1839:
4374:
S-Bahn employees went on strike, which was legal in capitalist West Berlin, but illegal in communist East Berlin, because it was regarded as disloyalty to the communist party. The strikers occupied the signal towers, blocking any rail traffic in West Berlin as of 20 September. With the help of Soviet patrollers in West Berlin, East German railway workers recaptured the signal towers and other railway premises on 22 September. More than 200 West Berlin
Reichsbahn employees who did not return to work were then dismissed. This was illegal under West Berlin law, because going on strike there does not provide legal grounds for a dismissal. However, as the Reichsbahn was out of western jurisdiction, the West Berlin government provided payment of unemployment benefits to the former Reichsbahn workers, despite the Reichsbahn never having paid contributions to the unemployment insurance fund in West Berlin.
2918:
2771:
2850:
2179:
2708:
211:
5489:
2566:. Ordinary East and West Berliners could only afford to buy there if they had income in Western Deutsche Mark and bartered the needed Eastern Deutsche Mark on the spontaneous currency markets, which developed in the British sector at the Zoo station. Their demand and supply determined a barter ratio in favour of the Western Deutsche Mark with more than 2 Eastern Deutsche Marks offered for one Western Deutsche Mark. After the Blockade, when holders of Western Deutsche Marks could buy as much they could afford, up to five and six east marks were offered for one west mark. In the East, however, the Soviets had arbitrarily decreed a rate of 1 for 1 and exchanging at other rates was criminalised.
5583:
1294:
429:
2478:
continued service. However, while East
Germans could get off in West Berlin, West Berliners needed the hard-to get permits to enter East Germany by S-Bahn. With the construction of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961, all remaining railway traffic between West Berlin and its East German suburbs ended. Rail traffic between East and West Berlin was sharply reduced and restricted to a small number of checkpoints under GDR control. East Berliners and East Germans were then unable to freely enter and leave West Berlin. However, international visitors could obtain visas for East Berlin upon crossing one of the checkpoints at the Wall.
2574:), in readiness for another possible blockade, thus ensuring that an airlift could then be restarted with ease. On 2 May 1949, power stations in East Berlin started again to supply West Berlin with sufficient electricity. Before then, electrical supply had been reduced to just a few hours a day after the normal supplies had been interrupted at the start of the Blockade. However, the Western Allies and the West Berlin City Council decided to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity generation capacity, to be independent of Eastern supplies and not to be held to ransom by the eastern authorities. On 1 December 1949 the new
4989:
2929:(West) offered parallel bus lines and expanded its network of underground lines. After the construction of the Wall, ridership fell so much that running the S-Bahn lines in West Berlin turned into a loss-making exercise: wages and maintenance â however badly it was carried out â cost more than income from ticket sales. Finally, the Reichsbahn agreed to surrender operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin, as had been determined by all Allies in 1945, and on 29 December 1983 the Allies, the Senate of Berlin (West; i.e. the city state government) and the Reichsbahn signed an agreement to change the operator from Reichsbahn to
1114:
supported by the continued practice of patrols of all four sectors by soldiers of all four occupying powers. Thus, occasionally
Western Allied soldiers were on patrol in East Berlin as were Soviet soldiers in West Berlin. After the Wall was built, East Germany wanted to control Western Allied patrols upon entering or leaving East Berlin, a practice that the Western Allies regarded as unacceptable. After protests to the Soviets, the patrols continued uncontrolled on both sides, with the tacit agreement that the western Allies would not use their patrolling privileges for helping Easterners to flee to the West.
5447:
1197:
2890:, happened to be in the East after the division of the city. Sewer pipes, however, once discovered as a way to flee the East, were blocked by bars. West Berlin paid for the treatment of its sewage in Western Deutsche Marks which were desperately needed by the East German government. Since the methods used in the East did not meet Western standards, West Berlin increased the capacity of modern sewage treatment within its own territory, such that the amount of its sewage treated in the East had been considerably reduced by the time the Wall came down.
894:
2805:(government) decided to allow Eastern pensioners to visit family in West Germany or West Berlin. According to the specified regulations valid from 2 November on Eastern pensioners could apply and were usually allowed, to travel into the West to visit relatives once a year for a maximum of four weeks. If pensioners decided not to return, the government did not miss them as manpower, unlike younger Easterners, who were subject to a system of labour and employment, which demanded that almost everybody work in the Eastern command production system.
802:
2590:) went online and West Berlin's electricity board declared independence from Eastern supplies. However, for a time Eastern electricity continued to be supplied albeit intermittently. Supply was interrupted from 1 July until the end of 1950 and then started again until 4 March 1952, when the East finally switched it off. From then on West Berlin turned into an 'electricity island' within a pan-European electricity grid that had developed from the 1920s, because electricity transfers between East and West Germany never fully ceased.
1278:
2763:) at Berlin FriedrichstraĂe station, where Easterners had to say a sometimes tearful farewell to returning Westerners as well as the few Easterners who had managed to get a permit to visit the West. Until June 1963 the East deepened its border zone around West Berlin in East Germany and East Berlin by clearing existing buildings and vegetation to create an open field of view, sealed off by the Berlin Wall towards the West and a second wall or fence of similar characteristics to the East, observed by armed men in towers,
1025:, the city's legislature, passed a new constitution, declaring Berlin to be a state of the Federal Republic and the provisions of the Basic Law as binding law superior to Berlin state law (Article 1, clauses 2 and 3). However, that became statutory law only on 1 September and only with the inclusion of the western Allied provision according to which Art. 1, clauses 2 and 3, were deferred for the time being; the clauses became valid law only on 3 October 1990 (the day of Germany's unification). It stated:
5503:
5044:
1333:; the city's population would have been relocated to West Germany. Adenauer did not believe that the Soviets would accept the offer because East Germany would lose important industry, but hoped that making the proposal would reduce tensions between the western and eastern blocs, and perhaps hurt relations between the USSR and East Germany if they disagreed on accepting the offer. While the Kennedy administration seriously considered the idea, it did not make the proposal to the Soviet Union.
5313:
2048:, which thus maintained responsibility for almost all railway transport in all four sectors of Berlin. The GDR-controlled 'Bahnpolizei', the Reichsbahn's railway police, were authorised to patrol station premises and other railway property in the whole city including West Berlin. The legal necessity of keeping the term 'Deutsche Reichsbahn' explains the surprising use of the word 'Reich' (with its Imperial and Nazi connotations) in the name of an official organisation of the communist GDR.
2292:
2677:
1213:, issued upon entering East Germany, because under its second constitution East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners foreigners. Since identity cards had no pages to stamp visas, issuers of East German visas stamped their visas onto separate leaflets which were loosely stuck into the identity cards, which, until the mid-1980s, were little booklets. Although the West German government subsidized visa fees, they were still payable by individual travellers.
520:
906:
194:
180:
4979:
2937:
one-day-visas on entering the East and the compulsory minimum exchange of 25 Western
Deutsche Marks by 1989, continued. However, more checkpoints were opened. Finally, on 22 December 1989, East Germany granted West Berliners and West Germans free entry without charge at the existing checkpoints, demanding only valid papers. Eastern controls were slowly eased into spot checks and finally abolished on 30 June 1990, the day East and West introduced the
1524:
1090:
45:
2625:(West) insisted on male drivers. Cross-border tram traffic ended on 16 January. In East German propaganda this was a point for the East, arguing that the West did not allow drivers coming with their trams from the East to continue along their line into the West, but remaining silent on the fact that the end of cross-border tram traffic was most welcome to the East. The underground and the S-Bahn networks, except the above-mentioned
468:
454:
5548:
6436:
2284:). On 27 May 1952, East Germany closed its border with West Germany and its 115 km (71 mi)-long border with West Berlin. From then on West Berliners required a permit to enter East Germany. East German border checkpoints were established in East German suburbs of West Berlin, and most streets were gradually closed for interzonal travel into East Germany. The last checkpoint to remain open was located at the
1082:, who eventually became Chancellor, was elected via his party's list of candidates. The West German government considered all West Berliners as well as all citizens of the GDR to be citizens of West Germany. Male residents of West Berlin were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service. This exemption made the city a popular destination for West German young people, which resulted in a flourishing
2846:
2 am the following day. The visitors were now spared the visa fee of 5 Western
Deutsche Marks, not to be confused with the compulsory exchange amounting to the same sum, but yielding in return 5 Eastern marks. This financial relief did not last long, because on 15 November 1973 East Germany doubled the compulsory exchange to 10 Eastern marks, payable in West German Deutsche Marks at par.
2827:). Not long after East Germany held the first cash harvest from the new compulsory exchange rules by allowing West Berliners to visit East Berlin once more for a day during the Christmas season. The following year, 1965, East Germany opened the travelling season for West Berliners on 18 December. In 1966 it opened for a second harvest of Western money between the Easter (10 April) and
2602:(a metropolitan public transit network), rebuilt after the war, continued to span all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family, friends, and jobs in the other. However, the East continuously reduced the means of public transport between East and West, with private cars being a very rare privilege in the East and still a luxury in the West.
3321:
1257:, or simply "Berlin", by East Germany, and "Berlin (Ost)" by the West German Federal government. Other names used by West German media included "Ost-Berlin", "Ostberlin", or "Ostsektor." These different naming conventions for the divided parts of Berlin, when followed by individuals, governments, or media, commonly indicated their political leanings, with the centre-right
2653:
sealed off by walls, concrete barriers, barbed wire, and/or bars. The Wall was directed against the
Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted. Westerners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the
2527:
were regarded as approving of the Soviet attempt to get rid of the
Western Allies in West Berlin. This was seen as support by the communists and as treason by most Westerners. Until that time all over Germany food and other necessary supplies had been available only with ration stamps issued by one's municipality. This was the case in East Berlin until the
3491:
2972:(today partly also used by other lines). On the sealing off of West Berlin from East Berlin by the Berlin Wall the entrances of the stations on these lines located in East Berlin were shut. However, western trains were allowed to continue to pass through without stopping. Passengers of these trains experienced the empty and barely lit
3677:
2786:. West Berliners were granted visas for a one-day visit between 17 December 1963 and 5 January the following year. 1.2 million out of a total 1.9 million West Berliners visited East Berlin during this period. In 1964, 1965, and 1966 East Berlin was opened again to West Berliners, but each time only for a limited period.
866:." It was heavily subsidized by West Germany as a "showcase of the West." A wealthy city, West Berlin was noted for its distinctly cosmopolitan character, and as a centre of education, research and culture. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the largest population of any city in Germany during the Cold War era.
2383:, northwest of West Berlin. The East German section of tram line 96 continued operating with eastern personnel and cars, obliging the eastern passengers â rarely westerners who needed special permits to enter East Germany â to change from eastern into western trains crossing the border by foot, until it was closed by the Wall.
3350:
2992:, the only station beneath East Berlin where western U Bahn trains were still allowed to stop. Passengers could change there between U 6, S 2 and the elevated S 3 (then starting and ending in FriedrichstraĂe) or for the transit trains to West Germany, buy duty-free tobacco and liquor for Western marks in GDR-run
2543:
most products ended with the introduction of the
Western Deutsche Mark on 21 June 1948. The new currency was also introduced in West Berlin on 24 June and this, at least officially, was the justification for the Soviet Blockade due to which rationing in West Berlin had to continue. However, in the course of the
1628:. Unlike West Germany, from where calls to East Berlin were made using the prefix 00372 (international access code 00, East German country code 37, area code 2), calls from West Berlin required only the short code 0372. Conversely, those made to West Berlin from East Berlin only required the short code 849.
2433:), crossing West Berlin non-stop until reaching its destinations in East Berlin. However, the regular S-Bahn connections with West Berlin's East German suburbs, stopping at every Western station, continued. From 17 June to 9 July 1953, East Germany blocked off all traffic between East and West due to the
2150:) and locks, West Berlin had no separate inland navigation authority, but the East Berlin-based authority operated most waterways and locks, their lockmasters employed by the East. Because of their negligent maintenance, the western Allies later transferred their control to the Senate of Berlin (West).
2913:
around all of the
Western and Eastern inner city. The lines were separated and those mostly located in West Berlin were continued, but only accessible from West Berlin with all access in East Berlin closed. However, even before the Wall had been built, West Berliners increasingly refrained from using
2857:
One-day visas for East Berlin were now issued in a quickened procedure; visas for longer stays and visas for East
Germany proper needed a prior application, which could be a lengthy procedure. To facilitate applications for West Berliners seeking such Eastern visas, the GDR Foreign Ministry was later
2302:
This caused hardship for many West Berlin residents, especially those who had friends and family in East Germany. However, East Germans could still enter West Berlin. A number of cemeteries located in East Germany were also affected by the closure. Many church congregations in Berlin owned cemeteries
2202:
only. West Berliners and West Germans who had earlier fled East Germany or East Berlin, and thus could face imprisonment on entering East Germany or East Berlin, could only take flights for travel to and from West Berlin. To enable individuals threatened by East German imprisonment to fly to and from
1672:
As there were no dedicated walled-off-road corridors between West Germany and West Berlin under West German jurisdiction, travellers needed to pass through East Germany. A valid passport was required for citizens of West Germany and other western nationals to be produced at East German border checks.
1401:
and an end to the Western Allies' occupation of West Berlin. On 3 October 1990âthe day Germany was officially reunifiedâEast and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin, which then joined the enlarged Federal Republic as a city-state along the lines of the existing West German city-states
1113:
The Soviets unilaterally declared the occupation of East Berlin at an end along with the rest of East Germany. This move was, however, not recognised by the Western Allies, who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two German states. This view was
971:
Following the Berlin Blockade, normal contacts between East and West Berlin resumed. This was temporary until talks were resumed. In 1952, the East German government began sealing its borders, further isolating West Berlin. As a direct result, electrical grids were separated and phone lines were cut.
2812:
per day (MDN, 1964â1968 the official name of the East German mark, to distinguish it from the West Deutsche Mark) at the still held arbitrary compulsory rate of 1:1. The 5 marks had to be spent, as exporting Eastern currency was illegal, which is why importing it after having bargained for it at the
2550:
While West Berliners were officially welcome to buy food in East Berlin, the Soviets tried to prevent them from buying other essential supplies, particularly coal and other fuel. For this reason, on 9 November 1948, they opened checkpoints on 70 streets entering West Berlin and closed the others for
2542:
By July 1948 a mere 19,000 West Berliners out of a total of almost 2 million covered their food requirements in East Berlin. Thus, 99% of West Berliners preferred to live on shorter supplies than before the Blockade, to show support for the Western Allies' position. In West Germany rationing of
2526:
While the Soviets blocked all transport to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade between 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949), they increased food supplies in East Berlin in order to gain the compliance of West Berliners who at that time still had free access to East Berlin. West Berliners buying food in East Berlin
2522:
While East and West Berlin became formally separate jurisdictions in September 1948, and while there were travel restrictions in all other directions for more than a decade, freedom of movement existed between the western sectors and the eastern sector of the city. However, time and again Soviet and
2440:
From 4 October 1953, all S-Bahn trains crossing the border between East Germany and Berlin had to pass a border checkpoint in East Germany. Travellers from East Germany were checked before entering any part of Berlin, to identify individuals intending to escape into West Berlin or smuggling rationed
1539:
of 1920 and amended in 1938, and the border between the Soviet sector and the French, British, and American sectors respectively, which followed the boundaries of Berlin administrative boroughs as defined in the same years. Another amendment was added in 1945 at the border between the British sector
1204:
Since West Berlin was not a sovereign state, it did not issue passports. Instead, West Berliners were issued with "auxiliary identity cards" by the West Berlin authorities. These differed visually from the regular West German identity cards, with green bindings instead of the grey standard, they did
4373:
This was felt in 1980. The Reichsbahn tried to reduce its losses from operating West Berlin's S-Bahns by reducing the staff and the operation time in the evenings and nights, further reducing the salaries of the remaining employees. Being paid worse than West German railway workers, the West Berlin
3364:
In the German translation the respective clause of the Kommandatura Ordinance reads as follows: "Die Bestimmungen dieses Artikels (87) betreffend das Basic Law, finden nur in dem MaĂe Anwendung, als es zwecks Vorbeugung eines Konflikts zwischen diesem Gesetz und der Berliner Verfassung erforderlich
2936:
On 9 November 1989 East Germany opened the borders for East Germans and East Berliners, who could then freely enter West Berlin. West Berlin itself had never restricted their entry. For West Berliners and West Germans the opening of the border for free entry lasted longer. The regulation concerning
2743:
On 26 August 1961, East Germany generally banned West Berliners from entering the Eastern sector. West Germans and other nationals, however, could still get visas on entering East Berlin. Since intra-city phone lines had been cut by the East already in May 1952 (see below) the only remaining way of
2366:
ceased operation on 14 October 1950, after West Berlin tram and bus drivers had been repeatedly stopped and arrested by East German police for having western currency on them, considered a crime in the East. The BVG (West) terminated route sections that extended into East Germany, like the southern
1954:
per passenger car and 10 to 50 for trucks, depending on size. Ostmarks had to be exchanged into Deutsche Mark at a rate of 1:1. On 30 March 1955, East Germany raised the toll for passenger cars to 30 Deutsche Marks, but after West German protests, in June of the same year, it changed it back to the
1414:, the mayor of West Berlin, became the first mayor of the reunified city in the interim. City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first "all Berlin" mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring by that time, and
1239:
West Berlin was also a destination for many people fleeing East Germany both before and after the construction of the Berlin Wall. As many immigrants from East Germany did not intend to stay in Berlin, flights â the only option for those people to reach West Germany without coming into contact with
1037:
In addition, West German federal statutes could only take effect in West Berlin with the approval of the city's legislature. The ambiguous legal status of the city, then still legally styled as Greater Berlin (although technically only comprising the western sectors), meant that West Berliners were
955:
At first, this arrangement was intended to be of a temporary administrative nature, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany
2893:
The situation with refuse was similar. The removal, burning or disposal of the ever-growing amount of West Berlin's rubbish became a costly problem, but here too an agreement was found since West Berlin would pay in Western Deutsche Marks. On 11 December 1974 East Germany and West Berlin's garbage
2648:
As the communist government in the East gained tighter control, and the economic recovery in the West significantly outperformed the East, more than a hundred thousand East Germans and East Berliners left East Germany and East Berlin for the West every year. East Germany closed the borders between
2079:
contributions in Western Deutsche Mark. Therefore, West Berlin employees of the Reichsbahn were paid partly in Eastern German currency. They could spend this money in East Germany and take their purchases to West Berlin, which other Westerners could not do to the same extent. West Berlin employees
3303:
Within one year after the promulgation of this Basic Law the Federal Government, with the consent of the governments of the LĂ€nder concerned, may extend to the LĂ€nder of Baden, Greater Berlin, Rhineland-Palatinate and WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern any law of the Administration of the Combined Economic
2845:
After ratification of the Agreement and specifying the relevant regulations, West Berliners could apply for the first time again for visas for any chosen date to East Berlin or East Germany from 3 October 1972 onwards. If granted, a one-day-visa entitled West Berliners to travel to the East until
2652:
To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates, and sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically
2330:
In 1948â1952, the Reichsbahn connected the western suburbs of West Berlin to its S-Bahn network. Train routes servicing these suburbs formerly went through West Berlin stations, but ceased to make stops in the western stations or terminated service before entering West Berlin. Private West Berlin
2080:
were trained in East Germany and employed under East German labour laws. West Berliners employed by the Reichsbahn were not included in the Western health insurance system either. The Reichsbahn ran its own hospital for them in West Berlin, the building of which is now used as the headquarters of
2885:
Another form of traffic between East and West Berlin was the transfer of West Berlin's sewage into East Berlin and East Germany through the sewer pipes built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sewage flowed into the East because most of the pre-war sewage treatment facilities, mostly
3660:
2023:
would also stop once on their way within East Germany for travellers having a visa for entering or leaving East Germany. Train travel from West Berlin to Czechoslovakia, Denmark (by ferry), Poland and Sweden (by ferry) required a visa to enter East Berlin or East Germany to allow transfer to an
1125:
of West Germany and was depicted on maps published in the West as being a part of West Germany. There was freedom of movement (to the extent allowed by geography) between West Berlin and West Germany. There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin, all immigration rules for West
1042:
A third reservation concerns the participation of Greater Berlin in the Federation. We interpret the effect of Articles 23 and 144 (2) of the Basic Law as constituting acceptance of our previous request that while Berlin may not be accorded voting membership in the Bundestag or Bundesrat nor be
1663:
surrounded by East Germany and East Berlin. On 2 October 1967, six years after the Wall was constructed, tram tracks in West Berlin were removed because the authorities wanted to promote car usage, meaning that the tram system remaining today runs almost entirely within the former East Berlin.
1556:
became part of the Soviet sector. The resulting borderline was further complicated with a lot of geographical oddities, including a number of exclaves and enclaves that Greater Berlin had inside some neighbouring municipalities since 1920, all of which happened to become part of the British or
1101:
The Western Allies remained the ultimate political authorities in West Berlin. All legislation of the House of Representatives, whether of the West Berlin legislature or adopted federal law, only applied under the proviso of confirmation by the three Western Allied commanders-in-chief. If they
2644:
released mostly from a long detention in the Soviet Union were unwelcome in East Berlin. As they could not be recognised through their identification papers, all West Germans were banned from East Berlin during those days. West Berliners were allowed, since the quadripartite Allied status quo
2501:
as it was known to the US military). This route was open only to persons bearing all the necessary East German permits and visas. For visits to East Germany, West Berliners could use four checkpoints along the East German border around West Berlin: The two road transit checkpoints Dreilinden
2477:
express trains, which took them into East Berlin without crossing any western sectors. With the completion of the outer-circle railway, there was no further need for express S-Bahn trains crossing the West Berlin border and thus their service ended on 4 May 1958, while stopping S-Bahn trains
2417:â for the S-Bahn lines connecting East German suburbs to the west of West Berlin (namely Falkensee, Staaken) with East Berlin, thus circumventing the centre of West Berlin. In June 1953, the Reichsbahn further cut off West Berlin from its East German suburbs by the introduction of additional
1938:
The transit routes were also used for East German domestic traffic. This meant that transit passengers could potentially meet with East Germans and East Berliners at restaurants at motorway rest stops. Since such meetings were deemed illegal by the East German government, border guards would
3684:
4075:
1248:
Most Westerners called the Western sectors "Berlin" unless further distinction was necessary. The West German Federal government officially called West Berlin "Berlin (West)", although it also used the hyphenated "West-Berlin", whereas the East German government commonly referred to it as
4096:
1631:
In order to reduce eastern wiretapping of telecommunications between West Berlin and West Germany, microwave radio relay connections were built, which transmitted telephone calls between antenna towers in West Germany and West Berlin by radio. Two such towers were built, one antenna in
1029:
Article 87 is interpreted as meaning that during the transitional period Berlin shall possess none of the attributes of a twelfth Land. The provision of this Article concerning the Basic Law will only apply to the extent necessary to prevent a conflict between this Law and the Berlin
2629:, continued to provide services between East and West Berlin. However, occasionally the East Berlin police â in the streets and on cross-border trains in East Berlin â identified suspicious behaviour (such as carrying heavy loads westwards) and watched out for unwelcome Westerners.
1188:
The Federal Republic of Germany issued West German passports to West Berliners on request that showed West Berlin as their place of residence. However, West Berliners could not use their passports for crossing East German borders and were denied entrance by any country of the
996:
From the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) on 23 May and of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) on 7 October. Under Article 127 of the
2043:
electric metropolitan transport network, consisting of commuter trains, was also maintained. After the founding of East Germany on 7 October 1949 it gained responsibility for the Reichsbahn in its territory. East Germany continued to run its railways under the official name
2039:(German Reich Railways), should continue to be operated by one railway administration to service all four sectors. West Berlin had â with the exception of a few small private railway lines â no separate railway administration. Furthermore, the operation of the Reichsbahn's
3678:"Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany concerning Arrangements to Facilitate Travel between the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic, Bonn, 20 June 1960"
1017:
within one year of its promulgation. However, because the occupation of Berlin could be ended only by a quadripartite agreement, Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal sovereignty of the allies. Hence, the Basic Law was not fully applicable to West Berlin.
2019:(W) in the South of West Germany. These transit trains did not service domestic passengers of East Germany and made stops in East Germany almost exclusively for East German border guards upon entering and leaving the country. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall,
2739:
and at the Brandenburg Gate. On 14 August, under the pretext that Western demonstrations necessitated it, the East closed the checkpoint at the Brandenburg Gate 'until further notice', a situation that was to last until 22 December 1989, when it was finally reopened.
1145:. The West German Federal Government, as well as the governments of most western nations, considered East Berlin to be a "separate entity" from East Germany, and while the Western Allies later opened embassies in East Berlin, they recognised the city only as the
2551:
horse carriages, lorries and cars, later (16 March 1949) the Soviets erected roadblocks on the closed streets. From 15 November 1948, West Berlin ration stamps were no longer accepted in East Berlin. All the same, the Soviets started a campaign with the slogan
2473:. This circular line connected all train routes heading for West Berlin and accommodated all domestic GDR traffic, thus directing railway traffic into East Berlin while by-passing West Berlin. Commuters in the East German suburbs around West Berlin now boarded
2465:
station located next to West Berlin was opened solely for border controls, also to monitor West Berliners entering or leaving East Berlin, which they could still do freely, while they were not allowed to cross into East Germany proper without a special permit.
1102:
approved a bill, it was enacted as part of West Berlin's statutory law. If the commanders-in-chief rejected a bill, it did not become law in West Berlin; this, for example, was the case with West German laws on military duty. West Berlin was run by the elected
1367:(May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the
1209:, and contained no indications as to the issuing State. However, they did have a statement that the holder of the document was a German citizen. From 11 June 1968, East Germany made it mandatory that West Berlin and West German "transit passengers" obtain a
2319:. Many West Berliners wishing to visit the grave of a relative or friend on cemeteries located in East Germany were now unable to do so. Until 1961, East Germany occasionally issued permits to West Berliners to visit the cemeteries on the Catholic feast of
2087:
The GDR used the western stations to distribute propaganda and display posters with slogans like "Americans Go Home." On 1 May, May Day, a state holiday in East and West, S-Bahn trains were sometimes decorated with the East German banner and a red flag.
1216:
In order to enter visa-requiring Western countries, such as the US, West Berliners commonly used West German passports. However, for countries which did not require stamped visas for entry, including Switzerland, Austria, and many members of the then
2959:
When the Wall was built in 1961, three metro lines starting in northern parts of West Berlin passed through tunnels under the Eastern city centre and ended again in southern parts of West Berlin. The lines concerned were today's underground lines
2128:(W) or westwards following the Mittellandkanal to Buchhorst (Oebisfelde) (E)/RĂŒhen (W). Western freight vessels could stop only at dedicated service areas, because the East German government wanted to prevent any East Germans from boarding them.
2866:) in West Berlin, which were not allowed to show any official symbols of East Germany. The Eastern officials working commuted every morning and evening between East and West Berlin. Their uniforms showed no official symbols except the name
956:
and Berlin broke down. Soon, Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations. In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectorsâthe
2569:
On 12 May 1949, the Blockade ended and all roadblocks and checkpoints between East and West Berlin were removed. The Berlin Airlift, however, continued until 30 September 1949 in order to build up supplies in West Berlin (the so-called
951:
agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road and rail access between West Berlin and the western parts of Germany (see section on traffic).
2074:
Many Reichsbahn employees working in West Berlin were West Berliners. Their East German employer, whose proceeds from ticket sales for Western Deutsche Marks contributed to East Germany's foreign revenues, tried to hold down wage
1939:
calculate the travel duration from the time of entry and exit of the transit route. Excessive time spent for transit travel could arouse their suspicion and prompt questioning or additional checking by the border guards. Western
2649:
East and West Germany and sealed off the border with West Berlin in 1952; but because of the quadripartite Allied status of the city, the 46 km (29 mi)-long sectorial border between East and West Berlin remained open.
2084:. For certain patients, the Reichsbahn would facilitate treatment in a hospital in East Berlin. In medical emergencies, the employees could use West Berlin doctors and hospitals, which would then be paid for by the Reichsbahn.
3877:
2131:
In July and August 1945, the Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the operation and maintenance of the waterways and locks, which were previously run by the national German directorate for inland navigation
2523:
later East German authorities imposed temporary restrictions for certain persons, certain routes, and certain means of transport. Gradually the eastern authorities disconnected and separated the two parts of the city.
1842:
East German border crossing Potsdam-Drewitz on 31 March 1972: Applying eastern lead seals to western trucks, entering the transit route, in order to prevent potential Eastern German escapees from hiding in the cargo
3816:
2719:
When the construction of the Wall started after midnight early on 13 August, West Berlin's Governing Mayor Willy Brandt was on a West German federal election campaigning tour in West Germany. Arriving by train in
1568:
administration remained with the Borough of Spandau in the British sector. Therefore, all inhabitants of Staaken could vote in West Berlin's city state elections in 1948 and 1950. On 1 February 1951, East German
2789:
East Germany assigned different legal statuses to East Germans, East Berliners, West Germans, and West Berliners, as well as citizens from other countries in the world. Until 1990 East Germany designated each
2165:
through West and East Berlin's city centre to enter the canal from the East. On 20 November 1981, East Germany reopened the western entrance, which required two more vessel border checkpoints â Dreilinden and
1336:
NATO also took an increased interest in the specific issue related to West Berlin, and drafted plans to ensure to defend the city against an eventual attack from the East. A tripartite planning group known as
4136:
2562:), the HO being the Soviet zone chain of shops. They also opened so-called "Free Shops" in the Eastern Sector, offering supplies without ration stamps, but denominated at extremely high prices in Eastern
947:âwould be similarly divided, with the Western Allies occupying an enclave consisting of the western parts of the city. According to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin could end only as a result of a
2593:
In 1952, West Berliners were restricted entry to East Germany proper by means of a hard-to-obtain East German permit. Free entry to East Berlin remained possible until 1961 and the building of the Wall.
803:
4424:
East Germany required East Germans and East Berliners wishing to leave the country to get exit permission first. However, permission was usually denied, and leaving the country without permission was
4364:
This explains the retaining of the name "Deutsche Reichsbahn" despite containing the word "Reich" (Nation or Empire) replaced in the names of all other institutions taken over by the communist GDR.
1609:, and issuing its own postage stamps until 1990. However, the separation was merely symbolic; in reality, West Berlin's postal service was completely integrated with West Germany's, using the same
1673:
West Berliners could get admission only through their identity cards (see above). For travel from West Berlin to Denmark, Sweden and West Germany via dedicated East German transit routes (German:
4025:
1573:
surprised the people of western Staaken by occupying the area and ended its administration by the Spandau Borough; instead, western Staaken became an exclave of the Soviet occupied borough
1038:
not eligible to vote in federal elections. In their notification of permission of 12 May 1949 the three western military governors for Germany explained their proviso in No. 4, as follows:
1344:
On 26 June 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin. On his triumphant tour, cheered by hundred of thousands of West Berliners in the streets, he stopped at the Congress Hall, near the
4858:
2621:(West), West Berlin's public transport operator. Instead of changing the Western rules, so that the Easterly intended interruption of the cross-border tram traffic would not happen, the
2493:, West Berliners could again apply for visas to visit East Germany, which were granted more freely than in the period until 1961. On 4 June 1972, West Berlin's public transport operator
1560:
Furthermore, the Gatow/Staaken exchange in August 1945 resulted in the geographically western half of Berlin-Staaken, which was located in the western outskirts of the city, becoming
1386:, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev,
1240:
East German authorities â were subsidized by the West German government despite being operated only by companies registered in and owned by nationals of the western occupying powers.
1156:
Communist countries, however, did not recognise West Berlin as part of West Germany and usually described it as a "third" German jurisdiction, called an "independent political unit" (
976:
and Soviet military personnel also continued the process of blocking all the roads leading away from the city, resulting in several armed standoffs and at least one skirmish with the
4659:
3869:
3737:
3624:
1110:. The Governing Mayor and Senators (ministers) had to be approved by the Western Allies and thus derived their authority from the occupying forces, not from their electoral mandate.
923:
established the legal framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. According to these agreements, Germany would be formally under the administration of four
4117:
1164:). On maps of East Berlin, West Berlin often did not appear as an adjacent urban area but as a monochrome terra incognita, sometimes showing the letters WB, meaning "Westberlin" (
2909:
As for the S-Bahn, operated throughout Berlin by the East German Reichsbahn, the construction of the Wall meant a serious disruption of its integrated network, especially of the
1527:
Map of divided Berlin, indicating by broken lines at Berlin's western border the land swap decided by the Allies. Five of the larger of West Berlin's originally twelve exclaves (
873:
and only accessible by land from West Germany by narrow rail and highway corridors. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945. The
4908:
4161:
2853:
West Berliners entering East Berlin at the border crossing ChausseestraĂe on 28 December 1963 after having been banned from visiting the eastern sector for more than two years
4868:
6877:
3808:
2645:
provided for their free movement around all four sectors. From 8 September 1960 on, the East subjected all West Germans to apply for a permit before entering East Berlin.
2902:). An extra checkpoint, solely open for Western bin lorries (garbage trucks), was opened there. Later on, a second dump, further away, was opened in Vorketzin, a part of
4002:
3846:
2914:
the S-Bahn, since boycotts against it were issued, the argument being that every S-Bahn ticket bought provided the GDR government with valuable Western Deutsche Marks.
931:, and France) until a German government "acceptable to all parties" could be established. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of
3296:
2288:
near Potsdam, until it was also closed by East Germany on 3 July 1953. The checkpoint at Staaken's HeerstraĂe remained open only for transit traffic to West Germany.
3197:
4133:
2632:
Occasionally, West Germans were banned from entering East Berlin. This was the case between 29 August and 1 September 1960, when ex-prisoners of war and deportees,
5215:
4878:
3222:
1943:
could stop only at dedicated service areas since the East German government was concerned that East Germans might potentially use coaches to escape into the West.
2214:
to West Germany were provided, which were open only for British, French, or U.S. military planes or civilian planes registered with companies in those countries.
7083:
4594:
fighters, whom the Soviet Union kept as prisoners of war. They worked for many years as forced labourers in the Soviet Union, before they were finally released.
1134:", prompting complaints from the Soviet Union. However, this wording remained on the visas throughout the rest of the entire period of West Berlin's existence.
7174:
3789:
4212:
5696:
5423:
4888:
2921:
East Berliners, just having passed the now-open eastern checkpoint Bornholmer StraĂe, passing BösebrĂŒcke into the French sector of Berlin on 18 November 1989
2108:, but only freight vessels were allowed to cross from West Berlin into East German waters. The Havel crossed at the East German border in Nedlitz (a part of
2071:, which became West Berlin's main railway station. Until 1952, the Reichsbahn also permitted stops at other stations on the way through the Western sectors.
1228:
Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. As of 2017, Berlin was home to at least 178,000
2277:
851:
of that country. After 1949, it was directly or indirectly represented in the institutions of the FRG, and most of its residents were citizens of the FRG.
4863:
7169:
3524:
2794:
for certain categories of persons, with only one street checkpoint being open simultaneously for West Berliners and West Germans (Bornholmer StraĂe) and
4514:
3486:
3453:
4032:
2782:
Finally, in 1963, West Berliners were again allowed to visit East Berlin. On this occasion a further checkpoint for pedestrians only was opened on the
1838:
939:. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the four allied countries. Berlin, which was surrounded by the
4918:
1034:
Thus, civic liberties and personal rights (except for the privacy of telecommunications) guaranteed by the Basic Law were also valid in West Berlin.
4444:
2870:. They accepted visa applications and handed out confirmed visas issued in the East to the West Berlin applicants. A shed formerly housing one such
4933:
4343:
5488:
3639:
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2024:
international trainâwhich also carried domestic passengersâbound for an international destination. One railway connection between West Berlin and
7189:
4923:
4913:
1001:(or constitution) of the Federal Republic, provision was made for federal laws to be extended to Greater Berlin (as Berlin was called during the
2617:
as of 1 January 1969) staffed all trams, whose lines crossed the sectorial border, with women drivers, who were not permitted as drivers by the
4903:
2194:
Air traffic was the only connection between West Berlin and the Western world that was not directly under East German control. On 4 July 1948,
1393:
On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physicallyâthough at this point not legallyâunited. The
936:
3150:
885:, East and West Berlin united, joined the Federal Republic as a Stadtstaat (city-state) and, eventually, again became the capital of Germany.
3761:
2358:
Tramways and bus routes that connected West Berlin with its East German suburbs and were operated by West Berlin's public transport operator
998:
4188:
3974:
2947:
1200:
West Berlin auxiliary identity card, bearing the words "The holder of this identity card is a German national" in German, French and English
7184:
5208:
3723:
3563:
3546:
Bridge Builder: An Insider's Account of Over Sixty Years in Post-war Reconstruction, International Diplomacy, and German-American Relations
3080:
The British Garrison Berlin 1945â1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin
2281:
1932:
1819:
1043:
governed by the Federation she may, nevertheless, designate a small number of representatives to the meetings of those legislative bodies.
3655:
2917:
2813:
currency market at Zoo station was also illegal. Western pensioners and children were spared from the compulsory exchange (officially in
761:
5043:
3934:
3596:
3507:
1659:
Travelling to and from West Berlin by road or train always required passing through East German border checks, since West Berlin was an
4827:
3903:
2068:
3610:
2386:
The Reichsbahn shut down all of its West Berlin terminal stations and redirected its trains to stations in East Berlin, starting with
5689:
5416:
4689:
4574:(West) until 1 November 1973 to employ the first female bus driver, by which time all tram lines had been closed down in West Berlin.
4476:
4158:
2808:
On 2 December 1964 East Germany, always short of hard currency, decreed that every Western visitor had to buy a minimum of 5 Eastern
2770:
2273:
252:
5142:
3279:
Attwood, William (15 July 1952). Cowles, Gardner (ed.). "Berlin calmly rides out its Pinprick War". European Affairs, Look Reports.
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2506:(W)/Stolpe (E) as well as the old transit checkpoint at HeerstraĂe (W)/Staaken (E) and the checkpoint at Waltersdorfer Chaussee (W)/
1656:
by the Soviet Union (24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949) when there were restrictions on passenger flight capacity imposed by the airlift.
1616:
West Berlin was also integrated into the West German telephone network, using the same international dialling code as West Germany,
1193:, since governments of these countries held the view that West Germany was not authorized to issue legal papers for West Berliners.
6773:
2842:. This was followed by a similar agreement for West Berliners, once more allowing regular visits to East Germany and East Berlin.
2528:
2178:
210:
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2774:
Western police awaiting an eastern border controller at the opening of a new pedestrian border crossing. View into the vaults of
1518:
3732:
3708:
2980:(West) paid the east an annual charge in Western Deutsche Marks for its underground lines to use the tunnels under East Berlin.
2684:
The eight street checkpoints were â from North to South along the Wall â on Bornholmer StraĂe, ChausseestraĂe, InvalidenstraĂe,
2547:
some supplies were increased beyond the pre-Blockade level and therefore rationing of certain goods in West Berlin was stopped.
2244:
and most other international airlines were not permitted to fly to West Berlin. Flights by Lufthansa or the East German airline
4413:
844:
countries. However, West Berlin de facto aligned itself politically with the FRG from May 1949 and was thereafter treated as a
3999:
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6352:
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4615:
4547:
4243:
3612:
StÀdte und Stadtzentren in der DDR: Ergebnisse und reale Perspektiven des StÀdtebaus in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
3436:
3316:
3092:
3032:
2138:
2035:
In July and August 1945, the three Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the railways, previously serviced by the
968:. In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained.
4621:
5682:
5597:
5409:
5224:
3409:
3293:
2064:
1781:
940:
862:. West Berlin had great symbolic significance during the Cold War, as it was widely considered by westerners an "island of
6500:
3194:
109:
5441:
4726:(1968), Senator fĂŒr Wirtschaft und Arbeit (ed.), Berlin (West): Senator fĂŒr Wirtschaft und Arbeit, 1986, p. 117. No ISBN.
3472:
2229:â thus covering most of East and West Berlin and the three corridors, of the same width â one northwestwards to Hamburg (
2157:, connecting several industrial areas of West Berlin for heavy freight transport, was blocked by East Germany in Potsdam-
2067:(E). All transit trains would start or end in East Berlin, passing through West Berlin with only one stop in the Western
6979:
4586:
were either German civilians who had been deported into the Soviet Union from those territories it conquered, or former
3219:
2332:
81:
5497:
3260:
3020:
2303:
outside the city, so many West Berlin congregations had cemeteries that were located in East Germany. For example, the
2045:
1022:
280:
4988:
4457:
2707:
2355:, were disrupted at the border between West Berlin and East Germany on 26 October 1948 and August 1950, respectively.
1130:
issued to visitors were stamped with "for the Federal Republic of Germany, including the State of Berlin", in German "
6955:
6645:
6550:
5577:
5542:
4653:
3461:
3183:
1640:, finished on 16 May 1980 with a height of 358 m (1,175 ft). This tower was demolished on 8 February 2009.
1064:
622:
128:
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6515:
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signed a contract to dispose of refuse on a dump right beside the Wall in East German GroĂ-Ziethen (today a part of
2685:
6405:
2434:
88:
4209:
2791:
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3010:
2198:
opened the first regular service for civilians between West Berlin and Hamburg. Tickets were originally sold for
944:
754:
1071:
were held in 1979, West Berlin's three members were instead indirectly elected by the House of Representatives.
4820:
4070:
2879:
2744:
communication with family or friends on the other side was by mail or at meeting in a motorway restaurant on a
2425:). These routes originated from several East German suburbs bordering West Berlin (such as Falkensee, Potsdam,
2060:
1757:(W). On 1 January 1988, the new Stolpe checkpoint opened on this route to West Berlin. This is part of today's
1686:
1360:
1259:
66:
6452:
4091:
3791:
Bezeichnungen fĂŒr "Deutschland" in der Zeit der "Wende": dargestellt an ausgewĂ€hlten westdeutschen Printmedien
3521:
3341:
Ordinance BK/O (50) 75, 29 August 1950, clause 2b, published in the then Berlin legal gazette VOBl. I, p. 440.
5607:
4506:
3450:
1712:) were prohibited to leave the transit routes, and occasional traffic checkpoints would check for violators.
877:, built in 1961, physically separated West Berlin from its East Berlin and East German surroundings until it
95:
17:
1693:
through East Germany, each traveller was also required to present a valid visa for the destination country.
519:
7068:
7037:
6861:
2414:
584:
62:
31:
2834:
The situation only changed fundamentally after 11 December 1971 when, representing the two German states,
2511:
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were redirected to stations in East Berlin, while trains from West Germany were redirected to the Western
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5705:
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4441:
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1218:
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The four occupation sectors of Berlin. West Berlin is in light blue, dark blue, and purple, with several
5567:
4335:
2387:
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that June. However, the culmination of the schism did not occur until 1961 with the construction of the
77:
7045:
7013:
4883:
4873:
3636:
2802:
2265:
1602:
1097:, a routine reminder that West Berlin was still de jure occupied by the Western Allies of World War II.
747:
527:
499:
4489:
3420:
2973:
2899:
2605:
Starting on 15 January 1953 the tram network was interrupted. East Berlin's public transport operator
2507:
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6829:
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6345:
4836:
4813:
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3059:
2729:
2359:
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1947:
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The transit routes for road travel connecting West Berlin to other destinations usually consisted of
1103:
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Germany and Eastern Europe Since 1945 From the Potsdam Agreement to Chancellor Brandt's "Ostpolitik"
4294:
paid DM 1.2 billion to co-finance the construction of these roads. East Germany, in chronic need of
3388:
1172:) or overlaid with a legend or pictures. It was often labelled "Westberlin special political area" (
7159:
6987:
6789:
6565:
6482:
3141:
2839:
2296:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2142:), should be continued and reconstructed in all four sectors. Except for the originally city-owned
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2008:
7154:
6837:
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6749:
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1950:, started to levy road tolls on cars using the transit routes. At first, the toll amounted to 10
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1610:
1206:
878:
691:
612:
434:
224:
55:
5401:
4978:
3558:
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American sectors after 1945, so that parts of West Berlin came to be surrounded by East Germany
6928:
6885:
6853:
6575:
5904:
5602:
5527:
4963:
3037:
2029:
1330:
1078:, West Berliners were able to stand for election in West Germany. For example, Social Democrat
924:
916:
199:
2696:
in US military denomination, since this crossing was to their sector), Heinrich-Heine-StraĂe,
2230:
2143:
1265:
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3005:
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could open its first bus line into the East German suburbs since 1950 (line E to Potsdam via
1831:
1827:
1621:
1352:, before delivering at West Berlin's city hall a speech, which became famous for its phrase "
1341:, working together with NATO, was entrusted with potential military responses to any crisis.
672:
557:
179:
6936:
5390:
4414:
https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Foreign_Commerce_Weekly/5AAiAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0
4112:
3899:
3140:(2000). "America's Berlin, 1945â2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Trommler, Frank (ed.).
2256:) began in August 1989, but these routes had to go through Czechoslovak or Danish airspace.
2206:
Flights between West Germany and West Berlin were under Allied control by the quadripartite
1286:
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7149:
7144:
6920:
6757:
6723:
6716:
6585:
6570:
6535:
6472:
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5002:
4761:...twenty years after the Berlin Blockade...twenty years before the fall of the Berlin Wall
2170:â because the waterway crossed the border between East Germany and West Berlin four times.
2016:
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Foreign Commerce Weekly. United States, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1949. 36-37, page 36
3283:. Vol. 16, no. 15. Des Moines, Iowa: Cowles Magazines, Incorporated. p. 90.
2285:
8:
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4898:
3724:"Statistischer Bericht: Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2017"
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3116:
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where time had stood still since 13 August 1961. West Berlin's public transport operator
2701:
2554:
2234:
2109:
2036:
2012:
1976:
1777:
1606:
1535:
West Berlin's border was identical to the municipal boundary of Berlin as defined in the
1481:
1466:
1094:
1068:
1060:
870:
102:
6600:
5344:
2312:
1903:(PL). Additional routes led to Denmark and Sweden by ferry between WarnemĂŒnde (GDR) and
1724:
6971:
6505:
5532:
4011:
3026:
2981:
2965:
2961:
2819:
2693:
2658:
2640:), from all around West Germany and West Berlin met for a convention in that city. The
2407:
2376:
2269:
2025:
2000:
1988:
1536:
1427:
1349:
1002:
735:
715:
591:
537:
6525:
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2324:
948:
6963:
6640:
6462:
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5062:
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4611:
4553:
4543:
4287:
4279:
4249:
4239:
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1992:
1892:
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1804:
1418:(a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.
1383:
1122:
981:
920:
854:
West Berlin was formally controlled by the Western Allies and entirely surrounded by
719:
508:
4134:
0372 â der Anschluss des Ostens, Die Vorwahl fĂŒrs andere Berlin fĂŒhrte oft ins Leere
2783:
2775:
1980:
1737:
1277:
7006:
6869:
6693:
6635:
6520:
6510:
6224:
5517:
5370:
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5102:
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4958:
4145:
3726:[Statistical Report: Residents in the state of Berlin on 31 December 2017]
2954:
2712:
2661:), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximately today's
2563:
2221:
comprised a radius of 32 km (20 mi) around the seat of the center in the
2158:
2113:
1996:
1951:
1880:
1856:
1815:
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1302:
1233:
1056:
893:
627:
228:
6610:
6144:
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1055:
by 22 non-voting delegates chosen by the House of Representatives. Similarly, the
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6530:
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5380:
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5007:
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4140:
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4100:
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4006:
3809:"Secret Documents Released: Adenauer Wanted to Swap West Berlin for Parts of GDR"
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3300:
3226:
3201:
3111:
2942:
2910:
2814:
2736:
2697:
2544:
2454:
2395:
2161:. Therefore, vessels going to the Teltowkanal had to take a detour via the river
2147:
2133:
2101:
2076:
1940:
1896:
1769:
1758:
1653:
1397:, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for
1318:
1314:
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1173:
1165:
1157:
1127:
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778:
666:
567:
245:
7078:
6540:
6425:
5082:
3404:
2764:
2756:
2735:
Over the course of the day he protested along with many other West Berliners on
1528:
1137:
West Berlin remained under military occupation until 3 October 1990, the day of
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6678:
6605:
6580:
6410:
5674:
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5331:
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4425:
4310:"Abandoned and Lost Places - Checkpoint Alpha: GrenzĂŒbergangsstelle Marienborn"
3532:
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3015:
2711:
An eastern water cannon vehicle directed at western protesters in front of the
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Wissenswertes ĂŒber Berlin: Nachschlagewerk fĂŒr zuziehende Arbeitnehmer von A-Z
3625:
The Path to the Berlin Wall: Critical Stages in the History of Divided Germany
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Area, insofar as it remains in force as federal law under Article 124 or 125.]
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6457:
6385:
6129:
5471:
5446:
5262:
5127:
5107:
4948:
4928:
4557:
4253:
3102:
2599:
2595:
2413:
On 28 August 1951, the Reichsbahn opened a new connection â from Spandau via
2394:
and the southeast of East Germany. On 28 August 1951, trains usually serving
2222:
2162:
2125:
2040:
1682:
1549:
1501:
1411:
1375:
1298:
547:
394:
298:
5267:
4736:
Fabian, Thomas (2000). "The evolution of the Berlin urban railway network".
4403:, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.), Berlin: no publ., 1984, p. 6. No ISBN.
4390:, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.), Berlin: no publ., 1984, p. 5. No ISBN.
2249:
2233:), one westwards to Hanover, and one southwestwards to Frankfurt upon Main (
2226:
1872:
1451:
6630:
6620:
6380:
6309:
5844:
5582:
5512:
5072:
5057:
5012:
4968:
4943:
4452:
3956:
3137:
2585:
2490:
2372:
2291:
2167:
1848:
1808:
1570:
1541:
1249:"Westberlin." Starting from 31 May 1961, East Berlin was officially called
1210:
1190:
1142:
1079:
973:
964:
for supplying their part of the city with food and other goods through the
928:
859:
841:
837:
833:
829:
640:
636:
617:
600:
579:
326:
276:
233:
6244:
6089:
5874:
4537:
4233:
3078:
2676:
2510:(E), which was also open for travellers boarding international flights at
6845:
6698:
6625:
6390:
6361:
6285:
5984:
5639:
5557:
5357:
5336:
5321:
5297:
4992:
4170:
3369:
3053:
2985:
2969:
2887:
2666:
2662:
2503:
2461:-Albrechtshof in East Germany bordering West Berlin. On 4 June 1954, the
2442:
2426:
2352:
2336:
2154:
1972:
1762:
1486:
985:
874:
855:
821:
661:
656:
6239:
5352:
5257:
4769:
2996:
kiosks, or enter East Berlin through a checkpoint right in the station.
2340:
1749:. These were replaced on 20 November 1982 by a new autobahn crossing at
1531:, LaĂzinswiesen, Falkenhagener Wiesen, WĂŒste Mark, Kienhorst) are shown.
1441:
1093:
In 1969 U.S. military vehicles pass through the residential district of
6179:
5834:
5169:
5152:
3294:
Article 127 [Extension of law to the French zone and to Berlin]
3253:
The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
2582:, in 1953 renamed after the former Governing Mayor of West Berlin into
1916:
905:
863:
848:
6319:
6149:
3373:(Der Grundrechtsteil des Bonner Basic Lawes gilt auch in West-Berlin.)
2482:
2391:
1924:
1884:
1313:
After the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961, West German Chancellor
1236:
residents, making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.
6805:
6595:
6477:
6267:
6104:
6024:
6019:
5944:
5924:
5854:
5741:
5612:
5282:
5252:
5067:
4780:
4587:
4275:
4235:
Behind the Berlin Wall : East Germany and the frontiers of power
3042:
2993:
2875:
2835:
2828:
2380:
2248:
servicing connections between East and West Germany (such as between
2245:
2241:
2183:
1868:
1785:
1750:
1715:
There were four transit routes between West Berlin and West Germany:
1582:
1461:
1446:
1322:
1048:
6099:
5899:
3713:, Richard Plender, Aire Centre Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, page 301
2657:, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's
1089:
44:
6294:
6249:
6229:
6174:
6054:
5889:
5884:
5731:
5277:
4805:
4298:, often showed cooperation whenever Western payments were involved.
3230:
2335:(Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn, NME), connecting the East German
2272:
regulations overseen by the three Allied military governments (the
2121:
1920:
1908:
1697:
1456:
1368:
1338:
1289:
on Rudolf-Wilde-Platz (today's John-F.-Kennedy-Platz), 26 June 1963
1272:
817:
313:
6134:
1912:
1823:
1523:
6289:
6189:
6084:
6074:
6039:
5959:
5914:
5909:
5804:
5774:
5522:
5456:
5431:
5385:
5362:
5272:
4283:
3587:, Emily Pugh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, pages 158â159
3176:
Divided, But Not Disconnected: German Experiences of the Cold War
2721:
2458:
2348:
2253:
2004:
1984:
1928:
1900:
1860:
1742:
1728:
1660:
1637:
1633:
1553:
1491:
1407:
1086:, which in turn became one of the defining features of the city.
809:
701:
486:
447:
6114:
6059:
4282:), from there on using the existing autobahn between Berlin and
2955:
Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East
1648:
West Berliners could travel to West Germany and all Western and
1047:
Consequently, West Berliners were indirectly represented in the
869:
West Berlin was 160 km (100 mi) east and north of the
6219:
6209:
6204:
6194:
6164:
6159:
5994:
5939:
5894:
5879:
5864:
5814:
5794:
5784:
5754:
5721:
5658:
5655:
5622:
5547:
5375:
5228:
5117:
4848:
4840:
3451:
Germany (Federal Republic of) Date of Elections: 5 October 1980
2925:
Usage dropped further as the Western public transport operator
2903:
2669:, however, lines changed significantly from 1990 onwards), and
2446:
2430:
2259:
2203:
West Berlin the West German government subsidised the flights.
1904:
1577:
in the city centre. However, on 1 June 1952, western Staaken's
1403:
1326:
1253:(Berlin, Capital of the GDR), replacing the formerly used term
813:
461:
6330:
4764:
4428:, considered a criminal act by the East German justice system.
4124:, Volumes 1-2, R.B. Forster & Associates, 1986, pages 4133
3867:
3549:, Walther Leisler Kiep Purdue University Press, 2012, page 100
2673:
between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there.
2441:
or rare goods into West Berlin. S-Bahn trains were checked at
2059:) would leave and enter West Berlin only via one line through
1132:
fĂŒr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einschl. des Landes Berlin
6260:
6069:
6049:
6009:
5974:
5969:
5929:
5764:
5466:
4797:
3794:, Ute Röding-Lange Königshausen & Neumann, 1997, page 149
3766:, Andreas Glaeser University of Chicago Press, 2000, page 104
2390:â closed on 29 April 1951 â before serving rail traffic with
2097:
1754:
1586:
1225:, West Berlin identity cards were also acceptable for entry.
1059:(the city's executive) sent four non-voting delegates to the
1006:
910:
Map of West and East Berlin, border crossings, metro networks
4758:
4442:"BVG-StraĂenbahnlinien auĂerhalb Berlins (Linien 47 und 96)"
3780:, Emily Pugh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, page 344
3601:, Peter Grieder, Manchester University Press, 1999, page 183
3328:, David P. Currie University of Chicago Press, 1994, page 89
1946:
On 1 September 1951, East Germany, because of a shortage in
6304:
6119:
6034:
5954:
4610:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4484:
3417:
2264:
Until 1953, travelling from West Berlin into East Germany (
2117:
1795:
A third route to Southwestern Germany consisted of today's
1617:
1597:
West Berlin had its own postal administration first called
1052:
881:
in 1989. On 3 October 1990, the day Germany was officially
3763:
Divided in Unity: Identity, Germany, and the Berlin Police
3438:
Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Elections of the 1980s
3255:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 178â179.
2680:
Map showing location of the Berlin Wall and transit points
1321:
that the United States propose a swap of West Berlin with
4114:
The American Bar, the Canadian Bar, the International Bar
3383:
2728:
he was informed about the Wall and flew to West Berlin's
1126:
Germany being followed in West Berlin. West German entry
4714:, which was then the name of the East German state bank.
3963:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125â64.
3627:, Manfred Wilke, Berghahn Books, 15 April 2014, page 191
3598:
The East German Leadership, 1946â73: Conflict and Crisis
2838:
from the West and Michael Kohl from the East signed the
2252:
and Hamburg in West Germany and the East German city of
1863:-Drewitz (E). Transit routes to Poland were via today's
1847:
The latter three routes used autobahns built during the
1741:) at the Eastern checkpoint in Horst (a part of today's
1581:
administration was placed with neighbouring East German
1356:" and a hallmark of America's solidarity with the city.
4591:
4274:
was replaced by a new autobahn connecting Hamburg with
3367:
Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany
2517:
2469:
In 1951, the Reichsbahn began construction work on the
836:(GDR). The legality of this claim was contested by the
4210:
The tram disappears from West-Berlin â The Berlin Wall
3777:
Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin
3584:
Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin
2939:
union concerning currency, economy and social security
1552:
became part of the British sector and the airfield at
329:-backed coup against the elected government of Berlin
4759:
Berlin 1969 in the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War
4238:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 29, 105.
4185:"Richtfunkmast Berlin-Frohnau (Berlin-Frohnau, 1979)"
3441:, Karl H. Cerny, Duke University Press, 1990, page 34
3174:
Tobias Hochscherf, Christoph Laucht, Andrew Plowman,
3637:
Comparative Study on Status Neutral Travel Documents
27:
Political enclave that existed between 1948 and 1990
3802:
3800:
3615:, Gerhard Krenz, Verlag fĂŒr Bauwesen, 1969, page 22
3318:
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany
2315:, yet belonged to Catholic congregations in Berlin-
2282:
Office of Military Government/United States (OMGUS)
1963:Four transit train connectionsâearlier also called
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5223:
4382:
4380:
3560:Germany â transit visa, 1991 (issued 24 July 1990)
3355:, Peter Hauck Duncker & Humblot, 1969, page 44
2755:On 18 May 1962 East Germany opened the so-called
7136:
5704:
3797:
2860:Offices for the Affairs of Visits and Travelling
2831:(29 May) holidays and later again at Christmas.
2531:in September 1948 â the unitary City Council of
2278:Control Commission for Germany â British Element
2274:Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG)
1378:provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader:
1374:At the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, U.S. President
1273:Period following the building of the Berlin Wall
4682:"Border crossings between East and West Berlin"
4393:
4377:
3831:
3806:
1768:A second transit route led to Northwestern and
1643:
1141:of East Germany, East and West Berlin with the
3710:Basic Documents on International Migration Law
3512:, Scott MacDonald, CUP Archive, 1993, page 166
2988:also had one subterranean stop at the Eastern
1592:
7175:States and territories disestablished in 1990
6346:
5690:
5417:
5209:
4821:
4270:of 29 November 1978, the transit via highway
4000:Berlin Mayoral Contest Has Many Uncertainties
3385:OpinioIuris: Die freie juristische Bibliothek
2453:in East Germany bordering East Berlin and in
755:
3522:Tracing West Berlin's 70s and 80s subculture
3149:. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 49â73.
2933:(West) which took effect on 9 January 1984.
2529:Communist putsch in Berlin's city government
2260:Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany
2120:northwestwards crossing the border again at
1927:(ÄSSR) and via FĂŒrstenau (a part of today's
1117:In many ways, West Berlin functioned as the
927:(the United States, the United Kingdom, the
832:(FRG), despite being entirely surrounded by
786:
160:
154:
148:
3975:"Ronald Reagan speech, Tear Down This Wall"
3870:"Instructions to NATO Military Authorities"
3667:, Michael Sodaro I.B.Tauris, 1993, page 115
3195:"Berlin: Where Rivalry of East, West Soars"
2874:can be found on Waterlooufer 5â7 in Berlin-
2864:BĂŒros fĂŒr Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten
2311:) was located in the East German suburb of
2309:Cemetery in front/outside of Charlottenburg
2210:. According to permanent agreements, three
7170:States and territories established in 1949
6353:
6339:
5697:
5683:
5424:
5410:
5216:
5202:
4828:
4814:
3716:
2872:BĂŒro fĂŒr Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten
2868:BĂŒro fĂŒr Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten
2371:, the southwestern end of tram line 96 to
2069:Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station
2032:(W) was reserved for freight trains only.
1285:addressing the people of West Berlin from
1003:1920 expansion of its municipal boundaries
828:in 1990, the territory was claimed by the
762:
748:
209:
4539:The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift
3845:(in French). AFP source. 14 August 2011.
3474:West Germany Today (RLE: German Politics)
3274:
3272:
225:Western Alliesâoccupied sectors of Berlin
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4535:
4307:
4061:, John Parry, Kogan Page, 1982, page 174
3352:Das richterliche PrĂŒfungsrecht in Berlin
3312:
3310:
2916:
2848:
2769:
2706:
2675:
2360:Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe Gesellschaft (
2290:
2177:
2096:Two waterways via the rivers and canals
1837:
1522:
1292:
1276:
1195:
1178:Besonderes politisches Gebiet Westberlin
1088:
904:
892:
824:and was under military occupation until
4770:History of the Western Allies in Berlin
3578:
3576:
3278:
2948:WĂ€hrungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion
2560:Der kluge West-Berliner kauft in der HO
2402:. The Reichsbahn also closed down both
1919:(S). Routes to Czechoslovakia were via
1685:. For journeys between West Berlin and
1652:states at all times, except during the
1519:Exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany
1263:using "Ost-Berlin" and the centre-left
901:shown. Borough borders are as of 1987.
14:
7190:1990 disestablishments in West Germany
7137:
4735:
4542:. Stroud: History Press. p. 235.
4517:from the original on 21 September 2018
4436:
4434:
4333:
4082:, Volume 63, A. HĂŒthig., 1971, page 36
3902:. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
3839:"Berlin aurait pu ĂȘtre vendue Ă l'Est"
3406:Approval by Western Military Governors
3269:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3220:"1961: Berliners wake to divided city"
2990:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe railway station
2796:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe railway station
2655:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe railway station
1677:), East German border guards issued a
6541:TrĂ€nenpalast, FriedrichstraĂe station
6406:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
6334:
5678:
5405:
5197:
4809:
4648:. Bonn: Scribner. 1973. p. 168.
4603:
4401:Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal
4388:Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal
4231:
3977:. USAF Air University. Archived from
3924:
3307:
3076:
3033:List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors
2801:On 9 September 1964, the East German
1830:(E)/ Rudolphstein (a part of today's
1243:
937:former eastern territories of Germany
795:
363:479.9 km (185.3 sq mi)
4835:
4692:from the original on 4 February 2017
3955:
3868:NATO Planning for Berlin Emergency.
3819:from the original on 7 November 2014
3736:(in German). pp. 4, 13, 18â22.
3733:Amt fĂŒr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg
3573:
3477:, Karl Koch, Routledge, 1989, page 3
3250:
3136:
3011:1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing
2553:The smart West Berliner buys at the
2518:Traffic between East and West Berlin
2323:on 1 November and on the Protestant
2065:Potsdam Griebnitzsee railway station
1887:(PL), or southeastwards via today's
1426:West Berlin comprised the following
812:which comprised the western part of
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
7185:1949 establishments in West Germany
4431:
4191:from the original on 9 October 2016
3937:from the original on 25 August 2018
3235:
3143:Berlin: The New Capital in the East
1933:CĂnovec (Cinvald/Böhmisch Zinnwald)
1818:had border crossings originally at
1723:with the East German checkpoint in
24:
4738:Japan Railway and Transport Review
3906:from the original on 26 March 2017
3880:from the original on 26 March 2017
3849:from the original on 7 August 2020
3807:Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 August 2011).
3418:U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany
3070:
2880:Hallesches Tor underground station
2146:and some canals built later (e.g.
2139:Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Berlin
1550:Wehrmacht airfield at Berlin-Gatow
1544:) and the Soviet zone (ceding the
960:. The West responded by using its
820:. Although West Berlin lacked any
25:
7201:
6956:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
6774:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold
4752:
4454:Ăffentlicher Nahverkehr in Berlin
4334:Colitt, Leslie (16 August 2011).
3743:from the original on 4 March 2018
3462:International Parliamentary Union
3156:from the original on 13 June 2021
816:from 1948 until 1990, during the
623:Bombing of Berlin in World War II
6980:Am kĂŒrzeren Ende der Sonnenallee
6434:
5581:
5546:
5501:
5487:
5445:
5311:
5042:
4987:
4977:
4712:Mark of the German Bank of Issue
4662:from the original on 2 June 2022
4624:from the original on 2 June 2022
4058:Guide to World Commodity Markets
4026:"Ăbersichtskarte: Berlin (West)"
3509:Avant-Garde Film: Motion Studies
3371:BVerfG, 25.10.1951 â 1 BvR 24/51
3178:, p. 109, Berghahn Books, 2013,
3083:. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (
2765:with orders to shoot at escapees
2752:remained unaffected throughout.
2471:Berlin outer-circle railway line
2435:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
1075:
518:
466:
452:
427:
192:
178:
43:
6360:
4729:
4717:
4704:
4674:
4636:
4597:
4577:
4564:
4529:
4499:
4467:
4418:
4406:
4367:
4358:
4346:from the original on 9 May 2022
4327:
4301:
4266:According to the German-German
4260:
4225:
4203:
4177:
4152:
4127:
4106:
4085:
4064:
4050:
4018:
3993:
3967:
3949:
3918:
3892:
3861:
3783:
3769:
3755:
3702:
3670:
3649:
3646:, mediatEUr, July 2011, page 29
3630:
3618:
3604:
3590:
3552:
3538:
3515:
3501:
3480:
3466:
3444:
3430:
3398:
3358:
3344:
2798:being open for all travellers.
2792:Border crossings in East Berlin
2217:The airspace controlled by the
2007:(W) in the Southwest, and with
1667:
1605:, separate from West Germany's
1207:"Federal Eagle" or coat of arms
1162:selbstÀndige politische Einheit
991:
618:Deportation of Jews from Berlin
54:needs additional citations for
6516:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe station
3900:"Declassified: Berlin divided"
3331:
3287:
3213:
3188:
3168:
3130:
3021:History of Germany (1945â1990)
2686:Berlin FriedrichstraĂe station
2375:, as well as two bus lines to
2190:to fly into West Germany, 1953
2173:
2061:Berlin-Wannsee railway station
1871:-Pomellen (East Germany, GDR)/
1851:era. They left West Berlin at
1814:A fourth (via today's A 9) to
1700:and other highways, marked by
1564:Soviet occupied. However, the
1361:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
1260:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1183:
943:ânewly established in most of
13:
1:
3123:
2911:Berlin's circular S-Bahn line
2598:(Untergrundbahn, U-Bahn) and
2182:Eastern refugees boarding an
1971:)âconnected West Berlin with
1727:until 1951, then replaced by
1636:and later a second in Berlin-
898:
7069:List of Berlin Wall segments
5706:European Capitals of Culture
3657:Moscow, Germany and the West
3207:U.S. News & World Report
2810:Mark der Deutschen Notenbank
2457:, Potsdam-Griebnitzsee, and
2415:Berlin Jungfernheide station
2333:NeuköllnâMittenwalde railway
2325:Day of Repentance and Prayer
2153:The western entrance to the
2091:
1875:(PL), eastwards via today's
1644:Transport and transit travel
1585:in the East German district
1317:suggested to U.S. President
585:Assassination of Talat Pasha
32:West Berlin (disambiguation)
7:
6651:Christel and Eckhard Wehage
6453:GedenkstÀtte Berliner Mauer
4103:, Volume 21, 1977, page 360
2999:
2502:(W)/Drewitz (E) and Berlin-
2305:Friedhof vor Charlottenburg
2295:The only three permissible
2116:and then either taking the
1593:Post and telecommunications
1512:
1421:
1219:European Economic Community
1143:Federal Republic of Germany
830:Federal Republic of Germany
702:Federal Republic of Germany
234:Federal Republic of Germany
232:(De facto territory of the
10:
7206:
7047:The Day the Wall Came Down
4884:Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick
4874:Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick
4507:"History of S-Bahn Berlin"
4496:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
4464:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
4308:UrbEx-NL (23 March 2008).
4296:western foreign currencies
3570:, World of Passport Stamps
3498:, Issues 1â3, 1979, page 6
3427:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
3395:, retrieved on 2 May 2012.
3365:ist". Cf. Decision of the
2400:Berlin Zoologischer Garten
2266:German Democratic Republic
2112:), continuing through the
2051:After the Berlin Blockade
1958:
1907:(DK) and by ferry between
1719:One between West Berlin's
1603:Deutsche Bundespost Berlin
1516:
1251:Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR
888:
528:Margraviate of Brandenburg
29:
7061:
7030:
6998:
6947:
6912:
6739:
6732:
6707:
6659:
6549:
6491:
6468:Checkpoint Charlie Museum
6443:
6432:
6368:
5712:
5651:
5621:
5576:
5541:
5496:
5485:
5440:
5320:
5309:
5236:
5182:Regierender BĂŒrgermeister
5161:
5116:
5041:
4986:
4975:
4869:Friedrich von BĂ€rensprung
4847:
4794:
4785:
4777:
4536:Schrader, Helena (2011).
4336:"Escape from East Berlin"
4314:Abandoned and Lost Places
4215:22 September 2017 at the
3456:21 September 2017 at the
3060:United States Army Berlin
2730:Tempelhof Central Airport
2607:Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe
2537:Magistrat von GroĂ Berlin
2377:Glienicke at the Nordbahn
2297:West Berlin Air Corridors
2082:Bombardier Transportation
1925:HĆensko (Herrnskretschen)
1363:(September 1971) and the
1301:speaking in front of the
941:Soviet zone of occupation
482:
406:
390:
386:
376:
372:
367:
359:
354:
350:
337:
323:
319:
309:
305:
287:
265:
261:
251:
241:
220:
208:
174:
169:
143:
7087:(Cross-border commuters)
6483:Chapel of Reconciliation
5568:WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern
4788:European City of Culture
4093:Wasser, Luft und Betreib
3494:14 November 2018 at the
3378:27 December 2013 at the
2388:Berlin Görlitzer Bahnhof
2240:The West German airline
2219:Berlin Air Safety Center
2208:Berlin Air Safety Center
2196:British European Airways
1803:with border crossing at
1735:(originally via highway
1437:In the American sector:
1063:. In addition, when the
1023:House of Representatives
1015:WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern
6750:Escape from East Berlin
6421:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5433:Allied-occupied Germany
4604:Major, Patrick (2010).
4232:Major, Patrick (2010).
3412:6 February 2012 at the
3225:25 January 2021 at the
3077:Durie, William (2012).
2463:Bahnhof Hennigsdorf SĂŒd
2404:Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof
2367:end of tram line 47 to
2331:railway lines like the
1983:(W) in the North, with
1832:Berg in Upper Franconia
1624:0311, later changed to
1472:In the British sector:
1149:of the GDR, not as its
917:London Protocol of 1944
797:[ËvÉstbÉÊËliËn]
692:Fall of the Berlin Wall
613:Welthauptstadt Germania
435:Allied-occupied Germany
242:Official languages
6724:"Tear down this wall!"
6576:Christian-Peter Friese
5905:Santiago de Compostela
5528:North Rhine-Westphalia
5098:Richard von WeizsÀcker
4964:Ferdinand Friedensburg
4879:Franz Christian Naunyn
4607:Behind the Berlin Wall
4164:22 August 2021 at the
4139:3 October 2021 at the
3642:7 October 2019 at the
3038:List of divided cities
2946:
2922:
2863:
2854:
2818:
2779:
2716:
2681:
2637:
2627:traverse S-Bahn trains
2579:
2559:
2536:
2422:
2396:Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof
2299:
2191:
2137:
2056:
1995:(W) in the West, with
1968:
1897:Forst in Lusatia/BarĆĄÄ
1873:KoĆbaskowo (Kolbitzow)
1844:
1709:
1674:
1532:
1497:In the French sector:
1391:
1310:
1290:
1201:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1098:
1065:first direct elections
1045:
1032:
1021:On 4 August 1950, the
912:
902:
787:
782:
161:
155:
149:
7121:52.50000°N 13.28000°E
6416:Berlin Crisis of 1961
5435:(1945â1949/1956/1990)
5023:Christian Hartenhauer
4120:31 March 2022 at the
4078:27 March 2022 at the
3566:21 April 2017 at the
3423:24 April 2012 at the
3391:22 April 2012 at the
3200:31 March 2019 at the
3006:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2920:
2852:
2773:
2710:
2679:
2539:) for East and West.
2419:express S-Bahn trains
2294:
2181:
1853:Checkpoint Dreilinden
1841:
1828:Hirschberg upon Saale
1683:Western Deutsche Mark
1601:(1947â1955) and then
1526:
1380:
1296:
1280:
1255:Demokratisches Berlin
1199:
1106:and Senate seated at
1092:
1040:
1027:
908:
896:
793:German pronunciation:
673:Berlin Crisis of 1961
558:Free State of Prussia
6921:The Road to the Wall
6717:Ich bin ein Berliner
6708:The Wall in speeches
6586:Marienetta Jirkowsky
6571:Winfried Freudenberg
6473:Topography of Terror
6401:German reunification
5563:Rhineland-Palatinate
4492:4 March 2012 at the
4479:25 June 2013 at the
4005:17 June 2019 at the
3874:NATO Archives Online
3663:7 April 2022 at the
3527:6 March 2016 at the
3324:28 June 2020 at the
3299:4 March 2016 at the
3251:Ladd, Brian (1997).
2968:and the S-Bahn line
2803:Council of Ministers
2596:Berlin's underground
2347:between West Berlin-
1772:â following today's
1731:for destinations in
1599:Deutsche Post Berlin
1399:German reunification
1395:Two Plus Four Treaty
1388:tear down this wall!
1354:Ich bin ein Berliner
1307:Tear down this wall!
1076:West German citizens
1011:Rhineland-Palatinate
826:German reunification
686:Tear down this wall!
679:Ich bin ein Berliner
400:United States dollar
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
7117: /
7014:Holidays in the Sun
6376:Inner German border
4899:Max von Forckenbeck
4889:Karl Theodor Seydel
4859:Leopold von Gerlach
4460:23 May 2013 at the
4447:23 May 2013 at the
4290:). The West German
4099:2 June 2022 at the
3117:Progress Publishers
2778:, 21 December 1963.
2235:Rhein-Main Air Base
2231:FuhlsbĂŒttel Airport
2225:building in Berlin-
2144:Neukölln Ship Canal
2046:Deutsche Reichsbahn
2037:Deutsche Reichsbahn
1881:Frankfurt upon Oder
1778:inner German border
1747:Lauenburg upon Elbe
1607:Deutsche Bundespost
1269:using "Ostberlin."
1266:SĂŒddeutsche Zeitung
1069:European Parliament
871:Inner German border
736:Timeline of Berlin
7126:52.50000; 13.28000
6972:Judgment in Berlin
6937:Rabbit Ă la Berlin
6830:Judgment in Berlin
6733:In popular culture
6553:breaching the Wall
6506:Checkpoint Charlie
6444:Memorials, museums
5533:Schleswig-Holstein
4292:Federal Government
4012:The New York Times
3690:on 1 February 2016
3535:, 21 February 2013
3109:Vysotsky, Viktor.
3027:Judgment in Berlin
2923:
2855:
2780:
2717:
2694:Checkpoint Charlie
2682:
2576:power station West
2512:Schönefeld Airport
2487:Federal Government
2410:, on 18 May 1952.
2408:Berlin Nordbahnhof
2300:
2270:Interzonal traffic
2268:(GDR)) fell under
2192:
1948:foreign currencies
1845:
1745:) and the Western
1706:Transit travellers
1540:of Berlin (ceding
1537:Greater Berlin Act
1533:
1382:General Secretary
1350:Checkpoint Charlie
1311:
1291:
1287:Rathaus Schöneberg
1244:Naming conventions
1202:
1147:seat of government
1108:Rathaus Schöneberg
1099:
978:French Gendarmerie
935:thus creating the
913:
903:
808:) was a political
716:History of Germany
592:Greater Berlin Act
538:Kingdom of Prussia
402:(also widely used)
7100:
7099:
7057:
7056:
7041:(1991 video game)
6964:Funeral in Berlin
6878:Bornholmer StraĂe
6790:Funeral in Berlin
6669:GĂŒnter Schabowski
6660:Others associated
6641:Hildegard Trabant
6591:Cengaver Katrancı
6501:Bornholmer StraĂe
6463:East Side Gallery
6328:
6327:
5672:
5671:
5479:WĂŒrttemberg-Baden
5399:
5398:
5191:
5190:
5184:(Governing Mayor)
5166:OberbĂŒrgermeister
5093:Hans-Jochen Vogel
5063:Walther Schreiber
4804:
4803:
4795:Succeeded by
4617:978-0-19-924328-0
4549:978-0-7524-6803-7
4399:JĂŒrgen Karwelat,
4386:JĂŒrgen Karwelat,
4268:Traffic Agreement
4245:978-0-19-156753-7
4015:, 1 December 1990
3961:Kennedy in Berlin
3094:978-3-86408-068-5
2840:Transit Agreement
2759:checkpoint hall (
2489:under Chancellor
2483:policy of détente
2339:with West Berlin-
2286:Glienicker BrĂŒcke
2188:Tempelhof Airport
2110:Potsdam-Bornstedt
2106:inland navigation
2021:interzonal trains
1997:Frankfurt am Main
1826:(W) and later at
1788:(W), also called
1365:Transit Agreement
982:Bundesgrenzschutz
921:Potsdam Agreement
772:
771:
720:History of Europe
492:
491:
478:
477:
474:
473:
440:
439:
294:
289:âą 1989â1990
272:
267:âą 1948â1953
215:West Berlin (red)
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
7197:
7165:Former republics
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7049:(1997 sculpture)
7007:West of the Wall
6988:Edge of Eternity
6870:Good Bye, Lenin!
6862:Buffalo Soldiers
6737:
6736:
6694:David Hasselhoff
6636:Heinz Sokolowski
6601:CzesĆaw Kukuczka
6521:Glienicke Bridge
6511:Checkpoint Bravo
6493:Border crossings
6438:
6437:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6316:
6301:
6282:
6256:
6236:
6225:Esch-sur-Alzette
6216:
6201:
6186:
6171:
6156:
6141:
6126:
6111:
6096:
6081:
6066:
6046:
6031:
6016:
6001:
5991:
5981:
5966:
5951:
5936:
5921:
5871:
5861:
5851:
5841:
5831:
5821:
5811:
5801:
5791:
5781:
5771:
5761:
5748:
5738:
5728:
5718:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5644:
5636:
5586:
5585:
5551:
5550:
5506:
5505:
5491:
5450:
5449:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5367:
5349:
5345:Hohenschönhausen
5341:
5315:
5314:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5178:(City President)
5148:Franziska Giffey
5133:Eberhard Diepgen
5103:Eberhard Diepgen
5078:Heinrich Albertz
5046:
5028:Tino Schwierzina
4991:
4981:
4959:Louise Schroeder
4909:Martin Kirschner
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4778:Preceded by
4775:
4774:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4601:
4595:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4503:
4497:
4474:"Linie 96, 2009"
4471:
4465:
4438:
4429:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4305:
4299:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4229:
4223:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4174:, 27 August 1972
4156:
4150:
4149:, 2 October 2005
4146:Der Tagesspiegel
4131:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4089:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4031:. Archived from
4030:
4022:
4016:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3804:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3729:
3720:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3683:. Archived from
3682:
3674:
3668:
3653:
3647:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3556:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3484:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3402:
3396:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3314:
3305:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3248:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3192:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3138:Daum, Andreas W.
3134:
3106:
2894:utility company
2858:allowed to open
2825:minimum exchange
2727:
2713:Brandenburg Gate
2499:Checkpoint Bravo
2379:, north, and to
2351:and East German
2114:Elbe-Havel Canal
1965:interzonal train
1857:Checkpoint Bravo
1816:Southern Germany
1790:Checkpoint Alpha
1733:Northern Germany
1416:Eberhard Diepgen
1371:transit routes.
1346:Brandenburg Gate
1309:" speech in 1987
1303:Brandenburg Gate
1221:, including the
1030:Constitution....
807:
806:
805:
799:
794:
790:
764:
757:
750:
708:
707:
645:
628:Battle of Berlin
605:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
512:
494:
493:
470:
469:
456:
455:
444:
443:
431:
430:
424:
423:
408:
407:
290:
268:
237:
213:
196:
182:
164:
158:
152:
141:
140:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7160:Former enclaves
7135:
7134:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7053:
7039:The Berlin Wall
7026:
6994:
6943:
6908:
6886:Bridge of Spies
6838:Das Versprechen
6822:Wings of Desire
6741:
6728:
6703:
6689:Walter Ulbricht
6684:Konrad Schumann
6674:Riccardo Ehrman
6661:
6655:
6552:
6551:People who died
6545:
6531:Oberbaum Bridge
6526:InvalidenstraĂe
6487:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6364:
6359:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6299:
6280:
6254:
6234:
6214:
6200:2020-April 2021
6199:
6184:
6169:
6154:
6139:
6124:
6109:
6094:
6079:
6064:
6044:
6029:
6014:
6005:Luxembourg City
5999:
5989:
5979:
5964:
5949:
5934:
5919:
5869:
5859:
5849:
5839:
5829:
5825:Luxembourg City
5819:
5809:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5769:
5759:
5746:
5736:
5726:
5716:
5708:
5703:
5673:
5668:
5647:
5642:
5634:
5617:
5580:
5572:
5545:
5537:
5500:
5492:
5483:
5444:
5436:
5430:
5400:
5395:
5381:Prenzlauer Berg
5365:
5347:
5339:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5240:
5232:
5222:
5192:
5187:
5157:
5120:
5112:
5088:Dietrich Stobbe
5050:
5037:
5008:Herbert Fechner
5003:Friedrich Ebert
4995:
4982:
4973:
4894:Arthur Hobrecht
4864:Johann BĂŒsching
4851:
4843:
4834:
4800:
4791:
4783:
4765:Berlin Exclaves
4755:
4750:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4494:Wayback Machine
4481:Wayback Machine
4472:
4468:
4462:Wayback Machine
4449:Wayback Machine
4439:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4306:
4302:
4265:
4261:
4246:
4230:
4226:
4217:Wayback Machine
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4166:Wayback Machine
4157:
4153:
4141:Wayback Machine
4132:
4128:
4122:Wayback Machine
4111:
4107:
4101:Wayback Machine
4090:
4086:
4080:Wayback Machine
4072:Der Kunsthandel
4069:
4065:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4038:on 4 March 2016
4035:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4007:Wayback Machine
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3981:on 17 July 2019
3973:
3972:
3968:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3805:
3798:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3665:Wayback Machine
3654:
3650:
3644:Wayback Machine
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3574:
3568:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3543:
3539:
3529:Wayback Machine
3520:
3516:
3506:
3502:
3496:Wayback Machine
3485:
3481:
3471:
3467:
3458:Wayback Machine
3449:
3445:
3435:
3431:
3425:Wayback Machine
3414:Wayback Machine
3403:
3399:
3393:Wayback Machine
3380:Wayback Machine
3363:
3359:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3326:Wayback Machine
3315:
3308:
3301:Wayback Machine
3292:
3288:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3249:
3236:
3227:Wayback Machine
3218:
3214:
3202:Wayback Machine
3193:
3189:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3095:
3073:
3071:Further reading
3002:
2957:
2820:Mindestumtausch
2761:Palace of Tears
2750:transit traffic
2737:Potsdamer Platz
2725:
2690:FriedrichstraĂe
2600:Berlin's S-Bahn
2545:Berlin Air Lift
2520:
2455:Hohen Neuendorf
2429:, Staaken, and
2262:
2200:pounds sterling
2176:
2159:Klein Glienicke
2148:Westhafen Canal
2102:Mittellandkanal
2094:
2077:social security
1961:
1955:previous rate.
1901:Zasieki (Berge)
1776:â crossing the
1770:Western Germany
1759:Hohen Neuendorf
1710:Transitreisende
1681:for a fee of 5
1670:
1654:Berlin Blockade
1646:
1595:
1546:Seeburg Salient
1521:
1515:
1424:
1319:John F. Kennedy
1315:Konrad Adenauer
1283:John F. Kennedy
1275:
1246:
1186:
1104:Governing Mayor
994:
958:Berlin Blockade
933:Eastern Germany
911:
891:
801:
800:
792:
768:
705:
704:
667:Berlin Blockade
643:
603:
570:
568:Weimar Republic
560:
550:
540:
530:
510:
503:
467:
453:
428:
398:
379:
343:
330:
295:
273:
253:Governing Mayor
231:
227:
216:
204:
203:
202:
197:
189:
188:
183:
165:
159:
153:
146:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7203:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7155:Divided cities
7152:
7147:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7059:
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6941:
6933:
6925:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:Deutschland 89
6898:
6890:
6882:
6874:
6866:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6834:
6826:
6818:
6810:
6802:
6794:
6786:
6778:
6770:
6766:Stop Train 349
6762:
6754:
6745:
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6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6679:Erich Honecker
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6606:Horst Kutscher
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6581:Chris Gueffroy
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
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6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6411:Republikflucht
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6357:
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5679:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5635:(France/UK/US)
5628:
5626:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
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5360:
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5342:
5334:
5332:Friedrichshain
5328:
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5318:
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5300:
5295:
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5285:
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5255:
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5248:Charlottenburg
5244:
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5221:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5176:StadtprÀsident
5173:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5143:Michael MĂŒller
5140:
5138:Klaus Wowereit
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5121:(1990âpresent)
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Ingrid Pankraz
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4954:Otto Ostrowski
4951:
4946:
4941:
4939:Julius Lippert
4936:
4934:Oskar Maretzky
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
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4779:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4754:
4753:External links
4751:
4748:
4747:
4728:
4716:
4703:
4688:. 2 May 2016.
4673:
4654:
4635:
4616:
4596:
4576:
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4528:
4498:
4466:
4430:
4426:Republikflucht
4417:
4405:
4392:
4376:
4366:
4357:
4326:
4300:
4259:
4244:
4224:
4202:
4176:
4159:Rieseln lassen
4151:
4126:
4105:
4084:
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3533:Deutsche Welle
3514:
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3429:
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3330:
3306:
3286:
3268:
3262:978-0226467627
3261:
3234:
3212:
3210:, 18 July 1983
3187:
3167:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3093:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:Berlin Airlift
3062:
3057:
3050:
3048:Spandau Prison
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3016:Berlin Brigade
3013:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2974:ghost stations
2956:
2953:
2784:OberbaumbrĂŒcke
2776:OberbaumbrĂŒcke
2748:, because the
2698:OberbaumbrĂŒcke
2671:transit trains
2580:Kraftwerk West
2572:Senate Reserve
2564:Deutsche Marks
2533:Greater Berlin
2519:
2516:
2481:Following the
2317:Charlottenburg
2261:
2258:
2175:
2172:
2104:were open for
2093:
2090:
2053:transit trains
1960:
1957:
1855:, also called
1836:
1835:
1812:
1793:
1766:
1691:Czechoslovakia
1675:Transitstrecke
1669:
1666:
1645:
1642:
1594:
1591:
1554:Berlin-Staaken
1548:) so that the
1517:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Charlottenburg
1470:
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1464:
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1449:
1444:
1423:
1420:
1274:
1271:
1245:
1242:
1234:Turkish German
1223:United Kingdom
1185:
1182:
1084:counterculture
993:
990:
966:Berlin Airlift
945:Middle Germany
909:
890:
887:
770:
769:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
730:
729:
725:
724:
723:
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710:
709:
706:(1990âpresent)
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348:
347:
346:3 October 1990
344:
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335:
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331:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
310:Historical era
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7074:Ghost station
7072:
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6917:
6915:
6913:Documentaries
6911:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:Atomic Blonde
6891:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6880:
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6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:with the Wall
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:Dorit Schmiel
6614:
6612:
6611:GĂŒnter Litfin
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6566:Peter Fechter
6564:
6562:
6561:Klaus Brueske
6559:
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6556:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6539:
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6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:White Crosses
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:and galleries
6442:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6386:Wall of Shame
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:Main articles
6367:
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6356:
6351:
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6176:
6173:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:San SebastiĂĄn
6143:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6108:
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6018:
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5707:
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5695:
5693:
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5681:
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5677:
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5662:
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5657:
5654:
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5650:
5641:
5638:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Saxony-Anhalt
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
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5579:
5575:
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5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5472:Greater Hesse
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5442:American Zone
5439:
5434:
5427:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:East boroughs
5319:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Reinickendorf
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:West boroughs
5235:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5167:
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5163:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Walter Momper
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5108:Walter Momper
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
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5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5033:Thomas KrĂŒger
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
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4994:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Arthur Werner
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Heinrich Sahm
4927:
4925:
4924:Arthur Scholz
4922:
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4917:
4915:
4914:Adolf Wermuth
4912:
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4713:
4710:Literally in
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4655:9780684131900
4651:
4647:
4646:
4639:
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4590:soldiers and
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3957:Daum, Andreas
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3184:9781782381006
3181:
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2787:
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2777:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:transit route
2741:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2715:, August 1961
2714:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
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2255:
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2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Kammergericht
2220:
2215:
2213:
2212:air corridors
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:Schnackenburg
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:Berlin S-Bahn
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Interzonenzug
1966:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:Mount Juchhöh
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1740:
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1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
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1713:
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1703:
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1692:
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1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Reinickendorf
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:Walter Momper
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1376:Ronald Reagan
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:and parts of
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:not show the
1198:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
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1129:
1124:
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1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
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1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:) as well as
1004:
1000:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
969:
967:
963:
962:air corridors
959:
953:
950:
949:quadripartite
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
907:
900:
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
798:
789:
784:
783:Berlin (West)
780:
776:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
745:
743:
742:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
727:
726:
721:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
703:
700:
699:
693:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
638:
635:
634:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
608:
602:
599:
598:
593:
590:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
569:
566:
565:
559:
556:
555:
549:
548:German Empire
546:
545:
539:
536:
535:
529:
526:
525:
521:
517:
516:
513:
507:
506:
501:
496:
495:
488:
485:
483:Today part of
481:
465:
463:
460:
459:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
433:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
401:
396:
395:Deutsche Mark
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
345:
342:
341:Reunification
336:
333:November 1948
332:
328:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Walter Momper
297:
293:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
235:
230:
226:
223:
219:
212:
207:
201:
195:
187:
181:
173:
168:
163:
162:Berlin (West)
157:
151:
142:
133:
130:
122:
119:December 2023
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: â
79:
78:"West Berlin"
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Berlin (West)
7180:West Germany
7102:
7084:
7079:SteinstĂŒcken
7046:
7038:
6986:
6978:
6970:
6962:
6954:
6935:
6927:
6919:
6900:
6892:
6884:
6876:
6868:
6860:
6852:
6844:
6836:
6828:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6796:
6788:
6780:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6715:
6646:Rudolf Urban
6631:Ida Siekmann
6621:Egon Schultz
6426:SchieĂbefehl
6395:
6381:Iron Curtain
6273:
6266:
6259:
5845:Thessaloniki
5751:
5631:
5513:Lower Saxony
5498:British Zone
5237:
5181:
5175:
5165:
5083:Klaus SchĂŒtz
5073:Willy Brandt
5058:Ernst Reuter
5047:
5013:Erhard Krack
4969:Ernst Reuter
4944:Ludwig Steeg
4904:Robert Zelle
4786:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4685:
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4644:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4606:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4570:It took the
4566:
4538:
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4511:sbahn.berlin
4510:
4501:
4485:
4469:
4453:
4420:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4369:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4340:The Guardian
4339:
4329:
4317:. Retrieved
4313:
4303:
4291:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4234:
4227:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4179:
4169:
4154:
4144:
4129:
4113:
4108:
4092:
4087:
4071:
4066:
4057:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4033:the original
4020:
4010:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3979:the original
3969:
3960:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3930:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3873:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3842:
3833:
3821:. Retrieved
3812:
3790:
3785:
3776:
3771:
3762:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3731:
3718:
3709:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3685:the original
3672:
3656:
3651:
3632:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3597:
3592:
3583:
3559:
3554:
3545:
3540:
3517:
3508:
3503:
3488:The Bulletin
3487:
3482:
3473:
3468:
3446:
3437:
3432:
3405:
3400:
3384:
3370:
3360:
3351:
3346:
3339:Kommandatura
3333:
3317:
3289:
3280:
3252:
3215:
3205:
3190:
3175:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3142:
3132:
3110:
3079:
3052:
3025:
2977:
2958:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2908:
2895:
2892:
2888:sewage farms
2884:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2844:
2833:
2824:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2760:
2757:TrÀnenpalast
2754:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2734:
2718:
2683:
2670:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2592:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2552:
2549:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2498:
2494:
2491:Willy Brandt
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2439:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2385:
2373:Kleinmachnow
2361:
2357:
2344:
2329:
2320:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2263:
2239:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2193:
2168:Kleinmachnow
2152:
2130:
2095:
2086:
2073:
2052:
2050:
2034:
2020:
2017:Ludwigsstadt
1964:
1962:
1945:
1937:
1852:
1846:
1809:Herleshausen
1789:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1679:transit visa
1678:
1671:
1668:Road traffic
1658:
1647:
1630:
1615:
1598:
1596:
1578:
1575:Berlin-Mitte
1571:Volkspolizei
1565:
1561:
1559:
1542:West-Staaken
1534:
1529:SteinstĂŒcken
1496:
1471:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1392:
1381:
1373:
1358:
1343:
1335:
1312:
1305:giving the "
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1227:
1215:
1211:transit visa
1203:
1191:Eastern Bloc
1187:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1100:
1080:Willy Brandt
1074:However, as
1073:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1020:
995:
992:Legal status
974:Volkspolizei
970:
954:
932:
929:Soviet Union
914:
868:
860:East Germany
853:
845:
842:Eastern Bloc
838:Soviet Union
834:East Germany
774:
773:
652:
641:East Germany
637:West Germany
601:Nazi Germany
580:1920s Berlin
417:Succeeded by
416:
411:
378:âą 1989
291:
277:Ernst Reuter
269:
200:Coat of arms
156:Berlin-Ouest
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
7150:City-states
7145:West Berlin
7124: /
7085:GrenzgÀnger
7031:Other media
6846:Sonnenallee
6798:The Soldier
6699:Jutta Fleck
6626:Olga Segler
6536:Sonnenallee
6396:West Berlin
6391:East Berlin
6362:Berlin Wall
6286:Nova Gorica
5640:East Berlin
5632:West Berlin
5625:(1949â1990)
5598:Mecklenburg
5593:Brandenburg
5578:Soviet Zone
5543:French Zone
5358:Lichtenberg
5337:Hellersdorf
5325:(1920â2000)
5298:Wilmersdorf
5241:(1920â2000)
5231:(1920â2000)
5048:West Berlin
4993:East Berlin
4852:(1809â1948)
4171:Der Spiegel
3925:Code Name.
3813:Der Spiegel
3337:Cf. Berlin
3112:West Berlin
3054:Stunde Null
2878:, close to
2702:Sonnenallee
2504:Heiligensee
2443:Hoppegarten
2427:Oranienburg
2423:DurchlÀufer
2353:Hennigsdorf
2337:Mittenwalde
2174:Air traffic
2155:Teltowkanal
2057:TransitzĂŒge
2013:Probstzella
1977:Schwanheide
1763:Heiligensee
1761:(E)/Berlin-
1650:non-aligned
1620:, with the
1611:postal code
1487:Wilmersdorf
1331:Mecklenburg
1184:Immigration
1139:unification
986:Berlin Wall
875:Berlin Wall
856:East Berlin
822:sovereignty
788:West-Berlin
775:West Berlin
669:(1948â1949)
662:Berlin Wall
657:East Berlin
653:West Berlin
644:(1945â1990)
604:(1933â1945)
571:(1919â1933)
561:(1918â1947)
551:(1871â1918)
541:(1701â1918)
531:(1157â1806)
509:History of
412:Preceded by
150:West-Berlin
145:West Berlin
7139:Categories
7112:13°16âČ48âłE
7109:52°30âČ00âłN
6929:The Tunnel
6854:The Tunnel
6180:Leeuwarden
5835:Copenhagen
5303:Zehlendorf
5288:Tiergarten
5268:Schöneberg
5170:Lord Mayor
5153:Kai Wegner
4919:Gustav BöĂ
4696:3 February
4584:Homecomers
4486:Peter Hahn
3985:27 October
3927:"LIVE OAK"
3823:7 November
3694:26 January
3124:References
3115:. Moscow:
2900:Schönefeld
2642:homecomers
2638:Heimkehrer
2634:homecomers
2584:Kraftwerk
2508:Schönefeld
2369:Schönefeld
2345:Bötzowbahn
2321:All Saints
2280:, and the
2250:DĂŒsseldorf
2227:Schöneberg
2026:Oebisfelde
2001:Gerstungen
1989:Marienborn
1917:Trelleborg
1911:(GDR) and
1782:Marienborn
1721:HeerstraĂe
1482:Tiergarten
1467:Zehlendorf
1452:Schöneberg
1297:President
1281:President
1170:Westberlin
1095:Zehlendorf
849:city-state
840:and other
397:(official)
368:Population
89:newspapers
7092:The Shame
6806:Octopussy
6742:TV series
6740:Films and
6596:Erna Kelm
6478:Mauerpark
6268:Bad Ischl
6245:TimiÈoara
6105:Marseille
6090:GuimarĂŁes
6025:Stavanger
6020:Liverpool
5945:Salamanca
5925:Rotterdam
5875:ReykjavĂk
5855:Stockholm
5742:Amsterdam
5613:Thuringia
5391:WeiĂensee
5283:Tempelhof
5253:Kreuzberg
5068:Otto Suhr
5051:(1948â90)
4996:(1948â90)
4781:Amsterdam
4686:Berlin.de
4666:10 August
4588:Wehrmacht
4558:771875699
4286:(today's
4278:(today's
4276:Wittstock
4254:516290074
4195:7 October
3941:24 August
3103:978161722
3043:RAF Gatow
2994:Intershop
2876:Kreuzberg
2862:(German:
2836:Egon Bahr
2829:Pentecost
2636:(German:
2578:(German:
2558:(German:
2535:(German:
2451:Zepernick
2421:(German:
2381:Falkensee
2246:Interflug
2242:Lufthansa
2184:Avro York
2092:Waterways
2055:(German:
2030:Wolfsburg
2009:Nuremberg
1993:Helmstedt
1967:(German:
1869:Nadrensee
1786:Helmstedt
1751:Zarrentin
1708:(German:
1698:autobahns
1622:area code
1583:Falkensee
1462:Tempelhof
1447:Kreuzberg
1384:Gorbachev
1348:, and at
1323:Thuringia
1061:Bundesrat
1049:Bundestag
999:Basic Law
883:reunified
382:2,130,525
229:Free city
170:1948â1990
7023:" (1985)
7016:" (1977)
7009:" (1962)
6782:Freiheit
6758:The Wall
6295:Chemnitz
6250:Elefsina
6240:Veszprém
6230:Novi Sad
6175:Valletta
6055:Istanbul
5890:Brussels
5885:Helsinki
5732:Florence
5353:Köpenick
5278:Steglitz
5258:Neukölln
5225:Boroughs
4744:: 22â23.
4690:Archived
4660:Archived
4622:Archived
4521:28 April
4515:Archived
4490:Archived
4477:Archived
4458:Archived
4445:Archived
4344:Archived
4213:Archived
4189:Archived
4162:Archived
4137:Archived
4118:Archived
4097:Archived
4076:Archived
4003:Archived
3959:(2008).
3935:Archived
3910:26 March
3904:Archived
3884:26 March
3878:Archived
3853:25 April
3847:Archived
3843:Le Point
3817:Archived
3747:25 March
3738:Archived
3661:Archived
3640:Archived
3564:Archived
3525:Archived
3492:Archived
3454:Archived
3421:Archived
3410:Archived
3389:Archived
3376:Archived
3322:Archived
3297:Archived
3231:BBC News
3223:Archived
3198:Archived
3151:Archived
3000:See also
2343:and the
2341:Neukölln
2122:Cumlosen
2063:(W) and
2005:Hönebach
1935:(ÄSSR).
1931:) (GDR)/
1921:Schmilka
1915:(DK) or
1909:Sassnitz
1613:system.
1579:de facto
1566:de facto
1513:Exclaves
1457:Steglitz
1442:Neukölln
1428:boroughs
1422:Boroughs
1369:autobahn
1339:LIVE OAK
1119:de facto
980:and the
919:and the
899:exclaves
846:de facto
818:Cold War
728:See also
688:" (1987)
681:" (1963)
500:a series
498:Part of
391:Currency
314:Cold War
6814:Gotcha!
6320:LiepÄja
6310:TrenÄĂn
6290:Gorizia
6190:Plovdiv
6150:WrocĆaw
6085:Maribor
6075:Tallinn
6040:Vilnius
5960:Plovdiv
5915:Bologna
5910:Avignon
5805:Antwerp
5775:Glasgow
5659:Trizone
5523:Hamburg
5518:Hanover
5457:Bavaria
5386:Treptow
5363:Marzahn
5293:Wedding
5273:Spandau
4628:18 June
4319:13 July
4284:Rostock
4042:4 March
3160:2 March
3119:. 1974.
2823:, i.e.
2722:Hanover
2613:-East,
2485:of the
2475:Sputnik
2459:Staaken
2392:Görlitz
2349:Spandau
2313:Dallgow
2254:Leipzig
1985:Hanover
1973:Hamburg
1959:Railway
1952:Ostmark
1941:coaches
1929:Geising
1885:SĆubice
1861:Potsdam
1743:Nostorf
1729:Staaken
1725:Dallgow
1704:signs.
1702:Transit
1661:enclave
1638:Frohnau
1634:Wannsee
1632:Berlin-
1562:de jure
1507:Wedding
1492:Spandau
1432:Bezirke
1408:Hamburg
1230:Turkish
1151:capital
1067:to the
889:Origins
864:freedom
810:enclave
487:Germany
448:Germany
339:âą
325:âą
270:(first)
103:scholar
7021:Nikita
6991:(2014)
6983:(1999)
6975:(1984)
6967:(1964)
6959:(1963)
6948:Novels
6940:(2009)
6932:(1962)
6924:(1962)
6905:(2020)
6897:(2017)
6889:(2015)
6881:(2014)
6873:(2003)
6865:(2001)
6857:(2001)
6849:(1999)
6841:(1995)
6833:(1988)
6825:(1987)
6817:(1985)
6809:(1983)
6801:(1982)
6793:(1966)
6785:(1966)
6777:(1965)
6769:(1963)
6761:(1962)
6753:(1962)
6220:Kaunas
6210:Galway
6205:Rijeka
6195:Matera
6165:Paphos
6160:Aarhus
6100:KoĆĄice
5995:Patras
5940:Bruges
5900:KrakĂłw
5895:Prague
5880:Bergen
5865:Weimar
5815:Lisbon
5795:Madrid
5785:Dublin
5755:Berlin
5722:Athens
5656:Bizone
5643:(USSR)
5623:Berlin
5603:Saxony
5462:Bremen
5376:Pankow
5366:(1979)
5348:(1985)
5340:(1986)
5229:Berlin
5118:Berlin
4849:Berlin
4841:Berlin
4837:Mayors
4652:
4614:
4556:
4546:
4483:, on:
4451:, on:
4252:
4242:
3382:, on:
3259:
3182:
3101:
3091:
2943:German
2904:Ketzin
2815:German
2700:, and
2586:Reuter
2449:, and
2447:Mahlow
2431:Velten
2276:, the
2134:German
1981:BĂŒchen
1923:(GDR)/
1905:Gedser
1899:(GDR)/
1883:(GDR)/
1834:) (W).
1805:Wartha
1687:Poland
1404:Bremen
1327:Saxony
1299:Reagan
1174:German
1166:German
1158:German
1057:Senate
925:Allies
814:Berlin
779:German
694:(1989)
511:Berlin
502:on the
462:Berlin
327:Soviet
292:(last)
257:
246:German
221:Status
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
7062:Other
6999:Songs
6261:Tartu
6135:PlzeĆ
6070:Turku
6050:Essen
6010:Sibiu
5975:Lille
5970:Genoa
5930:Porto
5765:Paris
5558:Baden
5467:Hesse
5371:Mitte
4798:Paris
4792:1988
4350:9 May
4036:(PDF)
4029:(PDF)
3741:(PDF)
3728:(PDF)
3688:(PDF)
3681:(PDF)
3416:, on
3154:(PDF)
3147:(PDF)
2364:West)
2163:Spree
2098:Havel
1913:RĂžnne
1843:space
1824:Töpen
1755:Gudow
1587:Nauen
1128:visas
1123:state
1121:11th
1007:Baden
301:(SPD)
110:JSTOR
96:books
6315:2027
6305:Oulu
6300:2026
6281:2025
6275:BodĂž
6255:2024
6235:2023
6215:2022
6185:2019
6170:2018
6155:2017
6140:2016
6130:Mons
6125:2015
6120:Riga
6115:UmeÄ
6110:2014
6095:2013
6080:2012
6065:2011
6060:PĂ©cs
6045:2010
6035:Linz
6030:2009
6015:2008
6000:2007
5990:2006
5985:Cork
5980:2005
5965:2004
5955:Graz
5950:2003
5935:2002
5920:2001
5870:2000
5860:1999
5850:1998
5840:1997
5830:1996
5820:1995
5810:1994
5800:1993
5790:1992
5780:1991
5770:1990
5760:1989
5752:West
5747:1988
5737:1987
5727:1986
5717:1985
5664:Rape
4698:2017
4668:2021
4650:ISBN
4630:2020
4612:ISBN
4554:OCLC
4544:ISBN
4523:2022
4440:Cf.
4352:2022
4321:2024
4288:A 19
4280:A 24
4250:OCLC
4240:ISBN
4197:2016
4044:2016
3987:2015
3943:2018
3931:NATO
3912:2017
3886:2017
3855:2020
3825:2014
3749:2018
3696:2016
3281:LOOK
3257:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3162:2021
3099:OCLC
3089:ISBN
2984:and
2964:and
2726:4 am
2665:and
2588:West
2406:and
2307:(in
2124:(E)/
2118:Elbe
2100:and
2028:(E)/
2015:(E)/
2011:via
2003:(E)/
1999:via
1991:(E)/
1987:via
1979:(E)/
1975:via
1893:A 15
1891:and
1889:A 13
1877:A 12
1865:A 11
1859:(W)/
1849:Nazi
1822:(E)/
1811:(W).
1807:(E)/
1799:and
1784:(E)/
1765:(W).
1753:(E)/
1406:and
1359:The
1329:and
1232:and
1053:Bonn
1013:and
972:The
915:The
879:fell
858:and
718:and
655:and
639:and
360:1989
355:Area
186:Flag
82:news
5227:of
4839:of
4572:BVG
4272:F 5
4221:RBB
3087:).
2986:S 2
2982:U 6
2978:BVG
2970:S 2
2966:U 8
2962:U 6
2951:).
2931:BVG
2927:BVG
2896:BSR
2724:at
2667:S 3
2663:S 2
2659:U 6
2623:BVG
2619:BVG
2615:BVB
2611:BVG
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2362:BVG
2237:).
2186:at
1895:to
1879:to
1867:to
1801:A 4
1797:A 9
1780:at
1774:A 2
1738:F 5
1689:or
1626:030
1618:+49
1434:):
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1051:in
785:or
281:SPD
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