2045:. Between 1917 and 1925, bills were introduced in California (1917), New York (1917, 1921,1923, 1924,1925), Connecticut (1923, 1925), and New Jersey (1925) to make the contraceptive provisions of state laws less restrictive. In both California and Connecticut, work was undertaken to simply have the contraceptive control provisions eliminated. All these state attempts at change failed to come to a vote so no change happened. There were also failed attempts to eliminate the restrictions on contraceptives from the federal law too, first starting in 1919 with the bill's supposed sponsor failing to introduce legislation. In 1923 a similar bill was reported before the Judiciary Committee, and while it was thought that the majority of this committee favored the bill, they evaded voting on it. There were also more attempts at change in the 1920s.
1595:
1939:) of New York privately distributed a report, written by Cephas Brainerd and Robert McBurney, entitled, "A Memorandum Respecting New-York as a Field for Moral and Christian Effort Among Young Men". This memorandum linked the main message of the YMCA to facts and figures drawn from census, tax, and licensing data. All of this data was used to support the belief held by the Association's leadership that many of its younger and less supervised members had ample time in the evenings to leisure about in bars, casinos, and brothels. The 1866 memorandum was used to support a plan to construct a centrally located building to better serve the younger men of
40:
1943:. However, the memorandum also recommended, in addition to this new building, a 'call to action' by the organization's members to investigate whether or not there were any local anti-vice laws in New York. Upon concluding there were none, the group lobbied in the New York State legislature for an anti-vice law. The New York YMCA-drafted bill was successfully enacted in 1868, although with less comprehensive language than had been first proposed. This 1868 law enabled local magistrate judges to issue warrants allowing police to seize and later destroy (upon a guilty verdict) materials ruled "obscene".
855:
law of the United States, or containing any threat to take the life of or inflict bodily harm upon any person in the United States, or any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article which is obscene or immoral, or any drug or medicine or any article whatever for causing unlawful abortion, or any lottery ticket, or any printed paper that may be used as a lottery ticket, or any advertisement of any lottery...
1774:
562:. This is the initial Comstock Act provision, as currently amended, and it was first enacted as an extraneous rider under Sec. 148 of an Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department. The punishment for violating section 1461 is either a fine, a jail sentence of up to 5 years for a first offense, a jail sentence of up to 10 years for any subsequent offense, or a combination of a jail sentence and a fine, as is stated in its text.
1860:, contraceptive equipment, abortion drugs and devices, materials providing descriptions of contraceptive or abortion methods, materials advertising people with information of or providing for birth control, abortion, or other similar things. A particular concern to historical enforcers was targeting advertisements for abortifacients found in penny papers, with these pills often advertised to women as a euphemistic treatment for "obstruction of their monthly periods".
1975:
punishable offense. Other works that he tried to enclose under the range of the laws that used his namesake include international art pieces that depicted scantily-clad women, textbooks for medical students, and other sexually non-explicit items. These efforts left some of his supporters to doubt his intentions. Comstock's career as a postal inspector yielded over 3,600 arrests and the destruction of over 160 tons (150,000 kg) of material ruled to be obscene.
8572:
1994:
had easy access to. He also argued that allowing "obscenity" to flourish in society would cause a social breakdown of traditional marriage and of religious institutions. Comstock leaned on support from wealthier families for the majority of his legislative and political success. Clinton L. Merrian, who aided the
Comstock Act's passage through the House of Representatives, campaigned its passage on the idea that obscenity threatened
1600:
1599:
1597:
1601:
791:, concerns mailing any of the matters mentioned in section 1461 or 1462 on the outside of a mail piece. Like section 1462, this section came initially as an amendment (contained in Sec. 212.) through the Criminal Code Act of 1909. A violation of this section carries a jail term of up to 5 years, a fine, or both as a penalty. This section has no sentence enhancement for prior offenses, unlike section 1461 or 1462.
1598:
2073:, a prominent figure in the Free Love Movement and an advocate for women's rights. Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee Claflin, published a newspaper called "Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly" which promoted ideas about sexuality that challenged then-prevailing societal norms. Comstock had Woodhull arrested and charged with obscenity for publishing information about contraception.
1796:
any person who shall knowingly deposit, or cause to be deposited, for mailing or for delivery, any such obscene publication, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall, for every such offence, be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one year, or both, according to the circumstances and aggravation of the offense.
803:,and pertains to customs officials acting as principal to certain activity. For abortion-related matter, this section applies to the extent implicating procurement of abortion. This section, currently codified in a positive law title, was first enacted as Sec. 4. of an Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use.
1155:, some of the ruling by judge Kacsmaryk was partially stayed and some of the claims presented were thrown out, although a sizable portion of Kacsmaryk's ruling emerged unscathed. The challenges to mifepristone's initial approval were barred, but the challenges to the lifting of REMS restrictions were allowed to go forward. In the appellate review, circuit judge
1868:, Comstock defined "perverts" as those using contraceptives outside of marriage. Thus, believing that government ought not "allow any one at all to secure them or know anything about them". In her view, Comstock's reasoning seems to have been that if one outlawed all contraceptive information, etc., then public morals were less likely to be corrupted.
2029:
enactment of the
Comstock Act. The letter of affidavits had been sent in support of the petition from the National Liberal League. Anthony Comstock dismissed the petition after hearing about it, and he asserted that the list was made up of forged signatures and false names. Comstock would also go onto lambast the media for supporting the effort.
1971:, requested that he not be given a government salary. By preventing Comstock from receiving a federal salary, as well as any other publicly-funded monetary rewards, the organization's directors attempted to prevent claims of self-interested motives and to ensure that Comstock was dependent on their donations.
1958:. Later introduced to the YMCA, Comstock would form a close ties with the organization. Along his career, he became unhappy with the before-mentioned New York law and believed in a need for federal legislation. In 1872, Comstock managed to get the initial provision of the Comstock Act added as an extraneous
2381:
Although its reach has been somewhat curtailed by the courts based upon first amendment principles, the
Comstock Act remains on our books today. In 1971, Congress deleted the prohibition on birth control; but the prohibition on information about abortion remains, and the maximum fine was increased in
1966:
in the law appeared. To remedy these perceived problems, Comstock worked on a new stand-alone piece of legislation, discussed previously, which passed in 1873. Anthony
Comstock later secured a position as a United States Postal Inspector. In spite of this, the Committee for the Suppression of Vice at
1913:
on
February 18, 1873. Consideration was postponed yet again, this time through motion by Senator Buckingham on February 20, 1873. On February 21, 1873, the bill passed, with the Buckingham amendment, in the Senate by unanimous consent after being read three times. The bill passed without objection in
1741:
Some concerns raised, if this view took hold, are that not only would the use of telehealth to prescribe mifepristone and misoprostol, the two drugs used in combination for most medication abortion, become largely criminal but, since
Comstock Act violations are a predicate offense, persons (and their
1555:
convictions, as evidenced by federal appellate court decisions from 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2022. The most recent conviction made under the
Comstock Act, with five of the nine charges being brought forth under 18 U.S.C. § 1462, was that of Thomas Alan Arthur, a Texas man who was sentenced in 2021 to 40
1189:(no plaintiff suffered a concrete and particularized injury-in-fact) sufficient to bring the case, and thereby the Supreme Court avoided a direct ruling on whether the Comstock Act applies to mifepristone or whether mifepristone was properly approved. Reproductive healthcare experts such as physician
854:
All persons are prohibited from importing into the United States from any foreign country any book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, or drawing containing any matter advocating or urging treason or insurrection against the United States, or forcible resistance to any
814:
aid or abet any of the specified offenses (importing, advertising, dealing, exhibiting, sending, or receiving). Third, the knowing aiding or abetting by an officer, employee, or agent of the United States must implicate use of the mail. Fourth, the offense must implicate any of the matters specified.
689:
Second, as summarized in point 4 above, this section criminalizes activities related to the mailing of information providing as to from who, where, what, or how an article, already criminalized from being mailed outright, may be obtained or made. Although it holds little precedential value, as it was
4466:
Jackson upheld a law excluding from the mail any circulars or letters concerning 'lotteries' which were then 'widely considered 'to have a demoralizing influence upon the people.' The Court's unanimous decision relied upon the example of the act of March 3, 1873 , in which
Congress declared 'that no
2855:
A law expressly prohibiting editorial comment upon the merits of sexually discriminatory employment which directly or indirectly informs readers of employers who do unlawfully discriminate and the availability of jobs with such employers would obviously be unconstitutional. Likewise unconstitutional
2024:
Four years after the enactment of the federal law, a petition was circulated by the
National Liberal League for its repeal in 1876, garnering between 40,000 and 70,000 signatures. Although the petition received positive press coverage, the efforts were stymied when Anthony Comstock showed samples of
1795:
That no obscene book, pamphlet, picture, print, or other publication of a vulgar or indecent character, or any letter upon the envelope of which, or postal card upon which scurrilous epithets may have been written or printed, or disloyal devices printed or engraved, shall be carried in the mail; and
1695:
against the mailing of mifepristone and misoprostol in combination, citing the
Comstock Act. This letter was in response to announcements by CVS and Walgreens in January 2023 that the pharmacy chains would begin processing mifepristone-misoprostol prescriptions. In March 2023, Walgreens announced it
1993:
As the chief proponent of the law, many of Comstock's justifications revolved around what he believed were the negative effects indecent literature would have on children. He argued that moral decay was occurring in schools and in the home because of indecent literature, something he believed youth
1452:
framework, which argues that the historical framing of the Act in the context of abortion is ill-supported due to nothing in the Comstock Act's text (other than that resurfaced as Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act of 1930) making an explicit 'illegal intentions' distinction, the fact that the majority of
1406:
With respect to the Comstock Act's references to abortion, which currently have not yet been removed as had the reference to contraceptives, historical interpretation has generally construed this as applying to articles intended for unlawful abortion, reconciling it with Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act
859:
This provision has two basic aspects. First and foremost, it subjects certain matters to civil forfeiture. Secondly, it provides a number of exceptions. These exceptions are items imported without the importer's knowledge, bulk abortion-related materials not intended for unlawful use, classic books
524:
are used in over 50% of American abortions, the Comstock Act has been the focus of more legal, political, and media attention following litigation and legislative activity by various actors in the U.S. anti-abortion movement who aim to utilize the Act's provisions to restrict abortion access in the
1712:
decision, advocated for the repealing of the Comstock Act's language relating to abortion. On June 20, 2024, Senator Smith announced that she was going to be unveiling legislation to achieve that goal. Senator Smith's proposed legislation is not the first time legislators in the United States have
1220:
mounted against a federal law barring the mailing of lottery items, the Court nonetheless made reference to the Comstock Act. In doing, the Supreme Court unanimously affirmed both the lottery circular law and the original provision of the Comstock Act (18 U.S.C. § 1461) as being valid exercises of
2028:
In March 1879, the National Defense Association submitted a letter of affidavits to Samuel Sullivan Cox, a congressional representative from New York, for review with the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads. The National Defense Association had been established in opposition shortly after the
1974:
Extended works of Comstock along the lines of these laws include a petition from the Committee for the Suppression of Vice to include obscene written works that were enclosed in a sealed envelope, an item that was not covered in many renditions of Comstock-style laws, as an item to convict for a
1586:
of 1988, signed by President Reagan as a rider to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, amended Sec. 305 of the Tariff Act of 1930, a provision of the Comstock Act, as well as adding new provisions to chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, all in aid of helping prosecute child pornography. Another
3241:"Casenotes: Constitutional Law — Commercial Speech — Federal Statute Prohibiting Mailing of Unsolicited Contraception Advertisements Violates First Amendment as Applied to Accurate Mailings That Contribute to Informed Decision Making. Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 103 S. Ct. 2875 (1983)"
2057:
was a group that made sustained attempts to repeal Comstock-style laws and discredit anything related to the anti-vice movement. This open distaste made free-love movement participants a major target of Anthony Comstock during his personal campaign against perceived obscenity. Comstock actively
2011:, a Catholic priest and radio broadcaster, argued in support of the Act before a 1934 congressional committee, characterizing non-procreative sex as "legalized prostitution". During his testimony, there was heckling from the audience, with one woman calling out to Coughlin, "You're ridiculous."
1193:
considered the case outcome a narrow reprieve, expressing disappointment that it even made it before the Supreme Court in the first place, and remarking "ifepristone and medication abortion are broadly in the crosshairs of the anti-abortion movement". Legal counsel representing the Alliance for
6373:
Note that the following four items are modern-day terminology which are equivalent (or almost equivalent) to what the laws actually say. "Obscene" may be also called in the law texts as "vulgar", "indecent", "filthy" (Ruppenthal p. 48). "Contraceptive" is an article for "preventing conception"
2025:
pornographic material to congressional leaders serving on the same committee for which the proposed repeal act was referred. Comstock claimed that the pamphlets he had shared, a "collection of smutty circulars describing sex depravity", had been distributed by mail to youths and other persons.
2190:
This comes from the first half of one of the unnumbered subsections: "Every written or printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind giving information, directly or indirectly, where, or how, or from whom, or by what means any of such mentioned matters,
715:
abortion procurement is concerned, that is criminal solicitation and the First Amendment affords no constitutional protection. It has been noted in one scholarly article that successful prosecution for criminal solicitation of abortion under this Act would be difficult as nothing in the text
4523:
The fact that the mailings in this case were wholly intrastate is immaterial for a prosecution under § 1461. That statute was one enacted under Congress' postal power, granted in Art. I, § 8, cl. 7, of the Constitution, and the Postal Power Clause does not distinguish between interstate and
970:, is defined as follows: "A person acts knowingly with respect to a material element of an offense when...he is aware that his conduct is of that nature...if the element involves a result of his conduct, he is aware that it is practically certain that his conduct will cause such a result."
2006:
As it originally implicated contraceptives, it was argued by some supporters that the Act would help prevent "illicit" sexual relations between unmarried persons, since without contraception, the unmarried would be deterred from having sex due to the possibility of unintended pregnancy.
1129:
that the approval of mifepristone was improper, the lifting of REMS restrictions was improper, and the Comstock Act of 1873 made providing medication abortion by mail illegal. This ruling by judge Kacsmaryk conflicted with an opposing same day ruling issued by a U.S. district court in
1649:
would not discuss the issue: " doesn't know about the existence of Comstock, because I just don't want him to shoot off his mouth." Mitchell said similarly of anti-abortion activists: "I think the pro-life groups should keep their mouths shut as much as possible until the election."
2200:
This comes from the second half of the un-numbered subsection referred to in point 4: "....or where or by whom any act or operation of any kind for the procuring or producing of abortion will be done or performed, or how or by what means abortion may be produced, whether sealed or
6374:(Ruppenthal, most all pages). "Abortifacient" may be "medicine or means for producing or facilitating miscarriage or abortion" (Ruppenthal p. 52). "Sex-toy" might be "instrument or article of indecent or immoral use" (Ruppenthal pp. 35, 49, etc.) or "instrument or article for
1680:, a self-styled "mandate for leadership" intended for use by a future conservative President of the United States, has a section on abortion access that indirectly refers to the Comstock Act as "federal laws that prohibit the distribution of abortion drugs by postal mail".
1090:. Beginning in 2016 and expanded in 2021, the FDA removed much the restrictions imposed by the REMS requirements. This action by the FDA decreased barriers to mifepristone access, so mifepristone has since became more common as an abortion medication in the United States.
1113:
In March 2023, the Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, an anti-abortion group founded in 2022, filed a federal lawsuit challenging the FDA's approval of mifepristone from back in the year 2000. Trial court hearings in the case occurred on March 15, 2023. On April 7, 2023,
1321:, the type of conduct covered by the statute can be ascertained with sufficient ease to avoid due process pitfalls. Similarly, the possibility that different juries might reach different conclusions as to the same material does not render the statute unconstitutional.
1587:
anti-child-pornography and anti-obscenity law to be signed by President Reagan is the Child Protection Act of 1984 and it was the first law to generally outlaw child pornography at the federal level. The Reagan-era amendments do not stand alone though, as President
1596:
5377:
Sessoms seeks to appeal his 235-month sentence imposed following his convictions for transmission of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) (2012), and transportation of obscene matters over the Internet, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462
2856:
is a statute which prohibits comment, itself nonobscene, upon the merits of literary or artistic material deemed obscene by a community into which that opinion is mailed, simply because the opinion also gives information as to where such material may be obtained.
735:
The punishment for a violation of section 1462 is identical to that provided for violating section 1461. Similarly there exists two elements to an offense under this section. First, the matter in question has to be of the nature described. Second, a person must
1481:. Sanger circulated this work through the U.S. postal service, violating the Comstock Act. On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and prevention of disease. Her husband, architect
740:
commit any of the specified acts (which in this section is either import, carriage in interstate or foreign commerce, or receipt of the specified material) and implicate in connection either the U.S. mail, a common carrier, or an interactive computer service.
4467:
obscene, lewd, or lascivious book, pamphlet, picture, paper, print, or other publication of an indecent character, or any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion ...' could be carried in the mails.
841:
provision of the Comstock Act. While an earlier version did exist, as Sec. 5. of the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, the modern version was initially enacted under Sec. 305. of the
1564:
All along , I had some national and international child pornography cases and cases involving child prostitution. But when I began working child pornography cases early in 1977, there were no child porn laws. We used obscenity laws to prosecute child
1101:
began efforts in a campaign of litigation (explained in further detail below) and passing ordinances, citing the Comstock Act in the process, with the ultimate goal being restricted access to mifepristone, and abortion more broadly, in United States.
3553:
Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not capital, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years next after such offense shall have been
1824:, personal letters with any sexual content or information, or any information regarding the above items. The provisions of the Comstock Act, as currently revised, only pertain to obscene, crime-inciting, or abortion-related articles or mail matter.
931:
For purposes of the Comstock Act, the term indecent is defined in the text as including "matter of a character tending to incite arson, murder, or assassination". This distinct definition has been narrowed by court rulings to a synonym for obscene.
519:
The Comstock Act does not criminalize obscenity, criminal incitement, or abortion directly but it criminalizes the use of the mail, a common carrier, or an interactive computer service in the conveyance of these materials. Since abortion pills like
1579:. President Reagan made child sexual abuse prosecution a priority during his administration and stated in 1987, "this Administration is putting the purveyors of illegal obscenity and child pornography on notice: your industry's days are numbered."
1270:
decision, lead to some opining that the Comstock Act, particularly 18 U.S.C. § 1461, is unconstitutionally vague. However, the understanding built by the surrounding case law has been largely dismissive of vagueness challenges. For instance, in
1909:, it was recommitted back to that committee. It was later reported with an amendment (by Senator Buckingham) for consideration before the Committee of the Whole, but its consideration was postponed through motion by Democratic Senator for Ohio
1725:
If the Supreme Court were to affirm a determination that the Comstock Act applies to abortion-related articles generally, or if a future administration began enforcing it in such a way, then the Comstock Act could have renewed significance as
11363:
774:
Mail matter giving information as to who, what, where, or how an article (either designed, adapted, intended for use or described in a manner calculated to incite to its use for obscene or abortion-causing purposes) may be obtained or
6471:
685:
First, as summarized in points 1, 2, and 3 above, this section outright criminalizes activities related to the mailing of three categories of objects and to this extent has been upheld as constitutionally valid by the Supreme Court.
7832:
1625:(2022), the Comstock Act has become increasingly discussed by anti-abortion groups and public figures as being a means by which abortion access in the United States could be curtailed without the need for new federal legislation.
1522:(1972) extended its holding to unmarried persons as well. In 1971, the U.S. Congress removed the reference to contraceptives from the federal-level Comstock Act, but left much the rest of the Act stand as it had been written.
6925:
10252:
1359:
While the standards for what constitutes obscenity have changed since the Comstock Act's initial passage, the Act's application to obscenity has been upheld against an array of First Amendment challenges. As an example, in
2181:"Every article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing which is advertised or described in a manner calculated to lead another to use or apply it for producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose...".
1148:. Biopharmaceutical groups were also critical of judge Kacsmaryk, claiming his ruling "set a precedent for diminishing FDA's authority over drug approvals, and in so doing, uncertainty for the entire biopharma industry".
760:. Another difference of 18 U.S.C. § 1462 is in its scope, which is more limited than 18 U.S.C. § 1461, as it describes three as opposed to the seven particular matters. The three matters specified in 18 U.S.C. § 1462 are:
2210:"Every paper, writing, advertisement, or representation that any article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing may, or can, be used or applied for producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose...".
8731:
1790:
The initial Comstock Act provision was enacted as an extraneous rider under Sec. 148 of an Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department, and passed on June 8, 1872. It read:
1489:
to be mailed from Japan to a sympathetic physician in New York City. When U.S. customs confiscated the package as unlawful contraceptives, Sanger aided that physician in filing a lawsuit to contest the seizure. The
1863:
Anthony Comstock's views of morality were strict. During the height of his career, some anatomy textbooks were even prohibited from being sent to medical students by the United States Postal Service. According to
1645:, expressed an optimistic viewpoint about the Comstock Act's applicability to abortion: "We don't need a federal ban when we have Comstock on the books." However, Mitchell nonetheless hoped that former-President
1753:. Restrictions on medication abortion disproportionately impact persons who are either low-income, a member of a marginalized group, or both. Even in the absence of direct restrictions, and even prior to the
1016:(1973), and ended recognition of pre-viability abortion access as a constitutional right. Consequently, the applicability of the Comstock Act to abortion-related articles has become subject to legal dispute.
5349:
Following a two-day bench trial, McCoy was convicted of using an interactive computer service for the transportation of obscene material in interstate and foreign commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462.
2144:
18 U.S. Code § 1460, 18 U.S. Code § 1465, 18 U.S. Code § 1466, 18 U.S. Code § 1467, 18 U.S. Code § 1468, and 18 U.S. Code § 1469 were added to chapter 71 by the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement
4187:
2588:
1591:
later signed into law 1994 and 1996 amendments to the Comstock Act that increased its penalties and expanded the scope of 18 U.S.C. § 1462 to cover an interactive computer service (internet website).
744:
In terms of differences to the previous section, section 1462 deviates in that its scope expands to cover the use of a common carrier or interactive computer service. Section 1461 only applies to the
1962:
to a postal service re-consolidation bill. Although Comstock had hoped this initial law would be enough to mitigate the postal service's use in facilitating 'vice', he soon became disappointed as
2482:
1800:
This section was amended by Sec. 2. of Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, a law enacted on March 3, 1873 by then-President
1734:. This combination regimen has increasingly been prescribed through telehealth and delivered by mail to individuals within states where abortion has since been broadly restricted following the
3987:
3953:
1124:
1457:(that only bind to courts in that particular circuit), and the non-legally-binding nature of historical revision notes in the U.S. Code (unlike statutory notes which do have force of law).
5453:
1757:
decision, abortion has been practically inaccessible to many Americans due to an array of factors, including, but not limited to, finances, age, or geography. In addition, since 1976, the
10597:
1556:
years in federal prison for his role as the operator of an internet site which acted as a paid repository of obscene writings and drawings pertaining to child sexual abuse. According to
8846:
7069:
Hearing on Obscenity Prosecution and the Constitution, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate March 16, 2005
4017:
1885:
worked to introduce a stand-alone bill, the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, with more comprehensive provisions.
504:(with the most recent conviction under the Act being made in 2021). In spite of its contentious nature, something that has throughout the years spawned a variety of legal challenges on
6973:
1163:
was barred from mailing by the Comstock Act and that FDA approval of mifepristone did not change this. The case was later appealed from the Fifth Circuit to the Supreme Court. During
4385:
1078:
requirement that imposed restrictions on its access. These restrictions were imposed for largely political reasons, and mifepristone is safe and effective for both supervised use in
500:
The law was applied broadly for much of its history, before the scope of enforcement narrowed after various court rulings, and modern enforcement is primarily focused on prosecuting
11509:
11076:
11000:
10888:
10827:
10776:
5971:
10512:
10498:
3983:
1119:
213:
8401:
1662:
administration policy towards abortion, claiming that "By hook or by crook, the Biden administration is determined to undermine or circumvent state laws restricting abortion".
5415:
A jury convicted Thomas Alan Arthur of ... five counts of using an interactive computer service to transport obscene matters, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462(a) ...
565:
There exists two elements to an offense under section 1461. First, it must relate to that described; chiefly, either obscene or pertaining to abortion. Second, a person must
8741:
8063:
4091:
10873:
7052:
2554:
1853:(1861–1865) gave rise to an anti-pornography movement, culminating in the passage of the Comstock Act in 1873, but which also dealt with birth control and abortion issues.
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
5321:
Isaacs was convicted on ... one count of transportation of obscene matter, 18 U.S.C. § 1462(a), and two counts of mailing obscene matter, 18 U.S.C. § 1461. We affirm.
1216:(1878) was the first case brought before the Supreme Court of the United States that considered the constitutionality of the Comstock Act. While primarily pertaining to a
8406:
8068:
2368:
6322:
2444:
1837:
judge J. C. Ruppenthal, after reviewing the various State laws called them "haphazard and capricious" and lacking "any clear, broad, well-defined principle or purpose".
1551:
The law has had some prosecutions in recent years, though enforcement of the Act's provisions has shifted from obscenity generally to primarily being a tool in securing
217:
11139:
2461:
A jury convicted Thomas Alan Arthur of...five counts of using an interactive computer service to transport obscene matters, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1462(a)...
1918:
on March 1, 1873. Finally, the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use was signed into law by President
7857:
1881:
As mentioned above, the initial provision of the Comstock Act was enacted in 1872 as an extraneous rider to a broader postal service reconsolidation bill. Afterwards,
11718:
11475:
11119:
7877:
7872:
7862:
7852:
1560:
agent Roger Young, the Comstock Act and other federal obscenity laws were initially the only tools available for federal authorities to prosecute child pornography:
1485:, was similarly charged earlier that year under a New York law against disseminating contraceptive information. In 1932, Margaret Sanger arranged for a shipment of
1341:(1971) adopted a similar line of interpretation towards 18 U.S.C. § 1462 and Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act of 1930 (or 19 U.S.C. § 1305) respectively. The opinion in
7189:
4060:
3922:
1569:
This change in enforcement, from general obscenity to an emphasis on child sexual abuse material, was bolstered by the Reagan Administration and by the outcome in
5529:
10843:
2838:
1765:
from covering the cost of an abortion in most instances, imposing a barrier to abortion access by persons even in U.S. states without restrictive abortion laws.
4179:
11678:
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11114:
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10633:
10393:
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7129:
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543:
274:
4156:
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485:
to a postal service reconsolidation bill. Amended multiple times since initial enactment, most recently in 1996, the Act is nonetheless often associated with
10792:
5174:
5102:
4751:
2580:
1491:
280:
11207:
4242:
7842:
5398:
2440:
1152:
1901:
on February 11, 1873, as S. 1572. It was reported without amendment from the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads by Republican Senator for Minnesota
1669:
signed a letter, along with other Senate colleagues, supporting the application of the Comstock Act to abortion-related articles such as abortion pills.
876:
in subsection (e), and it declares that unsolicited contraceptives are non-mailable unless the addressee is a manufacturer or trader in contraceptives, a
11781:
6456:
3571:
2803:
2524:
6689:
5428:
5027:
2474:
11456:
1743:
1496:
1429:
11801:
11451:
10294:
7144:
4883:
3976:
1576:
1433:
901:
513:
6402:
3945:
2219:"Every description calculated to induce or incite a person to so use or apply any such article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing...".
11389:
10085:
7574:
6349:
6165:
11483:
8905:
8883:
8726:
7820:
2092:
2069:
Anthony Comstock used the law bearing his namesake to go after those he perceived as promoting immorality. One of Comstock's notable targets was
1621:
1266:
1002:
935:
The term obscene is not defined in the actual text of Comstock Act, nor is it defined in the text for much of any of U.S. obscenity law, but the
4861:
3755:"Safety and effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion provided using online telemedicine in the United States: A population based study"
2281:
10638:
7988:
7164:
6611:
S. Journal 42-3 - Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, being the Third Session of the Forty-Second Congress; December 2, 1872
5232:
3600:
1583:
4125:
3651:
11325:
10648:
10612:
10403:
10077:
8721:
7899:
3115:
7012:
The Repeal of Reticence: A History of America's Cultural and Legal Struggles over Free Speech, Obscenity, Sexual Liberation, and Modern Art.
5731:
11693:
8609:
7667:
6815:
6022:
2407:
1968:
1778:
6139:
5911:
4411:
2808:
1548:
concept that a law is repealed by implication if it has not been used in a long time) has not garnered widespread support in U.S. courts.
1540:, as a "zombie law". However, the Act remains just as effective as does any other federal law unless repealed or amended. The doctrine of
1301:
Neither do we find § 1461 unconstitutionally vague as applied here. Our construction of the statute flows directly from the decisions in
11806:
7743:
5757:
2884:
2038:
1552:
1098:
6711:
6271:
732:
of chapter 71, title 18, United States Code. It was initially enacted under Sec. 211 of the Criminal Code Act of 1909 on March 4, 1909.
10148:
10138:
9988:
9854:
9839:
9700:
9566:
9556:
9417:
9370:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
7792:
7705:
7089:
5885:
2772:
5199:
11170:
10158:
10118:
10025:
9953:
9886:
9864:
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9742:
9710:
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1075:
943:
The average person applying contemporary community standards would find the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest;
394:
386:
8539:
4210:
1244:
The 1909 amendment to the Comstock Act (18 U.S.C. § 1462) applies to both the U.S. mail and a common carrier and has been upheld on
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9024:
9005:
8981:
8396:
8286:
8271:
8018:
8008:
7660:
7451:
5856:
1829:
1432:. It was initially believed by some scholars that this modification to RICO would get struck down as an unconstitutional burden on
978:
As nothing indicates otherwise, and since a violation of the Act is a non-capital offense, it has a 5-year statute of limitations.
939:
provides the most current definition used by courts when judging obscenity. The Miller Test has three prongs which are as follows:
828:
Articles containing means for procuring abortion, for which surrounding case law has limited to the unlawful procuring of abortion.
6297:
6190:
6048:
4010:"State of Washington et al v. United States Food and Drug Administration et al, No. 1:2023cv03026 – Document 80 (E.D. Wash. 2023)"
4009:
716:
specifies which of the laws on either end of the solicitation govern the legality, nor whether state or federal law would govern.
11811:
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10658:
10326:
10010:
9938:
9901:
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9727:
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9613:
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9511:
9459:
9392:
9335:
9273:
9211:
8996:
8991:
8438:
8213:
7815:
7724:
7605:
7184:
7154:
7149:
7059:
2546:
1827:
In addition to the federal law about half of the states enacted laws similar to the federal Comstock Act. In a 1919 issue of the
1421:
486:
3625:
1717:
introduced the Comstock Cleanup Act in an effort to achieve this same goal, but his bill failed (not even making to committee).
1436:
protected conduct. Nine years after that modification was made to RICO, this concern would be answered as the Supreme Court, in
569:
mail, cause to be mailed, or remove from the mail, anything specified. The following is a brief summary of the matters covered:
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and misoprostol are used in 63% of the abortions performed in the United States and mifepristone is sometimes prescribed after
1176:
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8391:
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4845:
1351:(1973) and additionally interpreted a 14 day time limit into beginning forfeitures under Sec. 305 of the Tariff Act of 1930.
838:
5361:
946:
the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law; and
11771:
11238:
10744:
10244:
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8176:
8035:
7927:
7528:
558:
The first of the three sections of the Comstock Act which are contained under chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, is
1888:
1275:(1974), the Supreme Court would uphold section 1461 by adopting a saving construction that conformed the section with the
11600:
10802:
10731:
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8266:
8154:
8146:
8003:
7548:
7235:
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7159:
6977:
United States, Congress, "An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Statutes Relating to the Post-Office Department."
5697:
4955:
4437:
4148:
3120:
2258:
2253:
1894:
1370:(1973) as to the particular test used, the Supreme Court upheld the Comstock Act against a First Amendment challenge. In
6217:
4319:
4046:
3906:
3811:
3810:
Thompson, Alexandra; Singh, Dipti; Ghorashi, Adrienne R.; Donovan, Megan K.; Ma, Jenny; Rikelman, Julie (July 1, 2021).
1086:. The restrictions imposed by the mifepristone REMS disproportionately posed a barrier to abortion access by members of
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11401:
10503:
10108:
9983:
9978:
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7837:
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5791:
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3435:
3397:
3354:
3313:
3209:
2704:
2663:
2634:
2291:
1575:(1982), a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that child pornography is not protected by the
1168:
997:
539:
478:
296:
172:
157:
149:
141:
133:
125:
8329:
5585:
4359:
3676:
2172:"Every article or thing designed, adapted, or intended for producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral use...".
10883:
10590:
10570:
10123:
10035:
9958:
9911:
9891:
9824:
9752:
9675:
9603:
9541:
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9432:
9407:
8376:
8359:
7922:
7420:
7256:
6512:
3505:
3279:
2880:
2768:
2403:
1954:, anti-vice activist and namesake of the Comstock Act, got his political start when he campaigned against saloons in
799:
There is one section of the Comstock Act found in title 18, United States Code, which is outside chapter 71. This is
725:
505:
265:
2037:
After the 19th century failures, there was no concerted effort to change Comstock-style laws until the start of the
618:(either designed, adapted, intended for use or described in a manner to calculated to incite its use for obscene or
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10341:
10045:
10015:
9906:
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8235:
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7655:
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7523:
5072:
3879:
1684:
11439:
11370:
11312:
11222:
11149:
10939:
10771:
10710:
10617:
10452:
10377:
10351:
10260:
8423:
8411:
7887:
7882:
7867:
6882:
Brooks, Carol Flora (1966). "The Early History of the Anti-Contraceptive Laws in Massachusetts and Connecticut".
6536:
6500:
4884:"RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) vs. Dealers in Obscene Matter: The First Amendment Battle"
4775:
1846:
1655:
1651:
1454:
1385:
356:
95:
87:
5560:"Child Smut Business Going Underground: Grows Uglier as Customers Trade Children, Not Just Pictures, Police Say"
11791:
10493:
8159:
7802:
7727:
7698:
7215:
7210:
6840:
6392:
5937:
5050:"Disorder in Court as Sanger is Fined: Justices Order Room Cleared When Socialists and Anarchists Hoot Verdict"
286:
3271:
2830:
2508:
825:
Mail matter containing true threats of physical harm to or taking the life of any person in the United States.
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11559:
11258:
11124:
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10447:
9044:
8815:
8509:
7973:
7456:
7374:
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6681:
5019:
3024:
1850:
1252:(1973) illustrating this. In a separate 1973 case, the Supreme Court would similarly uphold Sec. 305. of the
1185:
On June 13, 2024, the Supreme Court unanimously held that the Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine did not have
17:
2998:
2163:"Every obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy or vile article, matter, thing, device, or substance...".
11217:
11185:
11071:
10934:
10822:
10705:
10575:
10544:
10537:
10483:
10372:
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10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
7430:
7379:
7359:
7169:
7119:
7105:
3467:"Obscenity Prosecutions in Cyberspace: The Miller Test Cannot "Go Where No [Porn] Has Gone Before""
1805:
1071:
462:
6610:
6081:
Boos, Elise W.; Horta, Manuel; Thompson, Ivana; Dusetzina, Stacie B.; Leech, Ashley A. (August 22, 2023).
5454:"Interview with Roger Young, a retired FBI Agent who specialized in child pornography and obscenity cases"
1713:
proposed or introduced legislation to repeal the Act's abortion-related language. In 1997, Representative
11745:
11703:
11093:
10868:
10560:
10415:
10410:
8706:
8701:
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8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8595:
8240:
7907:
7354:
7000:
5645:
5559:
5530:"Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation on Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement"
5049:
4117:
2109:
1742:
associated enterprises) involved in provisioning abortion telehealth could also face penalties under the
1190:
470:
67:
3977:"Memorandum Opinion and Order in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration"
1283:(1977), the Supreme Court would push back against another vagueness argument (this time presented as an
114:
Sec. 148 of an Act to revise, consolidate, and amend the Statutes relating to the Post-office Department
11104:
10904:
10863:
10807:
10425:
8947:
8878:
8112:
7963:
7481:
7276:
7261:
6759:
6245:
5997:
3010:
2919:
1897:, Comstock got his bill introduced before the United States Senate by Republican Senator for Minnesota
1889:
Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use
1642:
50:
Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use
10909:
822:
Articles advocating or urging treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance against the United States.
11606:
11496:
11416:
11376:
11046:
10754:
10602:
10346:
10316:
8736:
8575:
8381:
8324:
8083:
8023:
7943:
7691:
7496:
7410:
7369:
7205:
4930:
4862:"Application of the Comstock Act to the Mailing of Prescription Drugs That Can Be Used for Abortions"
4840:. Columbia studies in the history of U.S. capitalism. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
1486:
861:
364:
6083:"Trends in the Use of Mifepristone for Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Loss From 2016 to 2020"
5824:
3845:
3525:
1749:
As of March 1, 2024, medication abortion is effectively banned in fourteen U.S. states according to
1530:
Due to its age, the Comstock Act has been referred to by some commentators, in publications such as
1043:. Mifepristone is additionally approved on its own (under the brand name Korlym) as a treatment for
11212:
11099:
10878:
10478:
10473:
10289:
10284:
8225:
8127:
7635:
7508:
7425:
7317:
7220:
7179:
7134:
6627:
4269:"Conservative appeals judges tear into Biden administration defense of anti-abortion drug approval"
690:
a decision by a United States district court, this provision was ruled unconstitutional (for being
461:
is a series of current provisions in Federal law that generally criminalize the involvement of the
5912:"The sole US supplier of a major abortion pill said it would not distribute the drug in 31 states"
5671:
5257:
4720:
4674:"Obscenity: Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974), Jenkins v. Georgia, 418 U.S. 153 (1974)"
4673:
1394:
test is the obscenity test currently applied to the Comstock Act, as explained in the opinion for
1225:. This holding concerning the Comstock Act's initial provision was reaffirmed in later cases like
864:, and lottery tickets printed in Canada after 1993 for use in lotteries within the United States.
11708:
11527:
11305:
11289:
11180:
11021:
10858:
10797:
10488:
10267:
8447:
8095:
8078:
7748:
7518:
7225:
6794:
5124:"'Momma's Got the Pill': How Anthony Comstock and Griswold v. Connecticut Shaped US Childbearing"
5097:
4617:
4567:
2087:
1905:
on February 13, 1873. On the following day, through motion by Republican Senator for Connecticut
1504:
1233:
378:
6807:
5825:"Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise: Project 2025 Presidential Transition Project"
4539:
4292:
2395:
1440:(1993), upheld, against a First Amendment challenge, a RICO forfeiture pertaining to obscenity.
1182:
about the Comstock Act, the particular effect of section 1461 as applied to FDA-approved drugs.
542:. The rest of chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, consists of various provisions from the
11796:
11683:
11572:
11406:
11191:
10848:
8810:
8416:
8100:
8030:
7400:
7349:
6991:
6657:
5886:"CVS and Walgreens plan to sell abortion pill mifepristone at pharmacies after FDA rule change"
3601:"'You would only need a week': How the next Republican president could ban abortion nationwide"
3466:
2798:
2739:"Still More Ado About Dirty Books (and Pictures): Stanley, Reidel, and Thirty-seven Photograph"
1500:(1936) that the Comstock Act was not to be construed as interfering with practice of medicine.
414:
4343:
3087:"18 U.S. Code § 552 - Officers aiding importation of obscene or treasonous books and articles"
2953:
2872:
1605:
President Reagan's remarks at the signing ceremony of the Child Protection Act on May 21, 1984
768:(to include the additions of 'a thing capable of producing sound' or a 'motion picture film').
11657:
11593:
11202:
11056:
11016:
10971:
10321:
8940:
8471:
8230:
7998:
7948:
7322:
6755:
6719:
5503:
5178:
5106:
4755:
4214:
4050:
3753:
Aiken, Abigail R. A.; Romanova, Evdokia P.; Morber, Julia R.; Gomperts, Rebecca (June 2022).
3439:
3401:
3358:
3317:
3213:
2708:
2667:
2363:
1906:
1227:
1083:
1044:
749:
340:
7043:
6979:
An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Statutes Relating to the Post-Office Department
6808:"Letter against the Comstock Act | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"
6748:
6649:
2760:
2228:
As was explained in the discussion for 18 U.S.C. § 1461, this was ruled unconstitutional in
949:
the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
39:
10518:
10420:
10233:
8910:
8836:
8785:
8521:
8503:
8497:
8479:
8347:
8339:
8334:
7953:
7763:
7645:
7595:
7476:
7281:
7044:
Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock
5938:"Opinion | I Hope to Repeal an Arcane Law That Could Be Misused to Ban Abortion Nationwide"
5258:"Understanding Federal Legislation: A Section-by-Section Guide to Key Legal Considerations"
4438:"Forgotten Supreme Court abortion cases: Drs. Hawker and Hurwitz in the deck and defrocked"
3723:
2938:"Abortion and the Mails: Challenging the Applicability of the Comstock Act Laws Post-Dobbs"
1638:
1366:
1347:
1284:
1115:
701:
Third, laws prohibiting conveyance of material providing information on the procurement of
691:
195:
6632:
Rereading Sex: Battles Over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America
5123:
8:
11535:
11462:
11396:
11357:
11274:
11197:
10985:
10812:
10759:
10693:
10607:
10585:
10565:
10367:
10300:
8711:
8659:
8561:
8533:
8386:
8352:
7958:
7778:
7773:
7640:
7332:
5972:"Democrats Are Trying To Repeal An Archaic Law That Could Create A National Abortion Ban"
5832:
5169:
4746:
2738:
1998:
and that in order to protect it, the mailing of obscene materials needed to be outlawed.
1959:
1696:
would not distribute mifepristone-misoprostol in combination within those twenty states.
1673:
1658:, a conservative think tank, expressed a view similar to that of Mitchell and criticized
1518:
1372:
1079:
707:
547:
482:
348:
6115:
3827:
1773:
1654:, another attorney active in the anti-abortion movement and the former president of the
11469:
11297:
11281:
11243:
11134:
11051:
11036:
11026:
10965:
10919:
10699:
10688:
10279:
9088:
8618:
8455:
8203:
8051:
7968:
7847:
7758:
7415:
7327:
6960:
6907:
6841:"Four. Anthony Comstock versus Free Love: Religion, Marriage, and the Victorian Family"
6397:
6023:"What is the Comstock Act? The 151-year-old law mentioned in SCOTUS abortion pill case"
5478:
5181:
5109:
5057:
4905:
4808:
4758:
4695:
4592:
4507:
4482:
4307:
Justice Alito's question can heard at minute 19:15 of the March 3, 2024, oral argument.
3787:
3497:
3346:
3305:
3240:
3180:
3151:
3094:
3065:
2655:
2638:
2623:
2504:
2286:
2059:
1955:
1571:
1474:
1253:
1179:
1131:
1087:
1028:
843:
837:
In addition to the criminal importation provisions under section 1462, there is also a
806:
There are four elements to an offense under this section. First, one must be either an
787:
The final Comstock Act provision in chapter 71, title 18, United States Code, found at
538:
The majority of the Comstock Act is found in sections 1461 through 1463 of chapter 71,
509:
259:
119:
6650:
6573:
5195:
3567:
3427:
3389:
3201:
2696:
1443:
917:
Concerning the definitions used in the Comstock Act, there are three key definitions:
11816:
11662:
11516:
11175:
10765:
10531:
10336:
9049:
8831:
8208:
7768:
7630:
7338:
7312:
7271:
6899:
6856:
6763:
6661:
6593:
6589:
6508:
6298:"Overturning Roe could mean women seeking abortions have to travel hundreds of miles"
6120:
6102:
6056:
5998:"Democrats, worried about future of medication abortion, push to repeal Comstock Act"
5945:
5799:
5765:
5705:
5619:
5287:
5272:"Does Federal Law Ban Mailing Abortion Drugs? A Textual Analysis of 18 U.S.C. § 1461"
5233:"Opinion | Justices Thomas and Alito want to use a 'zombie law' to restrict abortion"
5207:
5151:
5143:
4998:
4979:"Does Federal Law Ban Mailing Abortion Drugs? A Textual Analysis of 18 U.S.C. § 1461"
4841:
4783:
4457:
4449:
4219:
4055:
4042:
3914:
3853:
3792:
3774:
3735:
3478:
3252:
3032:
2949:
2516:
2070:
1425:
501:
226:
5792:"JD Vance called for 'federal response' to block women from traveling for abortions"
1935:
In February 1866, the executive committee of the Young Men's Christian Association (
682:
There are a number of implications with these specifics listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1461.
11619:
11566:
11446:
11433:
11423:
11383:
11165:
11109:
11066:
11061:
10977:
10853:
10524:
10331:
8920:
8898:
8888:
8654:
8485:
8428:
8198:
8132:
8105:
8090:
7753:
7714:
7471:
7296:
7018:
6986:
Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America.
6891:
6848:
6585:
6110:
6094:
5857:"Republican AGs warn pharmacies against mailing abortion pills within their states"
5279:
5135:
4990:
4833:
4297:, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, Judge Ho dissent, pp. 64–93
4180:"More than 200 drugmakers led by Pfizer blast Texas judge's abortion pill decision"
4116:
Weber, Lauren; McGinley, Laurie; Ovalle, David; Sellers, Frances (April 13, 2023).
3823:
3782:
3766:
2082:
2008:
1951:
1940:
1919:
1910:
1902:
1882:
1801:
1535:
1217:
1212:
959:
907:
771:
An article designed, adapted, or intended for obscene or abortion-causing purposes.
748:, but section 1462 covers both that and a private package delivery service such as
598:
advertised or otherwise described in a manner calculated to lead to its application
494:
308:
6750:
Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America
5586:"This 150-Year-Old Anti-Vice Law Is Now At The Center Of The Push To Ban Abortion"
3537:
3172:
3143:
3057:
2974:
2615:
2581:"Conservative groups aim to use an 1873 law to virtually end abortions nationwide"
1704:
Legislators in favor of abortion access, such as Democratic Senator for Minnesota
1031:
drug. Mifepristone is approved (under the brand name Mifeprex), in a regimen with
873:
847:
788:
729:
559:
176:
161:
153:
145:
137:
11723:
11613:
11536:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
11428:
11318:
11253:
11144:
10990:
10960:
10924:
10442:
8893:
8644:
8365:
8247:
8218:
7978:
7364:
7286:
7005:
Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City, 1909–1945.
6450:
6393:"I Hope to Repeal an Arcane Law That Could Be Misused to Ban Abortion Nationwide"
3994:
3707:
3086:
2042:
1470:
1245:
1136:
1052:
1024:
800:
753:
271:
Contraception Mail Prohibition Removal Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-662, 84 Stat. 1973
129:
6483:
6323:"KFF Examines the Hyde Amendment and its Impact in States Without Abortion Bans"
11587:
11411:
10736:
8925:
8915:
8649:
8554:
7912:
7580:
7502:
7074:
4864:. Office of Legal Counsel, United States Department of Justice. January 3, 2023
4345:
United States Food and Drug Administration v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
4320:"Supreme Court abortion case brings 19th century chastity law to the forefront"
3907:"Access to abortion pill in the balance as Texas judge hears mifepristone case"
3770:
3724:"Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Early Pregnancy Loss and Medication Abortion"
1898:
1758:
1482:
1327:
1288:
1264:
The broad language used in the Comstock Act has, mostly in the years since the
1256:(19 U.S.C. § 1305) as a valid exercise of authority under the Commerce Clause.
1186:
1145:
1141:
466:
199:
7036:
Against Obscenity: Reform and the Politics of Womanhood in America, 1873–1935.
5612:"Republicans want to use an 1873 law to ban abortion. Congress must repeal it"
3572:"Opinion: It's too dangerous to allow this antiquated law to exist any longer"
724:
The second of the three primary sections of the Comstock Act is codified in a
11760:
11688:
11652:
11553:
11248:
11031:
10995:
10955:
8930:
8780:
8527:
8117:
7620:
7610:
7466:
7395:
6903:
6852:
6597:
6106:
6060:
5949:
5881:
5803:
5769:
5709:
5623:
5291:
5211:
5147:
5002:
4787:
4771:
4453:
4087:
3918:
3857:
3778:
3754:
3739:
3698:
3652:"How A Drugmaker Turned The Abortion Pill Into A Rare-Disease Profit Machine"
3482:
3256:
3036:
2520:
2354:
2104:
2063:
1817:
1813:
1222:
1164:
1056:
1048:
1036:
6164:
Felix, Mabel; Sobel, Laurie; Published, Alina Salganicoff (April 15, 2024).
6098:
5026:. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. 1995.
832:
516:, etc., the Comstock Act has thus far been widely upheld as constitutional.
11728:
11698:
11490:
11129:
11041:
10817:
10580:
10457:
8935:
8873:
8858:
8853:
8515:
7568:
7553:
7486:
7251:
6953:
6375:
6124:
5672:"Why anti-abortion advocates are reviving a 19th century sexual purity law"
5155:
4461:
3796:
2937:
1865:
1727:
1714:
1688:
1677:
1646:
1588:
1380:, the Supreme Court ruled that material pertaining to homosexuality is not
1172:
1160:
1020:
521:
6082:
6049:"U.S. abortions reach recent high, with record number done via medication"
5429:"Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years For Website of Stories About Child Abuse"
2475:"Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years For Website of Stories About Child Abuse"
1401:
11521:
10929:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8491:
8056:
7590:
7491:
7461:
7266:
5283:
5139:
4994:
4306:
3841:
3722:
MacNaughton, Honor; Nothnagle, Melissa; Early, Jessica (April 15, 2021).
1995:
1857:
1731:
1509:
1293:
1276:
1195:
1156:
1060:
1032:
1012:
936:
5271:
4978:
3347:"United States v. Thirty-Seven Photographs, 402 U.S. 363 (1971) Opinion"
3306:"United States v. 12 200-Ft. Reels of Film, 413 U.S. 123 (1973) Opinion"
3058:"18 U.S. Code § 1463 - Mailing indecent matter on wrappers or envelopes"
2975:"18 U.S. Code § 1462 - Importation or transportation of obscene matters"
1804:. The amendment made by Sec. 2. of that Act criminalized any use of the
11647:
11503:
8122:
7558:
7538:
6911:
6645:
6528:
6388:
5758:"Vance urged DOJ to enforce Comstock Act, crack down on abortion pills"
2054:
1705:
1545:
1449:
1064:
1007:
885:
481:
and was enacted beginning in 1872 with the attachment of an extraneous
99:
7029:
The Politics of Obscenity: Group Litigation in a Time of Legal Change.
6350:"How to Fight Anti-Abortion Hyde Amendment, Which Turned 43 this Week"
1125:
Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
10914:
8868:
8587:
8073:
7563:
7543:
7513:
6652:
The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications
6574:"Birth Control Laws: Shall We Keep Them, Change Them or Abolish Them"
3703:"Abortion debate is affecting access to drug used after miscarriages"
3679:. Atlanta, Georgia: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
3116:"Justice Manual | 1964. Immoral Articles; Prohibition Of Importation"
2831:"United States v. Goldstein, 431 F. Supp. 974 (D. Kan. 1976) Opinion"
2323:
1809:
1692:
1659:
1541:
1040:
877:
745:
6995:
Purity in Print: Censorship from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age.
6957:
Birth Control Laws: Shall we keep them, change them, or abolish them
6895:
5073:"United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries (1936) Analysis"
1206:
1171:
on March 26, 2024, regarding the regulatory status of mifepristone,
11713:
8863:
8841:
7825:
7683:
7533:
6476:
Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology
4018:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington
1963:
1762:
1750:
1666:
1444:
Textualist analysis of statutory construction in regard to abortion
1424:
which, among other things, added 'dealing in obscene matters' as a
1159:
dissented from the majority and argued, like judge Kacsmaryk, that
1144:
scientific data, presenting a biased tone, and being an example of
889:
705:
abortion were ruled unconstitutional on First Amendment grounds in
474:
4241:
Sobel, Laurie; Salganicoff, Alina; Felix, Mabel (April 21, 2023).
3946:"Long-used abortion pill in U.S. is under threat in Texas lawsuit"
3202:"Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60 (1983) Opinion"
1420:
An area of interest to legal scholars concerned the effect of the
1105:
6218:"The negative health implications of restricting abortion access"
1821:
1508:(1965) struck down a contraception-related Comstock-style law in
1453:
decisions adopting an 'illegal intentions' construction are from
1430:
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970 (RICO)
966:
criminal knowledge requirement, the second most stringent behind
757:
10499:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
5732:"OLC's Dubious Stay-Out-of-Jail Card for Abortion-Drug Shippers"
3144:"19 U.S. Code § 1305 - Immoral articles; importation prohibited"
2616:"18 U.S. Code § 1461 - Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter"
2154:
18 U.S. Code § 1466A was added to chapter 71 by the PROTECT ACT.
1967:
the New York YMCA, which would later splinter off to become the
1641:, an attorney active in the anti-abortion movement and a former
908:
Definitions, knowledge requirement, statute of limitations, etc.
7650:
5410:
5200:"The Biggest Thing Missing From Joe Biden's State of the Union"
4721:"Eloquent voice for the oppressed: Harry A. Blackmun 1908–1999"
4646:"United States v. Twelve 200-Ft. Reels of Film (1973) Analysis"
4028:
3984:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
3451:
3413:
3370:
3329:
3225:
2850:
2719:
2679:
2456:
1834:
1120:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
893:
6847:, Princeton University Press, July 27, 1998, pp. 76–103,
4211:"The Good and Bad of the Fifth Circuit's Abortion Pill Ruling"
3677:"Mifepristone: Questions and Answers With Rollins Researchers"
2324:"U.S. Statutes at Large, Volume 17 (1871-1873), 42nd Congress"
900:(1983), as-applied to business mailings, due to an as-applied
8742:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
7585:
6529:"Mrs. Bird, female physician To the Ladies – Madame Costello"
6246:"How much do abortions cost? For many, it's already too much"
6166:"The Comstock Act: Implications for Abortion Care Nationwide"
1531:
881:
477:-related matter. The Comstock Act is largely codified across
4956:"The Shadow Code: Statutory Notes in the United States Code"
4243:"Update on the Status of Medication Abortion and the Courts"
3809:
962:, a guide often used to assist in legislative drafting, the
3752:
3025:"The Fight Over Section 230—and the Internet as We Know It"
2999:
Common Carrier Litigation: An Overview of Relevant Case Law
2547:"Over half of U.S. abortions done with pills, survey finds"
1936:
1856:
The historical enforcement of Comstock-style laws targeted
846:
and is currently codified (in a non-positive law title) at
490:
11510:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
6080:
4115:
1744:
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970
1194:
Hippocratic Medicine were unimpressed, with chief counsel
633:
from who, where, how, or by what means an act or operation
11719:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
4838:
Buying gay: how physique entrepreneurs sparked a movement
3721:
2799:"LibGuides: Federal Case Law: Authoritativeness of Cases"
1557:
833:
Sec. 305. of the Tariff Act of 1930 (or 19 U.S.C. § 1305)
7190:
United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General
6505:
With Pleasure: Thoughts on the Nature of Human Sexuality
6296:
Sneed, Tierney; Krishnakumar, Priya (October 30, 2021).
1665:
In January 2023, Republican vice presidential candidate
1039:
analogue), for ending of a pregnancy up to 70 days post
756:. An interactive computer service generally includes an
277:, Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, subtitle N, 102 Stat. 4500
5391:"United States v. Arthur, No. 21-50607 (5th Cir. 2022)"
5362:"United States v. Sessoms, No. 16-7238 (4th Cir. 2016)"
5334:"United States v. McCoy, No. 13-14350 (11th Cir. 2015)"
5306:"United States v. Isaacs, No. 13-50036 (9th Cir. 2014)"
4149:"The Texas judge who could take down the abortion pill"
4147:
Kitchener, Caroline; Marimow, Ann (February 25, 2023).
3812:"The disproportionate burdens of the mifepristone REMS"
2839:
United States District Court for the District of Kansas
2433:"United States v. Arthur, No. 21-50607 (5th Cir. 2022)"
2282:"18 USC 1461: Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter"
1402:
Statutory interpretation of abortion-related references
1297:(1973), would go on to explicitly state the following:
11679:
African American founding fathers of the United States
11581:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
8747:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
7601:
Postage stamps and postal history of the United States
7130:
Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service
6272:"Abortion, Minors, and the Ethics of Parental Consent"
5698:"Trump Allies Plan New Sweeping Abortion Restrictions"
4809:"MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day, 370 U.S. 478 (1962)"
3846:"F.D.A. Will Permanently Allow Abortion Pills by Mail"
3390:"Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) Opinion"
3272:"Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. (1983) Analysis"
2656:"United States v. Reidel, 402 U.S. 351 (1971) Opinion"
1074:(FDA) in 2000, and this approval was accompanied by a
1010:
regulation of abortion back to the states, overturned
544:
Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988
275:
Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988
256:
Criminal Code Act of 1909, c. 321, 35 Stat. 1088, 1129
7022:
Dirty Discourse: Sex and Indecency in American Radio.
6926:"Woodhull and Claflin's weekly | Digital Collections"
4696:"Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291 (1977) Opinion"
4593:"United States v. Orito, 413 U.S. 139 (1973) Opinion"
4240:
2908:"Criminal Speech: Inducement and the First Amendment"
2055:
Free Love movement of the Victorian-era United States
1492:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
1354:
281:
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
10253:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
5399:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
4483:"Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) Opinion"
4294:
Hippocratic Medicine v. Food and Drug Administration
2441:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
1153:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
6835:
6833:
6191:"Map: Where medication abortion is and isn't legal"
6163:
5193:
5042:
4047:"Two (Wrong) Mifepristone Court Rulings in One Day"
3882:. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
3565:
2804:
University of California, Los Angeles School of Law
2382:
1994 from $ 5,000 to $ 250,000 for a first offense.
1248:grounds, as opposed to Postal Clause grounds, with
10504:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
6747:
5696:Lerer, Lisa; Dias, Elizabeth (February 17, 2024).
2254:"Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Law On Obscenity"
2032:
1497:United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries
1291:, best known for writing the opinion delivered in
1000:handed down a 6–3 majority opinion in the case of
10295:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
7145:National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees
6295:
5479:"New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982) Opinion"
4906:"Alexander v. United States, 509 U.S. 544 (1993)"
4360:"Supreme Court preserves access to abortion pill"
3944:Murphy, Sean; Perrone, Matthew (March 15, 2023).
2503:
1207:Congressional authority to enact the Comstock Act
872:The last section of the Comstock Act is found at
11758:
7104:
6830:
6791:History of the birth control movement in America
6140:"Access to abortion pills has grown since Dobbs"
5756:Diamond, Dan; Kornfield, Meryl (July 17, 2024).
5755:
4776:"The Court Cases That Changed L.G.B.T.Q. Rights"
4386:"SCOTUS abortion ruling 'reprieve,' not a 'win'"
4146:
3880:"How the Comstock Act Threatens Abortion Rights"
2191:articles, or things may be obtained or made...".
1384:obscene and later reaffirming the conclusion in
1134:. The ruling by Kacsmaryk was criticized in the
6718:. Loyola University New Orleans. Archived from
6046:
4412:"SCOTUS upholds abortion pill access – for now"
4092:"The coming legal showdown over abortion pills"
3009:Per the definition used in section 230 of the
2328:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
1198:claiming it was decided over a "technicality".
896:. This provision was ruled unconstitutional in
203:
10639:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
3993:from the original on July 3, 2024 – via
2697:"Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 (1878) Opinion"
1925:
1584:Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act
241:by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 3, 1873
10613:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
8603:
7699:
7090:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6381:
5880:
4508:"Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291 (1977)"
3943:
2130:historical jurisprudence for more information
1893:Due to his personal connections with Justice
1415:
1407:of 1930, which does make such a distinction.
7668:USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program
6682:"Petition for Stricter Obscenity Laws, 1887"
6622:
6620:
6618:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6420:
4931:"Alexander v. United States (1993) Analysis"
3538:"18 U.S. Code § 3282 - Offenses not capital"
1969:New York Society for the Suppression of Vice
1876:
1779:New York Society for the Suppression of Vice
1699:
1622:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1093:Following the outcome in the thus mentioned
1003:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
848:section 1305 of title 19, United States Code
7165:National Rural Letter Carriers' Association
6578:Journal of the American Medical Association
6507:. Oxford University Press US. p. 180.
6463:
4348:, Supreme Court of the United States (2024)
4118:"Abortion pill ruling cited flawed science"
2039:birth control movement in the United States
1687:State attorneys general issued a letter to
1525:
1448:There has been scholarly analysis, using a
1019:Much of this dispute has arisen concerning
11782:United States reproductive rights case law
8610:
8596:
7706:
7692:
7097:
7083:
7053:"Statement of Professor Frederick Schauer"
6741:
6739:
6737:
6551:
6469:
5669:
5583:
3428:"Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)"
3173:"39 U.S. Code § 3001 - Nonmailable matter"
2935:
2758:
2578:
2001:
1628:
860:of recognized merit when permitted by the
11171:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
7406:Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act
6959:New York, Grafton Press, 1926. Full text
6615:
6417:
6223:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
6114:
5695:
4409:
4086:
3974:
3786:
2353:
2222:
2058:targeted individuals associated with the
1851:pornography during the American Civil War
1830:Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology
1339:United States v. Thirty-Seven Photographs
1122:, ruled at the trial-level in that case,
1047:. Mifepristone is sometimes used, albeit
973:
395:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
387:United States v. Thirty-Seven Photographs
235:on March 1, 1873 (without objection)
11802:United States federal postal legislation
11694:History of the United States (1865–1917)
8019:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
8009:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
7452:2020 United States Postal Service crisis
6626:
6499:
5269:
5014:
5012:
4976:
4618:"United States v. Orito (1973) Analysis"
4568:"Smith v. United States (1977) Analysis"
4383:
2507:; Miller, Claire Cain (March 26, 2024).
2140:
2138:
2014:
1840:
1772:
1768:
1609:
1593:
1335:United States v. 12 200-ft Reels of Film
1107:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
953:
289:, Pub. L. 104-104, title V, 110 Stat. 56
218:Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads
7606:Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique
7185:United States Postal Inspection Service
7155:National Association of Presort Mailers
7150:National Association of Letter Carriers
6970:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
6734:
6656:. New York City: Basic Books. pp.
6448:
6047:Rosenzweig-Ziff, Dan (March 19, 2024).
5789:
5670:Kurtzleben, Danielle (April 10, 2024).
5609:
5426:
5030:from the original on September 12, 2006
4832:
4770:
4678:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
4540:"Roth v. United States (1957) Analysis"
3840:
3649:
3464:
2796:
2472:
2393:
1978:
1516:only applied to marital relationships.
1422:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
1410:
1364:(1957), a case partially superseded by
1259:
1070:Mifepristone was first approved by the
810:of the United States. Second, one must
262:, Pub. L. 71–361, ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590
14:
11759:
11353:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
10399:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
8617:
6881:
6818:from the original on December 25, 2018
6745:
6347:
6243:
6215:
6138:Cohen, Rachel M. (December 27, 2023).
5995:
5969:
5884:; Kimball, Spencer (January 5, 2023).
5729:
5557:
5538:University of California Santa Barbara
5527:
5121:
4668:
4666:
4640:
4638:
4562:
4560:
4534:
4532:
4477:
4475:
4082:
4080:
4078:
3956:from the original on February 22, 2024
3904:
3650:Tribble, Sarah Jane (April 10, 2018).
3594:
3592:
3495:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3341:
3339:
3270:Parker, Richard (February 18, 2024) .
3269:
3238:
2931:
2929:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2792:
2790:
2754:
2752:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2579:Kurtzleben, Danielle (April 8, 2024).
2574:
2572:
2105:The Truth Seeker Obscenity Prosecution
2066:and criticizing traditional marriage.
2019:
1988:
1916:United States House of Representatives
1871:
867:
11638:Women's suffrage in the United States
10327:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
8591:
7687:
7078:
6972:, vol. 10, issue 1, article 5, 1919.
6644:
6387:
6137:
5935:
5909:
5854:
5504:"New York v. Ferber (1982) Analaysis"
5420:
5383:
5263:
5225:
5009:
4435:
4317:
4266:
4208:
4041:
3925:from the original on December 8, 2023
3877:
3759:The Lancet Regional Health – Americas
3697:
3300:
3298:
3296:
2873:"Bigelow v. Virginia (1975) Analysis"
2691:
2689:
2650:
2648:
2427:
2425:
2371:from the original on January 30, 2024
2349:
2347:
2345:
2135:
1983:
10745:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
10433:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
10245:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
8177:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
7928:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
7713:
7529:List of United States airmail stamps
6560:The American Women's Rights Movement
6557:
6472:"Criminal Statutes on Birth Control"
5903:
5643:
5558:McGraw, Carol (September 16, 1985).
5528:Reagan, Ronald (November 10, 1987).
4970:
4948:
4357:
4177:
4007:
3975:Kacsmaryk, Matthew (April 7, 2023).
3465:Metcalf, J. Todd (January 1, 1996).
2905:
2797:Raphael, Brian (November 27, 2023).
2509:"How Common Is Medication Abortion?"
2394:Brandon, Burnette (June 21, 2024) .
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2062:, particularly those advocating for
1808:to send any of the following items:
1151:Upon appeal (six days later) to the
1082:, as well as self-administration in
473:, crime-inciting matter, or certain
440:Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
11601:United Daughters of the Confederacy
10732:American Woman Suffrage Association
10727:National Woman Suffrage Association
10654:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
8953:Women during the Reconstruction era
7549:Mail Isolation Control and Tracking
7236:United States Postal Savings System
7231:Locatable Address Conversion System
7160:National Postal Mail Handlers Union
6269:
5910:Cohen, Rachel M. (March 15, 2023).
5855:Sneed, Tierney (February 1, 2023).
5584:Blumenthal, Paul (April 17, 2023).
4923:
4854:
4663:
4635:
4557:
4529:
4500:
4472:
4384:Gurevich, Natalia (June 13, 2024).
4209:Adler, Johnathan (April 13, 2023).
4190:from the original on April 11, 2023
4128:from the original on April 13, 2023
4075:
3898:
3828:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.05.001
3589:
3377:
3336:
3121:United States Department of Justice
2936:Brunnstrom, Ebba (March 10, 2023).
2926:
2861:
2787:
2759:Wertheimer, John (June 24, 2024) .
2749:
2726:
2603:
2569:
2259:United States Department of Justice
1946:
1477:, was charged in 1915 for her work
1345:was handed down two years prior to
1051:in the United States, for treating
898:Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp
782:
719:
553:
24:
11807:Birth control in the United States
11643:Labor history of the United States
10679:South Carolina readmitted to Union
10676:North Carolina readmitted to Union
10659:Impeachment managers investigation
10598:Constitutional conventions of 1867
10274:National Women's Rights Convention
7673:United States Postal Service creed
7616:Postal voting in the United States
7436:Title 39 of the United States Code
7345:List of United States post offices
7140:Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee
6966:Criminal Statutes on Birth Control
6947:
6692:from the original on July 25, 2015
6405:from the original on April 2, 2024
5970:Alanna, Vagianos (June 20, 2024).
5646:"The Truth About the Comstock Act"
5644:Kanu, Hassan Ali (April 9, 2024).
4688:
4585:
4063:from the original on June 15, 2024
3905:Nowell, Cecilia (March 15, 2023).
3886:from the original on June 30, 2024
3519:
3458:
3436:Supreme Court of the United States
3398:Supreme Court of the United States
3355:Supreme Court of the United States
3314:Supreme Court of the United States
3293:
3245:University of Baltimore Law Review
3210:Supreme Court of the United States
2775:from the original on June 24, 2024
2761:"Ex parte Jackson (1878) Analysis"
2705:Supreme Court of the United States
2686:
2664:Supreme Court of the United States
2645:
2635:Office of the Law Revision Counsel
2591:from the original on June 28, 2024
2557:from the original on June 28, 2024
2527:from the original on June 29, 2024
2466:
2422:
2410:from the original on June 28, 2024
2342:
2292:Office of the Law Revision Counsel
1633:In a February 2024 interview with
1376:(1958), decided as a follow-on to
1355:Obscenity statutory interpretation
1287:). Writing for the court, Justice
1221:Congressional authority under the
998:Supreme Court of the United States
794:
540:title 18 of the United States Code
479:title 18 of the United States Code
287:Communications Decency Act of 1996
25:
11828:
10884:United States expedition to Korea
10591:Reconstruction military districts
8360:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
8084:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
7421:Postal Service Reform Act of 2022
7257:Express mail in the United States
6539:from the original on May 20, 2015
6348:Cheung, Kylie (October 4, 2019).
6216:Langer, Ana (December 13, 2021).
5790:Sherman, Carter (July 26, 2024).
4410:Del Valle, Gaby (June 13, 2024).
4318:Sneed, Tierney (March 29, 2024).
4159:from the original on July 6, 2023
3598:
3542:LII / Legal Information Institute
3506:Middle Tennessee State University
3280:Middle Tennessee State University
3239:Hankin, Janet (January 1, 1985).
3177:LII / Legal Information Institute
3148:LII / Legal Information Institute
3091:LII / Legal Information Institute
3062:LII / Legal Information Institute
3022:
2979:LII / Legal Information Institute
2887:from the original on June 2, 2024
2881:Middle Tennessee State University
2811:from the original on June 2, 2024
2769:Middle Tennessee State University
2620:LII / Legal Information Institute
2485:from the original on June 1, 2024
2447:from the original on June 1, 2024
2404:Middle Tennessee State University
2359:"Comstock Act Still On The Books"
2305:
1849:, the widespread availability of
1619:Following the outcome reached in
1465:
1460:
283:, Pub. L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796
266:Postal Reorganization Act of 1970
10438:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
8732:African-American representatives
8571:
8570:
7744:Grant and the American Civil War
7656:United States post office murals
7524:List of U.S. state abbreviations
7048:Columbia University Press, 2018.
6918:
6875:
6800:
6783:
6704:
6674:
6638:
6604:
6590:10.1001/jama.1936.02770480067035
6566:
6521:
6493:
6367:
6341:
6315:
6289:
6263:
6237:
6209:
6183:
6157:
6131:
6074:
6040:
6015:
5996:Becker, Amanda (June 20, 2024).
5989:
5963:
5929:
5874:
5848:
5817:
5783:
5749:
5723:
5689:
5663:
5637:
5610:Donegan, Moira (April 8, 2024).
5603:
5577:
5551:
5521:
5496:
5471:
5446:
5427:Pedroja, Cammy (June 22, 2021).
5354:
5326:
5298:
5251:
5194:Cohen, David S.; Donley, Greer;
5187:
5162:
5115:
5090:
5065:
5061:. September 11, 1915. p. 7.
3878:Winny, Annalies (May 31, 2024).
3566:Cohen, David S.; Donley, Greer;
3471:Washington University Law Review
2942:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
2473:Pedroja, Cammy (June 22, 2021).
1097:decision, various actors in the
1084:self-managed medication abortion
981:
668:Mail matter calculated to incite
38:
27:United States anti-obscenity law
11787:Censorship in the United States
11440:Black Reconstruction in America
11313:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
11223:1876 State of the Union Address
11150:1875 State of the Union Address
11077:1874 State of the Union Address
11001:1873 State of the Union Address
10940:1872 State of the Union Address
10889:1871 State of the Union Address
10828:1870 State of the Union Address
10777:1869 State of the Union Address
10772:First transcontinental railroad
10711:1868 State of the Union Address
10618:1867 State of the Union Address
10453:1865 State of the Union Address
10378:1864 State of the Union Address
10352:1863 State of the Union Address
10261:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
6584:(22): 1835. November 28, 1936.
5730:Whelan, Ed (February 2, 2023).
5534:The American Presidency Project
4898:
4876:
4826:
4801:
4764:
4739:
4713:
4610:
4429:
4403:
4377:
4351:
4337:
4311:
4300:
4286:
4267:Sneed, Tierney (May 17, 2023).
4260:
4234:
4202:
4171:
4140:
4109:
4035:
4001:
3968:
3937:
3871:
3834:
3803:
3746:
3715:
3691:
3669:
3643:
3618:
3559:
3530:
3489:
3420:
3263:
3232:
3194:
3165:
3136:
3108:
3079:
3050:
3016:
3003:
2992:
2967:
2899:
2823:
2539:
2213:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2129:
2033:Birth control movement failures
1720:
1656:Ethics and Public Policy Center
1455:United States courts of appeals
986:
357:Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
11812:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
11777:Birth control law and case law
10513:Petition for Universal Freedom
10494:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
7728:President of the United States
7216:Coding Accuracy Support System
7211:Advanced Facer-Canceler System
4008:Rice, Thomas (April 7, 2023).
3496:Hudson, David (May 5, 2024) .
2871:Hudson, David (May 5, 2024) .
2497:
2387:
2274:
2246:
2122:
912:
850:. It presently provides that:
584:designed, adapted, or intended
268:, Pub. L. 91-375, 84 Stat. 719
13:
1:
11560:A Visit from the Old Mistress
11259:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
11125:Specie Payment Resumption Act
10750:Board of Indian Commissioners
10682:Louisiana readmitted to Union
10644:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
10508:Tennessee readmitted to Union
10342:Women's Loyal National League
9045:Straight-Out Democratic Party
8816:Confederate States of America
7974:Specie Payment Resumption Act
7457:United States airmail service
7375:Streetcar railway post office
7175:Postal Transportation Service
7125:American Postal Workers Union
7038:Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004.
6244:Picchi, Aimee (May 4, 2022).
5936:Smith, Tina (April 2, 2024).
4958:. William A. Wise Law Library
2239:
1201:
11186:Battle of the Little Bighorn
10670:Arkansas readmitted to Union
10576:Knights of the White Camelia
10538:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
10484:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
10458:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
10416:Special Field Orders No. 15
10239:Slavery in the United States
7848:State of the Union addresses
7431:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
7380:Terminal railway post office
7360:Railway mail service library
7170:Postal Regulatory Commission
7120:American Letter Mail Company
7106:United States Postal Service
4886:. Office of Justice Programs
4178:Wile, Rob (April 10, 2023).
2912:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
2330:. pp. 344, 641, and 642
2048:
1683:On February 2, 2023, twenty
1614:
1072:Food and Drug Administration
815:These are summarized below:
463:United States Postal Service
7:
11772:42nd United States Congress
11704:Race (human categorization)
11094:United States v. Cruikshank
10685:Alabama readmitted to Union
10673:Florida readmitted to Union
8417:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
7355:Network distribution center
6746:Beisel, Nicola Kay (1997).
6449:Dennett, Mary Ware (1926).
5077:Embryo Project Encyclopedia
4358:Howe, Amy (June 13, 2024).
2906:King, Martin (April 2008).
2110:United States obscenity law
2076:
1926:Further legislative context
1169:United States Supreme Court
1118:, a district judge for the
808:officer, employee, or agent
646:advertising or representing
322:Swearinger v. United States
297:United States Supreme Court
225:on February 21, 1873 (
68:42nd United States Congress
10:
11833:
10905:General Mining Act of 1872
10874:New York custom house ring
10864:Meridian race riot of 1871
10808:Naturalization Act of 1870
8113:Naturalization Act of 1870
8004:U.S. Department of Justice
7964:General Mining Act of 1872
7482:Facing Identification Mark
7262:National Change Of Address
7024:Iowa State U. Press, 2003.
6760:Princeton University Press
6470:Ruppenthal, J. C. (1919).
5024:The Margaret Sanger Papers
4684:(4): 499. January 1, 1975.
3771:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100200
3011:Communications Act of 1934
2920:Office of Justice Programs
2230:United States v. Goldstein
1845:According to psychologist
1785:
1643:Solicitor General of Texas
1438:Alexander v. United States
1416:Status as a RICO predicate
991:
696:United States v. Goldstein
533:
506:enumerated powers doctrine
446:Alexander v. United States
334:United States v. Limehouse
11741:
11671:
11630:
11546:
11497:Been in the Storm So Long
11417:William Archibald Dunning
11377:The American Commonwealth
11345:
11338:
11267:
11231:
11158:
11085:
11047:Election Massacre of 1874
11009:
10948:
10897:
10836:
10785:
10755:Public Credit Act of 1869
10719:
10694:Fourth Reconstruction Act
10626:
10603:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
10553:
10466:
10386:
10360:
10347:New York City draft riots
10317:Emancipation Proclamation
10309:
10226:
10219:
10169:
9191:
9145:
9099:
8992:National Union Convention
8972:
8965:
8824:
8801:
8737:Reconstruction Amendments
8727:African-American senators
8632:
8625:
8549:
8470:
8437:
8315:
8297:
8256:
8186:
8168:
8145:
8044:
8024:Yellowstone National Park
7987:
7944:Public Credit Act of 1869
7936:
7898:
7801:
7736:
7721:
7497:Information-Based Indicia
7444:
7411:Postal Reorganization Act
7388:
7370:Sectional center facility
7305:
7244:
7206:Address Management System
7198:
7112:
6988:Princeton U. Press, 1997.
6634:. New York: Random House.
6628:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz
5260:. United States Congress.
4727:(obituary). June 24, 1999
3728:American Family Physician
1877:Brief legislative context
1777:The symbol of Comstock's
1700:Abortion rights discourse
1387:MANual Enterprises v. Day
958:For reference, under the
862:Secretary of the Treasury
631:giving information as to
610:giving information as to
365:Ginzburg v. United States
303:
295:
253:
248:
187:
182:
168:
118:
110:
105:
86:
78:
73:
62:
54:
46:
37:
11213:Safe burglary conspiracy
11100:Civil Rights Act of 1875
10879:Civil service commission
10479:Memphis massacre of 1866
10474:Civil Rights Act of 1866
10290:Confiscation Act of 1862
10285:Confiscation Act of 1861
9040:Liberal Republican Party
8722:Conservative Republicans
8226:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
8128:Civil Rights Act of 1875
8036:Electoral Commission Act
8014:Civil Service Commission
7636:Remote Bar Coding System
7509:Intelligent Mail barcode
7426:Private Express Statutes
7318:Boat railway post office
7221:Delivery Bar Code Sorter
7180:PostalWatch Incorporated
7135:Bureau of Transportation
7017:Hilliard, Robert L. and
6997:(1968) Revised ed. 2002.
6930:litsdigital.hamilton.edu
6853:10.1515/9781400822089.76
5270:Allevato, Peter (2023).
5128:American Economic Review
4977:Allevato, Peter (2023).
2115:
1526:Contemporary enforcement
1396:Hamling v. United States
1343:Thirty-Seven Photographs
1273:Hamling v. United States
650:whether or by what means
612:who, what, where, or how
408:Hamling v. United States
372:Redmond v. United States
328:Bartell v. United States
11709:Reconstruction Treaties
11528:A Nation Under Our Feet
11476:From Slavery to Freedom
11306:Williams v. Mississippi
11290:United States v. Harris
11181:Great Sioux War of 1876
11120:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
11022:Battle of Liberty Place
10910:Crédit Mobilier scandal
10859:Alcorn State University
10798:Enforcement Act of 1870
10664:Articles of impeachment
10571:Indian Peace Commission
10489:Swing Around the Circle
10426:Freedmen's Bureau bills
10268:Seneca Falls Convention
8997:Radical Democracy Party
8948:Freedman's Savings Bank
8096:Enforcement Act of 1870
7519:List of postal killings
7226:Flats Sequencing System
6099:10.1001/jama.2023.13628
5276:SSRN Electronic Journal
5122:Bailey, Martha (2010).
5098:Griswold v. Connecticut
4725:Harvard Law School News
2918:(4): 23–32 – via
2088:Social hygiene movement
2002:Contraception arguments
1930:
1708:, have, since the 2022
1629:Anti-abortion discourse
1505:Griswold v. Connecticut
1234:United States v. Reidel
528:
514:First Amendment grounds
434:Pinkus v. United States
379:United States v. Reidel
210:Committee consideration
169:U.S.C. sections amended
11684:Forty acres and a mule
11407:Walter Lynwood Fleming
11192:United States v. Reese
10849:Second Enforcement Act
9079:Prohibition Convention
8811:Southern United States
8387:Ohio Statehouse statue
8101:Second Enforcement Act
8064:Native American policy
7793:Commanding generalship
7350:National Postal Museum
7014:Hill & Wang, 1996.
7007:Columbia U. Pr., 2000.
6276:Santa Clara University
5508:The Free Speech Center
4935:The Free Speech Center
4650:The Free Speech Center
4622:The Free Speech Center
4572:The Free Speech Center
4544:The Free Speech Center
4390:San Francisco Examiner
3502:The Free Speech Center
3276:The Free Speech Center
2877:The Free Speech Center
2765:The Free Speech Center
2400:The Free Speech Center
2396:"Comstock Act of 1873"
2357:(September 24, 1996).
1798:
1782:
1606:
1567:
1332:
1281:Smith v. United States
1250:United States v. Orito
1239:Smith v. United States
1099:anti-abortion movement
1006:(2022). This decision
974:Statute of limitations
857:
422:Smith v. United States
415:Marks v. United States
402:United States v. Orito
316:Grimm v. United States
214:Committee of the Whole
206:) on February 11, 1873
11792:History of censorship
11658:Civil rights movement
11594:The Birth of a Nation
11203:Centennial Exposition
11057:Black Hills Gold Rush
10972:Slaughter-House Cases
10844:Ku Klux Klan hearings
10322:General Order No. 143
8941:James Mitchell Ashley
8562:Rutherford B. Hayes →
7999:Judiciary Act of 1869
7949:Copyright Act of 1870
7843:Judicial appointments
7323:Community post office
7065:on February 29, 2008.
6756:Princeton, New Jersey
6489:on December 22, 2017.
6378:" (Ruppenthal p. 35).
5676:National Public Radio
5650:The American Prospect
4983:Pepperdine Law Review
4442:Pepperdine Law Review
4215:The Volokh Conspiracy
4051:The Volokh Conspiracy
3844:(December 16, 2021).
3626:"MIFEPRISTONE tablet"
3440:United States Reports
3402:United States Reports
3359:United States Reports
3318:United States Reports
3214:United States Reports
2709:United States Reports
2668:United States Reports
2585:National Public Radio
2553:. February 24, 2022.
2364:Iowa State University
2015:Historical opposition
1907:William A. Buckingham
1841:Objectives and intent
1793:
1776:
1769:Historical background
1610:Present-day discourse
1604:
1562:
1362:Roth v. United States
1299:
1228:Roth v. United States
1180:Elizabeth B. Prelogar
954:Knowledge requirement
852:
750:United Parcel Service
487:U.S. Postal Inspector
465:, its officers, or a
448:, 509 U.S. 544 (1993)
436:, 436 U.S. 293 (1978)
430:, 431 U.S. 767 (1977)
424:, 431 U.S. 291 (1977)
418:, 430 U.S. 188 (1977)
404:, 413 U.S. 139 (1973)
398:, 413 U.S. 123 (1973)
390:, 402 U.S. 363 (1971)
382:, 402 U.S. 351 (1971)
374:, 384 U.S. 264 (1966)
360:, 370 U.S. 478 (1962)
352:, 355 U.S. 371 (1958)
344:, 354 U.S. 476 (1957)
341:Roth v. United States
336:, 285 U.S. 424 (1932)
330:, 227 U.S. 427 (1913)
324:, 161 U.S. 446 (1896)
318:, 156 U.S. 604 (1895)
11767:1873 in American law
11239:Electoral Commission
11115:Clifton Riot of 1875
10869:Treaty of Washington
10561:Tenure of Office Act
10519:National Labor Union
10234:American Indian Wars
9084:Electoral Commission
9074:Greenback Convention
8837:Free people of color
8777:Federal bureaucracy
8717:Moderate Republicans
8522:Ulysses S. Grant III
8504:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
8498:Frederick Dent Grant
8480:Hannah Simpson Grant
8330:Presidential library
8155:Bid for a third term
7954:Currency Act of 1870
7908:Treaty of Washington
7646:Rural letter carrier
7596:Pony Express mochila
7477:Domestic Mail Manual
7282:Railway Mail Service
7034:Wheeler, Leigh Ann.
7010:Gurstein, Rochelle.
6789:Engleman, Peter C.,
5458:Catholic News Agency
5284:10.2139/ssrn.4529788
5140:10.1257/aer.100.1.98
4995:10.2139/ssrn.4529788
4761: (1958) Opinion.
4090:(January 22, 2023).
3952:. Associated Press.
3701:(November 5, 2023).
3570:(January 22, 2024).
2443:. October 12, 2022.
1979:Historical discourse
1639:Jonathan F. Mitchell
1428:for purposes of the
1411:Scholarly discussion
1367:Miller v. California
1348:Miller v. California
1285:as-applied challenge
1260:Vagueness challenges
1173:Justice Samuel Alito
637:procured or produced
635:for abortion may be
459:Comstock Act of 1873
442:, 463 U.S. 60 (1983)
410:, 418 U.S. 87 (1974)
368:, 383 U.S. 463(1966)
312:, 96 U.S. 727 (1878)
58:Comstock Act of 1873
33:Comstock Act of 1873
11588:D. W. Griffith
11573:The Leopard's Spots
11463:The American Crisis
11397:Columbia University
11364:The Prostrate State
11358:James Shepherd Pike
11275:Posse Comitatus Act
11198:Trader post scandal
10986:Coinage Act of 1873
10760:Black Friday (1869)
10608:Peonage Act of 1867
10586:Reconstruction Acts
10566:Command of Army Act
10301:Militia Act of 1862
8712:Radical Republicans
8660:Rutherford B. Hayes
8534:Ulysses S. Grant IV
8510:Jesse Root Grant II
8439:Cultural depictions
8402:U.S. Postage stamps
8392:Philadelphia statue
8372:U.S. Capitol statue
7959:Funding Act of 1870
7816:Second inauguration
7774:Richmond–Petersburg
7641:Rural Free Delivery
7333:Highway post office
7027:Kobylka, Joseph F.
6845:Imperiled Innocents
6722:on October 17, 2019
6533:Library of Congress
6482:(1). Archived from
6053:The Washington Post
5833:Heritage Foundation
5762:The Washington Post
5170:Eisenstadt v. Baird
5020:"Biographical Note"
4747:One, Inc. v. Olesen
4524:intrastate matters.
4436:Lucas, Roy (2003).
4153:The Washington Post
4122:The Washington Post
3526:4.2 Criminal Intent
3124:. February 19, 2015
2505:Sanger-Katz, Margot
2093:Obscenity trial of
2020:1878 repeal attempt
1989:Obscenity arguments
1872:Legislative history
1806:U.S. Postal Service
1674:Heritage Foundation
1519:Eisenstadt v. Baird
1373:One, Inc. v. Olesen
1088:marginalized groups
1080:medication abortion
868:39 U.S.C. § 3001(e)
708:Bigelow v. Virginia
548:PROTECT Act of 2003
349:One, Inc. v. Olesen
198:as S. 1572 by
183:Legislative history
34:
11607:Gone with the Wind
11470:John Hope Franklin
11326:Disenfranchisement
11298:Plessy v. Ferguson
11282:Civil Rights Cases
11244:Compromise of 1877
11135:Wheeler Compromise
11052:Vicksburg massacre
11037:Timber Culture Act
11027:Coushatta massacre
10966:Timber Culture Act
10920:Star Route scandal
10803:Justice Department
10700:Georgia v. Stanton
10689:Opelousas massacre
10280:American Civil War
9089:Compromise of 1877
8791:Justice Department
8755:Federal judiciary
8634:Federal government
8619:Reconstruction era
8451:(2002 documentary)
8397:San Francisco bust
8348:General Grant tree
7969:Timber Culture Act
7811:First inauguration
7626:Postmaster General
7416:Postal Service Act
7328:Dead letter office
7071:for legal history.
6964:Ruppenthal, J. C.
6954:Dennett, Mary Ware
6884:American Quarterly
6712:"Anthony Comstock"
6558:Buchanan, Paul D.
6452:Birth Control Laws
6398:The New York Times
5942:The New York Times
5836:. pp. 458–459
5702:The New York Times
5401:. October 12, 2022
5058:The New York Times
4780:The New York Times
3850:The New York Times
3181:Cornell Law School
3152:Cornell Law School
3095:Cornell Law School
3066:Cornell Law School
2745:. January 1, 1971.
2639:United States Code
2624:Cornell Law School
2513:The New York Times
2287:United States Code
2060:Free Love Movement
1984:Historical support
1922:on March 3, 1873.
1783:
1635:The New York Times
1607:
1572:New York v. Ferber
1475:Planned Parenthood
1317:. As construed in
1254:Tariff Act of 1930
1132:Washington (state)
1045:Cushing's syndrome
1029:antiglucocorticoid
996:In June 2022, the
844:Tariff Act of 1930
711:(1975). As far as
510:vagueness doctrine
260:Tariff Act of 1930
32:
11754:
11753:
11737:
11736:
11663:American frontier
11517:Kenneth M. Stampp
11334:
11333:
11176:Ellenton massacre
11017:Brooks–Baxter War
10766:Ex parte McCardle
10532:Ex parte Milligan
10421:Freedmen's Bureau
10337:National Bank Act
10215:
10214:
9050:Victoria Woodhull
8961:
8960:
8832:African Americans
8803:State governments
8786:Freedmen's Bureau
8585:
8584:
8466:
8465:
8459:(2020 miniseries)
8424:Grant High School
8141:
8140:
7923:Korean Expedition
7681:
7680:
7631:Prohibitory Order
7339:J. W. Westcott II
7313:Air mail facility
7272:Permit Reply Mail
7019:Keith, Michael C.
6862:978-1-4008-2208-9
6812:history.house.gov
6769:978-0-691-02779-1
6686:Records of Rights
6667:978-0-465-08194-3
6501:Abramson, Paul R.
6457:The Grafton Press
6391:(April 2, 2024).
6270:Jennett, Shelby.
5564:Los Angeles Times
5198:(March 8, 2024).
4847:978-0-231-18911-8
4834:Johnson, David K.
4774:(June 19, 2019).
4045:(April 8, 2023).
3950:Los Angeles Times
2099:The Little Review
2071:Victoria Woodhull
1866:Mary Ware Dennett
1602:
1553:child pornography
1473:, the founder of
1426:predicate offense
1177:Solicitor General
1116:Matthew Kacsmaryk
819:Obscene articles.
624:obtained or made.
622:purposes) may be
502:child pornography
455:
454:
227:unanimous consent
223:Passed the Senate
94:ch. 258, 17
89:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
11824:
11620:Race and Reunion
11567:Thomas Dixon Jr.
11457:William R. Brock
11447:C. Vann Woodward
11434:W. E. B. Du Bois
11424:Charles A. Beard
11384:Claude G. Bowers
11343:
11342:
11166:Hamburg massacre
11145:Pratt & Boyd
11110:Mississippi Plan
11067:Anti-Moiety Acts
11062:Sanborn incident
10854:Ku Klux Klan Act
10525:Ex parte Garland
10332:Ten percent plan
10224:
10223:
8970:
8969:
8921:Thaddeus Stevens
8906:Republican Party
8899:Samuel J. Tilden
8889:Bourbon Democrat
8884:Democratic Party
8655:Ulysses S. Grant
8630:
8629:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8589:
8588:
8574:
8573:
8555:← Andrew Johnson
8540:Julia Dent Grant
8486:Jesse Root Grant
8448:Ulysses S. Grant
8429:U.S. Grant Hotel
8313:
8312:
8241:speeding arrests
8214:White Haven home
8133:Page Act of 1875
8106:Ku Klux Klan Act
8091:Enforcement Acts
7896:
7895:
7731:
7715:Ulysses S. Grant
7708:
7701:
7694:
7685:
7684:
7472:Cimarron Redoubt
7297:Special handling
7292:Special Delivery
7099:
7092:
7085:
7076:
7075:
7066:
7064:
7058:. Archived from
7057:
7031:Greenwood, 1991.
7001:Friedman, Andrea
6984:Beisel, Nicola.
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6837:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6804:
6798:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6753:
6743:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6655:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6624:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6446:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6385:
6379:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6329:. March 14, 2024
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6118:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5829:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5408:
5406:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5239:. March 27, 2024
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5196:Rebouche, Rachel
5191:
5185:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5119:
5113:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5016:
5007:
5006:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4768:
4762:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4315:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4084:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3981:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3599:Pauly, Madison.
3596:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3568:Rebouché, Rachel
3563:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3302:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2743:Yale Law Journal
2735:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2250:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2083:Banned in Boston
2041:in 1914, led by
1952:Anthony Comstock
1947:Anthony Comstock
1920:Ulysses S. Grant
1911:Allen G. Thurman
1903:Alexander Ramsey
1883:Anthony Comstock
1847:Paul R. Abramson
1802:Ulysses S. Grant
1603:
1330:
1218:facial challenge
1213:Ex parte Jackson
960:Model Penal Code
874:39 U.S.C. § 3001
839:civil forfeiture
783:18 U.S.C. § 1463
758:internet website
720:18 U.S.C. § 1462
676:abortion-causing
662:abortion-causing
620:abortion-causing
602:abortion-causing
588:abortion-causing
575:obscene article.
554:18 U.S.C. § 1461
495:Anthony Comstock
428:Ward v. Illinois
309:Ex parte Jackson
249:Major amendments
233:Passed the House
205:
122:sections created
90:
42:
35:
31:
21:
11832:
11831:
11827:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11822:
11821:
11757:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11733:
11724:White supremacy
11667:
11626:
11614:David W. Blight
11542:
11452:Joel Williamson
11429:Howard K. Beale
11330:
11319:Giles v. Harris
11263:
11254:Desert Land Act
11227:
11154:
11081:
11005:
10991:Long Depression
10961:Colfax massacre
10944:
10925:Salary Grab Act
10893:
10832:
10813:Kirk–Holden war
10781:
10715:
10622:
10549:
10462:
10443:Shaw University
10382:
10368:Wade–Davis Bill
10356:
10305:
10211:
10165:
9187:
9141:
9095:
8975:
8957:
8894:Horatio Seymour
8820:
8804:
8797:
8645:Abraham Lincoln
8635:
8621:
8616:
8586:
8581:
8545:
8542:(granddaughter)
8462:
8433:
8377:Brooklyn relief
8366:The Peacemakers
8311:
8293:
8252:
8182:
8164:
8147:Post-presidency
8137:
8079:Great Sioux War
8040:
8031:Post Office Act
7990:
7983:
7979:Desert Land Act
7937:Economic policy
7932:
7894:
7797:
7737:Military career
7732:
7723:
7717:
7712:
7682:
7677:
7440:
7401:Post Office Act
7384:
7365:Red Brick Roads
7301:
7287:Registered mail
7240:
7194:
7108:
7103:
7062:
7055:
7051:
6981:, pp. 302.
6950:
6948:Further reading
6945:
6944:
6934:
6932:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6896:10.2307/2711107
6880:
6876:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6744:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6695:
6693:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6643:
6639:
6625:
6616:
6609:
6605:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6468:
6464:
6447:
6418:
6408:
6406:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6356:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6197:. March 1, 2024
6189:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6172:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6136:
6132:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6006:
6004:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5952:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5837:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5738:
5736:National Review
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5421:
5404:
5402:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5370:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5192:
5188:
5167:
5163:
5120:
5116:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5018:
5017:
5010:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4769:
4765:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4085:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4043:Adler, Jonathan
4040:
4036:
4022:
4020:
4006:
4002:
3995:Thomson Reuters
3990:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3839:
3835:
3808:
3804:
3751:
3747:
3720:
3716:
3708:Washington Post
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3656:KFF Health News
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3564:
3560:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3494:
3490:
3463:
3459:
3445:
3443:
3442:. June 21, 1973
3426:
3425:
3421:
3407:
3405:
3404:. June 24, 1974
3388:
3387:
3378:
3364:
3362:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3321:
3320:. June 21, 1973
3304:
3303:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3264:
3237:
3233:
3219:
3217:
3216:. June 24, 1983
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2934:
2927:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2869:
2862:
2844:
2842:
2841:. June 16, 1976
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2795:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2757:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2713:
2711:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2673:
2671:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2450:
2448:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2392:
2388:
2374:
2372:
2352:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2079:
2051:
2043:Margaret Sanger
2035:
2022:
2017:
2009:Father Coughlin
2004:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1949:
1933:
1928:
1891:
1879:
1874:
1843:
1788:
1771:
1723:
1702:
1631:
1617:
1612:
1594:
1577:First Amendment
1528:
1479:The Woman Rebel
1471:Margaret Sanger
1468:
1463:
1446:
1434:First Amendment
1418:
1413:
1404:
1357:
1331:
1325:
1262:
1246:Commerce Clause
1209:
1204:
1191:Daniel Grossman
1137:Washington Post
1111:
1025:antiprogestogen
994:
989:
984:
976:
956:
915:
910:
902:First Amendment
870:
835:
801:18 U.S.C. § 552
797:
795:18 U.S.C. § 552
785:
754:Federal Express
722:
674:for obscene or
660:for obscene or
600:for obscene or
586:for obscene or
556:
536:
531:
525:United States.
451:
244:
239:Signed into law
88:
63:Enacted by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11830:
11820:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11748:
11742:
11739:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11675:
11673:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11634:
11632:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11624:
11616:
11611:
11603:
11598:
11590:
11585:
11577:
11569:
11564:
11556:
11550:
11548:
11544:
11543:
11541:
11540:
11532:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11506:
11501:
11493:
11488:
11480:
11472:
11467:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11412:Dunning School
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11390:The Tragic Era
11386:
11381:
11373:
11368:
11360:
11355:
11349:
11347:
11346:Historiography
11340:
11336:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11315:
11310:
11302:
11294:
11286:
11278:
11271:
11269:
11265:
11264:
11262:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11235:
11233:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11218:1876 elections
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11162:
11160:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11079:
11074:
11072:1874 elections
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11013:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10975:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10952:
10950:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10937:
10935:1872 elections
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10901:
10899:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10825:
10823:1870 elections
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10793:15th Amendment
10789:
10787:
10783:
10782:
10780:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10734:
10729:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10708:
10706:1868 elections
10703:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10641:
10636:
10634:14th Amendment
10630:
10628:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10557:
10555:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10545:1866 elections
10541:
10540:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10516:
10509:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10470:
10468:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10396:
10394:13th Amendment
10390:
10388:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10373:1864 elections
10370:
10364:
10362:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10298:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10257:
10249:
10241:
10236:
10230:
10228:
10221:
10217:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10173:
10171:
10170:U.S. elections
10167:
10166:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10083:
10075:
10070:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
9999:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9149:
9147:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9013:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8926:Lyman Trumbull
8923:
8918:
8916:Charles Sumner
8913:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8650:Andrew Johnson
8647:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8627:
8623:
8622:
8615:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8592:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8566:
8565:
8558:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8537:
8531:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8489:
8483:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8452:
8443:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8382:Chicago statue
8379:
8374:
8369:
8362:
8357:
8356:
8355:
8345:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8325:Grant Memorial
8321:
8319:
8310:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8069:"Peace Policy"
8061:
8060:
8059:
8052:Reconstruction
8048:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7904:
7902:
7900:Foreign policy
7893:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7818:
7813:
7807:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7711:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7688:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7661:List of murals
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7575:The Mail Story
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7503:The Inspectors
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7049:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7015:
7008:
6998:
6992:Boyer, Paul S.
6989:
6982:
6975:
6962:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6917:
6874:
6861:
6829:
6799:
6782:
6768:
6733:
6703:
6673:
6666:
6637:
6614:
6603:
6565:
6550:
6520:
6513:
6492:
6462:
6416:
6380:
6376:self-pollution
6366:
6340:
6314:
6288:
6262:
6236:
6208:
6182:
6156:
6130:
6093:(8): 766–768.
6073:
6039:
6014:
5988:
5962:
5928:
5902:
5882:Coombs, Bertha
5873:
5847:
5816:
5782:
5748:
5722:
5688:
5662:
5636:
5602:
5576:
5550:
5520:
5495:
5470:
5445:
5419:
5382:
5353:
5325:
5297:
5262:
5250:
5224:
5186:
5161:
5114:
5089:
5064:
5041:
5008:
4969:
4947:
4922:
4897:
4875:
4853:
4846:
4825:
4800:
4772:Geidner, Chris
4763:
4738:
4712:
4687:
4662:
4634:
4609:
4584:
4556:
4528:
4499:
4471:
4448:(4): 641–670.
4428:
4402:
4376:
4350:
4336:
4310:
4299:
4285:
4259:
4233:
4201:
4170:
4139:
4108:
4088:Millhiser, Ian
4074:
4034:
4000:
3967:
3936:
3897:
3870:
3833:
3802:
3745:
3734:(8): 473–480.
3714:
3699:Dewey, Caitlin
3690:
3668:
3642:
3617:
3588:
3558:
3529:
3518:
3488:
3477:(2): 481–523.
3457:
3419:
3376:
3335:
3292:
3262:
3231:
3193:
3164:
3135:
3107:
3078:
3049:
3015:
3002:
2991:
2966:
2925:
2898:
2860:
2822:
2786:
2748:
2725:
2685:
2644:
2602:
2568:
2538:
2496:
2465:
2421:
2386:
2355:Schroeder, Pat
2341:
2304:
2273:
2262:. May 26, 2015
2244:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2134:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2031:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1899:William Windom
1895:William Strong
1890:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1842:
1839:
1818:abortifacients
1814:contraceptives
1787:
1784:
1770:
1767:
1759:Hyde Amendment
1722:
1719:
1701:
1698:
1630:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1527:
1524:
1483:William Sanger
1467:
1466:Contraceptives
1464:
1462:
1461:Related issues
1459:
1445:
1442:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1356:
1353:
1328:Harry Blackmun
1323:
1289:Harry Blackmun
1261:
1258:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1165:oral arguments
1146:forum shopping
1110:
1104:
1063:, or inducing
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
975:
972:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
944:
914:
911:
909:
906:
869:
866:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
796:
793:
784:
781:
780:
779:
772:
769:
721:
718:
680:
679:
665:
640:
626:
605:
591:
577:
555:
552:
535:
532:
530:
527:
471:obscene matter
467:common carrier
453:
452:
450:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
411:
405:
399:
391:
383:
375:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
304:
301:
300:
293:
292:
291:
290:
284:
278:
272:
269:
263:
257:
251:
250:
246:
245:
243:
242:
236:
230:
220:
207:
200:William Windom
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
173:18 U.S.C.
170:
166:
165:
158:39 U.S.C.
150:19 U.S.C.
142:18 U.S.C.
134:18 U.S.C.
126:18 U.S.C.
123:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
92:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11829:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11797:Obscenity law
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11762:
11747:
11744:
11743:
11740:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11689:Habeas corpus
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11670:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11629:
11622:
11621:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11583:
11582:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11557:
11555:
11554:Winslow Homer
11552:
11551:
11549:
11545:
11538:
11537:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11484:After Slavery
11481:
11478:
11477:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11344:
11341:
11337:
11327:
11324:
11321:
11320:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11308:
11307:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11279:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11266:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11249:Nez Perce War
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11230:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11193:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11157:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11140:Delano affair
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11095:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11032:Red River War
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10996:Comstock laws
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10974:
10973:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10956:Panic of 1873
10954:
10953:
10951:
10947:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10767:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10718:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10701:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10684:
10681:
10678:
10675:
10672:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10588:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10552:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10465:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10448:New Departure
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10359:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10308:
10302:
10299:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10275:
10272:
10269:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10168:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
10000:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9583:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9449:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9192:Gubernatorial
9190:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9098:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8931:Benjamin Wade
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8854:Carpetbaggers
8852:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8800:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8781:Edwin Stanton
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8613:
8608:
8606:
8601:
8599:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8578:
8577:
8568:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8541:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8528:Chapman Grant
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8341:General Grant
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:Social policy
8043:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7791:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7749:Fort Donelson
7747:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7720:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7702:
7697:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7621:Postal worker
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7611:Postal Clause
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7467:Catcher pouch
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7396:Comstock laws
7394:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:Organizations
7111:
7107:
7100:
7095:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7070:
7061:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7041:Werbel, Amy.
7040:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6864:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6797:. Prager 2011
6796:
6792:
6786:
6771:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6669:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6612:
6607:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6562:. p. 75.
6561:
6554:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6514:0-19-514609-3
6510:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5820:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5379:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5350:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5134:(1): 98–129.
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5060:
5059:
5051:
5045:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4957:
4951:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4885:
4879:
4863:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:Contraception
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3678:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:"Miller Test"
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3361:. May 3, 1971
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:Laslo, Matt.
3019:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2670:. May 3, 1971
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2201:unsealed...".
2197:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2064:birth control
2061:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:Postal Clause
1219:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:cherry picked
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
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1057:endometriosis
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1037:prostaglandin
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982:Jurisprudence
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18:Comstock Laws
11729:Whitecapping
11699:Paramilitary
11672:Other topics
11653:Jim Crow era
11618:
11605:
11592:
11579:
11571:
11558:
11534:
11526:
11508:
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11491:Leon Litwack
11482:
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11402:John Burgess
11388:
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11130:Whiskey Ring
11092:
11042:White League
10978:
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10818:Shoffner Act
10764:
10737:
10698:
10581:Pulaski riot
10530:
10523:
10511:
10259:
10251:
10243:
10087:
10079:
8974:Presidential
8936:John Bingham
8874:White League
8859:Ku Klux Klan
8626:Participants
8569:
8560:
8553:
8516:Nellie Grant
8454:
8446:
8364:
8340:
8307:Bibliography
8248:Grant's Tomb
8236:Horsemanship
8204:Boyhood home
8175:
8118:Comstock Act
7913:
7573:
7569:Mail satchel
7554:Mail jumping
7501:
7337:
7277:Postal notes
7252:Click-N-Ship
7068:
7060:the original
7042:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7011:
7004:
6994:
6985:
6978:
6969:
6965:
6956:
6935:November 21,
6933:. Retrieved
6929:
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6887:
6883:
6877:
6868:November 19,
6866:, retrieved
6844:
6820:. Retrieved
6811:
6802:
6790:
6785:
6773:. Retrieved
6749:
6724:. Retrieved
6720:the original
6715:
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6606:
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6484:the original
6479:
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6455:. New York:
6451:
6407:. Retrieved
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6357:. Retrieved
6354:The Mary Sue
6353:
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5796:The Guardian
5795:
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5773:. Retrieved
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5751:
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5616:The Guardian
5615:
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5593:. Retrieved
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5432:
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5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5203:
5189:
5184: (1972).
5168:
5164:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5112: (1965).
5096:
5092:
5080:. Retrieved
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4054:
4037:
4027:– via
4021:. Retrieved
4013:
4003:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3949:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3911:The Guardian
3910:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3849:
3842:Belluck, Pam
3836:
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3693:
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3608:. Retrieved
3605:Mother Jones
3604:
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2802:
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2764:
2742:
2718:– via
2712:. Retrieved
2700:
2678:– via
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2659:
2633:– via
2627:. Retrieved
2619:
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2559:. Retrieved
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2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2512:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
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2460:
2455:– via
2449:. Retrieved
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2412:. Retrieved
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2362:
2332:. Retrieved
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1992:
1973:
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1799:
1794:
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1754:
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1740:
1735:
1732:miscarriages
1728:mifepristone
1724:
1721:Implications
1715:Barney Frank
1709:
1703:
1682:
1678:Project 2025
1671:
1664:
1647:Donald Trump
1634:
1632:
1620:
1618:
1589:Bill Clinton
1581:
1570:
1568:
1563:
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1395:
1391:
1390:(1962). The
1386:
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1377:
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1365:
1361:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1318:
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1306:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1280:
1279:. Later, in
1272:
1265:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1237:(1971), and
1232:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1184:
1161:mifepristone
1150:
1135:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1094:
1092:
1069:
1021:mifepristone
1018:
1011:
1001:
995:
987:Contemporary
977:
967:
963:
957:
934:
930:
925:
921:
918:
916:
897:
871:
858:
853:
836:
811:
807:
805:
798:
789:section 1463
786:
776:
765:
743:
737:
734:
730:section 1462
726:positive law
723:
712:
706:
702:
700:
695:
688:
684:
681:
675:
671:
667:
661:
657:
653:
649:
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642:
636:
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628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
597:
594:
587:
583:
580:
574:
566:
564:
560:section 1461
557:
537:
522:mifepristone
518:
499:
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456:
445:
439:
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427:
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407:
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393:
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363:
355:
347:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
307:
238:
232:
222:
209:
191:
111:Acts amended
106:Codification
29:
11522:Steven Hahn
11371:James Bryce
10930:Amnesty Act
10411:Black Codes
9100:U.S. Senate
8847:Politicians
8769:Waite Court
8764:Chase Court
8759:Taney Court
8641:Presidents
8492:Julia Grant
8231:Galena home
8209:Schoolhouse
8057:Amnesty Act
7784:Court House
7764:Chattanooga
7730:(1869–1877)
7591:Owney (dog)
7492:Grumman LLV
7462:CAR-RT SORT
7267:Permit mail
6890:(1): 3–23.
6822:November 1,
6726:November 1,
6716:Kate Chopin
6696:November 1,
6646:Starr, Paul
6389:Smith, Tina
5034:October 21,
1996:masculinity
1858:pornography
1761:has barred
1512:. However,
1510:Connecticut
1337:(1973) and
1294:Roe v. Wade
1277:Miller test
1196:Erin Hawley
1167:before the
1157:James C. Ho
1061:miscarriage
1059:, treating
1055:, treating
1033:misoprostol
1013:Roe v. Wade
937:Miller test
913:Definitions
904:challenge.
764:An obscene
643:Mail matter
629:Mail matter
608:Mail matter
177:§ 1461
162:§ 3001
154:§ 1305
146:§ 1463
138:§ 1462
11761:Categories
11648:Gilded Age
11504:Eric Foner
11208:Cattellism
11105:Red Shirts
10220:Key events
9146:U.S. House
8879:Red Shirts
8536:(grandson)
8530:(grandson)
8524:(grandson)
8518:(daughter)
8335:Grant Park
8282:convention
8267:convention
8199:Birthplace
8194:Early life
8160:World tour
8123:Poland Act
7989:Government
7803:Presidency
7779:Appomattox
7559:Mail pouch
7539:Mail cover
7306:Facilities
5483:Justia Law
5395:Justia Law
5366:Justia Law
5338:Justia Law
5310:Justia Law
4910:Justia Law
4813:Justia Law
4700:Justia Law
4597:Justia Law
4512:Justia Law
4487:Justia Law
4364:SCOTUSblog
4014:Justia Law
3765:: 100200.
3554:committed.
3432:Justia Law
3394:Justia Law
3351:Justia Law
3310:Justia Law
3206:Justia Law
2835:Justia Law
2701:Justia Law
2660:Justia Law
2437:Justia Law
2240:References
1738:decision.
1706:Tina Smith
1685:Republican
1546:common law
1487:diaphragms
1450:textualist
1382:ipso facto
1202:Historical
886:pharmacist
670:use of an
204:R‑MN
192:Introduced
130:§ 552
79:Public law
47:Long title
11268:Aftermath
10979:Virginius
10915:Modoc War
8966:Elections
8911:Stalwarts
8869:Redeemers
8668:Congress
8412:$ 50 bill
8317:Memorials
8257:Elections
8074:Modoc War
7759:Vicksburg
7564:Mail sack
7544:Mail hook
7514:Label 228
6904:0003-0678
6598:0002-9955
6107:0098-7484
6061:0190-8286
5950:0362-4331
5804:0261-3077
5770:0190-8286
5710:0362-4331
5624:0261-3077
5292:1556-5068
5212:1091-2339
5148:0002-8282
5003:1556-5068
4788:0362-4331
4454:0092-430X
4416:The Verge
3919:0261-3077
3858:0362-4331
3822:: 16–19.
3779:2667-193X
3740:1532-0650
3483:2166-7993
3257:0091-5440
3037:1059-1028
2521:0362-4331
2049:Free Love
1810:obscenity
1693:Walgreens
1652:Ed Whelan
1542:desuetude
1494:ruled in
1140:as using
1049:off-label
1041:gestation
968:purposely
964:knowingly
926:knowingly
919:indecent,
878:physician
812:knowingly
746:U.S. Mail
738:knowingly
728:title at
692:overbroad
678:purposes.
664:purposes.
604:purposes.
590:purposes.
567:knowingly
493:activist
489:and anti-
74:Citations
55:Nicknames
11817:Sex laws
11746:Category
11714:Suffrage
10649:Timeline
8864:Scalawag
8842:Freedman
8576:Category
8488:(father)
8482:(mother)
8407:Currency
8287:election
8272:election
7826:Grantism
7821:Scandals
7769:Overland
7534:Mail bag
7245:Services
6816:Archived
6775:April 9,
6690:Archived
6648:(2004).
6630:(2002).
6537:Archived
6503:(2002).
6409:April 2,
6403:Archived
6359:June 26,
6333:June 26,
6307:June 26,
6281:June 26,
6255:June 26,
6250:CBS News
6229:June 25,
6201:June 25,
6195:NBC News
6125:37477929
6116:10445186
6066:June 12,
6032:June 21,
6027:ABC News
6007:June 21,
6002:The 19th
5981:June 21,
5976:HuffPost
5955:June 21,
5921:June 23,
5895:June 21,
5866:June 21,
5840:June 13,
5809:July 27,
5775:July 30,
5741:June 22,
5715:June 12,
5681:June 21,
5655:June 21,
5629:June 21,
5595:June 22,
5590:HuffPost
5513:June 15,
5433:Newsweek
5156:29508974
5082:June 13,
5028:Archived
4915:June 20,
4836:(2021).
4793:June 18,
4731:June 20,
4549:June 18,
4462:15237509
4421:June 23,
4395:June 23,
4369:June 22,
4329:June 23,
4278:July 18,
4252:July 18,
4194:June 23,
4188:Archived
4184:NBC News
4163:June 14,
4157:Archived
4132:June 14,
4126:Archived
4067:June 22,
4061:Archived
4023:July 18,
3988:Archived
3960:June 22,
3954:Archived
3929:June 22,
3923:Archived
3890:June 22,
3884:Archived
3863:June 22,
3797:35755080
3683:June 22,
3661:June 22,
3635:June 22,
3630:DailyMed
3610:June 21,
3581:June 15,
3547:June 12,
3446:June 20,
3285:June 30,
3071:June 18,
3042:June 18,
2885:Archived
2809:Archived
2779:June 24,
2773:Archived
2595:June 21,
2589:Archived
2561:June 21,
2555:Archived
2551:NBC News
2531:June 21,
2525:Archived
2483:Archived
2479:Newsweek
2445:Archived
2408:Archived
2375:June 30,
2369:Archived
2297:June 13,
2266:June 12,
2128:See the
2077:See also
1956:Brooklyn
1941:New York
1822:sex toys
1763:Medicaid
1751:NBC News
1667:JD Vance
1514:Griswold
1398:(1974).
1326:Justice
1324:—
1241:(1977).
1231:(1957),
1187:standing
1053:fibroids
1008:devolved
890:hospital
698:(1976).
546:and the
475:abortion
216:and the
11339:Aspects
10738:Alabama
10404:Address
10227:Prelude
9183:1876–77
9178:1874–75
9173:1872–73
9168:1870–71
9163:1868–69
9158:1866–67
9153:1864–65
9137:1876–77
9132:1874–75
9127:1872–73
9122:1870–71
9117:1868–69
9112:1866–67
9107:1864–65
7991:reforms
7914:Alabama
7838:Cabinet
7833:Pardons
7445:Related
7199:Systems
6912:2711107
6795:163–164
6543:June 9,
6175:June 1,
6149:June 1,
5569:June 1,
5543:June 1,
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