146:"The police monitored the Clinic from its opening and sent in a female undercover agent to purchase contraceptive supplies. On October 26 (1916) an undercover police woman and vice-squad officers raided the clinic, confiscated an assortment of contraceptives from pessaries to condoms, along with 20 'books on young women', and arrested Sanger, Byrne and Mindell. After being arraigned, Sanger and Mindell spent the night in the Raymond Street jail, Byrne at the Liberty Avenue station. All were released the next morning on $ 500.00 bail."
660:"MRS. BYRNE NOW FED BY FORCE; Birth-Control Prisoner Near Collapse, Revives After Food Is Administered. OFFERED NO RESISTANCE Mrs. Sanger Hears Her Sister Was in a State of Coma as a Result of Hunger Strike. VISITORS ARE STILL BARRED Blackwell's Island Doctors Not Sure Mrs. Byrne Has Not Had Water During Her 106-Hour Fast. No Resistance Offered. Her Condition Improves. FORCIBLE FEEDING REVIVES MRS. BYRNE Her Lawyer Barred from Island. MRS. SANGER TO STARVE ALSO. Determined to Follow Her Sister's Course if She Is Sentenced"
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All three women were found guilty, but eventually the verdicts were overturned, and their campaign was ultimately successful, leading to major changes in social policy and to the laws governing birth control and sex education around the world. The clinic closed but later became the basis for what was
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Sanger supported Byrne's activism and was quoted as saying "I didn't advise her to undertake this hunger strike, but I certainly would not tell her to end it now." Although they had a falling out after this arrest, their confinement helped bring national attention to their push for the legalization
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opened a birth control clinic in
Brooklyn in October 1916. The three feminist activists advertised the services offered by the clinic by passing out flyers in different languages, including English, Yiddish and Italian. Although Byrne is not widely known today, her early activism had long lasting
89:
Ethel Byrne's background in nursing was pivotal to her activism and directly contributed to her desire to make birth control accessible to women of varying socio-economic backgrounds. She was a trained nurse who assisted immigrant women in need of medical care in the
74:. In 1906, Ethel left her children in the care of their paternal grandparents to protect them from their abusive father; Ethel only visited her daughter once in sixteen years. Olive grew up to become an important muse to the creator of
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This was the first birth control clinic in the United States. The clinic caused an immediate sensation in the press, getting national attention, and all three women were arrested and tried for "distributing obscene materials".
166:. Sanger was concerned her sister would lose her life as a result of this hunger strike and Byrne was force fed while serving her sentence after 185 hours without food or water. As historian Jill Lepore reports in
66:
family founded by
Michael Hennessey Higgins and Anne Higgins. It has been noted that Anne Higgins gave preferential treatment to Ethel, much to the dismay of Margaret, and that caused a rift in their relationship.
528:"MRS. SANGER'S AID IS FOUND GUILTY; Mrs. Byrne Convicted on Technicality in First of Birth Control Trials. WOMEN NOISY IN COURT Defendants Bring Before Justices a Mother and Her Six Children as a 'Demonstration'"
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impact on raising awareness of the importance of access to information about birth control. The arrest of Ethel Byrne compelled a group of politically active New York women to ask for a meeting with
President
178:
of birth control. It also hurt their relationship as Sanger's notoriety grew after this arrest and she was sometimes known to take credit for Ethel's infamous hunger strike.
174:. Mrs. Byrne was prepared to starve herself to death in support of her cause. Her case was the first of a group of cases known as the "Sanger cases" to be brought to trial.
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After being arrested for distribution of information about birth control, Byrne was sentenced to 30 days in
Blackwell's Island prison. She was jailed at Blackwell Island
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website, as it is noted Sanger opened her 1916 clinic with "her sister". Ethel is not even mentioned by name and unlike her older sister is not a household name.
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Although her sister went on to become world-famous for her advocacy of birth control, Byrne's legacy is not well known. This is apparent on the
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MRS. BYRNE WEAKER, STILL FASTS IN CELL New York Times (1857-1922); Jan 26, 1917; ProQuest
Historical Newspapers: The New York Times pg. 1
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on
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and would show their clients how to use this method of contraception in direct violation of these laws.
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Ethel Byrne had a stroke and died in 1955, aged 71–72. She did not live to see the legalization of the
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Ethel had a short and unhappy marriage to Jack Byrne, a glassworker. They had two children, Jack and
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to request that he contribute to overturning laws criminalizing distribution of birth control.
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Ethel Byrne was the first female political prisoner in the United States to be subjected to
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The clinic was highly controversial due to the enforcement of the
514:“Mrs Sanger Gets 30 Days.” Washington Post, February 7, 1917.
82:, and more details of Ethel Byrne's life came to light when
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Ethel and
Margaret were two out of eleven children of an
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The Pill: A Biography of the Drug That
Changed the World
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109:and her sister Ethel Byrne leaving a courthouse
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94:area of Brooklyn, New York in 1916.
503:Margaret Sanger Papers Project, NYU
451:. New York: Hill and Wang. p.
287:. New York: Hill and Wang. p.
256:. New York: Hill and Wang. p.
168:The Secret History of Wonder Woman,
113:The two sisters and theatre artist
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769:The Secret History of Wonder Woman
681:The Secret History of Wonder Woman
575:Dismore, David (22 January 2015).
448:Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion
372:. New York: Random House. p.
349:The Secret History of Wonder Woman
314:The secret history of wonder woman
284:Margaret Sanger: A life of Passion
253:Margaret Sanger: A life of Passion
221:The Secret History of Wonder Woman
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581:Feminist Majority Foundation Blog
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554:"Margaret Sanger Papers Project"
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134:. Byrne and Sanger distributed
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316:. Vintage. pp. 81–83.
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715:Center for Disease Control
737:"History & Successes"
364:Asbell, Bernard (1995).
126:Arrest and hunger strike
445:Baker, Jean H. (2011).
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484:. New York University
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478:"Brownsville Clinic"
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741:Planned Parenthood
666:. 28 January 1917.
664:The New York Times
534:. 9 January 1917.
532:The New York Times
476:Sullivan, Taylor.
425:. 21 January 2011.
423:"Sanger, Margaret"
402:The New York Times
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267:978-0-80-90-9498-1
195:birth control pill
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182:Later years
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751:2015-09-01
205:References
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58:Background
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160:workhouse
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
