155:
968:
848:
698:
382:("dead hand") of the church, so called because it endured beyond any individual's life. The church was exempt from some or all taxes. This was in contrast to feudal practice where the nobility would hold land on grant from the king in return for service, especially service in war. This meant that the church over time gained a large share of land in many feudal states and so was a cause of increasing tension between the church and the Crown.
359:
464:; instead, the state awarded a salary to the formerly endowment-dependent clergy, and abolished canons, prebendaries and chaplains. This constitution kept the separation between the nomination (advowson) and the canonical institution (benefice/living, which conferred a jurisdiction) but the state set a fixed system of salaries and would elect the metropolitan bishops who in turn would elect the curates.
299:
637:
the commission reported in favour, he could, with the consent of the patron (or, if that is refused, with the consent of the archbishop) resign the cure of souls into the bishop's hands, and have assigned to him, out of the benefice, a retiring pension not exceeding one third of its annual value, recoverable as a debt from his successor);
808:, certain ecclesiastical persons having been declared by a previous statute (of 1529) to be entitled to such dispensations. The system of pluralities carried with it, as a direct consequence, systematic non-residence on the part of many incumbents, and delegation of their spiritual duties in respect of their cures of souls to
541:
Under the early constitutions of the Church of
England a bishop was allowed a space of two months to inquire and inform himself of the sufficiency of every presentee, but by the 95th of the Canons of 1604 that interval was reduced to 28 days, within which the bishop must admit or reject the clerk. If
943:
is defined to mean "benefice with cure of souls" and no other, and therein to comprehend all parishes, perpetual curacies, donatives, endowed public chapels, parochial chapelries and chapelries or districts belonging or reputed to belong, or annexed or reputed to be annexed, to any church or chapel.
605:
attached to the office to which the benefice is annexed. In cases where the bishop himself is patron of the benefice, no presentation or petition is required to be tendered by the clerk, but the bishop having satisfied himself of the sufficiency of the clerk, collates him to the benefice and office.
942:
c. 98) restrictions were further narrowed so that no spiritual person could hold two benefices except the churches of such benefices within 3 miles (4.8 km) of each other by the nearest road, and the annual value of one of such benefices did not exceed £100. By this statute the term "benefice"
636:
c. 23), any clergyman who had been an incumbent of one benefice continuously for seven years, and became incapacitated by permanent mental or bodily infirmities from fulfilling his duties, could, if the bishop thought fit, have a commission appointed to consider the fitness of his resigning; and if
613:
After the bishop or his commissary has instituted the presentee, he issues a mandate under seal, addressed to the archdeacon or some other neighbouring clergyman, authorizing him to induct the clerk into his benefice – in other words, to put him into legal possession of the temporalities, which is
651:
c. 32), an incumbent who has been convicted of offences against the law of bastardy, or against whom judgment has been given in a divorce or matrimonial cause, is deprived, and on being found guilty in the consistory court of immorality or ecclesiastical offences (not in respect of doctrine or
532:
Nomination or presentation on the part of the patron of the benefice is thus the first requisite in order that a clerk should become legally entitled to a benefice. The next requisite is that he should be admitted by the bishop as a fit person for the spiritual office to which the benefice is
213:
towards the end of
Charlemagne's reign it appears that a royal vassal who had satisfactorily fulfilled his duties could always look forward to the grant of a benefice in some part of the Empire. Once he had received a benefice, he would take up his residence on it; it was only rarely that a
185:(emperor 800–814) continued the late Roman concept of granting benefices in return for military and administrative service to his empire. Thus, the imperial structure was bound together through a series of oaths between the monarch and the recipient of land (and the resulting income) (see
180:
usurped a large number of church benefices for distribution to vassals, and later
Carolingians continued this practice as emperors. These estates were held in return for oaths of military assistance, which greatly aided the Carolingians in consolidating and strengthening their power.
597:
accorded to the form in the
Promissory Oaths Act 1868. Current practice is to make a declaration of assent to the doctrine and liturgical practice of the Church of England, and take the oaths of allegiance and canonical obedience as defined by Canons of the Church of England.
824:
c. 106) was passed to abridge the holding of benefices in plurality, requiring that no person should hold under any circumstances more than two benefices and such privilege was subject to the restriction that both benefices must be within 10 miles (16 km) of each other.
576:
Upon the bishop having satisfied himself of the sufficiency of the clerk, he proceeded to institute him to the spiritual office to which the benefice is annexed, but before such institution could take place, the clerk had to make the declaration of assent, the
1082:
c. 54) superseded these and enacted that by dispensation from the
Archbishop of Canterbury, two benefices can be held together, the churches of which are within 4 miles (6.4 km) of each other, and the annual value of one of which does not exceed £200.
335:
Benefices were used for the worldly support of much of its pastoral clergy – clergy gaining rewards for carrying out their duties with rights to certain revenues, the "fruits of their office". The original donor of the temporalities or his nominee, the
506:, include due observation of the ordination vows and due solicitude for the moral and spiritual welfare of the parishioners. The temporalities are the revenues of the benefice and assets such as the church properties and possessions within the parish.
908:
629:
279:
calculated on the sale of the product of the people's personal labour in the entire parish such as cloth or shoes and the people's profits from specific forms of likewise God-given, natural increase such as crops and in livestock.
1121:
Such a life freehold is now subject to certain constraints. To comply with
European Regulations on atypical workers, the parson's freehold is being phased out in favour of new conditions of service called "common tenure".
618:. This form of induction is required to give the clerk a legal title to his beneficium, although his admission to the office by institution is sufficient to vacate any other benefice which he may already possess.
658:
by default of the clerk in neglecting to read publicly in the church the Book of Common Prayer, and to declare his assent thereto within two months after his induction, pursuant to the
390:
The holder of more than one benefice, later known as a pluralist, could keep the revenue to which he was entitled and pay lesser sums to deputies to carry out the corresponding duties.
347:
Parish priests were charged with the spiritual and temporal care of their congregation. The community provided for the priest as necessary, later, as organisation improved, by
644:
378:
Some individual institutions within the church accumulated enormous endowments and, with that, temporal power. These endowments sometimes concentrated great wealth in the
248:
declared that only the pope could depose an emperor, which implied that he could do so just as a lord might take a benefice away from a vassal. This declaration inflamed
491:
is required to perform certain duties or conditions of a spiritual kind (spiritualities) while being supported by the revenues attached to the office (temporalities).
344:(right to nominate a candidate for the post subject to the approval of the bishop or other prelate as to the candidate's sufficiency for the demands of the post).
589:. The first was laid down by the Canons of 1603/04 and modified by the Clerical Subscription Act 1865 which also prescribed the form of the declaration against
1194:
It appears that the term "spiritualities" was used by a few authors to refer to the revenues received for the carrying out of spiritual responsibilities (see
517:, appears logical, being the right originally vested in the donor of the temporalities to present to his bishop a clerk to be admitted, if found fit by the
766:
1114:
The term dates from the grant of benefices by bishops to clerks in holy orders as a reward for extraordinary services. The holder of a benefice owns the "
805:
154:
546:(Latin: "double complaint", the procedure in ecclesiastical law for challenging a bishop's refusal to admit a presentee to a benefice) in the
628:
by resignation, if the bishop is willing to accept the resignation. (Before the introduction of the Church of
England Pensions Board, by the
1456:
1364:
291:. The Synod of Lyon of 567 annexed these grants to the churches. By the time of the Council of Mainz of 813 these grants were known as
234:. This act caused great turmoil for future generations, who would afterward argue that the emperor thereby received his position as a
1408:
400:
no clerk could hold two benefices with cure of souls, and if a beneficed clerk took a second benefice with cure of souls, he vacated
1225:
The term "common tenure" has been chosen to describe more accurately that a benefice has nothing to do with acquiring permanently a
467:
Parts of these changes remain such as the abolition of the three historic roles mentioned and the constitution is still in force in
1544:
990:
870:
720:
800:
Dispensation, enabling a clerk to hold several ecclesiastical dignities or benefices at the same time, was transferred to the
271:
The church's revenue streams came from, amongst other things, rents and profits arising from assets gifted to the church, its
1474:
1534:
324:
although each benefice had a number of spiritual duties attached to it. For providing these duties, a priest would receive
351:(which could be partially or wholly lost to a temporal lord or patron but relief for that oppression could be found under
1500:
Ganshof, F. L. “Benefice and
Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne”. Cambridge Historical Journal 6, No. 2 (1939): 147–175.
594:
756:
715:
An Act to abridge the holding of
Benefices in Plurality, and to make better provision for the Residence of the Clergy.
1185:
A patron would typically be a Lord of the Manor, noble or monarch as they would have initially have granted the land.
972:
852:
702:
614:
done by some outward form, and for the most part by delivery of the bell-rope to the presentee, who then tolls the
578:
449:
1335:"Histoire apologétique du Comité ecclésiastique de l'Assemblée Nationale", by Durand de Maillane, in French, 1791.
432:, the new denominations generally adopted systems of ecclesiastical polity that did not entail benefices and the
573:, reciting that the benefice is in his own patronage, and petitioning the bishop to examine him and admit him.
1057:
640:
by cession, upon the clerk being instituted to another benefice or some other preferment incompatible with it;
547:
189:). He ordered and administered his kingdom and later his empire through a series of published statutes called
396:
363:
160:
418:
249:
1429:
209:, that is those subjects who had received a benefice from the hand of the king and those who had not, and
97:
as a benefit bestowed by the crown or church officials. A benefice specifically from a church is called a
555:
488:
164:(1514–15). The 800 AD coronation led to disputes over an emperor's ability to hand out benefices.
17:
801:
526:
303:
73:
is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The
495:
89:
as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by the
138:) for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. The word comes from the
787:
659:
433:
429:
1492:
1301:
1104:
1050:
980:
922:
860:
710:
582:
780:
413:
occasionally held multiple major benefices. The holding of more than one benefice is termed
84:
1539:
1148:
1115:
1036:
253:
1383:
521:, to the office to which those temporalities are annexed. In other words, the gift of the
8:
453:
452:
following debates and a report headed by Louis-Simon
Martineau in 1790, confiscating all
272:
94:
1450:
1358:
533:
annexed, and the bishop is the judge of the sufficiency of the clerk to be so admitted.
480:
275:, given by believers, be they monarch, lord of the manor or vassal, and later also upon
1143:
1061:
791:
227:
585:, take the oaths of allegiance and canonical obedience and make a declaration against
1470:
1100:
1018:
445:
510:
337:
1486:
1295:
1079:
995:
939:
875:
648:
633:
503:
245:
117:, in that an allod is property owned outright, not bestowed by a higher authority.
37:
525:(a rectory manor or church furlong) was only ever granted subject to receiving an
461:
287:
and greater and/or lesser tithes for life but the land was not alienated from the
367:
1226:
821:
725:
436:(1962–1965) called "for the abandonment or reform of the system of benefices".
240:
169:
139:
114:
90:
1528:
1445:
1060:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
790:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
652:
ritual), he may be deprived or suspended or declared incapable of preferment;
602:
484:
371:
327:
321:
265:
1460:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 725–726.
264:
The expanded practice continued through the Middle Ages within the European
1132:
1008:
888:
738:
223:
190:
74:
865:
An Act to amend the Law relating to the holding of Benefices in Plurality.
606:
A bishop need not personally institute or collate a clerk; he may issue a
1138:
615:
231:
182:
812:. The evils attendant on this system were found to be so great that the
1430:
http://www.churchofengland.org/clergy-office-holders/common-tenure.aspx
1207:
Beneficium is a third alternative word, Latin for a living or benefice.
1154:
406:
his first benefice. Dispensations could easily be obtained from Rome.
402:
173:
663:
352:
1344:
Constitution Civile du Clergé (Statute in French) Titre II, art. 19.
601:
The bishop, by the act of institution, commits to the presentee the
268:. This same customary method became adopted by the Catholic Church.
193:. The Capitulary of Herstal (AD 779) distinguished between his
566:
514:
379:
358:
341:
177:
135:
98:
643:
by deprivation and sentence of an ecclesiastical court; under the
610:
to his vicar-general or to a special commissary for that purpose.
1216:
Alternatively called the Peterpence, Dispensations, etc. Act 1534
1108:
468:
422:
410:
288:
194:
168:
In the 8th century, using their position as Mayor of the Palace,
106:
542:
the bishop rejects the clerk within that time he is liable to a
1485:
1449:
1357:
1294:
903:
590:
586:
558:, and the bishop must then certify the reasons of his refusal.
518:
307:
1384:
Church of England – Appointment of clergy based on an advowson
561:
In the rare cases where the patron happens to be a clergyman (
1165:
1160:
1118:" of the post (the church and the parsonage house) for life.
529:(inheritable and transferable right) for the original donor.
522:
499:
348:
298:
284:
276:
78:
1521:. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Medieval Academy of America, 1988).
186:
110:
46:
909:
Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1992
669:
more recently, also on reaching statutory retirement age.
109:, and one from a monarch or nobleman is usually called a
58:
52:
565:) and wishes to be admitted to the benefice of his own
456:
of the church, which was until then the highest order (
1368:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 725–726.
306:
investing Marco, abbot of Carrara, with his benefice.
1111:
minister, as well as its related historical meaning.
630:
Incumbents' Resignation Act 1871 (Amendment) Act 1887
483:, denotes an ecclesiastical office (but not always a
61:
55:
49:
409:
The benefice system was open to abuse. Acquisitive
43:
1107:or group of ecclesiastical parishes under a single
569:, he must proceed by way of petition instead of by
494:The spiritualities of parochial benefices, whether
40:
509:By keeping this distinction in mind, the right of
283:Initially the Catholic Church granted buildings,
1526:
985:An Act to amend the Law relating to Pluralities.
1058:Text of the Pluralities Acts Amendment Act 1885
536:
320:Holding a benefice did not necessarily imply a
1469:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer.
1467:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases
374:, held sixty-four benefices simultaneously.
1292:
1512:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1352:
1350:
1316:
1314:
1312:
252:and furthered the friction caused in the
125:
1519:The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300
1444:
357:
297:
153:
1464:
1379:
1377:
1375:
655:by act of law in consequence of simony;
513:in the case of parochial benefices, or
14:
1527:
1483:
1347:
1309:
425:, Archbishop of Canterbury (1052–72).
340:and his successors in title, held the
27:Reward for services or future services
1398:, Rivingtons, 1885, pp. 202–203, 244.
1394:Blunt J.H. and Phillimore Sir W.G.F,
1196:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
1051:Text of statute as originally enacted
923:Text of statute as originally enacted
781:Text of statute as originally enacted
1496:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1372:
1305:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
479:The term benefice, according to the
474:
439:
1074:Pluralities Acts Amendment Act 1885
955:Pluralities Acts Amendment Act 1885
238:from the papacy. In his March 1075
24:
757:Augmentation of Benefices Act 1665
673:
149:
120:
25:
1556:
1293:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
621:A benefice is avoided or vacated
419:political theory of the same name
113:. A benefice is distinct from an
1510:ODCC = Cross & Livingstone,
1505:Medieval Europe: A Short History
1490:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1086:
973:Parliament of the United Kingdom
966:
853:Parliament of the United Kingdom
846:
806:Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533
788:Text of the Pluralities Act 1838
703:Parliament of the United Kingdom
696:
579:Thirty-nine Articles of Religion
450:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
448:replaced France's system by the
218:continued to work in the Palace.
36:
1507:. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994)
1438:
1422:
1401:
1388:
1338:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1188:
1545:Catholic canon law of property
1329:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1179:
259:
13:
1:
1465:Coredon, Christopher (2007).
1234:
311:
161:The Coronation of Charlemagne
537:Parochial clergy suitability
385:
7:
1535:Catholic Church and finance
1125:
250:Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
10:
1561:
1503:Hollister, C. Warren, ed.
1044:Status: Partially repealed
948:United Kingdom legislation
828:United Kingdom legislation
774:Status: Partially repealed
678:United Kingdom legislation
645:Clergy Discipline Act 1892
421:). An English example was
1428:Q&A on Common Tenure
1056:
1049:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1002:
989:
979:
965:
960:
953:
921:
914:
902:
897:
887:
882:
869:
859:
845:
840:
833:
786:
779:
772:
762:
752:
747:
737:
732:
719:
709:
695:
690:
683:
1173:
802:Archbishop of Canterbury
527:incorporeal hereditament
1457:Encyclopædia Britannica
1365:Encyclopædia Britannica
1256:Hollister, pp. 120–121.
397:Lateran Council of 1215
83:
1484:Creagh, J. T. (1913).
1396:The Book of Church Law
660:Act of Uniformity 1662
595:the oath of allegiance
434:Second Vatican Council
375:
317:
302:Girolamo and cardinal
220:
165:
126:Roman imperial origins
1493:Catholic Encyclopedia
1302:Catholic Encyclopedia
1105:ecclesiastical parish
583:Book of Common Prayer
548:ecclesiastical courts
361:
301:
211:
157:
146:, meaning "benefit".
1409:"Canons 7th Edition"
1149:Statutes of Mortmain
1037:Pluralities Act 1838
934:Pluralities Act 1850
835:Pluralities Act 1850
816:Pluralities Act 1838
685:Pluralities Act 1838
571:deed of presentation
254:Investiture Conflict
226:placed the crown of
134:was a gift of land (
1274:Tierney, pp. 22–23.
1283:Tierney, pp. 45–50
1144:Concordat of Worms
1062:legislation.gov.uk
792:legislation.gov.uk
767:Benefices Act 1545
504:perpetual curacies
417:(unrelated to the
376:
364:Alessandro Farnese
318:
228:Holy Roman Emperor
166:
130:In ancient Rome a
1476:978-1-84384-138-8
1227:freehold property
1101:Church of England
1080:48 & 49 Vict.
1068:
1067:
1028:Other legislation
996:48 & 49 Vict.
961:Act of Parliament
940:13 & 14 Vict.
928:
927:
898:Other legislation
876:13 & 14 Vict.
841:Act of Parliament
810:assistant curates
798:
797:
748:Other legislation
691:Act of Parliament
649:55 & 56 Vict.
634:50 & 51 Vict.
563:a clerk in orders
556:common law courts
475:Church of England
446:French Revolution
440:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
1552:
1517:Tierney, Brian.
1497:
1489:
1487:"Benefice"
1480:
1461:
1453:
1451:"Benefice"
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:"Benefice"
1354:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1296:"Mortmain"
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1076:
1075:
970:
969:
956:
951:
950:
936:
935:
916:Status: Repealed
850:
849:
836:
831:
830:
818:
817:
700:
699:
686:
681:
680:
316:
313:
246:Pope Gregory VII
222:In the year 800
197:who were styled
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
21:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1525:
1524:
1477:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1310:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:Ganshof, p. 151
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:Gasthof, p. 157
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1128:
1089:
1073:
1072:
1045:
975:
967:
954:
949:
933:
932:
917:
855:
847:
834:
829:
822:1 & 2 Vict.
815:
814:
775:
763:Repeals/revokes
726:1 & 2 Vict.
705:
697:
684:
679:
676:
674:Pluralities Act
593:; the words of
539:
487:) in which the
477:
442:
388:
368:cardinal-nephew
366:, grandson and
314:
262:
230:on the head of
152:
150:Carolingian era
128:
123:
121:Catholic Church
95:Carolingian era
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1448:, ed. (1911).
1446:Chisholm, Hugh
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1400:
1387:
1371:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1308:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1103:describes any
1088:
1085:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
971:
963:
962:
958:
957:
947:
926:
925:
919:
918:
915:
912:
911:
906:
900:
899:
895:
894:
893:14 August 1850
891:
885:
884:
880:
879:
873:
867:
866:
863:
857:
856:
851:
843:
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1540:Anglicanism
1514:(OUP, 1974)
1139:Chop-church
1109:stipendiary
904:Repealed by
616:church bell
430:Reformation
315: 1520
260:Middle Ages
232:Charlemagne
183:Charlemagne
1529:Categories
1414:27 January
1235:References
1155:Cestui que
1033:Relates to
981:Long title
861:Long title
711:Long title
454:endowments
428:After the
403:ipso facto
207:non-casati
174:Carloman I
158:Raphael's
144:beneficium
85:beneficium
664:14 Cha. 2
625:by death;
511:patronage
500:vicarages
496:rectories
489:incumbent
481:canon law
460:) of the
415:pluralism
386:Pluralism
362:Cardinal
353:canon law
293:beneficia
273:endowment
103:precariae
77:used the
18:Benefices
1325:Benefice
1126:See also
1116:freehold
1093:benefice
991:Citation
871:Citation
721:Citation
666:. c. 4);
581:and the
567:advowson
550:or to a
515:advowson
411:prelates
380:mortmain
342:advowson
289:dioceses
236:benefice
178:Pepin II
136:precaria
132:benefice
99:precaria
32:benefice
1198:, 1954)
1099:in the
930:By the
804:by the
554:in the
469:Belgium
423:Stigand
203:casatus
201:(sing.
195:vassals
107:stipend
93:in the
1473:
1097:living
753:Amends
728:c. 106
591:simony
587:simony
519:bishop
338:patron
308:Titian
277:tithes
205:) and
199:casati
71:living
1174:Notes
1166:Glebe
1161:Tithe
1003:Dates
998:c. 54
883:Dates
878:c. 98
733:Dates
523:glebe
393:By a
349:tithe
142:noun
140:Latin
115:allod
101:(pl.
81:term
79:Latin
69:) or
1471:ISBN
1416:2016
1323:art
1321:ODCC
1070:The
608:fiat
444:The
187:Fief
176:and
111:fief
1095:or
502:or
370:of
355:).
1531::
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1374:^
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1091:A
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62:s
59:ɪ
56:f
53:ɪ
50:n
47:ɛ
44:b
41:ˈ
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