The publicity surrounding Sanger's arrest, trial, and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States and earned the support of numerous donors, who would provide her with funding and support for future endeavors.

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and was heavily influenced by it. While traveling in Europe in 1914, Sanger met Ellis. Influenced by Ellis, Sanger adopted his view of sexuality as a powerful, liberating force. This view provided another argument in favor of birth control, because it would enable women to fully enjoy sexual

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We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these

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Sanger invested a great deal of effort communicating with the general public. From 1916 onward, she frequently lectured (in churches, women's clubs, homes, and theaters) to workers, churchmen, liberals, socialists, scientists, and upper-class women. She once lectured on birth control to the

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in 1952, and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international women's health, family planning and birth control organization. Sanger was the organization's first president and served in that role until she was 80 years old. In the early 1950s, Sanger encouraged philanthropist

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autonomy for the able-minded, as well as compulsory segregation or sterilization for the "profoundly retarded". Sanger wrote, "we believe that the community could or should send to the lethal chamber the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unintelligent breeding." In

347:, to Irish Catholic parents—a "free-thinking" stonemason father, Michael Hennessey Higgins, and Anne Purcell Higgins. Michael had immigrated to the United States aged fourteen, joining the Army in the Civil War as a drummer aged fifteen. Upon leaving the army, he studied medicine and 289:, which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the U.S. She believed that, while abortion may be a viable option in life-threatening situations for the pregnant, it should generally be avoided. She considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them. 617:, the first of its kind in the United States. Nine days after the clinic opened, Sanger was arrested. Sanger's bail was set at $ 500, and she went back home. Sanger continued seeing some women in the clinic until the police came a second time. This time, Sanger and her sister, 856:

ceremony, in May 1966, Mrs. King read her husband's acceptance speech that praised Sanger, but first said her own words: "Because of dedication, her deep convictions, and for her suffering for what she believed in, I would like to say that I am proud to be a woman tonight."

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Sanger's political interests, her emerging feminism and her nursing experience all led her to write two series of columns on sex education which were titled "What Every Mother Should Know" (1911–12) and "What Every Girl Should Know" (1912–13) for the socialist magazine

516:, another challenge to anti-birth control laws. This 16-page pamphlet contained detailed and precise information and graphic descriptions of various contraceptive methods. In August 1914, Margaret Sanger was indicted for violating postal obscenity laws by sending 1140:, Associate Editor of NYU's Margaret Sanger Papers Project Peter C. Engelman noted that "Sanger quite effortlessly looked the other way when others spouted racist speech. She had no reservations about relying on flawed and overtly racist works to serve her own 447:

readers were outraged by them. Other readers, however, praised the series for its candor. One stated that the series contained "a purer morality than whole libraries full of hypocritical cant about modesty". Both were published in book form in 1916.

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as the right to vote? If punishment is not practicable, perhaps we can go the other way around and consider awards. If it is wise to pay farmers for not raising cotton or wheat, it may be equally wise to pay certain couples for not having children."

872:, an effort to deliver information about birth control to poor Black people. Sanger advised Gamble on the utility of hiring a Black physician for the Negro Project. She also advised him on the importance of reaching out to Black ministers, writing: 11508: 1160:"irresponsible and reckless people" whose religious scruples "prevent their exercising control over their numbers". Sanger concludes, "There is no doubt in the minds of all thinking people that the procreation of this group should be stopped." 266:. Sanger drew a sharp distinction between birth control and abortion, and was opposed to abortions throughout the bulk of her professional career, declining to participate in them as a nurse. Sanger remains a prominent figure in the American 749:

During the 1920s, Sanger received hundreds of thousands of letters, many of them written in desperation by women begging for information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Five hundred of these letters were compiled into the 1928 book,

362:. She married Michael in 1869. In 22 years, Anne Higgins conceived 18 times, giving birth to 11 live babies before dying aged 49. Sanger was the sixth of 11 surviving children, spending her early years in a bustling household. 915:

In 1929, Sanger formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in order to lobby for legislation to overturn restrictions on contraception. That effort failed to achieve success, so Sanger ordered a

400:, while her husband worked as an architect and a house painter. The couple became active in local socialist politics. She joined the Women's Committee of the New York Socialist party, took part in the labor actions of the 1302:, several Wonder Woman story lines were at least in part inspired by Sanger, like the character's involvement with different labor strikes and protests. Between (and including) 1953 and 1963, Sanger was nominated for the 1285:

Sanger has been recognized with several honors. Her speech "Children's Era", given in 1925, is listed as #81 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank). Sanger was an inspiration for

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relations without fear of unwanted pregnancy. Sanger also believed that sexuality, along with birth control, should be discussed with more candor, and praised Ellis for his efforts in this direction. She also blamed

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which were, in turn, based on a set of lectures Sanger gave to groups of Socialist party women in 1910–1911. Multiple editions published through the 1920s, by Max N. Maisel and Sincere Publishing, with the title

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that she had been distributing back in the United States. Diaphragms were generally unavailable in the United States, so Sanger and others began importing them from Europe, in defiance of United States law.

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in 1923 to exploit this loophole. The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, staffed entirely by female doctors and social workers. The clinic received extensive funding from

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Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1913, and the couple's divorce was finalized in 1921. In 1920–21, and intermittently until his death in 1946, she had a love affair with the English novelist

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Some countries in northwestern Europe had more liberal policies towards contraception than the United States at the time, and when Sanger visited a Dutch birth control clinic in 1915, she learned about

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from Japan in 1932, in order to provoke a decisive battle in the courts. The diaphragm was confiscated by the United States government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to

3005:, p. 185 This source identifies the source of Sanger's quote as: "Birth Control", Library of Congress collection of Sanger's papers: microfilm: reel 129: frame 12, April 1916. 1061:

was admired. During the early years of her activism, Sanger viewed birth control primarily as a free-speech issue, rather than as a feminist issue, and when she started publishing

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which banned dissemination of information about contraception. Though postal authorities suppressed five of its seven issues, Sanger continued publication, all the while preparing

1282:, a full-length graphic-novel biography of Sanger. In 2016, Sabrina Jones published the graphic novel "Our Lady of Birth Control: A Cartoonist's Encounter With Margaret Sanger." 5844: 1112:. She believed that they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit." She distinguished herself from other eugenicists, by writing "eugenists [ 7985: 7320: 5768: 246:, writer, and nurse. She popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the 7522: 5581: 1742: 1735: 7054: 8084: 7412: 1522: 1420: 12429: 11501: 8005: 1452: 1441: 309: 1194:

has argued that Sanger's anti-abortion stance contributed to the further stigmatization of abortion and impeded the growth of the broader reproductive rights movement.

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annually to honor "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights". The 1979 artwork

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in 1914, she did so with the express goal of provoking a legal challenge to the Comstock laws banning dissemination of information about contraception. In New York,

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In 1928, conflict within the birth control movement leadership led Sanger to resign as the president of the ABCL and take full control of the CRB, renaming it the

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New York University's Margaret Sanger Papers Project says that though the letter would have been meant to avoid the mistaken notion that the Negro Project was a

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Carey, Jane (November 1, 2012). "The Racial Imperatives of Sex: Birth Control and Eugenics in Britain, the United States and Australia in the Interwar Years".

1152:. Biographer Ellen Chesler commented: "Margaret Sanger was never herself a racist, but she lived in a profoundly bigoted society, and her failure to repudiate 312:, which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the 1482: 7775: 7376: 7268: 7024: 4502: 2447:

Although abortion may be resorted to in order to save the life of the mother, the practice of it merely for limitation of offspring is dangerous and vicious.

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for lack of information on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Access to contraceptive information was prohibited on grounds of obscenity by the 1873 federal

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which overturned an important provision of the Comstock laws which prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives. This court victory motivated the

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area. There is a Margaret Sanger Lane in Plattsburgh, New York and an Allée Margaret Sanger in Saint-Nazaire, France. There is a bust of Sanger in the

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In 1922, Sanger traveled to China. In China, she observed that the primary method of family planning was female infanticide, and she later worked with

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She wrote several books in the 1920s which had a nationwide impact in promoting the cause of birth control. Between 1920 and 1926, 567,000 copies of

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Caption at the bottom of this 1919 issue reads: "Must She Always Plead in Vain? 'You are a nurse—can you tell me? For the children's sake—help me!

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physician. She also advocated for birth control so that the pregnancies that led to therapeutic abortions could be prevented in the first place.

1038: 461: 8256: 7970: 7908: 4420: 12364: 2741: 8212: 8156: 7842: 7417: 7079: 6294: 5176: 1622: – Published monthly from February 1917 to 1940. Sanger was editor until 1929, when she resigned from the ABCL. Not to be confused with 987: 12424: 2896: 860:

From 1939 to 1942, Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role—alongside

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in 1941. Marston was influenced by early feminist thought while in college, and later formed a romantic relationship with Sanger's niece,

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among her staff, nor would she tolerate any refusal to work within interracial projects. Sanger's work with minorities earned praise from

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threatened to arrest her if she spoke. In response she stood on stage, silent, with a gag over her mouth, while her speech was read by

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In 1965, the case had struck down one of the remaining contraception-related Comstock laws in Connecticut and Massachusetts. However,

543:, under whose tutelage she sought not just to make sexual intercourse safer for women but more pleasurable. Around this time, she met 466: 12409: 12359: 12319: 8249: 4182: 1345: 5775: 3933: 3125: 986:, which legalized birth control in the United States. Sanger called herself an Episcopalian by religion and her funeral was held at 396:, the Sangers abandoned the suburbs for a new life in New York City. Margaret Sanger worked as a visiting nurse in the slums of the 7072: 667:(ABCL) in 1921 to enlarge her base of supporters to include the middle class. The founding principles of the ABCL were as follows: 247: 6714:. Vol. 3, no. 2. The New York Women's Publishing Company. pp. 11–12 – via The Margaret Sanger Papers Project. 5624: 5585: 12374: 12324: 11331: 11303: 10343: 7036: 6949: 4665:

The Struggle for Free Speech in the United States, 1872–1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations

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In July 2020, Planned Parenthood of Greater New York announced their intention to rename the Planned Parenthood headquarters on

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John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated five thousand dollars to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925.

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In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S., which led to her arrest for distributing information on

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During her work among working-class immigrant women, Sanger met women who underwent frequent childbirth, miscarriages and

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The number of letters is reported as "a quarter million", "over a million", or "hundreds of thousands" in various sources

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An Annotated Catalogue of the Edward C. Atwater Collection of American Popular Medicine and Health Reform, Vol. 2 (M–Z)

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Sanger's eugenics policies included an exclusionary immigration policy, free access to birth control methods, and full

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The Ku Klux Klan: History, Organization, Language, Influence and Activities of America's Most Notorious Secret Society

1324:. In 1976, she was inducted into the first class of the Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame. In 1993, the United States 12369: 11371: 10897: 10480: 6768: 5924: 5811: 5307: 5096: 5007: 4756: 3855: 3032: 2966: 2597: 1728: 1577: 8273: 7944: 5290:, saw contraception and abortion as being inextricably linked, and were calling for legalization of abortion. See 1479: 1321: 12414: 12329: 11014: 10642: 10619: 10030: 9493: 7095: 7021: 6930: 5746: 4506: 3996: 1984: 999: 812: 401: 11900: 7048: 253:

Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book

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Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement, 1910–1930: The Concept of Women's Sexual Autonomy

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Sanger also visited Korea and Japan. Sanger ultimately visited Japan six times, working with Japanese feminist

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By the standards of the day, Sanger's articles were extremely frank in their discussion of sexuality, and many

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in 1937 to adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a key component of medical school curriculums.

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Doctor Robinson and Saint Peter: How Dr. Robinson Entered the Heavenly Gates and Became St. Peter's Assistant

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Banned books: informal notes on some books banned for various reasons at various times and in various places

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Crucial, anonymous Rockefeller grants to the Clinical Research Bureau and support for population control.

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have her seventh child, when what she wants to know is how to avoid bringing into the world her eighth."

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unequivocally—especially when it was manifest among proponents of her cause—has haunted her ever since."

824: 5644: 4406: 3803: 2370: 1609: – Seven issues published monthly from March 1914 to August 1914. Sanger was publisher and editor. 1440: – Originally published 1916 by Max N. Maisel; 91 pages; also published in several later editions. 994:, next to her sister, Nan Higgins, and her second husband, Noah Slee. One of her surviving brothers was 609:

On October 16, 1916, Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 46 Amboy Street in the

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In 1948, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the

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and became convinced that they were a more effective means of contraception than the suppositories and

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needs." Sanger was supported by one of the most racist authors in America in the 1920s, the Klansman

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but ultimately became a stonecutter, chiseling-out angels, saints, and tombstones. Michael became an

30: 5693: 5541:"GCD :: Issue :: Our Lady of Birth Control: A Cartoonist's Encounter with Margaret Sanger" 3769: 2107: 681:

and his family, who continued to make anonymous donations to Sanger's causes in subsequent decades.

384:. Margaret would become a member of an Episcopal Church which would later hold her funeral service. 12349: 12164: 11163: 10862: 10574: 10470: 9443: 9347: 9046: 8930: 7532: 7517: 7366: 7212: 5833:

House, Kirk, "Steuben County People on the Maps of Two Worlds," Steuben Echoes 44:4, November 2018.

4354: 4329: 4316: 1431: 1419: – Originally published 1914 as a 16-page pamphlet; also published in several later editions. 1353: 969: 712: 551:

meeting. Stopes showed Sanger her writings and sought her advice about a chapter on contraception.

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During her 1914 trip to England, she was also profoundly influenced by the liberation theories of

11434: 11361: 11193: 9837: 9727: 9580: 9086: 8955: 8423: 7130: 7012: 5897: 5119: 3304: 1291: 1261: 1235: 982: 678: 380:), Margaret Sanger was able to bear three children, and the five settled down to a quiet life in 369:, before enrolling in 1900 at White Plains Hospital as a nurse probationer. In 1902, she married 7558: 6898: 6890: 4703:

Teaching America about sex: marriage guides and sex manuals from the late Victorians to Dr. Ruth

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helped refine her socioeconomic justifications for birth control. She shared their concern that

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American Women's Rights Movement: A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008

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The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 3: The Politics of Planned Parenthood, 1939–1966

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to establish a family planning clinic in Shanghai. Her visit fueled the belief among elites in

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campus, a room in Wellesley College's library, and Margaret Sanger Square in New York City's

1325: 1311: 1077:, and subsequently the League provided funding and advice to help Sanger with legal battles. 1015:

While researching information on contraception, Sanger read treatises on sexuality including

789: 610: 452: 316:. She died in 1966 and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement. 263: 9238: 12314: 12309: 11977: 11389: 11173: 11038: 11004: 10952: 10777: 10772: 10718: 10674: 10564: 10502: 10391: 10386: 10292: 9994: 9702: 9676: 9595: 9167: 8920: 8382: 8115: 8079: 7995: 7721: 7507: 7207: 7191: 6710: 6662:"The Call to Action: Margaret Sanger, the Brownsville Jewish Women, and Political Activism" 5724: 5283: 5184: 4190: 2654: 2648: 2478:

No one can doubt that there are times where an abortion is justifiable but they can become

1929: 1863: 1626:, published by the London-based Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress. 1563: 1498: 1082: 635: 10272: 6579: 5559: 3122: 2885:, p. 19, as pointing out that some materials on birth control were available in 1913. 1654:, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds.), University of Illinois Press, 2010 1647:, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds.), University of Illinois Press, 2007 1640:, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds.), University of Illinois Press, 2003 776:

leaders and professionals who saw a need for birth control in their communities. In 1929,

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documentary movie; supplementary material, PBS, American Experience (producers). Online.

1519: 1511: 1349: 1332:—where she provided birth-control services in New York in the mid-twentieth century—as a 1223: 1058: 945: 501: 267: 4038:"The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Upon Accepting the Planned Parenthood Sanger Award" 1494: 1469: 1401:

What Every Mother Should Know, or how six little children were taught the truth ...

738:

were sold. She also wrote two autobiographies designed to promote the cause. The first,

308:

advisory council, where African-American staff was later added. In 1929, she formed the

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The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 2: Birth Control Comes of Age, 1928–1939

1507: 1468: – May 1917, published to provide information to the court in a legal proceeding. 1360: 1191: 1074: 1070: 1057:

Sanger opposed censorship throughout her career. Sanger grew up in a home where orator

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In personal correspondence, she expressed her sadness about the aggressive and lethal

701:

use of condoms or the withdrawal method would cause men to develop nervous disorders.

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Margaret Sanger spent much of her 1914 exile in England, where contact with British

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Early in 1915, Margaret Sanger's estranged husband, William Sanger, gave a copy of

305: 2520:

Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace: American Jewish Women's Activism, 1890–1940

1950: – Legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health 1367:

frequently condemn Sanger by criticizing her views on birth control and eugenics.

500:, an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan " 12273: 12266: 12132: 12016: 12002: 11886: 11819: 11756: 11728: 11693: 11111: 10914: 10907: 10842: 10782: 10664: 10654: 10584: 10557: 10542: 10497: 10487: 10438: 10302: 10175: 10160: 10111: 10101: 9954: 9928: 9867: 9732: 9692: 9651: 9646: 9570: 9565: 9453: 9427: 9362: 9298: 9273: 9243: 9177: 9137: 9076: 9071: 9066: 8975: 8950: 8824: 8799: 8719: 8519: 8498: 8347: 8307: 8105: 8069: 8059: 7980: 7893: 7695: 7512: 7150: 7028: 7008: 6862: 6740: 6685: 6665: 6641: 6506: 6444: 6415: 6395: 6375: 6355: 6335: 6274: 6180: 6160: 6140: 6120: 6100: 6080: 5205: 5088:

The War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race

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History of the Corning-Painted Post area : 200 years in Painted Post country

1878: 1849: 1714: 1673: 1553: 1529: 1486: 1459: 1448: 1427: 1410: 1371: 1341: 1215: 1164: 1045:

and sexual reformers as members), and gave a speech to the group on the issue of

973: 865: 777: 532: 397: 286: 133: 121: 57: 7094: 6434:

Hale, Robert (April 11, 1925). "The child who was mother to a woman". Profiles.

6417:

Birth control on main street: organizing clinics in the United States, 1916–1939

5032:

Porter, Nicole S.; Bothne Nancy; Leonard, Jason (2008). Evans, Sophie J. (ed.).

3888:

Birth Control on Main Street: Organizing Clinics in the United States, 1916–1939

547:, who had run into Sanger after she had just given a talk on birth control at a 12238: 12210: 12196: 12192: 11942: 11921: 11907: 11858: 11612: 11605: 11556: 11096: 10882: 10819: 10804: 10787: 10745: 10547: 10428: 10282: 10277: 10241: 10116: 10035: 10020: 9979: 9903: 9857: 9666: 9615: 9590: 9483: 9463: 9367: 9223: 9218: 9172: 9056: 9051: 9041: 9031: 9015: 9000: 8995: 8980: 8970: 8965: 8869: 8854: 8849: 8774: 8769: 8667: 8397: 8357: 8352: 8089: 8044: 7888: 7878: 7806: 7801: 7584: 7553: 7402: 7361: 7253: 7176: 7166: 6567: 6464: 6209:

Profiles in Humanity: The Battle for Peace, Freedom, Equality, and Human Rights

5925:"I'm the Head of Planned Parenthood. We're Done Making Excuses for Our Founder" 5706: 4590:

Quotes from Sanger, "What Every Girl should know: Sexual Impulses Part II", in

4107: 3495: 1953: 1932: – American birth control activist and women's health educator (1910–2006) 1923: 1257: 1122: 1020: 794: 548: 540: 524: 421: 373: 156: 74: 6959: 6799: 4615:

When Sex Changed: Birth Control Politics and Literature between the World Wars

3717: 2672: 1689: 1657: 1310:

named her Humanist of the Year. In 1966, Planned Parenthood began issuing its

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Shone, Steve J. (2019). "Margaret Sanger: The Scientist of Human Salvation".

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Sanger, Margaret; Katz, Esther; Hajo, Cathy Moran; Engelman, Peter C (2003).

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When Sex Changed Birth Control Politics and Literature between the World Wars

6265: 6226: 6082:

War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race

5974: 5938: 5357:

Sex and Herbs and Birth Control: Women and Fertility Control Through the Ages

4738: 4530: 4232: 3696:

Reproductive realities in modern China: birth control and abortion, 1911–2021

3341:

Thinking Out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public and the Private

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These principles were adopted at the first meeting of the ABCL in late 1921.

2607: 2563: 2500:"Looking Uptown: Margaret Sanger and the Harlem Branch Birth Control Clinic" 1974:

They became estranged in 1913, but the divorce was not finalized until 1921.

1881: – Danish-born birth control advocate and radical socialist (1868–1952) 1638:

The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928

647: 12203: 12178: 12150: 12118: 12065: 12030: 11949: 11798: 11735: 11700: 11570: 11523: 11424: 10852: 10701: 10691: 10669: 10599: 10492: 10406: 10287: 10262: 10206: 10081: 10060: 10055: 10050: 9938: 9918: 9913: 9842: 9778: 9773: 9758: 9753: 9448: 9422: 9407: 9382: 9357: 9203: 9036: 8935: 8859: 8814: 8623: 8618: 8608: 8561: 8556: 8439: 8367: 8342: 8317: 8271: 7954: 7924: 7898: 7135: 7032: 6996: 6992: 6763:. Vol. V. 1: The Woman Rebel 1900–1928. University of Illinois Press. 6071: 5495: 5031: 4208: 1941: 1895: 1287: 1066: 1025: 886: 833: 781: 705: 589: 563: 544: 429: 377: 258: 243: 6854: 6559: 6067: 5625:"Her Past Unchained: 'The Secret History of Wonder Woman,' by Jill Lepore" 5278:

At this time several other prominent advocates for birth control, such as

4248: 1983:

The slogan "No Gods, No Masters" originated in a flyer distributed by the

520:

through the postal system. Rather than stand trial, she fled the country.

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Woman's body, woman's right: a social history of birth control in America

6162:

Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America

5491: 5082: 3964:"Martin Luther King 's Speech in Honor of WEB Dubois by Norman Markowitz" 3486: 3100:, Mineola, New York: Dover Printing Publications Inc., 2004, pp. 111–112. 2822:

Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America

2734: 1761: 1299: 1295: 1275: 1211: 1126: 1109: 1105: 1096: 861: 660: 618: 477: 473:

concluded that Sachs may have been "an imaginative, dramatic composite".

425: 376:, giving up her education. Suffering from consumption (recurring active 234:; September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966), also known as 218: 5540: 5522: 5500: 5470: 4035: 2108:"Political Attacks on Planned Parenthood Are a Threat to Women's Health" 1796:

Our Lady of Birth control: a Cartoonist's Encounter with Margaret Sanger

1539: 1490: 1466:

The Case for Birth Control: A Supplementary Brief and Statement of Facts

1320:

features a place setting for her. In 1981, Sanger was inducted into the

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9 Things You Should Know About Margaret Sanger TGC—The Gospel Coalition

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The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family

2441: 2175: 1141: 688: 490: 413: 348: 6295:"What Every Girl Should Know: The Birth Control Movement in the 1910s" 5422: 1686:"Margaret Sanger: A Register of Her Papers in the Library of Congress" 1678: 1514:, Robert L. Wolf, and Emma Sargent Russell. Published as issue 208 of 12217: 11742: 11143: 10962: 10532: 10413: 10221: 9605: 9352: 8789: 7975: 7623: 4573:

Margaret Sanger, "What Every Girl Should Know: Sexual Impulse—Part I"

3662: 2875:

Women's Periodicals in the United States: social and political issues

2722: 1153: 1081:

her hosts. In Boston in 1929, city officials under the leadership of

903: 370: 6838: 4224: 3162:, New York: Archives of Social History, 1976. Facsimile of original. 3103: 2154:

Benjamin, Hazel C. (January 1, 1938). "Lobbying for Birth Control".

2062:

Typical pro-life publications critical of Sanger include theologian

1616:, Vol. 1, No. 4, June 1914, 25, Margaret Sanger Microfilm, C16:0539. 467: 11893: 11668: 11009: 10762: 10396: 10366: 10216: 9661: 6981: 6977: 2328:"Planned Parenthood in N.Y. disavows Margaret Sanger over Eugenics" 2250:"Planned Parenthood in N.Y. Disavows Margaret Sanger Over Eugenics" 2167: 1907: 1904: – American feminist, activist, and theater artist (1894–1969) 614: 412:) and became involved with local intellectuals, left-wing artists, 275: 5523:"GCD :: Issue :: Woman Rebel: The Margaret Sanger Story" 5008:"American Rhetoric: Margaret Sanger—The Morality of Birth Control" 1148:, who was a founding member of the Board of Directors of Sanger's 1136:

While Sanger didn't explicitly traffic in racist language, in his

761: 742:, was published in 1931 and the second, more promotional version, 12287: 10681: 7335: 5868: 5000: 2068:

Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility

1944: – American pacifist and women's rights advocate (1872–1947) 1042: 841: 663:, Sanger shifted away from radical politics, and she founded the 633:

In February 1917, Sanger began publishing the monthly periodical

476:

This story—along with Sanger's 1904 rescue of her unwanted niece

352: 329: 141: 12259: 10321: 6508:

In the name of eugenics: genetics and the uses of human heredity

6337:

Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy the control of female fertility

4744:

In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity

2026:

Date of merger recorded as 1938 (not 1939) in: O'Conner, Karen,

1898: – Lithuanian-born anarchist, writer and orator (1869–1940) 1069:

introduced Sanger to members of the Free Speech League, such as

715:, marking the beginning of a schism that would last until 1938. 355:

and an activist for women's suffrage and free public education.

10976: 5874:

Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood

4421:"Margaret Sanger is Dead at 82; Led Campaign for Birth Control" 3752:

Cross Currents in the International Women's Movement, 1848–1948

1245:

Sanger's story also features in several biographies, including

957: 882: 785: 602: 493:. In 1922, she married her second husband, James Noah H. Slee. 301: 4180: 3584:, Vol. V, No. 12, December 1921, Margaret Sanger (ed.), p. 18. 3576:

The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference

2072:

Contraception and Catholicism: What the Church Teaches and Why

1798:. Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull Press, an imprint of Counterpoint. 907:

Sanger's Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau operated from

836:, and the Black community's elder statesman, W. E. B. Du Bois. 365:

Supported by her two older sisters, Margaret Higgins attended

11138: 6397:

Margaret Sanger: a biography of the champion of birth control

6102:

Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America

5997:"'Birth Control Review', Margaret Sanger Papers Project, NYU" 5318:

Abortion, Spontaneous and Induced: Medical and Social Aspects

4293:. Asteria.fivecolleges.edu. September 6, 1966. Archived from 4291:"'Biographical Note', Smith College, Margaret Sangers Papers" 4156:"Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project" 4081:"Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project" 2191:"The Anti-Abortion Movement and the Ghost of Margaret Sanger" 998:

player and Pennsylvania State University Head Football coach

6511:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 5582:"Margaret H Sanger—Women's Political Communication Archives" 4862: 4330:"MSPP > About > Birth Control Organizations > PPFA" 4262:"National Committee on Federal Legislation on Birth Control" 3574:"Birth control: What it is, How it works, What it will do", 12157: 11264:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

11070: 4377:, Herrick, John and Stuart, Paul (eds), SAGE, 2005, p. 323. 2537: 2276:"Margaret Sanger: Ambitious Feminist and Racist Eugenicist" 1033: 756: 508:, one of her goals was to provoke a legal challenge to the 310:

National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control

6825:

Valenza, Charles (1985), "Was Margaret Sanger a Racist?",

4645: 4465:, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 2004, p. 94. 4327: 1688:. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Archived from 811:. Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Archived from 799:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

6542:

The Margaret Sanger story and the fight for birth control

6527:

The Margaret Sanger Story and the Fight for Birth Control

3529: 2691: 1910: – Range of socio-political movements and ideologies 1679:

The Margaret Sanger Papers Project at New York University

1114: 5501:"Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story (1995)" 4874: 4719:

Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances

3178: 3078: 2752:(26). Boston: Universalist Publishing House: 804. 1935. 2302:"Eugenics and Birth Control | American Experience | PBS" 6479:

Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger

4683: 4480: 4396:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010, pp. 959–960. 4375:

Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America

4162:(28). Margaret Sanger Papers Project. November 14, 2002 4087:(28). Margaret Sanger Papers Project. November 14, 2002 3412: 3327:. Reading, Pennsylvania. September 22, 1915. p. 6. 3195: 3193: 2956: 2769: 2767: 2698:

Cooper, James L.; Cooper, Sheila McIsaac, eds. (1973).

1252:

Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger

6790:. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol. 135. 6758: 6687:

Divided Lives: American women in the twentieth century

6581:

Birth control politics in the United States, 1916-1945

5557: 4599: 4023: 3668: 3217: 3109: 3002: 2919: 2728: 2679: 2650:

Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century

1478:, 1920, Truth Publishing, foreword by Havelock Ellis. 6617:. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Reference. 4988: 4427: 4390:, Vern L. Bullough (ed.), ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp. 170–1. 4373:

Esser-Stuart, Joan E., "Margaret Higgins Sanger", in

3541: 2480:

unnecessary when care is taken to prevent conception.

2353:"Planned Parenthood's Reckoning with Margaret Sanger" 2043:

only applied to marital relationships. A later case,

1889: – 1995 television film directed by Paul Shapiro 780:, a Black social worker and the leader of New York's 274:

movements. Sanger has been criticized for supporting

51:

American birth control activist and nurse (1879–1966)

5745:. Tps.cr.nps.gov. September 14, 1993. Archived from 4503:"The Mike Wallace Interview, Guest: Margaret Sanger" 3864: 3784: 3597: 3205: 3190: 3019:

Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America

2764: 2637: 1938: – American cultural anthropologist (1901–1978) 1891:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1825: 6614:

Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook

5503:. IMDb (The Internet Movie Database). March 8, 1995 5192: 4895:

Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan

4773:"The Public Papers of Margaret Sanger: Web Edition" 4522:"What Every Girl Should Know: Sexual Impulses—Part 4513: 4443:. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. September 7, 1966 4386:Engelman, Peter, "McCormick, Katharine Dexter", in 4355:"MSPP / About Sanger / Birth Control Organizations" 2506:. No. #54. The Margaret Sanger Papers Project. 2088: 2028:

Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook

1222:Sanger's writings are curated by two universities: 343:Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins in 1879 in 12430:American Nurses Association Hall of Fame inductees 11528:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 6308:A History of the Birth Control Movement in America 6024: 5551: 5168: 5057: 5055: 4840:"MSPP / Newsletter / Newsletter #12 (Spring 1996)" 4563:, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books, 2003, p. 204. 4497: 4495: 4468: 4394:Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility 3636: 3591:, 2001 reprint edited by Michael W. Perry, p. 409. 3515: 3513: 3282:. Canada: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 80. 3148:Engelman, Peter C., "Margaret Sanger", article in 3075:Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of the Future pp. 178–80. 3016: 2699: 2140:. Canada: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 57. 1704:Correspondence between Sanger and McCormick, from 1264:. She is also the subject of the television films 1138:A History of the Birth Control Movement in America 56:For the clinical psychologist and researcher, see 6897:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 6446:Roe v. Wade: Protecting a Woman's Right to Choose 5471:"Portrait of a Rebel: The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger" 4798:"People & Events: Eugenics and Birth Control" 4594:, December 29, 1912; also in the subsequent book 4036:Planned Parenthood Federation of America (2004). 3491:"Birthright: What's next for Planned Parenthood?" 3041: 2131: 2129: 1032:women away from the position of being objects of 358:Anne accompanied her family to Canada during the 12301: 6609:"Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement" 4108:"Letter from Margaret Sanger to Dr. C.J. Gamble" 3158:Engelman cites facsimile edited by Alex Baskin, 2458: 2244: 2242: 1592:"Birth Control: A Parent's Problem or Women's?" 1430:(1917, 6th edition, Michigan State University); 642: 5696:. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on August 6, 2015. 5295:A Private Matter: RU486 and the Abortion Crisis 5232:A Private Matter: RU486 and the Abortion Crisis 5177:"The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda" 5120:"The Pivot of Civilization, by Margaret Sanger" 5052: 4721:Rutgers University Press, 2005, p. 213 (citing 4492: 3409:Margaret Sanger: Pioneer to the Future, p. 109. 3235: 3023:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2149: 2147: 1886:Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story 1875: – American anti-vice activist (1844–1915) 1506: – 1921, text of a debate between Sanger, 1271:Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story 1266:Portrait of a Rebel: The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger 1210:Margaret Sanger Square, at the intersection of 1039:British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology 877:occurs to any of their more rebellious members. 5806:. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 111. 5560:"Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank" 5216:– via The Margaret Sanger Papers Project 4534:– via The Margaret Sanger Papers Project 3748:, Stanford University Press, 1984, p. xxviii. 3643:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3254:The Public Lives of Charlotte and Marie Stopes 2543: 2126: 1630: 1133:, who took a racist view of inherited traits. 768:served on the board of Sanger's Harlem clinic. 713:Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB) 392:In 1911, after a fire destroyed their home in 11509: 10337: 8257: 7080: 5898:"Minority Anti-Abortion Movement Gains Steam" 5842: 4181:Margaret Sanger Papers Project (April 2010). 3299:. New York: R.R. Bowker Company. p. 65. 2621:Murphy, John Patrick Michael (January 2000). 2544:Dimitroff, Thomas P.; Janes, Lois S. (1991). 2497: 2239: 6664:, in Kaplan, Marion; Moore, Deborah (eds.), 6433: 5558:Michael E. Eidenmuller (February 13, 2009). 4285: 4283: 3804:""Motherhood in Bondage," #6, Winter 1993/4" 3635:Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). 3123:Margaret Sanger's "Deeds of Terrible Virtue" 3014: 2697: 2144: 1121:Sanger's view of eugenics was influenced by 558:to a representative of anti-vice politician 367:Claverack College and Hudson River Institute 6299:Cultural Compass at the Harry Ransom Center 5405:"Why Not Birth Control Clinics in America?" 5137: 4747:. University of California Press. pp. 4638:"The Child Who Was Mother to a Woman" from 4632: 4369:Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics 4275:Abortion: a documentary and reference guide 3993:Planned Parenthood Affiliates of New Jersey 3890:. University of Illinois Press. p. 85. 3634: 3626: 3458:"Mrs. Byrne pardoned; pledged to obey law;" 3139:, September/October 1998, Vol. 19/Number 5. 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2614: 1667:The Margaret Sanger Papers at Smith College 941:International Planned Parenthood Federation 576:Birth control movement in the United States 314:International Planned Parenthood Federation 15: 11516: 11502: 11299:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10344: 10330: 8264: 8250: 7087: 7073: 6864:A history of psychology: ideas and context 6438:. Vol. 1, no. 8. pp. 11–12. 6250:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. 5618: 5616: 5447:. Asteria.fivecolleges.edu. Archived from 4733: 4731: 3479: 3173:Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Vol. 1 2959:A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context 2952: 2950: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 1766:The Woman Rebel: the Margaret Sanger Story 1589:, 1916, New York (The Library of Congress) 1354:crater in the northern hemisphere of Venus 1041:(which contained a number of high-profile 988:St. Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church 73: 16: 12405:People associated with Planned Parenthood 12385:Members of the Socialist Party of America 11259:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 11249:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 7559:Polingaysi Qöyawayma (Elizabeth Q. White) 6860: 6683: 6670:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 6659: 6572:Margaret Sanger: pioneer of birth control 6442: 6247:Margaret Sanger: Rebel for Women's Rights 6098: 5923:Johnson, Alexis McGill (April 17, 2021). 5862: 5066:Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter 4790: 4280: 4160:Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter 4134:Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter 4085:Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter 3850:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. 3693: 2853: 2643: 2548:. Corning, N.Y.: Bookmarks. p. 240. 1683: 1413:(1921 edition, Michigan State University) 1290:, the comic-book character introduced by 1274:(1995). In 2013, the American cartoonist 1125:and other British eugenicists, including 1100:Her 1920 book endorsed negative eugenics. 1028:for the suppression of such discussions. 956:which was eventually sold under the name 892: 569: 12400:People from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York 7051:. National Women's History Museum. 2017. 6420:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 6353: 6304: 6292: 6211:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 6138: 5331: 4892: 4880: 4856: 4826: 4618:. Rutgers University Press. p. 63. 4062: 3535: 3418: 3337: 2894: 2849: 2845: 2153: 1205: 1095: 902: 885:campaign, detractors of Sanger, such as 801:(NAACP) and the editor of its magazine, 760: 757:Work with the African American community 646: 579: 328: 298:Planned Parenthood Federation of America 248:Planned Parenthood Federation of America 24:This is an accepted version of this page 12380:Industrial Workers of the World members 11304:Health departments in the United States 7055:Opposition claims about Margaret Sanger 6824: 6544:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1975. 6475: 6158: 6118: 5922: 5613: 5600: 5354: 5315: 4922:. McFarland & Company. p. 99. 4728: 4689: 4544: 4486: 4206: 3881: 3879: 3277: 3223: 3084: 3066:, at the Margaret Sanger Paper Project. 2947: 2941: 2895:Goldberg, Michelle (February 7, 2012). 2882: 2818: 2779: 2516: 2325: 2135: 2030:, p. 743. O'Conner cites Gordon (1976). 1572:. New York: Cooper Square Press. 1938. 1356:, takes its name from Margaret Sanger. 1250: 196: 1922; died 1943) 14: 12302: 11309:Council on Education for Public Health 6888: 6761:The selected papers of Margaret Sanger 6738: 6718: 6703: 6643:Margaret Sanger: her life in her words 6606: 6577: 6504: 6373: 6333: 6178: 6027:Woman Rebel. The Margaret Sanger Story 5803:Radical Walking Tours of New York City 5799: 5622: 5402: 5382:"The Pope's Position on Birth Control" 5379: 5255: 5222: 5198: 5174: 5143: 5091:. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. 4977: 4917: 4897:. Duke University Press. p. 270. 4868: 4852: 4822: 4737: 4667:, Psychology Press, 2008, pp. 100–102. 4651: 4520:Sanger, Margaret (December 29, 1912), 4519: 4106:Sanger, Margaret (December 10, 1939). 4105: 4017: 3845: 3763: 3547: 3485: 3432:"First woman in US given English dose" 3319:"Anthony Comstock Dies in His Crusade" 3292: 3280:Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of the Future 3184: 2861: 2702:The Roots of American Feminist Thought 2620: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2437:"The Pope's Position on Birth Control" 2434: 2188: 2138:Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of the Future 1382: 11792:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 11497: 11367:Professional degrees of public health 11274:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 10325: 10142: 9814: 9319: 8644: 8475: 8284: 8245: 8026: 7747: 7605: 7489: 7107: 7068: 6785: 6706:"Birth Control and Racial Betterment" 6540: 6524: 6272: 6206: 6105:, New York: Oxford University Press, 6078: 6045: 6022: 5964:, University Rochester Press, p. 299. 5380:Sanger, Margaret (January 27, 1932). 5291: 5228: 5146:"Birth Control and Racial Betterment" 5081: 4994: 4942: 4804:from the original on November 4, 2022 4611: 4202: 4200: 4189:. New York University. Archived from 4130:"The Demonization of Margaret Sanger" 4077:, The Margaret Sanger Papers Project 3870: 3790: 3746:Facing Two Ways: the story of my life 3739: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3615: 3603: 3563:, Random House Digital, 2007, p. 211. 3397: 3250: 3211: 3199: 3137:National Endowment for the Humanities 2937: 2925: 2773: 2685: 2435:Sanger, Margaret (January 27, 1932). 2094: 2053:holding to unmarried persons as well. 1926: – Spanish anarchist (1870–1917) 1914:History of women in the United States 1790: 1760: 1749: 1462:(1922 ed., Michigan State University) 852:; when he was not able to attend his 721:women's auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan 11464: 11357:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 7035:, September 21, 1957. Hosted at the 6639: 6482:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 6462: 6413: 6393: 6122:A Queer History of the United States 5890: 5876:. Fort Collins, CO: Ignatius Press. 5743:"National Historic Landmark Program" 5423:"NYU Sanger Papers Project web site" 5348: 5035:Public Policy Issues Research Trends 4586:A Queer History of the United States 4547:A Queer History of the United States 4505:. September 21, 1957. Archived from 4463:The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger 4264:. NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project 3885: 3876: 3150:Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 4 3098:The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger 3008: 2189:Cooper, Melinda (January 20, 2023). 1226:'s history department maintains the 1052: 828:(the powerful local newspaper), the 12425:American women nonprofit executives 11476: 10625:Workers' right to access the toilet 10466:Human right to water and sanitation 6471:, New York: Oxford University Press 6243: 6238:Margaret Sanger: Rebel With a Cause 5769:"Friends of the Library Newsletter" 5623:Garner, Dwight (October 23, 2014). 5445:"Smith College collection web site" 5199:Sanger, Margaret (March 27, 1934), 4725:, Planned Parenthood, 1991, p. 18). 4474: 4328:The Margaret Sanger Papers (2010). 4315:NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project 4068:Birth Control Federation of America 4029: 3578:, November 11, 12, 1921, pp. 207–8. 3519: 3366:"Margaret Sanger—20th Century Hero" 3152:, George R. Goethals, et al (eds), 3047: 2706:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 2653:. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 2570: 2408: 2392: 2376: 1956: – American writer (1878–1968) 1768:. Montréal: Drawn & Quarterly. 784:, asked Sanger to open a clinic in 48: 6861:Viney, Wayne; King, D. A. (2003), 6833:(1), Guttmacher Institute: 44–46, 6469:American National Biography Online 6049:Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion 5663:"Rockefeller 3d Wins Sanger Award" 5608:The Secret History of Wonder Woman 5144:Sanger, Margaret (February 1919). 4602:, pp. 41–5 (quotes on p. 45). 4317:"Birth Control Council of America" 4197: 4020:, pp. 150–4 Bigotry: p. 153. 3754:, Popular Press, 1999, pp. 163–67. 3674: 3240:. Secker and Warburg. p. 306. 2983:The Secret History of Wonder Woman 2957:Viney, Wayne; King, D. A. (2003). 2074:, Pauline Books & Media, 2013. 976:, aged 86, about a year after the 788:. Sanger secured funding from the 387: 49: 12441: 12365:American women's rights activists 10898:Commercial determinants of health 10351: 8424:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 6969:Works by or about Margaret Sanger 6924: 6895:Reader's Guide to Women's Studies 6882: 6646:, Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books, 6031:. Montreal: Drawn and Quarterly. 5872:; Donovan, Chuck (October 1991). 5843:Lauren Hodges (August 27, 2015). 5671:. October 9, 1967. Archived from 5201:"America Needs a Code for Babies" 4705:, NYU Press, 1999, p. 53 (citing 3989:"The Truth about Margaret Sanger" 3694:Rodriguez, Sarah Mellors (2023). 3344:. Random House Publishing Group. 2760:– via Google Books snippet. 2675:– via Google Books preview. 2589:Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography 2326:Stewart, Nikita (July 21, 2020). 1754: 1532:(1921, Michigan State University) 948:to provide funding for biologist 809:"The Truth about Margaret Sanger" 744:Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography 485:through confrontational actions. 12410:Presidents of Planned Parenthood 12360:American people of Irish descent 12320:American birth control activists 11475: 11463: 11452: 11451: 10481:National public health institute 6985: 6742:Autobiography of Margaret Sanger 6165:, New York: Simon and Schuster, 6085:, Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 5989: 5967: 5952: 5916: 5836: 5827: 5793: 5761: 5735: 5717: 5699: 5687: 5655: 5637: 5574: 5533: 5515: 5481: 5463: 5437: 5415: 5396: 5373: 5272: 5249: 5112: 5075: 4971: 4936: 4911: 4886: 4846: 4832: 4816: 4765: 4695: 4670: 4657: 4605: 4578: 4566: 4553: 4538: 4455: 4413: 4399: 4380: 4361: 4347: 4321: 4309: 4267: 4255: 2897:"Awakenings: On Margaret Sanger" 2825:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2056: 2033: 2020: 1919:List of women's rights activists 1856: 1842: 1828: 932:the movement through the 1950s. 416:and social activists, including 172: 10878:Open-source healthcare software 10620:Sociology of health and illness 9494:Harriet Williams Russell Strong 6015: 5977:. Hdl.loc.gov. December 1, 1931 5774:. Wellesley.edu. Archived from 5403:Sanger, Margaret (March 1919). 5336:. Eugenics Publishing Company. 4701:Melody, Michael Edward (1999), 4209:"Was Margaret Sanger a racist?" 4174: 4148: 4122: 4099: 4056: 4011: 3981: 3956: 3926: 3894: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3796: 3757: 3733: 3724: 3609: 3566: 3553: 3450: 3424: 3403: 3386: 3358: 3331: 3311: 3286: 3271: 3244: 3229: 3165: 3142: 3115: 3090: 3069: 3053: 2995: 2975: 2931: 2888: 2877:, p. 448; Endres cites Sanger, 2867: 2839: 2523:. NYU Press. pp. 137–138. 2510: 2491: 2452: 2428: 2402: 2345: 2319: 2294: 2217:"Margaret Sanger — Our Founder" 2007: 2004:was published in February 1917. 1994: 1977: 1729:"The Morality of Birth Control" 536:hers for the rest of her life. 402:Industrial Workers of the World 193: 168: 12375:American free speech activists 12325:American democratic socialists 11669:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 11239:Caribbean Public Health Agency 11051:Sexually transmitted infection 10948:Statistical hypothesis testing 10709:Occupational safety and health 10610:Sexual and reproductive health 10523:Occupational safety and health 9173:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose 6893:. In Amico, Eleanor B. (ed.). 6529:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 6311:. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. 5960:Hoolihan, Christopher (2004), 5316:Taussig, Frederick J. (1936). 4676:"Every Child a Wanted Child", 3934:"NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois" 3808:Margaret Sanger Papers Project 2411:"Abortion in American History" 2268: 2209: 2182: 2100: 1968: 1684:McElderry, Michael J. (1976). 1600: 1228:Margaret Sanger Papers Project 13: 1: 12395:People from Greenwich Village 12390:People from Corning, New York 12345:American nonprofit executives 11535:Leaders & revolutionaries 10893:Social determinants of health 10143: 9815: 9320: 8645: 8476: 8285: 8274:National Women's Hall of Fame 7187:Frances Lillian Willard Munds 6357:The essential feminist reader 6340:, Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 5975:"The fight for birth control" 5729:National Women's Hall of Fame 5332:Robinson, William J. (1931). 5298:. Prometheus Books. pp. 5038:. Nova Science. p. 126. 4893:Chalmers, David Mark (1986). 4392:Marc A. Fritz, Leon Speroff, 4388:Encyclopedia of Birth Control 3698:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 3561:The essential feminist reader 3438:. January 27, 1917. p. 1 3064:G. Wells and Margaret Sanger" 3015:Streitmatter, Rodger (2001). 2718:– via Internet Archive. 2498:Wangui Muigai (Spring 2010). 2081: 1389:What Every Mother Should Know 1322:National Women's Hall of Fame 1308:American Humanist Association 1150:American Birth Control League 996:College Football Hall of Fame 665:American Birth Control League 643:American Birth Control League 334: 324: 294:American Birth Control League 12420:American socialist feminists 10953:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 10714:Human factors and ergonomics 9520:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis 7986:Sharon Harper (Ethnographer) 7904:Christine Kajikawa Wilkinson 7096:Arizona Women's Hall of Fame 6950:Resources in other libraries 6827:Family Planning Perspectives 6745:, City: Dover Publications, 6684:Rosenberg, Rosalind (2008), 6611:. In O'Connor, Karen (ed.). 6584:. Cornell University Press. 6360:, New York: Modern Library, 6279:, Rutgers University Press, 6099:Blanchard, Margaret (1992), 5355:Koblitz, Ann Hibner (2014). 5062:"The Sanger-Hitler Equation" 4957:10.1080/09612025.2012.658180 4680:, September 16, 1966, p. 96. 4612:Craig, Layne Parish (2013). 4549:. Beacon Press. p. 100. 4213:Family Planning Perspectives 3632:Chesler, pp. 277, 293, 558. 2517:Klapper, Melissa R. (2014). 2156:The Public Opinion Quarterly 1989:1912 Lawrence textile strike 1019:by the English psychologist 1010: 926:American Medical Association 672:conditions can be satisfied. 588:, 1917 edition, describes a 406:1912 Lawrence textile strike 333:With sons Grant and Stuart, 292:In 1921, Sanger founded the 7: 11134:Good manufacturing practice 10938:Randomized controlled trial 9703:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright 9107:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 7681:Lucretia Breazeale Hamilton 7126:Mary-Russell Ferrell Colton 6984:(public domain audiobooks) 6867:, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 6690:, New York: Hill and Wang, 6052:. New York: Hill and Wang. 5425:. Nyu.edu. February 7, 2007 4984:. pp. 26, 50, 74, 100. 4596:What Every Girl Should Know 4187:News & Sanger Sightings 3772:. Nyu.edu. October 18, 2005 3621:The Selected Papers, Vol. 2 3375:. p. 8. Archived from 3060:"The Passionate Friends: H. 2961:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 2070:, McFarland, 2005, and her 1821: 1721: 1631:Collections and anthologies 1542:(1922, Project Gutenberg); 1438:What Every Girl Should Know 1359:Due to her connection with 1184: 1091: 510:federal anti-obscenity laws 10: 12446: 11686:Artists & entertainers 11204:Theory of planned behavior 11129:Good agricultural practice 11034:Public health surveillance 10926:epidemiological statistics 10570:Public health intervention 9259:Katharine Dexter McCormick 8557:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones 8085:Catherine Steele (Arizona) 7413:Hallie Bost Wright Hopkins 7316:Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter 6660:Rosenbaum, Judith (2011), 6354:Freedman, Estelle (2007), 5258:My Fight for Birth Control 4715:, Villard. 1993, p. 285). 4663:Wood, Janice Ruth (2008), 4598:, pp. 40–48; reprinted in 4435:"Margaret Sanger obituary" 3886:Hajo, Cathy Moran (2010). 3836:500 letters: Cohen, p. 65. 3700:Cambridge University Press 3293:Haight, Anne Lyon (1935). 3128:December 29, 2010, at the 2881:, pp. 95–96. Endres cites 2280:Woman is a Rational Animal 1713:February 28, 2017, at the 1560:My Fight for Birth Control 1528:September 2, 2022, at the 1458:September 2, 2022, at the 1447:September 2, 2022, at the 1426:September 2, 2022, at the 1409:September 2, 2022, at the 1334:National Historic Landmark 1087:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. 896: 740:My Fight for Birth Control 708:to promote birth control. 573: 55: 12142: 11988:Scientists & thinkers 11987: 11836: 11685: 11534: 11447: 11382: 11341: 11326:World Toilet Organization 11321:World Health Organization 11228: 11217: 11154: 11079: 10995: 10923: 10888:Public health informatics 10828: 10633: 10595:Right to rest and leisure 10424:Globalization and disease 10359: 10250: 10194: 10153: 10149: 10138: 10069: 10008: 9947: 9891: 9825: 9821: 9810: 9741: 9685: 9624: 9553: 9512: 9436: 9330: 9326: 9315: 9191: 9125: 9117:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 9024: 8888: 8702: 8686: 8655: 8651: 8640: 8596: 8570: 8549: 8528: 8507: 8486: 8482: 8471: 8432: 8406: 8295: 8291: 8280: 8180: 8139: 8098: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8022: 8006:Barbara Rodriguez Mundell 7963: 7917: 7871: 7830: 7794: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7743: 7704: 7668: 7637: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7601: 7577: 7541: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7485: 7436: 7395: 7354: 7321:Helen Congdon D'Autremont 7308: 7277: 7241: 7200: 7159: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7103: 6945:Resources in your library 6889:Dinger, Sandi L. (1998). 6800:10.1163/9789004393226_010 6739:Sanger, Margaret (1938), 6722:The Pivot of Civilization 6719:Sanger, Margaret (1922), 6704:Sanger, Margaret (1919). 6667:Gender and Jewish history 6578:McCann, Carole R (1994). 6443:Hitchcock, Susan (2008), 6293:Dietrich, Alicia (2010), 6179:Coates, Patricia (2008), 6145:, Boston: Branden Books, 6119:Bronski, Michael (2011), 5904:. NPR. September 24, 2007 5260:. Farrar & Rinehart. 5256:Sanger, Margaret (1931). 5175:Sanger, Margaret (1921). 5107:The Pivot of Civilization 4978:Sanger, Margaret (1922). 4561:The Pivot of Civilization 4545:Bronski, Michael (2011). 4073:December 1, 2008, at the 3846:Sanger, Margaret (2000). 3354:– via Google Books. 3267:– via Google Books. 3251:Green, Stephanie (2015). 2742:"The Universalist Leader" 2586:Sanger, Margaret (1938). 2459:Sanger, Margaret (1917). 2357:www.plannedparenthood.org 1536:The Pivot of Civilization 1346:National Portrait Gallery 1201: 1170:The Pivot of Civilization 830:Abyssinian Baptist Church 806:From Planned Parenthood: 746:, was published in 1938. 736:The Pivot of Civilization 627:New York Court of Appeals 496:In 1914, Sanger launched 410:1913 Paterson silk strike 296:, which later became the 214: 206: 147: 129: 110: 84: 72: 65: 12370:Claverack College alumni 11372:Schools of public health 11164:Diffusion of innovations 10863:Health impact assessment 10575:Public health laboratory 10471:Management of depression 9348:Marjory Stoneman Douglas 9158:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay 8931:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 8065:Gracia Liliana Fernandez 7533:Florence Brookhart Yount 7528:Minnie McFarland Stevens 7518:Josephine Brawley Hughes 7367:Ann-Eve Mansfeld Johnson 7213:Angela Hutchinson Hammer 6993:Works by Margaret Sanger 6978:Works by Margaret Sanger 6960:Works by Margaret Sanger 6725:, New York: Brentano's, 6525:Lader, Lawrence (1955). 6305:Engelman, Peter (2011). 6125:, Boston: Beacon Press, 5707:"Brooklyn Museum: About" 5292:Lader, Lawrence (1995). 5229:Lader, Lawrence (1995). 4981:The Birth Control Review 4918:Newton, Michael (2007). 4642:, April 11, 1925, p. 11. 4277:, ABC-CLIO, 2008, p. 29. 4110:. Letter to C. J. Gamble 3582:The Birth Control Review 3236:Greer, Germaine (1984). 1961: 1658:Works by Margaret Sanger 1594:The Birth Control Review 1377: 1348:, which was a gift from 1005: 980:'s landmark decision in 970:congestive heart failure 963: 840:Sanger did not tolerate 797:, the co-founder of the 611:Brownsville neighborhood 584:This page from Sanger's 529:Charles Vickery Drysdale 31:latest accepted revision 11435:Social hygiene movement 11362:Doctor of Public Health 11194:Social cognitive theory 10996:Infectious and epidemic 10778:Fecal–oral transmission 9838:Dorothy Harrison Eustis 9728:Catherine Filene Shouse 9581:Patricia Roberts Harris 9219:Mary Steichen Calderone 9087:Lillian Moller Gilbreth 8956:Frances Wisebart Jacobs 8760:Martha Wright Griffiths 7362:Eulalia "Sister" Bourne 7249:Rachel Emma Allen Berry 7131:Cordelia Adams Crawford 7013:Sophia Smith Collection 6607:McCann, Carole (2010). 6505:Kevles, Daniel (1985), 6476:Kennedy, David (1970). 6394:Gray, Madeline (1979), 6334:Franks, Angela (2005), 6159:Chesler, Ellen (2007), 6139:Buchanan, Paul (2009), 3750:D'Itri, Patricia Ward, 3393:Selected Papers, vol. 1 3338:Quindlen, Anna (2010). 3278:Douglas, Emily (1970). 2819:Chesler, Ellen (1992). 2746:The Universalist Leader 2136:Douglas, Emily (1970). 1587:Fight for Birth Control 1504:Debate on Birth Control 1485:March 13, 2007, at the 1306:31 times. In 1957, the 1262:John Gilmary Shea Prize 1236:Sophia Smith Collection 983:Griswold v. Connecticut 725:Silver Lake, New Jersey 679:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 404:(including the notable 319: 232:Margaret Louise Higgins 228:Margaret Higgins Sanger 89:Margaret Louise Higgins 12415:American sex educators 12330:American Episcopalians 11599:Martin Luther King Jr. 11430:Germ theory of disease 11209:Transtheoretical model 9784:Rebecca Talbot Perkins 9279:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 9143:Frances Xavier Cabrini 9057:Elizabeth Hanford Dole 8835:Ellen Swallow Richards 8805:Constance Baker Motley 8455:Elizabeth Bayley Seton 8388:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 8167:Victoria Mary Stephens 8111:Armida Guerena Bittner 7853:Louise Foucar Marshall 7817:Jacque Yelland Steiner 7444:Guess Eleanor Birchett 7408:Josephine W. Goldwater 7141:Isabella Greenway King 7098:– by year of induction 7027:April 8, 2019, at the 7002:Margaret Sanger Papers 6400:, New York: R. Marek, 6380:, New York: Grossman, 6374:Gordon, Linda (1976), 6207:Cohen, Warren (2009). 5800:Kayton, Bruce (2003). 5068:, #32, Winter 2002/3. 4945:Women's History Review 3559:Freedman, Estelle B., 2228:. 2016. Archived from 2197:. No. Winter 2023 1743:"Woman and the Future" 1489:(Harvard University); 1476:Woman and the New Race 1338:Stony Brook University 1330:Margaret Sanger Clinic 1312:Margaret Sanger Awards 1240:Margaret Sanger Papers 1219: 1101: 990:. Sanger is buried in 912: 909:this New York building 893:Planned Parenthood era 879: 850:Martin Luther King Jr. 838: 769: 752:Motherhood in Bondage. 732:Woman and the New Race 674: 656: 593: 570:Birth control movement 453:self-induced abortions 340: 12355:American women nurses 11837:Builders & titans 11641:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11314:Public Health Service 11199:Social norms approach 11189:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 10635:Preventive healthcare 10528:Pharmaceutical policy 10377:Chief Medical Officer 10298:Anna Wessels Williams 9985:Carlotta Walls LaNier 9718:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross 9576:Martha Matilda Harper 9540:Mary Engle Pennington 9378:Frances Oldham Kelsey 9163:Anne Morrow Lindbergh 8916:Jane Cunningham Croly 8845:Katherine Siva Saubel 8740:Marian Wright Edelman 8663:Margaret Bourke-White 8588:Harriet Beecher Stowe 8208:Octaviana J. Trujillo 8131:Gerda Weissmann Klein 7822:Dorothy Elaine Powell 7766:Helene Thomas Bennett 7727:Sister Kathleen Clark 7554:Margaret Taylor Hance 7549:Margaret Bell Douglas 7382:Hattie Greene Lockett 7300:Louisa Wade Wetherill 7007:May 27, 2011, at the 6640:Reed, Miriam (2003), 6463:Katz, Esther (2000), 6449:, New York: Chelsea, 6273:Craig, Layne (2013), 6079:Black, Edwin (2012), 6023:Bagge, Peter (2013). 5645:"Nomination Database" 5359:. Kovalevskaia Fund. 5072:Department of History 4871:, pp. 13, 16–21. 4723:A Tradition of Choice 4588:, Beacon Press, 2011. 4297:on September 12, 2006 3848:Motherhood in bondage 3589:Pivot of Civilization 3489:(November 14, 2011). 2873:Endres, Kathleen L., 2049:(1972), extended the 1672:May 27, 2011, at the 1564:Farrar & Rinehart 1550:Motherhood in Bondage 1493:(Project Gutenberg); 1326:National Park Service 1209: 1099: 1017:The Psychology of Sex 922:a 1936 court decision 906: 874: 854:Margaret Sanger award 819: 790:Julius Rosenwald Fund 764: 693:Nationalist-era China 669: 651:Sanger published the 650: 583: 382:Westchester, New York 332: 264:opponents of abortion 12335:American eugenicists 11978:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 11390:Sara Josephine Baker 11289:Public Health Agency 11174:Health communication 11039:Disease surveillance 11005:Asymptomatic carrier 10987:Statistical software 10675:Preventive nutrition 10503:Medical anthropology 10392:Environmental health 9995:Mary Harriman Rumsey 9833:St. Katharine Drexel 9677:Mary Burnett Talbert 9672:Blanche Stuart Scott 9657:Mother Marianne Cope 9637:Ruth Fulton Benedict 9596:Mildred Robbins Leet 9294:Angelina Grimké Weld 9168:Maria Goeppert Mayer 9138:Charlotte Anne Bunch 8715:Antoinette Blackwell 8694:Gertrude Belle Elion 8624:Ida B. Wells-Barnett 8393:Helen Brooke Taussig 8383:Margaret Chase Smith 8080:Karrin Taylor Robson 7996:Cindy Hensley McCain 7940:Margaret Injasoulian 7722:C. Louise Boehringer 7655:Winona E. Montgomery 7564:Margaret Sanger Slee 7508:Clara Osborne Botzum 7464:Elizabeth S. Oldaker 7208:Mary Bernard Aguirre 7192:Placida Garcia Smith 6794:. pp. 239–262. 6711:Birth Control Review 6566:Lader, Lawrence and 6414:Hajo, Cathy (2010), 6046:Baker, Jean (2011). 5588:on November 18, 2016 5488:Choices of the Heart 5284:Frederick J. Taussig 5235:. Prometheus Books. 5185:Birth Control Review 5150:Birth Control Review 5105:Sanger's quote from 5012:Americanrhetoric.com 4575:, December 22, 1912. 4207:Valenza, C. (1985). 4193:on November 2, 2011. 3968:Politicalaffairs.net 3902:"Duboishomesite.org" 2282:. September 21, 2022 2002:Birth Control Review 1930:Mabel Sine Wadsworth 1864:United States portal 1736:"The Children's Era" 1620:Birth Control Review 1546:(1922, Google Books) 1499:Audio on Archive.org 1497:(Internet Archive); 653:Birth Control Review 636:Birth Control Review 287:back-alley abortions 236:Margaret Sanger Slee 171: 1902; 12126:Ludwig Wittgenstein 12073:John Maynard Keynes 11845:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 11400:Carl Rogers Darnall 11395:Samuel Jay Crumbine 11169:Health belief model 11022:Notifiable diseases 10958:Regression analysis 10793:Waterborne diseases 10382:Cultural competence 10212:Rebecca S. Halstead 10186:Mary Church Terrell 9873:Barbara A. Mikulski 9601:Patsy Takemoto Mink 9586:Stephanie L. Kwolek 9525:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 9499:Emily Howell Warner 9444:Dorothy H. Andersen 9418:Annie Dodge Wauneka 9413:Mary Edwards Walker 9338:Faye Glenn Abdellah 9269:Edith Nourse Rogers 9249:Shirley Ann Jackson 9224:Mary Ann Shadd Cary 9102:Sandra Day O'Connor 9082:Matilda Joslyn Gage 8678:Florence B. Seibert 8515:Carrie Chapman Catt 8445:Juliette Gordon Low 8328:Elizabeth Blackwell 8323:Mary McLeod Bethune 8223:Diana Yazzie Devine 7776:Pauline Bates Brown 7650:Louise Lincoln Kerr 7629:Annie Dodge Wauneka 7624:Mary Elizabeth Post 7454:Jessie Benton Evans 7377:Jessie Harper Linde 7290:Sarah Herring Sorin 7269:Carmen Soto Vasquez 7259:Sallie Davis Hayden 7223:Edith Stratton Kitt 7182:Maie Bartlett Heard 7037:Harry Ransom Center 6244:Cox, Vicki (2005). 5870:Marshall, Robert G. 5675:on November 6, 2012 5562:. American Rhetoric 5288:William J. Robinson 5070:New York University 4654:, pp. 750–751. 2907:on December 5, 2019 2645:Rosenberg, Rosalind 2235:on October 2, 2019. 2112:Scientific American 2046:Eisenstadt v. Baird 2000:The first issue of 1948:Reproductive rights 1552:, 1928, Brentanos. 1538:, 1922, Brentanos. 1520:Haldeman-Julius Co. 1512:George Bernard Shaw 1383:Books and pamphlets 1350:Cordelia Scaife May 1224:New York University 946:Katharine McCormick 772:Sanger worked with 502:No Gods, No Masters 268:reproductive rights 21:Page version status 12340:American humanists 12246:Emmeline Pankhurst 12165:Lady Diana Spencer 12143:Heroes & icons 11929:Charles E. Merrill 11648:Theodore Roosevelt 10998:disease prevention 10933:Case–control study 10605:Security of person 10454:Health care reform 10171:Barbara Rose Johns 10122:Flossie Wong-Staal 10097:Nicole Malachowski 10026:Lorraine Hansberry 9970:Marcia Greenberger 9924:Mary Joseph Rogers 9863:Coretta Scott King 9848:Abby Kelley Foster 9764:Susan Kelly-Dreiss 9652:Rita Rossi Colwell 9428:Frances E. Willard 9264:Rozanne L. Ridgway 9214:Lydia Moss Bradley 9199:Madeleine Albright 9092:Nannerl O. Keohane 9062:Anne Dallas Dudley 8991:Betty Bone Schiess 8961:Susette La Flesche 8946:Zora Neale Hurston 8941:Helen LaKelly Hunt 8865:Madam C. J. Walker 8780:Mary Putnam Jacobi 8730:Jacqueline Cochran 8710:Ethel Percy Andrus 8578:Barbara McClintock 7812:Helen Sekaquaptewa 7781:Jean Maddock Clark 7717:Katharine Bartlett 7691:Patricia Ann McGee 7326:Minnie K. Guenther 7059:Planned Parenthood 6891:"Sanger, Margaret" 6465:"Sanger, Margaret" 6191:Edwin Mellen Press 6187:Lewiston, New York 5930:The New York Times 5725:"Sanger, Margaret" 5711:Brooklynmuseum.org 5668:The New York Times 5630:The New York Times 4600:Sanger et al. 2003 4584:Bronski, Michael, 4559:Sanger, Margaret, 4461:Sanger, Margaret, 4024:Sanger et al. 2003 3914:on August 23, 2016 3669:Sanger et al. 2003 3618:, pp. 196–97 3467:. February 2, 1917 3373:Planned Parenthood 3187:, pp. 750–51. 3110:Sanger et al. 2003 3096:Sanger, Margaret, 3003:Sanger et al. 2003 2940:, pp. 49–51; 2729:Sanger et al. 2003 2486:cure for abortion. 2332:The New York Times 2254:The New York Times 2225:Planned Parenthood 1794:, Sabrina (2016). 1750:In popular culture 1741:Sanger, Margaret, 1734:Sanger, Margaret, 1727:Sanger, Margaret, 1650:Sanger, Margaret, 1643:Sanger, Margaret, 1636:Sanger, Margaret, 1624:Birth Control News 1562:, 1931, New York: 1510:, Winter Russell, 1508:Theodore Roosevelt 1472:(Internet Archive) 1361:Planned Parenthood 1220: 1192:Ann Hibner Koblitz 1102: 1075:Theodore Schroeder 1071:Edward Bliss Foote 992:Fishkill, New York 978:U.S. Supreme Court 954:birth control pill 913: 911:from 1930 to 1973. 899:Planned Parenthood 825:The Amsterdam News 815:on March 17, 2010. 770: 657: 655:from 1917 to 1929. 623:Frederick E. Crane 594: 394:Hastings-on-Hudson 341: 238:, was an American 183:James Noah H. Slee 99:September 14, 1879 27: 12297: 12296: 12225:Charles Lindbergh 12158:The American G.I. 12052:Robert H. Goddard 12038:Alexander Fleming 11662:Margaret Thatcher 11634:Eleanor Roosevelt 11592:Ruhollah Khomeini 11585:Pope John Paul II 11564:Mikhail Gorbachev 11550:Winston Churchill 11491: 11490: 11443: 11442: 11353:Higher education 11184:Positive deviance 11179:Health psychology 11155:Health behavioral 11082:safety management 11056:Social distancing 10830:Population health 10810:Smoking cessation 10758:Pharmacovigilance 10729:Injury prevention 10697:Infection control 10615:Social psychology 10565:Prisoners' rights 10508:Medical sociology 10476:Public health law 10372:Biological hazard 10319: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10273:Kimberlé Crenshaw 10268:Elouise P. Cobell 10232:Katherine Johnson 10202:Octavia E. Butler 10134: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10041:Clare Boothe Luce 9853:Helen Murray Free 9806: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9667:Patricia A. Locke 9632:Florence E. Allen 9616:Sheila E. Widnall 9561:Linda G. Alvarado 9545:Mercy Otis Warren 9504:Victoria Woodhull 9489:Barbara Holdridge 9484:Beatrice A. Hicks 9459:Lydia Maria Child 9373:Leontine T. Kelly 9311: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9133:Louisa May Alcott 9047:Mary Breckinridge 8926:Geraldine Ferraro 8911:Annie Jump Cannon 8636: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8373:Eleanor Roosevelt 8272:Inductees to the 8239: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8013: 7950:Bridgie M. Porter 7884:Sister Clare Dunn 7848:Lorraine W. Frank 7771:Alice M. Birdsall 7739: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7676:Jessie Gray Bevan 7597: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7523:Elizabeth Shannon 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7449:Polly Hicks Brown 7228:Amy Cornwall Neal 7146:Lorna E. Lockwood 7049:"Margaret Sanger" 6964:Project Gutenberg 6931:Library resources 6874:978-0-205-33582-4 6809:978-90-04-39045-4 6752:978-0-486-12083-6 6732:978-0-8277-2004-6 6697:978-0-8090-1631-0 6677:978-0-253-22263-3 6653:978-1-56980-255-7 6624:978-1-84972-763-1 6591:978-0-8014-8612-8 6551:978-0-8371-7076-3 6518:978-0-520-05763-0 6489:978-0-300-01202-6 6456:978-1-4381-0342-6 6427:978-0-252-07725-8 6407:978-0-399-90019-8 6387:978-0-670-77817-1 6367:978-0-8129-7460-7 6347:978-0-7864-5404-4 6318:978-0-313-36510-2 6286:978-0-8135-6212-4 6257:978-1-4381-0759-2 6234:Coigney, Virginia 6218:978-0-7425-6703-0 6200:978-0-7734-5099-8 6172:978-1-4165-4076-2 6152:978-0-8283-2160-0 6132:978-0-8070-4439-1 6112:978-0-19-505436-1 6092:978-0-914153-29-0 6059:978-1-4299-6897-3 6038:978-1-77046-126-0 5883:978-0-89870-353-5 5749:on March 18, 2012 5477:. April 22, 1980. 5409:American Medicine 5045:978-1-60021-873-6 4929:978-0-7864-9559-7 4904:978-0-8223-0772-3 4739:Kevles, Daniel J. 4707:Halberstam, David 4625:978-0-8135-6212-4 4509:on April 8, 2019. 3944:on March 12, 2016 3766:, pp. 177–8 3709:978-1-009-02733-5 3538:, pp. 101–3. 3382:on July 10, 2014. 3305:2027/uc1.b3921312 3156:, 2004, p. 1382. 3087:, pp. 1, 22. 3001:Composite story: 2832:978-1-4165-4076-2 2688:, pp. 3, 11. 2664:978-0-8090-1631-0 2623:"Margaret Sanger" 2555:978-0-912939-00-1 2462:Family Limitation 1942:Mary Ware Dennett 1692:on March 29, 2009 1662:Project Gutenberg 1596:, Mar. 1919, 6–7. 1417:Family Limitation 1304:Nobel Peace Prize 1131:Charles Davenport 1053:Freedom of speech 1047:sexual continence 698:Chinese feminists 586:Family Limitation 556:Family Limitation 514:Family Limitation 345:Corning, New York 304:which had an all 255:Family Limitation 225: 224: 114:September 6, 1966 103:Corning, New York 18: 12437: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12248: 12241: 12234: 12227: 12220: 12213: 12206: 12199: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12167: 12160: 12153: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12110: 12103: 12101:William Shockley 12096: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12061: 12054: 12047: 12040: 12033: 12026: 12024:Philo Farnsworth 12019: 12012: 12005: 11998: 11980: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11917: 11910: 11903: 11896: 11889: 11882: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11847: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11813:Steven Spielberg 11808: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11773: 11766: 11759: 11752: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11629: 11622: 11615: 11608: 11601: 11594: 11587: 11580: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11552: 11545: 11543:David Ben-Gurion 11518: 11511: 11504: 11495: 11494: 11479: 11478: 11467: 11466: 11455: 11454: 11349:Health education 11226: 11225: 11080:Food hygiene and 11061:Tropical disease 10873:Infant mortality 10848:Community health 10724:Controlled Drugs 10660:Health promotion 10590:Right to housing 10434:Health economics 10346: 10339: 10332: 10323: 10322: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10139: 10107:Louise Slaughter 10031:Victoria Jackson 9990:Philippa Marrack 9975:Barbara Iglewski 9883:Kathrine Switzer 9878:Donna E. Shalala 9823: 9822: 9812: 9811: 9769:Allie B. Latimer 9749:Louise Bourgeois 9723:Judith L. Pipher 9530:Katharine Graham 9474:Marian de Forest 9393:Anna Howard Shaw 9343:Emma Smith DeVoe 9328: 9327: 9317: 9316: 9229:Joan Ganz Cooney 9153:Oveta Culp Hobby 9148:Mary A. Hallaren 9011:Sarah Winnemucca 8880:Gloria Yerkovich 8875:Rosalyn S. Yalow 8830:Jeannette Rankin 8810:Georgia O'Keeffe 8765:Fannie Lou Hamer 8725:Shirley Chisholm 8673:Billie Jean King 8653: 8652: 8642: 8641: 8604:Gwendolyn Brooks 8484: 8483: 8473: 8472: 8313:Susan B. Anthony 8293: 8292: 8282: 8281: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8243: 8242: 8193:Eleanor Ragsdale 8188:LaVerne Williams 8162:Janet Napolitano 8050:Jana Bommersbach 8035: 8034: 8024: 8023: 8001:Rosa Lyons McKay 7991:Guadalupe Huerta 7786:Anne E. Lindeman 7756: 7755: 7745: 7744: 7660:Clara Lee Tanner 7614: 7613: 7603: 7602: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7486: 7469:Minna Vrang Orme 7295:Grace M. Sparkes 7116: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7066: 7065: 6989: 6988: 6973:Internet Archive 6920: 6877: 6857: 6821: 6792:Brill Publishers 6788:Women of Liberty 6782: 6755: 6735: 6715: 6700: 6680: 6656: 6636: 6603: 6563: 6538: 6521: 6501: 6472: 6459: 6439: 6430: 6410: 6390: 6370: 6350: 6330: 6301: 6289: 6269: 6230: 6203: 6175: 6155: 6135: 6115: 6095: 6075: 6042: 6030: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5971: 5965: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5781:on June 17, 2015 5780: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5620: 5611: 5610:, Vintage, 2015. 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5584:. 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Norton. 2583: 2568: 2567: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2409:Pollitt, Katha. 2406: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2075: 2060: 2054: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1892: 1873:Anthony Comstock 1866: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1836:Biography portal 1833: 1832: 1831: 1817: 1787: 1764:, Peter (2013). 1701: 1699: 1697: 1583: 1570:An Autobiography 1516:Little Blue Book 1451:(1920 edition); 1317:The Dinner Party 1256:, which won the 1146:Lothrop Stoddard 1059:Robert Ingersoll 816: 774:African American 766:W. E. B. Du Bois 560:Anthony Comstock 472: 469: 339: 336: 306:African-American 197: 195: 176: 174: 170: 117: 98: 96: 77: 63: 62: 12445: 12444: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12350:American nurses 12300: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12286: 12279: 12274:Andrei Sakharov 12272: 12267:Jackie Robinson 12265: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12230: 12223: 12216: 12209: 12202: 12191: 12184: 12177: 12170: 12163: 12156: 12149: 12138: 12133:Wright brothers 12131: 12124: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12017:Albert Einstein 12015: 12008: 12003:Tim Berners-Lee 12001: 11994: 11983: 11976: 11969: 11962: 11955: 11948: 11941: 11934: 11927: 11920: 11913: 11906: 11899: 11892: 11887:Amadeo Giannini 11885: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11850: 11843: 11832: 11825: 11820:Igor Stravinsky 11818: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11769: 11762: 11757:Aretha Franklin 11755: 11748: 11741: 11734: 11729:Charlie Chaplin 11727: 11720: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11694:Louis Armstrong 11692: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11655:Margaret Sanger 11653: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11541: 11530: 11522: 11492: 11487: 11439: 11410:Margaret Sanger 11378: 11337: 11221: 11219: 11213: 11156: 11150: 11122:Safety scandals 11081: 11075: 10997: 10991: 10925: 10919: 10915:Social medicine 10908:Race and health 10843:Child mortality 10824: 10783:Open defecation 10665:Human nutrition 10655:Family planning 10643:Behavior change 10629: 10585:Right to health 10498:Maternal health 10488:Health politics 10439:Health literacy 10355: 10350: 10320: 10307: 10303:Serena Williams 10246: 10190: 10176:Henrietta Lacks 10166:Barbara Hillary 10161:Aretha Franklin 10145: 10126: 10112:Sonia Sotomayor 10065: 10004: 9955:Tenley Albright 9943: 9929:Bernice Sandler 9887: 9868:Lilly Ledbetter 9843:Loretta C. Ford 9817: 9798: 9737: 9733:Henrietta Szold 9693:Eleanor K. Baum 9681: 9647:Hillary Clinton 9620: 9571:Gertrude Ederle 9566:Donna de Varona 9549: 9508: 9454:Rosalynn Carter 9432: 9408:Wilma L. Vaught 9363:Crystal Eastman 9358:Sylvia A. Earle 9322: 9303: 9299:Chien-Shiung Wu 9274:Felice Schwartz 9244:Julia Ward Howe 9187: 9178:Maria Tallchief 9121: 9077:Margaret Fuller 9072:Ella Fitzgerald 9067:Mary Baker Eddy 9020: 8976:Antonia Novello 8951:Anne Hutchinson 8884: 8825:Esther Peterson 8800:Wilma Mankiller 8720:Emily Blackwell 8698: 8682: 8647: 8628: 8592: 8566: 8545: 8524: 8520:Frances Perkins 8503: 8499:Sojourner Truth 8494:Margaret Sanger 8478: 8459: 8428: 8402: 8348:Emily Dickinson 8308:Marian Anderson 8287: 8276: 8270: 8240: 8227: 8176: 8135: 8121:Margie Emmerman 8106:Barbara Barrett 8094: 8075:Pauline O’Neill 8070:Michele Halyard 8060:Jean E. Fairfax 8029: 8010: 7981:Emma Lee French 7959: 7930:Josefina Franco 7913: 7894:Clara M. Schell 7867: 7838:Marietta Bryant 7826: 7790: 7750: 7731: 7712:Betty Accomazzo 7700: 7696:Polly Rosenbaum 7664: 7633: 7608: 7589: 7573: 7537: 7513:Vernell Coleman 7492: 7473: 7432: 7391: 7350: 7346:Clarissa Winsor 7304: 7273: 7237: 7218:Laura E. Herron 7196: 7155: 7151:Anna Moore Shaw 7110: 7099: 7093: 7047:Michals, Debra 7029:Wayback Machine 7009:Wayback Machine 6986: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6939: 6938: 6936:Margaret Sanger 6934: 6927: 6909: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6839:10.2307/2135230 6810: 6771: 6753: 6733: 6698: 6678: 6654: 6625: 6592: 6568:Meltzer, Milton 6552: 6519: 6490: 6457: 6428: 6408: 6388: 6368: 6348: 6319: 6287: 6258: 6219: 6201: 6173: 6153: 6133: 6113: 6093: 6060: 6039: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5959: 5958:Coates, p. 48. 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5621: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5552: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5499: 5486: 5482: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5451:on May 27, 2011 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5353: 5349: 5320:. 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Mosby. 5310: 5277: 5273: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5211: 5209: 5206:American Weekly 5197: 5193: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5104: 5099: 5080: 5076: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4976: 4972: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855:, p. 117, 4851: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4825:, p. 104, 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4736: 4729: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4554: 4543: 4539: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4225:10.2307/2135230 4205: 4198: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4075:Wayback Machine 4066: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3744:Katō, Shidzue, 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3710: 3692: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3518: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3238:Sex and Destiny 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3147: 3143: 3130:Wayback Machine 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2872: 2868: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2817: 2780: 2772: 2765: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2731:, pp. 4–5. 2727: 2723: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2665: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2600: 2584: 2571: 2556: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2496: 2492: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2407: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2256:. 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According to 1292:William Marston 1216:Bleecker Street 1204: 1187: 1165:family planning 1094: 1063:The Woman Rebel 1055: 1013: 1008: 974:Tucson, Arizona 968:Sanger died of 966: 952:to develop the 901: 895: 866:Clarence Gamble 807: 805: 778:James H. Hubert 759: 645: 578: 572: 533:over-population 525:neo-Malthusians 518:The Woman Rebel 506:The Woman Rebel 498:The Woman Rebel 464: 390: 388:Social activism 337: 327: 322: 202: 199: 191: 187: 184: 178: 175: 1921) 166: 162: 159: 134:Social reformer 125: 122:Tucson, Arizona 119: 115: 106: 100: 94: 92: 91: 90: 80: 68: 67:Margaret Sanger 61: 58:Margaret Singer 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 12443: 12433: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12284: 12277: 12270: 12263: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12239:Marilyn Monroe 12235: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12211:Kennedy family 12207: 12200: 12197:Tenzing Norgay 12193:Edmund Hillary 12189: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12154: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12136: 12129: 12122: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12090: 12083: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12013: 12006: 11999: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11960: 11953: 11946: 11943:Walter Reuther 11939: 11932: 11925: 11922:Louis B. Mayer 11918: 11911: 11908:William Levitt 11904: 11897: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11859:Willis Carrier 11855: 11848: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11823: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11760: 11753: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11613:Nelson Mandela 11609: 11606:Vladimir Lenin 11602: 11595: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11557:Mahatma Gandhi 11553: 11546: 11538: 11536: 11532: 11531: 11521: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11498: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11485: 11473: 11461: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11268: 11267: 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10746:Patient safety 10743: 10742: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10478: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10429:Harm reduction 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10349: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10283:Judith Plaskow 10280: 10278:Peggy McIntosh 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10242:Michelle Obama 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10136: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10117:Laurie Spiegel 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10036:Sherry Lansing 10033: 10028: 10023: 10021:Temple Grandin 10018: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9980:Jean Kilbourne 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9904:Ina May Gaskin 9901: 9895: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9858:Billie Holiday 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9819: 9818: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 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Stevens 8998: 8996:Muriel Siebert 8993: 8988: 8983: 8981:Linda Richards 8978: 8973: 8971:Maria Mitchell 8968: 8966:Louise McManus 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8921:Catherine East 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8870:Faye Wattleton 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:Helen Stephens 8852: 8850:Gloria Steinem 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8775:Dolores Huerta 8772: 8770:Dorothy Height 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8668:Barbara Jordan 8665: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8648: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8536:Belva Lockwood 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8398:Harriet Tubman 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8378:Florence Sabin 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8358:Alice Hamilton 8355: 8353:Amelia Earhart 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8289: 8288: 8278: 8277: 8269: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8246: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8198:Theodora Marsh 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8152:Sheila Grinell 8149: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8090:Carolyn Warner 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8045:Betsey Bayless 8041: 8039: 8031: 8030: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7952: 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Mason 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Jean Chaudhuri 7804: 7802:Rose E. Collom 7798: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7752: 7751: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7610: 7609: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7585:Maria Urquides 7581: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7494: 7493: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Grace Chapella 7399: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7387:Clara T. Woody 7384: 7379: 7374: 7372:Abbie W. Keith 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7254:Nellie Cashman 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7177:Ana Frohmiller 7174: 7169: 7167:Nellie T. Bush 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7112: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7019: 6999: 6990: 6975: 6966: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925:External links 6923: 6922: 6921: 6908:978-1884964770 6907: 6884: 6883:Historiography 6881: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6858: 6822: 6808: 6783: 6769: 6756: 6751: 6736: 6731: 6716: 6701: 6696: 6681: 6676: 6657: 6652: 6637: 6623: 6604: 6590: 6575: 6564: 6550: 6522: 6517: 6502: 6488: 6473: 6460: 6455: 6440: 6436:The New Yorker 6431: 6426: 6411: 6406: 6391: 6386: 6371: 6366: 6351: 6346: 6331: 6317: 6302: 6290: 6285: 6270: 6256: 6241: 6231: 6217: 6204: 6199: 6176: 6171: 6156: 6151: 6136: 6131: 6116: 6111: 6096: 6091: 6076: 6058: 6043: 6037: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 5988: 5966: 5951: 5915: 5889: 5882: 5861: 5835: 5826: 5812: 5792: 5760: 5734: 5716: 5698: 5694:Place Settings 5686: 5654: 5636: 5612: 5599: 5573: 5550: 5532: 5514: 5480: 5462: 5436: 5414: 5395: 5372: 5366:978-0989665506 5365: 5347: 5308: 5280:Lawrence Lader 5271: 5248: 5242:978-1573920124 5241: 5221: 5191: 5167: 5136: 5111: 5097: 5074: 5051: 5044: 5024: 4999: 4997:, p. 173. 4987: 4970: 4935: 4928: 4910: 4903: 4885: 4883:, p. 135. 4873: 4861: 4845: 4831: 4815: 4789: 4764: 4757: 4727: 4694: 4692:, p. 149. 4682: 4669: 4656: 4644: 4640:The New Yorker 4631: 4624: 4604: 4577: 4565: 4552: 4537: 4512: 4491: 4489:, p. 127. 4479: 4467: 4454: 4426: 4412: 4398: 4379: 4360: 4346: 4320: 4308: 4279: 4273:Rose, Melody, 4266: 4254: 4196: 4183:"Smear-n-Fear" 4173: 4147: 4121: 4098: 4065:, p. 175 4055: 4028: 4010: 3980: 3955: 3925: 3893: 3875: 3873:, p. 200. 3863: 3856: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3795: 3793:, p. 161. 3783: 3756: 3742:, p. 275 3732: 3723: 3708: 3673: 3671:, p. 430. 3661: 3654:978-0684189369 3653: 3625: 3608: 3606:, p. 196. 3596: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3565: 3552: 3550:, p. 751. 3540: 3528: 3509: 3496:The New Yorker 3478: 3465:New York Times 3449: 3423: 3421:, p. 101. 3411: 3402: 3385: 3357: 3351:978-0307763556 3350: 3330: 3310: 3285: 3270: 3264:978-1317321781 3263: 3243: 3228: 3226:, p. 101. 3216: 3214:, p. 178. 3204: 3202:, p. 268. 3189: 3177: 3164: 3141: 3114: 3102: 3089: 3077: 3068: 3052: 3040: 3033: 3007: 2994: 2974: 2967: 2946: 2930: 2918: 2887: 2866: 2854:Blanchard 1992 2852:, p. 32; 2838: 2831: 2778: 2776:, p. 307. 2763: 2733: 2721: 2690: 2678: 2663: 2636: 2625:. Infidels.org 2613: 2598: 2569: 2554: 2536: 2530:978-1479850594 2529: 2509: 2504:The Newsletter 2490: 2451: 2427: 2401: 2385: 2369: 2344: 2318: 2293: 2267: 2238: 2208: 2181: 2168:10.1086/265152 2143: 2125: 2114:. June 1, 2012 2099: 2097:, p. 126. 2086: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2055: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1976: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1954:Upton Sinclair 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1924:Lorenzo Portet 1921: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1853: 1839: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1805:978-1619028111 1804: 1788: 1775:978-1770461260 1774: 1756: 1755:Graphic novels 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1702: 1681: 1676: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1611:Sample article 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1566: 1557: 1547: 1533: 1501: 1473: 1463: 1435: 1414: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1258:Bancroft Prize 1238:maintains the 1203: 1200: 1186: 1183: 1123:Havelock Ellis 1093: 1090: 1054: 1051: 1021:Havelock Ellis 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 965: 962: 950:Gregory Pincus 897:Main article: 894: 891: 795:W.E.B. Du Bois 758: 755: 644: 641: 574:Main article: 571: 568: 549:Fabian Society 541:Havelock Ellis 422:Upton Sinclair 389: 386: 374:William Sanger 326: 323: 321: 318: 223: 222: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 189: 185: 182: 181: 179: 164: 160: 157:William Sanger 155: 154: 151: 149: 145: 144: 131: 127: 126: 120: 118:(aged 86) 112: 108: 107: 101: 88: 86: 82: 81: 79:Sanger in 1922 78: 70: 69: 66: 50: 39:25 August 2024 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12442: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12289: 12285: 12282: 12281:Mother Teresa 12278: 12275: 12271: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12229: 12226: 12222: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12116: 12115:Francis Crick 12112: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12080:Leakey family 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12045:Sigmund Freud 12042: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12010:Rachel Carson 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11996:Leo Baekeland 11993: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11957:David Sarnoff 11954: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11915:Lucky Luciano 11912: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11835: 11828: 11827:Oprah Winfrey 11824: 11821: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11806:Frank Sinatra 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11785:Pablo Picasso 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11764:Martha Graham 11761: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11715:Marlon Brando 11712: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11698: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11627:Ronald Reagan 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11527: 11519: 11514: 11512: 11507: 11505: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11484: 11483: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11405:Joseph Lister 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11381: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11284:Health Canada 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11229:Organizations 11227: 11224: 11216: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11153: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11078: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11066:Vaccine trial 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10943:Relative risk 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10922: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10903:Health equity 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10868:Health system 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10858:Global health 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10838:Biostatistics 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10580:Right to food 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10513:Mental health 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461:Housing First 10459: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10449:Health system 10447: 10446: 10445: 10444:Health policy 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10353:Public health 10347: 10342: 10340: 10335: 10333: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10258:Patricia Bath 10256: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10227:Emily Howland 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10181:Toni Morrison 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10137: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10077:Gloria Allred 10075: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10046:Aimee Mullins 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10016:Matilda Cuomo 10014: 10013: 10011: 10007: 10001: 10000:Eleanor Smeal 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9965:Martha Graham 9963: 9961: 9960:Nancy Brinker 9958: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9934:Anna Schwartz 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9809: 9795: 9794:Kate Stoneman 9792: 9790: 9789:Susan Solomon 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9713:Winona LaDuke 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642:Betty Bumpers 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611:Anne Sullivan 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9479:Althea Gibson 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9289:Florence Wald 9287: 9285: 9284:Beverly Sills 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9254:Shannon Lucid 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9183:Edith Wharton 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112:Pat Schroeder 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9006:Oprah Winfrey 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Wilma Rudolph 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8906:Myra Bradwell 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8840:Elaine Roulet 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8750:Betty Friedan 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8639: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8541:Lucretia Mott 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419:Margaret Mead 8417: 8415: 8414:Abigail Adams 8412: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Rachel Carson 8336: 8334: 8333:Pearl S. Buck 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8262: 8260: 8255: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8218:Denise Resnik 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8147:Dosia Carlson 8145: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8126:Jane Dee Hull 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Betty Fairfax 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8021: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7945:Alison Levine 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7863:Lucy Sikorsky 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7742: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7686:Ethel Maynard 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7645:Veora Johnson 7643: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7428:Mary V. Riley 7426: 7424: 7423:Thamar Richey 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:Ruth Reinhold 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7331:Viola Jimulla 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7233:Jane H. Rider 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7172:Eulalia Elias 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031:conducted by 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Smith College 7014: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6770:0-252-02737-X 6766: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6699: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6020: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5830: 5815: 5813:1-58322-554-4 5809: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5651:. April 2020. 5650: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5606:Jill Lepore, 5603: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5424: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5309:9781573920124 5305: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5171: 5160:September 20, 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5125: 5124:Gutenberg.org 5121: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5098:1-56858-258-7 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5028: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4881:Engelman 2011 4877: 4870: 4865: 4859:, p. 135 4858: 4857:Engelman 2011 4854: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4828: 4827:Engelman 2011 4824: 4819: 4803: 4800:. PBS. 2003. 4799: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4760: 4758:0-520-05763-5 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:New York Call 4587: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4531:New York Call 4527: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4483: 4477:, p. 55. 4476: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4109: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4063:Engelman 2011 4059: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3857:0-8142-0837-1 3853: 3849: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3771: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3536:Engelman 2011 3532: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3420: 3419:Engelman 2011 3415: 3406: 3400:, p. 115 3399: 3394: 3389: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3324:Reading Eagle 3320: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3257:. Routledge. 3256: 3255: 3247: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3112:, p. 70. 3111: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3056: 3050:, p. 76. 3049: 3044: 3036: 3034:0-231-12249-7 3030: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981:Jill Lepore, 2978: 2970: 2968:0-205-33582-9 2964: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2901:Thenation.com 2898: 2891: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850:Engelman 2011 2847: 2846:Dietrich 2010 2842: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2599:0-486-43492-3 2595: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:Angela Franks 2059: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936:Margaret Mead 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902:Fania Mindell 1900: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1854: 1851: 1840: 1837: 1826: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1579:0-8154-1015-8 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1394:New York Call 1390: 1387: 1386: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249:'s biography 1248: 1247:David Kennedy 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:Smith College 1229: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1182: 1179: 1178:Nazi eugenics 1174: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 984: 979: 975: 971: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 937: 933: 929: 927: 923: 919: 910: 905: 900: 890: 888: 884: 878: 873: 871: 870:Negro Project 867: 863: 858: 855: 851: 847: 843: 837: 835: 831: 827: 826: 818: 814: 810: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767: 763: 754: 753: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 716: 714: 709: 707: 702: 699: 694: 690: 685: 682: 680: 673: 668: 666: 662: 654: 649: 640: 638: 637: 631: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 604: 600: 591: 587: 582: 577: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 537: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 486: 482: 479: 474: 470: 463: 462:Ellen Chesler 458: 454: 449: 446: 445:New York Call 442: 440: 439:New York Call 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 385: 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 363: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 331: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 283:contraception 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 240:birth control 237: 233: 229: 220: 217: 213: 209: 205: 180: 158: 153: 152: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130:Occupation(s) 128: 123: 113: 109: 104: 87: 83: 76: 71: 64: 59: 54: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 12204:Helen Keller 12179:Billy Graham 12151:Muhammad Ali 12119:James Watson 12066:Edwin Hubble 12031:Enrico Fermi 11950:Pete Rozelle 11901:Estée Lauder 11799:Bart Simpson 11736:Le Corbusier 11701:Lucille Ball 11654: 11571:Adolf Hitler 11525: 11480: 11468: 11456: 11425:Radium Girls 11420:Typhoid Mary 11409: 11107:Microbiology 10977: 10969: 10853:Epidemiology 10751:Organization 10702:Oral hygiene 10692:Hand washing 10670:Healthy diet 10600:Right to sit 10493:Labor rights 10288:Loretta Ross 10263:Ruby Bridges 10207:Judy Chicago 10102:Rose O'Neill 10082:Angela Davis 10061:Alice Waters 10056:Janet Rowley 10051:Carol Mutter 9939:Emma Willard 9919:Nancy Pelosi 9914:Kate Millett 9779:Ruth Patrick 9774:Emma Lazarus 9759:Karen DeCrow 9754:Mildred Cohn 9449:Lucille Ball 9423:Eudora Welty 9398:Sophia Smith 9383:Kate Mullany 9239:Sarah Grimké 9204:Maya Angelou 9037:Ann Bancroft 9016:Fanny Wright 8936:Grace Hopper 8860:Lillian Wald 8815:Annie Oakley 8795:Mary Mahoney 8619:Mary Risteau 8609:Willa Cather 8562:Bessie Smith 8493: 8440:Dorothea Dix 8368:Helen Keller 8343:Mary Cassatt 8318:Clara Barton 7971:Shelley Cohn 7955:Mary Jo West 7935:Maria Garcia 7925:Erma Bombeck 7909:Julia Zozaya 7899:Louise Serpa 7563: 7136:Sharlot Hall 7033:Mike Wallace 6997:Open Library 6935: 6894: 6863: 6830: 6826: 6787: 6760: 6741: 6721: 6709: 6686: 6666: 6642: 6613: 6580: 6571: 6541: 6526: 6507: 6478: 6468: 6445: 6435: 6416: 6396: 6376: 6356: 6336: 6307: 6298: 6275: 6246: 6237: 6208: 6181: 6161: 6141: 6121: 6101: 6081: 6048: 6026: 6016:Bibliography 6001:. 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