2362:(nature already created; literally, 'nature natured'). Jaspers believed that Spinoza, in his philosophical system, did not mean to say that God and Nature are interchangeable terms, but rather that God's transcendence was attested by his infinitely many attributes, and that two attributes known by humans, namely Thought and Extension, signified God's immanence. Even God under the attributes of thought and extension cannot be identified strictly with our world. That world is of course "divisible"; it has parts. But Spinoza said, "no attribute of a substance can be truly conceived from which it follows that the substance can be divided", meaning that one cannot conceive an attribute in a way that leads to division of substance. He also said, "a substance which is absolutely infinite is indivisible" (Ethics, Part I, Propositions 12 and 13). Following this logic, our world should be considered as a mode under two attributes of thought and extension. Therefore, according to Jaspers, the pantheist formula "One and All" would apply to Spinoza only if the "One" preserves its transcendence and the "All" were not interpreted as the totality of finite things.
990:
569:
2467:
1958:
617:
2010:: "the infant believes that it is by free will that it seeks the breast; the angry boy believes that by free will he wishes vengeance; the timid man thinks it is with free will he seeks flight; the drunkard believes that by a free command of his mind he speaks the things which when sober he wishes he had left unsaid. … All believe that they speak by a free command of the mind, whilst, in truth, they have no power to restrain the impulse which they have to speak." In his letter to G. H. Schuller (Letter 58), he wrote: "men are conscious of their desire and unaware of the causes by which are determined." He also held that knowledge of true causes of passive emotion can transform it into an active emotion, thus anticipating one of the key ideas of
650:
2843:
786:, which he completed in two weeks, communicating and interpreting Descartes' arguments and testing the water for his metaphysical and ethical ideas. Spinoza's explanations of essential elements of the Cartesian system helped many interested people study the system, enhancing his philosophical reputation. This work was published in 1663 and was one of the two works published in his lifetime under his name. Spinoza led a modest and frugal lifestyle, earning income by polishing lenses and crafting telescopes and microscopes. He also relied on the generous contributions of his friends to support himself.
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1051:
837:
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witnesses "in the presence of the said
Espinoza". Even though the Amsterdam municipal authorities were not directly involved in Spinoza's censure, the town council expressly ordered the Portuguese-Jewish community to regulate their conduct and ensure that the community kept strict observance of Jewish law. Other evidence indicates a concern about upsetting civil authorities, such as the synagogue's bans on public weddings, funeral processions, and discussing religious matters with Christians, lest such activity might "disturb the liberty we enjoy".
2087:
552:, who stirred controversy in Amsterdam's Portuguese Jewish community. Da Costa questioned traditional Christian and Jewish beliefs, asserting that, for example, their origins were based on human inventions instead of God's revelation. His clashes with the religious establishment led to his excommunication twice by rabbinic authorities, who imposed humiliation and social exclusion. In 1639, as part of an agreement to be readmitted, da Costa had to prostrate himself for worshippers to step over him. He died in 1640, reportedly committing suicide.
274:
1781:
2037:, Spinoza employs it in a more systematic manner. In Spinoza's philosophical framework, questions concerning why a particular phenomenon exists are always answerable, and these answers are provided in terms of the relevant cause. Spinoza's approach involves first providing an account of a phenomenon, such as goodness or consciousness, to explain it, and then further explaining the phenomenon in terms of itself. For instance, he might argue that consciousness is the degree of power of a mental state.
755:
1854:. However, his actual project does not end there: from his first work to his last one, there runs a thread of "attending to the highest good" (which also is the highest truth) and thereby achieving a state of peace and harmony, either metaphysically or politically. In this light, the Principles of Philosophy might be viewed as an "exercise in geometric method and philosophy", paving the way for numerous concepts and conclusions that would define his philosophy (see Cogitata Metaphysica).
2398:(the intellectual love of God) as the supreme good for man (5p33). However, the matter is complex. Spinoza's God does not have free will (1p32c1), he does not have purposes or intentions (1 appendix), and Spinoza insists that "neither intellect nor will pertain to the nature of God" (1p17s1). Moreover, while we may love God, we need to remember that God is not a being who could ever love us back. "He who loves God cannot strive that God should love him in return", says Spinoza (5p19).
604:
leading the Jewish mourning rituals, and in a business partnership with his brother of their inherited firm. As
Spinoza's father had poor health for some years before his death, he was significantly involved in the business, putting his intellectual curiosity on hold. Until 1656, he continued financially supporting the synagogue and attending services in compliance with synagogue conventions and practice. By 1655, the family's wealth had evaporated and the business effectively ended.
902:
1026:
of the churchyard's soil. Spinoza's friends rescued his personal belongings, papers, and unpublished manuscripts. His supporters took them away for safekeeping from seizure by those wishing to suppress his writings, and they do not appear in the inventory of his possessions at death. Within a year of his death, his supporters translated his Latin manuscripts into Dutch and other languages. Secular authorities and later the Roman
Catholic Church banned his works.
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9710:
446:
538:
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2622:) in erecting complex philosophical arguments upon basic logical propositions and principles. In propositions 6.4311 and 6.45 he alludes to a Spinozian understanding of eternity and interpretation of the religious concept of eternal life, contending, "If by eternity is understood not eternal temporal duration, but timelessness, then he lives eternally who lives in the present." (6.4311) "The contemplation of the world
8437:
1949:). A mode is something which cannot exist independently but rather must do so as part of something else on which it depends, including properties (for example color), relations (such as size) and individual things. Modes can be further divided into 'finite' and 'infinite' ones, with the latter being evident in every finite mode (he gives examples of "motion" and "rest"). The traditional understanding of an
1994:
stating that substances do not share attributes or essences and then demonstrating that God is a "substance" with an infinite number of attributes, thus the attributes possessed by any other substances must also be possessed by God. Therefore, God is just the sum of all the substances of the universe. God is the only substance in the universe, and everything is a part of God. This view was described by
1990:. Though there are many more of them, God can be known by humans either through the attribute of extension or the attribute of thought. Thought and extension represent giving complete accounts of the world in mental or physical terms. To this end, he says that "the mind and the body are one and the same thing, which is conceived now under the attribute of thought, now under the attribute of extension".
853:, reworking part Three into parts Four and Five, and composed a Hebrew grammar for proper interpretation of scripture and for clearing up confusion and problems when studying the Bible, with part One presenting etymology, the alphabet, and principles governing nouns, verbs, and more. Part Two, unfinished before he died, would have presented syntax rules. Another unfinished work from 1676 was
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10745:
5518:"I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings." These words were spoken by Albert Einstein, upon being asked if he believed in God by Rabbi Herbert Goldstein of the Institutional Synagogue, New York, April 24, 1921, published in the New York Times, April 25, 1929; from
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Jewish authorities until his father died in 1654 when he became public and defiant, resulting from lengthy and stressful religious, financial, and legal clashes involving his business and synagogue, such as when
Spinoza violated synagogue regulations by going to city authorities rather than resolving his disputes within the community to free himself from paying his father's debt.
51:
13345:
5902:
501:. He married his cousin Rachael d’Espinosa, daughter of his uncle Abraham d’Espinosa, who was also a community leader and Michael's business partner. Marrying cousins was common in the Portuguese Jewish community then, giving Michael access to his father-in-law's commercial network and capital. Rachel's children died in infancy, and she died in 1627.
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his father's indebtedness would remove the obligation to repay his debts and retrospectively renounce his inheritance. Though he was released of all debts and legally in the right, his reputation as a merchant was permanently damaged in addition to violating a synagogue regulation that business matters are to be arbitrated within the community.
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reserved solely for
Substance. Nevertheless, modes can attain a lesser form of blessedness, namely, that of pure understanding of oneself as one really is, i.e., as a definite modification of Substance in a certain set of relationships with everything else in the universe. That this is what Spinoza has in mind can be seen at the end of the
5563:"The Pantheism of Spinoza Dr. Smith regarded as the most dangerous enemy of Christianity, and as he announced his conviction that it had gained the control of the schools, press and pulpit of the Old World , and was rapidly gaining the same control of the New , his alarm and indignation sometimes rose to the eloquence of genuine passion."
1978:, which is claimed to prove the existence of God, but Spinoza went further in stating that it showed that only God exists. Accordingly, he stated that "Whatever is, is in God, and nothing can exist or be conceived without God". This means that God is identical with the universe, an idea which he encapsulated in the phrase "
2203:
highly sceptical and innovative, for his time uniquely subversive, de-legtimizing general principle likewise to men's tyrannizing over women." One scholar has attempted to rationalize
Spinoza's views excluding women from full citizenship. But the topic has not attracted major consideration in Spinoza studies.
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criticized his conception of God and saw the book as dangerous and subversive. Spinoza's work was safer than
Koerbagh's because it was written in Latin, a language not widely understood by the general public, and Spinoza explicitly forbade its translation. The secular authorities varied enforcing the
814:
published a book that criticized organized religion, denied the divine authorship of the Bible, and asserted that miracles were impossible—ideas similar to those of
Spinoza. His work attracted the attention of the authorities, leading to his imprisonment and eventual death in prison. Anticipating the
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but died shortly after childbirth. According to Jewish practice, Samuel had to marry his former sister-in-law
Rebecca. Following his brother's death, Spinoza's place as head of the family and its business meant scholarly ambitions were pushed aside. Spinoza's mother, Hannah Deborah, died when Spinoza
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tradition of India, writing that
Spinoza's thought was "... so exact a representation of the ideas of the Vedanta, that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus, did his biography not satisfy us that he was wholly unacquainted with
2202:
says that Spinoza's views are “hugely disappointing to the modern reader” and that most that can be said in his defense is that “in his age rampant tyrannizing over women was indeed universal.” He goes on to say, "one may legitimately wonder why did Spinoza, if he was to be consistent, not apply his
504:
After the death of Rachel, Michael married Hannah Deborah, with whom he had five children. His second wife brought a dowry to the marriage that was absorbed into Michael's business capital instead of being set aside for her children, which may have caused a grudge between Spinoza and his father. The
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baggage) and that "perfection" refers not to (moral) value, but to completeness. Given that individuals are identified as mere modifications of the infinite Substance, it follows that no individual can ever be fully complete, i.e., perfect, or blessed. Absolute perfection, is, in Spinoza's thought,
1025:
four days after his death, with six others in the same vault. At the time, there was no memorial plaque for Spinoza. In the 18th century, the vault was emptied, and the remnants scattered over the earth of the churchyard. The memorial plaque is outside the church, where some of his remains are part
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in Spanish defending his views, but it is now lost. Spinoza's expulsion did not lead him to convert to Christianity or belong to a confessional religion or sect. From 1656-61, Spinoza found lodgings elsewhere in Amsterdam and Leiden, supporting himself with teaching while learning lens grinding and
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whether he believed in God. Einstein responded by telegram: "I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings." Einstein wrote the preface to a biography of Spinoza, published in 1946.
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in philosophy is similar to Spinoza's modes, though he uses that word differently. To him, an attribute is "that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance", and there are possibly an infinite number of them. It is the essential nature that is "attributed" to reality by
607:
In March 1656, Spinoza went to the city authorities for protection against debts in the Portuguese Jewish community. To free himself from the responsibility of paying debts owed by his late father, Spinoza appealed to the city to declare him an orphan; since he was a legal minor, not understanding
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explains that, although da Costa died when Spinoza was eight, his ideas shaped Spinoza's intellectual development. Amsterdam's Jewish communities long remembered and discussed da Costa's skepticism about organized religion, denial of the soul's immortality, and the idea that Moses didn't write the
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in his doctoral thesis (1968) to name him "the prince of philosophers". Deleuze's interpretation of Spinoza's philosophy was highly influential among French philosophers, especially in restoring to prominence the political dimension of Spinoza's thought. Deleuze published two books on Spinoza and
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Spinoza's ideas have had a major impact on intellectual debates from the seventeenth century to the current era. How Spinoza is viewed has gone from the atheistic author of treatises that undermine Judaism and organized religion, to a cultural hero, the first secular Jew. One writer contends that
1993:
After stating his proof for God's existence, Spinoza addresses who "God" is. Spinoza believed that God is "the sum of the natural and physical laws of the universe and certainly not an individual entity or creator". Spinoza attempts to prove that God is just the substance of the universe by first
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theologian, who sought Spinoza's view on the nature of evil and sin. Whereas Blijenbergh deferred to the authority of scripture for theology and philosophy, Spinoza told him not solely to look at scripture for truth or anthropomorphize God. Also, Spinoza told him their views were incommensurable.
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and atheist, who likely introduced Spinoza to scholastic and modern philosophy, including Descartes, who had a dominant influence on Spinoza's philosophy. While boarding with Van den Enden, Spinoza studied in his school, where he learned the arts and sciences and likely taught others. Many of his
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Amsterdam was tolerant of religious diversity so long as it was practiced discreetly. The community was concerned with protecting its reputation and not associating with Spinoza lest his controversial views provide the basis for possible persecution or expulsion. Spinoza did not openly break with
2404:
suggests that settling the question of Spinoza's atheism or pantheism depends on an analysis of attitudes. If pantheism is associated with religiosity, then Spinoza is not a pantheist, since Spinoza believes that the proper stance to take towards God is not one of reverence or religious awe, but
603:
ships, severely affecting the firm's financial viability. The firm was saddled with debt by the war's end in 1654 due to its merchant voyages being intercepted by the English, leading to its decline. Spinoza's father died in 1654, making him the head of the family, responsible for organizing and
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view of God and explores the place of human freedom in a world devoid of theological, cosmological, and political moorings. Rejecting messianism and the emphasis on the afterlife, Spinoza emphasized appreciating and valuing life for oneself and others. By advocating for individual liberty in its
2189:
Although Spinoza's political and theological thought was radical on many ways, he held traditional views on the place of women. In the TP, he writes briefly on the last page of the TP that women were “naturally” subordinate to men, stating bluntly his women are “by nature” not by “institutional
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brought on by grinding glass lenses. Although Spinoza had been becoming sicker for weeks, his death was sudden, and he died without leaving a will. Reports circulated that he repented his philosophical stances on his deathbed, but these tales petered out in the 18th century. Lutheran preacher
2217:
Spinoza was considered to be an atheist because he used the word "God" to signify a concept that was different from that of traditional Judeo–Christian monotheism. "Spinoza expressly denies personality and consciousness to God; he has neither intelligence, feeling, nor will; he does not act
2121:, in E5P24 and E5P25, where Spinoza makes two final key moves, unifying the metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical propositions he has developed over the course of the work. In E5P24, he links the understanding of particular things to the understanding of God, or Substance; in E5P25, the
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against the 23-year-old Spinoza. Spinoza's censure was the harshest ever pronounced in the community, carrying tremendous emotional and spiritual impact. The exact reason for expelling Spinoza is not stated, only referring to his "abominable heresies", "monstrous deeds", and the testimony of
2073:
claims that "Spinoza mainly saw emotions as caused by cognitions. he did not say this clearly enough and sometimes lost sight of it entirely." Spinoza provides several demonstrations which purport to show truths about how human emotions work. The picture presented is, according to Bennett,
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materialist", specifically in reference to his opposition to Cartesian mind-body dualism. This view was held by Epicureans before him, as they believed that atoms with their probabilistic paths were the only substance that existed fundamentally. Spinoza, however, deviated significantly from
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from the Jewish community in 1656. Following his excommunication, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza attracted a dedicated circle of followers who gathered to discuss his writings and joined him in the
2834:, inviting scholars from around the world to form an advisory committee at the meeting. However, the rabbi of the congregation ruled that it should hold, on the basis that he had no greater wisdom than his predecessors, and that Spinoza's views had not become less problematic over time.
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was six years old. Michael's third wife, Esther, raised Spinoza from age nine; she lacked formal Jewish knowledge due to growing up a New Christian and only spoke Portuguese at home. The marriage was childless. Spinoza's sister Rebecca, brother Gabriel, and nephew eventually migrated to
897:
merchant, who was a patron of Spinoza after his expulsion from the Jewish community. He acted as an intermediary for Spinoza's correspondence, sending and receiving letters of the philosopher to and from third parties. They maintained their relationship until Serrarius died in 1669.
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It cannot be overemphasized how the rest of Spinoza's philosophy—his philosophy of mind, his epistemology, his psychology, his moral philosophy, his political philosophy, and his philosophy of religion—flows more or less directly from the metaphysical underpinnings in Part I of the
2372:, rather than pantheism to describe Spinoza's view of the relation between God and the world. The world is not God, but in a strong sense, "in" God. Not only do finite things have God as their cause; they cannot be conceived without God. However, American panentheist philosopher
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2p11c) — all-knowing (2p3), and capable of loving both himself—and us, insofar as we are part of his perfection (5p35c). And if the mark of a personal being is that it is one towards which we can entertain personal attitudes, then we should note too that Spinoza recommends
2755:
argued that, from 1650 to 1750, Spinoza was "the chief challenger of the fundamentals of revealed religion, received ideas, tradition, morality, and what was everywhere regarded, in absolutist and non-absolutist states alike, as divinely constituted political authority."
517:. Miriam was their first child, followed by Isaac who was expected to take over as head of the family and the commercial enterprise but died in 1649. Baruch Espinosa, the third child, was born on 24 November 1632 and named as per tradition for his maternal grandfather.
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constructing microscopes and telescopes. Spinoza did not maintain a sense of Jewish identity; he argued that without adherence to Jewish law, the Jewish people lacked a sustaining source of difference and identity, rendering the notion of a secular Jew incoherent.
736:. Though a few prominent people in Amsterdam discussed the teachings of the secretive but marginal group, it was mainly a testing ground for Spinoza's philosophy to extend his challenge to the status quo. Their public reputation in Amsterdam was negative, with
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to be reversed. A conference was organized at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York entitled "From Heretic to Hero: A Symposium on the Impact of Baruch Spinoza on the 350th Anniversary of His Excommunication, 1656-2006". Presenters included
2005:
Spinoza argues that "things could not have been produced by God in any other way or in any other order than is the case". Therefore, concepts such as 'freedom' and 'chance' have little meaning. This picture of Spinoza's determinism is illuminated in
2751:, to an examination of his ideas. Strauss identified Spinoza as part of the tradition of Enlightenment rationalism that eventually produced Modernity. Moreover, he identifies Spinoza and his works as the beginning of Jewish Modernity. More recently
806:, which addresses theological and political issues such as the interpretation of scripture, the origins of the state, and the bounds of political and religious authority while arguing for a secular, democratic state. Before the publication of the
889:—a collection of his works published posthumously—Lodewijk Meyer, Georg Hermann Schuller, and Johannes Bouwmeester, excluded personal matters and letters due to the political and ecclesiastical persecution of the time. Spinoza corresponded with
2315:. More specifically, in a letter to Henry Oldenburg he states, "as to the view of certain people that I identify God with Nature (taken as a kind of mass or corporeal matter), they are quite mistaken". For Spinoza, the universe (cosmos) is a
492:
commercial family, and his maternal grandfather was a foremost merchant who drifted between Judaism and Christianity. Spinoza was raised by his grandmother from ages six to nine and probably learned much about his family history from her.
2099:
interprets this as Spinoza wanting "'blessedness' to stand for the most elevated and desirable state one could possibly be in." Understanding what is meant by "most elevated and desirable state" requires understanding Spinoza's notion of
953:
and tried to persuade Spinoza to embrace Catholicism. In response, Spinoza, at the request of Burgh's family, who hoped to restore his reason, wrote an angry letter mocking the Catholic Church and condemning all religious superstition.
667:, then there can be no wonder that he was severely punished. Unlike most censures issued by the Amsterdam congregation, it was never rescinded since the censure did not lead to repentance. After the censure, Spinoza may have written an
2423:(1697) pointed out a link between Spinoza's alleged atheism with "the theology of a Chinese sect", supposedly called "Foe Kiao", of which had learned thanks to the testimonies of the Jesuit missions in Eastern Asia. A century later,
2094:
Spinoza's notion of blessedness figures centrally in his ethical philosophy. Spinoza writes that blessedness (or salvation or freedom), "consists, namely, in a constant and eternal love of God, or in God's love for men. Philosopher
941:. In 1676, Leibniz traveled to The Hague to meet Spinoza, remaining with him for three days to converse about current events and philosophy. Leibniz's work bears some striking resemblances to parts of Spinoza's philosophy, like in
2487:, argues that "No leading figure of the post-1750 later Enlightenment, for example, or the nineteenth century, was engaged with the philosophy of Descartes, Hobbes, Bayle, Locke, or Leibniz, to the degree leading figures such as
5289:, Pt. I, Prop. XXXVI, Appendix: "en think themselves free inasmuch as they are conscious of their volitions and desires, and never even dream, in their ignorance, of the causes which have disposed of them so to wish and desire."
1799:
Despite being published in Latin rather than a vernacular language, this 1670 treatise published in Spinoza's lifetime caused a huge reaction described as "one of the most significant events in European intellectual history."
496:
Spinoza's father Michael was a prominent and wealthy merchant in Amsterdam with a business that had wide geographical reach. In 1649, he was elected to serve as an administrative officer of the recently united congregation
848:
to have easier access to the city's intellectual life and to be closer to his friends and followers. As he became more famous, Spinoza spent time receiving visitors and responding to letters. He returned to the manuscript
2218:
according to purpose, but everything follows necessarily from his nature, according to law...." Thus, Spinoza's cool, indifferent God differs from the concept of an anthropomorphic, fatherly God who cares about humanity.
2830:, declined to do so, citing Spinoza's "preposterous ideas, where he was tearing apart the very fundamentals of our religion", the Amsterdam Jewish community organised a symposium in December 2015 to discuss lifting the
969:, was unfavorable, Spinoza told supporters not to translate his works and abstained from publishing further. Following his death, his supporters published his works posthumously in Latin and Dutch. His posthumous works–
6157:"Einstein believes in "Spinoza's God"; Scientist Defines His Faith in Reply, to Cablegram From Rabbi Here. Sees a Divine Order But Says Its Ruler Is Not Concerned "Wit [sic] Fates and Actions of Human Beings.""
3290:. His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as "Benedictus".
2530:
were influenced by Spinoza. The changing conception of Spinoza as "the First Modern Jew" has been explicitly explored by various authors. His expulsion has been revisited in the 21st century, with Jewish writers such
1005:
Spinoza's health began to fail in 1676, and he died in The Hague on 21 February 1677 at age 44, attended by a physician friend, Georg Herman Schuller. Spinoza had been ill with some form of lung affliction, probably
949:. In 1675, Albert Burgh, a friend and possibly former pupil of Spinoza, wrote to him repudiating his teachings and announcing his conversion to the Catholic Church. Burgh attacked Spinoza's views as expressed in the
1973:
as "a substance consisting of infinite attributes, each of which expresses eternal and infinite essence", and since "no cause or reason" can prevent such a being from existing, it must exist. This is a form of the
740:
disparaging them as "atheists". Throughout his life, Spinoza's general approach was to avoid intellectual battles, clashes, and public controversies, viewing them as a waste of energy that served no real purpose.
364:
and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his
705:, a collaborator of Spinoza's friend and publisher Rieuwertsz, who could not have mentored Spinoza but was in a unique position to introduce Spinoza to Cartesian philosophy, mathematics, and lens grinding.
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friends were either secularized freethinkers or belonged to dissident Christian groups that rejected the authority of established churches and traditional dogmas. Spinoza was acquainted with members of the
1940:
as "that which is in itself and is conceived through itself", meaning that it can be understood without any reference to anything external. Being conceptually independent also means that the same thing is
2045:
Epicureans by adhering to strict determinism, much like the Stoics before him, in contrast to the Epicurean belief in the probabilistic path of atoms, which is more in line with contemporary thought on
712:
around 1658, where he audited classes in Cartesian philosophy. From 1656-61, Spinoza's main discussion partners who formed his circle and played a formative part in Spinoza's life were Van den Enden,
2172:
In quo demonstratur, quomodo Societas, ubi Imperium Monarchicum locum habet, sicut et ea, ubi Optimi imperant, debet institui, ne in Tyrannidem labatur, et ut Pax, Libertasque civium inviolata maneat
8211:
1836:
contains many unresolved obscurities and is written with a forbidding mathematical structure modeled on Euclid's geometry and has been described as a "superbly cryptic masterwork". The writings of
3142:
Shirley, Samuel (2002). Morgan, Michael L. (ed.). Spinoza Complete Works, with the Translations by Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-620-5. OCLC 49775415.
2248:
The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late 18th-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them:
433:. His friends posthumously published his works, captivating philosophers for the next two centuries. Celebrated as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century,
8235:
6549:
See G. Licata, "Spinoza e la cognitio universalis dell'ebraico. Demistificazione e speculazione grammaticale nel Compendio di grammatica ebraica", Giornale di Metafisica, 3 (2009), pp. 625–61.
2873:
The Spinoza Foundation Monument has a statute of Spinoza located in front of the Amsterdam City Hall (at Zwanenburgwal) It was created by Dutch sculptor Nicolas Dings and was erected in 2008.
1920:
Spinoza sets forth a vision of Being, illuminated by his awareness of God. They may seem strange at first sight. To the question "What is?" he replies: "Substance, its attributes, and modes".
2499:(1770-1831) asserts that "The fact is that Spinoza is made a testing-point in modern philosophy, so that it may really be said: You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all."
1832:
school of thought, which includes the assumption that ideas correspond to reality perfectly, in the same way that mathematics is supposed to be an exact representation of the world. The
2923:(lit. "The loves of Baruj Spinoza", 1932), recreating a supposed affair or romantic interest with Clara Maria van den Enden, daughter of his Latin teacher and philosophical preceptor,
2577:
celebrating the tricentennial of Spinoza's birth. In Santayana's autobiography, he characterized Spinoza as his "master and model" in understanding the naturalistic basis of morality.
6259:
2915:, 1976), and several direct references to Spinoza's philosophy can be found in this writer's work. Also in Argentina and previously to Borges, the Ukrainian-born Jewish intellectual
2653:, saw in Spinoza a philosophy which could lead Marxism out of what they considered to be flaws in its original formulation, particularly its reliance upon Hegel's conception of the
1850:. Following Descartes, Spinoza aimed to understand truth through logical deductions from 'clear and distinct ideas', a process which always begins from the 'self-evident truths' of
989:
2998:
2502:
His expulsion from the Portuguese synagogue in 1656 has stirred debate over the years on whether he is the "first modern Jew". Spinoza influenced discussions of the so-called
2021:
According to Eric Schliesser, Spinoza was skeptical regarding the possibility of knowledge of nature and as a consequence at odds with scientists such as Galileo and Huygens.
10609:
9394:
2633:. Many of these philosophers "used Spinoza to erect a bulwark against the nominally irrationalist tendencies of phenomenology", which was associated with the dominance of
697:
and other dissenting Reformed sects that shunned official theology and must have played some role in Spinoza's developing views on religion and directed him to Van Enden.
778:
in 1862. While lodging with Herman Homan in Rijnsburg, Spinoza produced lenses and instruments to support himself and out of scientific interest. He began working on his
8106:
5522:
Ronald W. Clark, New York: World Publishing Co., 1971, p. 413; also cited as a telegram to a Jewish newspaper, 1929, Einstein Archive 33–272, from Alice Calaprice, ed.,
815:
reaction to his ideas, Spinoza published his treatise in 1670 under a false publisher and a fictitious place of publication. The work did not remain anonymous for long.
2896:
2483:, but rather Spinoza says that "blessedness is nothing else but the contentment of spirit, which arises from the intuitive knowledge of God." One of his biographers,
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2311:
It is a widespread belief that Spinoza equated God with the material universe. He has therefore been called the "prophet" and "prince" and most eminent expounder of
2859:
Spinoza Lyceum, a high school in Amsterdam South was named after Spinoza. There is also a 3 metre tall marble statue of him on the grounds of the school carved by
2194:
is clearly disappointed by Spinoza's only statement on women. “It is unfortunate that the very last words we have by him, at the end of the extant chapters of the
859:, which concerns how states can function well and intended to show that democratic states are best. Spinoza refused an offer to be the chair of philosophy at the
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8129:
5882:
2736:). Spinoza equated God (infinite substance) with Nature, consistent with Einstein's belief in an impersonal deity. In 1929, Einstein was asked in a telegram by
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555:
During his childhood, Spinoza was likely unaware of his family connection with Uriel da Costa; still, as a teenager, he certainly heard discussions about him.
2882:
Spinoza's life and work have been the subject of interest for several writers. For example, this influence was considerably early in German literature, where
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There has been a renewed debate in modern times about Spinoza's excommunication among Israeli politicians, rabbis and Jewish press, with many calling for the
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what draws readers to Spinoza today and "makes him perhaps the most beloved philosopher since Socrates, is his confident equanimity". He is not a despairing
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513:
canal. The Jewish quarter was not formally divided. The family lived close to the Bet Ya'acov synagogue, and nearby were Christians, including the artist
766:, allowing for a quiet retreat in the country and access to the university town, Leiden, where he still had many friends. Around this time, he wrote his
13472:
3120:. (Amsterdam: Jan Rieuwertsz, 1677; both publisher and place were purposely omitted). Simultaneously, Rieuwertsz also published a Dutch translation by
2413:
Many authors have discussed similarities between Spinoza's philosophy and Eastern philosophical traditions. Few decades after the philosopher's death,
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592:
and Morteira. Spinoza possibly went to work around fourteen and almost certainly was needed in his father's business after his brother died in 1649.
6186:
5687:
Genevieve Lloyd, Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics (Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks), Routledge; 1 edition (2 October 1996),
2438:
purported to establish that the main source of Spinoza's ontology is Kabbalah. The most recent research in the field seems to vindicate that claim.
885:
Few of Spinoza's letters are extant, and none before 1661. Nearly all the contents are philosophical and technical because the original editors of
713:
6285:
8245:
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Matheron, Alexandre, “Femmes et serviteurs dans lad démocratie spinoziste.” Revue philosophique de la la France et de l’étranger 2 (1977) 181-200
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instead one of objective study and reason, since taking the religious stance would leave one open to the possibility of error and superstition.
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Through his pursuits in lens grinding, mathematics, optics, and philosophy, Spinoza forged connections with prominent figures such as scientist
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8774:
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2431:(a "monstrous system" in his words), grouping both under the name of pantheists, criticizing what he described as mystical tendencies in them.
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580:. Instructed in Spanish, the language of learning and literature, students in the elementary school learned to read the prayerbook and the
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Spinoza attended the Talmud Torah school adjoining the Bet Ya'acov synagogue, a few doors down from his home, headed by the senior Rabbi
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_____. 2002. “Philosophy, Commerce and the Synagogue: Spinoza's Expulsion from the Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish Community in 1656.” In
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states that if Spinoza was voicing his criticism of Judaism that later appeared through his philosophical works, such as Part I of
2781:. Spinoza was included in a 50 theme canon that attempts to summarise the history of the Netherlands. In 2014 a copy of Spinoza's
588:'s commentary. Spinoza's name does not appear on the registry after age fourteen, and he likely never studied with rabbis such as
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12341:
8547:
4975:
2689:, which has been described as "a monument of Spinoza commentary". His philosophical accomplishments and moral character prompted
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have been described as "Spinoza's starting point". Spinoza's first publication was his 1663 geometric exposition of proofs using
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Disguised and Overt Spinozism Around 1700: Papers Presented at the International Colloquium held at Rotterdam, 5-8 October 1994
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Miquel Beltran, The Influence of Abraham Cohen de Herrera's Kabbalah on Spinoza's Metaphysics, Brill, 2016, ISBN 9789004315679
3179:
880:
2233:. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended
2229:
was thought to have confessed on his deathbed to being a "Spinozist", which was the equivalent in his time of being called an
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outwardly described Spinoza's work negatively but privately wrote letters to him and desired to examine the manuscript of the
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5569:, Consisting of Addresses on Occasion of the Anniversary of the Seminary, 8 May 1879, Together with Commemorative Resolutions
5265:, trans. by Samuel Shirley and ed. by Michael L. Morgan (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2002), see Part I, Proposition 33.
2942:(2012; a parallel story between the philosopher's formative years, and the fascination that his work had on the Nazi leader
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until the euro was introduced in 2002. The highest and most prestigious scientific award of the Netherlands is named the
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3111:, translated by Samuel Shirley, with an Introduction and Notes by S. Barbone, L. Rice and J. Adler, Indianapolis, 1995).
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770:, which he never published in his lifetime, thinking it would enrage the theologians, synods, and city magistrates. The
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By 1879, Spinoza's pantheism was praised by many, but was considered by some to be alarming and dangerously inimical.
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That is not the only work of fiction where the philosopher appears as the main character. In 1837 the German writer
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to be rescinded, but it can only be done by the congregation that issued it, and the chief rabbi of that community,
526:
313:, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the
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5609:"Spinoza, "God-Intoxicated Man"; Three Books Which Mark the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Philosopher's Birth"
3044:; translated by Samuel Shirley, with an Introduction and Notes by Steven Barbone and Lee Rice, Indianapolis, 1998).
957:
Spinoza published little in his lifetime, and most formal writings were in Latin, reaching few readers. Apart from
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and pantheism. The issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time.
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moral, psychological, and metaphysical dimensions, Spinoza helped establish the genre of political writing called
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_____ "Preface to the English Translation" reprinted as "Preface to Spinoza's Critique of Religion", in Strauss,
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2714:(1968) as a "revolutionary work for its discovery of expression as a central concept in Spinoza's philosophy."
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195:
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6470:, vol. 2. Transl. by John Oxenford. The Anthological Society. London-Chicago, 1901, Chapters 14-16, p.178-248
2237:. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism.
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Johannes Colerus wrote the first biography of Spinoza for the original reason of researching his final days.
973:–were edited by his friends in secrecy to prevent the confiscation and destruction of manuscripts. He wore a
924:. Huygens and others notably praised the quality of Spinoza's lenses. Spinoza engaged in correspondence with
209:
177:
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8227:– Amsterdam 1677. Complete photographic reproduction, ed. by F. Mignini (Quodlibet publishing house website)
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practice” subordinate to men. Both his major biographers in English remark on his view of women. Biographer
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New Jerusalem; The Interrogation of Baruch de Spinoza at Talmud Torah Congregation: Amsterdam, 27 July 1656
2170:, this work was published posthumously by his circle of supporters in Latin and in Dutch. The subtitle is "
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6286:"The Jewish philosopher Spinoza was one of the great Enlightenment thinkers. So why was he 'cancelled'?"
6003:, eds. Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz (New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936) 280–97.
2573:. In 1932, Santayana was invited to present an essay (published as "Ultimate Religion") at a meeting at
2445:
was one of the early figures to notice the similarities between Spinoza's religious conceptions and the
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Engraving of Spinoza, captioned in Latin, "A Jew and an atheist"; he vehemently denied being an atheist.
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6498:. Borges Studies Online. J. L. Borges Center for Studies & Documentation. Internet: 14/04/01
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Spinoza's younger brother Gabriel was born in 1634, followed by another sister Rebecca. Miriam married
476:, enduring torture and public displays of humiliation. In 1597, his paternal grandfather's family left
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4976:"Spinoza stymies 'God's attorney' / Stewart argues the secular world was at stake in Leibniz face off"
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makes a glowing mention of the philosopher in his memoirs, highlighting the positive influence of the
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Memorial of the Rev. Henry Smith, D.D., LL D., Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology in
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as "one of the most important books of Western thought", Spinoza questioned the divine origin of the
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3114:
Last four were originally collected and published by Spinoza's friends briefly later his death, in:
2661:, in exile in France for much of this period, also wrote a number of books on Spinoza, most notably
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dedicated to him the first novel in his series on Jewish history, translated into English in 1882 (
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and corresponded with scientists and philosophers throughout Europe. In 1665, he began writing the
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31:
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This unfinished treatise in Latin expounds Spinoza's ideas about forms of government. As with the
488:, eventually transferring to Holland for an unknown reason. His maternal ancestors were a leading
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8155:
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Newlands, Samuel (2017). "Spinoza on Universals". In Di Bella, Stefano; Schmaltz, Tad M. (eds.).
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146:
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7776:, trans., University of Minnesota Press. Preface, in French, by Gilles Deleuze, available here:
5780:. Transl. and edited by Allen W. Wood and George Di Giovanni. Cambridge University Press, p.228
5236:
Cannon, J. A. (2009, May 17). World in time of upheaval: Sources of enlightenment. Deseret News.
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2685:, the last of whom published a widely read and influential five-volume commentary on Spinoza's
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One thing which seems, on the surface, to distinguish Spinoza's view of the emotions from both
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Printing Spinoza: A Descriptive Bibliography of the Works Published in the Seventeenth Century
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5847:"Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": "Spinoza, the First Secular Jew?" by Yirmiyahu Yovel"
5543:
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while arguing that ecclesiastic authority should have no role in a secular, democratic state.
293:(24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name
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Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God", Humanity Books, 1953 ch. 4
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also noted the striking similarities between Vedanta and the system of Spinoza, equating the
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1950:
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consists of one substance, God, or, what is the same, Nature, and its modifications (modes).
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Totaro, Pina (2015). "The Young Spinoza and the Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza's Ethics". In
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Fraser, Alexander Campbell "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p. 163.
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called him the "God-intoxicated man". Spinoza inspired the poet Shelley to write his essay "
2198:, are a short digression … on the unsuitability of women to hold political power.” Likewise
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The Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza, translated by George Eliot, transcribed by Thomas Deegan
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The vital roots of European enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's influence on modern Western thought
6442:
5935:
Yovel, Yirmiyahu. "Spinoza, the First Secular Jew?" Tikkun, vol. 5, no.1, pp. 40-42, 94-96.
5836:
Three Lectures on the Vedanta Philosophy. F. Max Muller. Kessinger Publishing, 2003. p. 123
3386:
2737:
2698:. His own work was deeply influenced by Spinoza's philosophy, particularly the concepts of
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1975:
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125:
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Adler, Jacob (2014). "Mortality of the soul from Alexander of Aphrodisias to Spinoza". In
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speculates that Spinoza Latinized his name at Leiden because all instruction was in Latin.
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independent, depending on nothing else for its existence and being the 'cause of itself' (
505:
family lived on the artificial island on the south side of the River Amstel, known as the
8:
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Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1952. Reprint. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
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into Hebrew and saw Spinoza as a new Maimonides, penning "a new guide to the perplexed";
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774:, a long-forgotten text that only survived in Dutch translation, was first published by
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The Courtier and the Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World
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3164:, discovered in the Vatican archive and published in a bilingual Latin-English edition.
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Reformed Church in Amsterdam's orders to ban the distribution of the blasphemous book.
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7696:. Trans. "Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza" Martin Joughin (New York: Zone Books).
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Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstucker, W. H. Allen, 1879. p. 32.
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in his personal life. The same thing happened in the case of his compatriot, the poet
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Sometime between 1654 and 1657, Spinoza started studying Latin with political radical
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Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata et in quinque partes distincta, in quibus agetur
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Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752
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A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza's Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age
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2495:, and Nietzsche, remained preoccupied throughout their creative lives with Spinoza."
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Leprozengracht with a view on the houses at Houtgracht by Reinier Nooms, 1657 - 1662
6485:. Edited by Paul L. Rose. James Cook University of North Queensland, 1982, p. 56-57
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8844:
7756:
7629:
7540:
7219:
7051:
6974:
6965:
Garber, Daniel (2015). "Spinoza's Cartesian Dualism in the Korte Verhandeling". In
6900:
6791:
6583:
6121:
5381:
3218:
2973:
2943:
2827:
2674:
2638:
2558:
2507:
2234:
1937:
1673:
1621:
1316:
1258:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1170:
811:
725:
409:
Spinoza's philosophy spans nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including
403:
338:
12843:
11115:
9378:
7816:. Edited by Jonathan Israel and Reinier Salverda, pp. 125–140. Leiden: Brill.
7119:
6733:
6350:
5431:
3055:
2427:
also established a parallel between the philosophy of Spinoza and the thinking of
997:. When he was buried, no tombstone or plaque was prepared. His vault was close to
945:. Leibniz was concerned when his name was not redacted in a letter printed in the
728:. Spinoza's following, or philosophical sect, scrutinized the propositions of the
627:(1907), the second of his two modern paintings imagining scenes of Spinoza's life.
13296:
12969:
12888:
12848:
12818:
12803:
12768:
12763:
12733:
12708:
12693:
12668:
12653:
12588:
12565:
12550:
12535:
12520:
12391:
12346:
12331:
12321:
12143:
12138:
11995:
11990:
11970:
11958:
11017:
10877:
10837:
10489:
10420:
10405:
10325:
10305:
10280:
10090:
9900:
9835:
9468:
9353:
9229:
9191:
9010:
8854:
8849:
8651:
8557:
8133:
8122:
8018:
7918:
7862:
7845:
7562:"The Excommunication of Spinoza: Trouble and Toleration in the "Dutch Jerusalem""
7484:
7454:
7422:
7306:
7171:
7082:
7043:
6966:
6884:
6858:
6836:
6712:
6587:
6481:
6452:
6430:
6407:
6384:
5738:
5710:
5349:
3578:
3439:
3390:
3365:
3283:
3116:
2959:
2938:). Some other novels of biographical nature have appeared more recently, such as
2752:
2725:
2682:
2646:
2503:
2356:
2346:
1631:
1480:
1372:
1288:
1278:
921:
890:
816:
698:
641:
366:
361:
205:
9517:
8162:
Wolfson, Henry A. "The Philosophy of Spinoza". 2 vols. Harvard University Press.
6029:
Spinoza contra phenomenology : French rationalism from Cavaillès to Deleuze
5706:
3059:), TTP, published anonymously in his lifetime with a false place of publication.
2785:
was presented to the Chair of the Dutch Parliament, and shares a shelf with the
657:
Before the expulsion, Spinoza had not published anything or written a treatise;
13286:
13194:
13184:
12913:
12788:
12773:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12683:
12658:
12613:
12593:
12455:
12426:
12401:
12356:
12336:
12253:
12133:
12123:
11980:
11811:
11624:
11277:
11127:
10932:
10897:
10867:
10852:
10822:
10619:
10400:
10390:
10230:
10175:
9946:
9805:
9640:
9590:
9448:
9325:
9310:
9206:
9132:
9041:
9036:
8859:
8834:
8814:
8799:
8784:
8769:
7689:
7276:
7242:
7016:
6888:
6601:
5345:
4877:
3272:
3032:
2947:
2891:
2819:, Steven B. Smith, and Daniel B. Schwartz. There have been calls for Spinoza's
2690:
2642:
2547:
2511:
2327:. God has infinitely many other attributes which are not present in the world.
2015:
1698:
1566:
1536:
1516:
1506:
1470:
1450:
1268:
914:
894:
717:
549:
521:
485:
469:
357:
273:
200:
81:
8222:
8178:
8101:
and Spinoza: A Study of the Spiritual Conflicts in Seventeenth-Century Holland
7529:
Lin, Martin (September 2007). "Spinoza's Arguments for the Existence of God".
7510:
7446:
7410:
6662:
5734:
2678:
13371:
13219:
13049:
12959:
12908:
12878:
12868:
12798:
12793:
12783:
12643:
12633:
12623:
12598:
12465:
12443:
12361:
12268:
12241:
12226:
12168:
11851:
11357:
11282:
11235:
11152:
11142:
11047:
11002:
10997:
10972:
10947:
10937:
10917:
10842:
10689:
10415:
10365:
10330:
10310:
10290:
9855:
9668:
9625:
9595:
9575:
9239:
9165:
9092:
8995:
8925:
8839:
8794:
8779:
8676:
8625:
8422:
8202:
8047:
8000:
7982:
7773:
7610:
7577:
7552:
7302:
7148:
7140:
7114:
7073:
6996:
6739:
6571:
6495:
6047:
5730:
5437:
3520:
3299:
2847:
2812:
2775:
2764:
2658:
2527:
2515:
2424:
2401:
2283:
2191:
2011:
1794:
1688:
1571:
1546:
998:
820:
754:
658:
556:
380:
322:
190:
8477:
7476:
7268:
7106:
7034:
6063:"Spinoza Contra Phenomenology: French Rationalism from Cavaillès to Deleuze"
5652:
Correspondence of Benedict de Spinoza, Wilder Publications (26 March 2009),
2451:
901:
701:
conjectures that another possible influential figure was atheist translator
373:
Spinoza published little to avoid persecution and bans on his books. In his
13199:
12883:
12873:
12863:
12728:
12723:
12663:
12638:
12608:
12603:
12510:
12505:
12351:
12231:
11965:
11901:
11771:
11761:
11756:
11675:
11665:
11609:
11499:
11312:
11302:
11297:
11260:
11210:
11007:
10987:
10977:
10907:
10827:
10669:
10435:
10370:
10260:
10170:
10020:
9890:
9800:
9780:
9678:
9673:
9620:
9610:
9585:
9565:
9285:
9254:
9201:
9196:
8980:
8890:
8829:
8809:
8696:
8620:
8206:
8079:
New York: Schocken Books, 1965. Reprint. University of Chicago Press, 1996.
6918:
5009:
2771:
2492:
2414:
2331:
2270:
2129:). From here, it is a short step to the connection of Blessedness with the
2041:
1962:
1925:
1626:
1475:
1208:
1160:
1007:
414:
384:
248:
238:
185:
6782:
Koistinen, Olli (2018). "Spinoza on Mind". In Della Rocca, Michael (ed.).
6027:
5818:
3160:, Leiden: Brill. This is the only known surviving manuscript of Spinoza's
1866:
consists of one thing, substance, and its modifications (modes). Early in
12898:
12893:
12828:
12823:
12673:
12545:
12500:
12490:
12283:
12278:
12216:
12153:
11936:
11911:
11836:
11796:
11766:
11741:
11721:
11700:
11680:
11660:
11650:
11619:
11484:
11378:
11352:
11162:
11075:
11052:
11027:
11012:
10912:
10887:
10862:
10857:
10425:
10345:
10275:
10225:
10003:
9931:
9910:
9865:
9830:
9785:
9756:
9630:
9415:
9211:
8985:
8824:
8703:
8686:
8681:
8379:
5797:, Puyméras: éditions localement transcendantes, 2024, ISBN 9782383660378
5312:""Spinoza and the Philosophy of Science: Mathematics, Motion, and Being""
3098:, unfinished; translated with introduction by M. J. Bloom, London, 1963).
2760:
2744:
2588:) of the English translation of his first definitive philosophical work,
2585:
2369:
2241:
disagreed with Jacobi, saying that there is no actual difference between
2186:, and so that the peace and liberty of the citizens remain unviolated").
2179:
1863:
1829:
1576:
1541:
1354:
1339:
1273:
1233:
1091:
974:
690:
506:
410:
398:
310:
253:
215:
10982:
8645:
7896:, 1936. "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza" in his
7585:
7561:
6865:
Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750
5311:
2694:
gave numerous lectures on Spinoza in his capacity as a professor at the
13281:
13089:
12989:
12838:
12758:
12530:
12421:
12263:
12206:
12183:
12148:
12097:
12087:
12055:
12000:
11826:
11806:
11731:
11695:
11599:
11584:
11509:
11434:
11215:
11137:
11037:
10957:
10927:
10882:
10559:
10285:
10250:
10200:
10085:
9983:
9870:
9795:
9635:
9615:
9600:
9570:
8819:
8730:
8587:
8562:
8552:
8490:
8384:
7820:
6892:
6670:
5888:
5539:
History of Materialism and Criticism of its Present Importance, Vol. II
3087:, finished 1674, but published posthumously, title added posthumously).
2860:
2729:
2728:
named Spinoza as the philosopher who exerted the most influence on his
2062:
1933:
1883:
1601:
1387:
1377:
1283:
1253:
1228:
1150:
1076:
942:
510:
477:
445:
334:
330:
7628:(American ed.). New York: Leonard Scott & Co.: 245–263 1862.
6126:
2958:. Spinoza also appears in the first novel of the Argentinian activist
2506:, the examination of the idea of Judaism and the modern, secular Jew.
537:
12979:
12918:
12475:
12118:
12045:
12030:
11951:
11871:
11866:
11791:
11746:
11726:
11705:
11690:
11670:
11655:
11519:
11479:
11287:
11220:
11184:
10847:
10812:
10760:
10719:
10684:
10664:
10210:
10095:
10025:
9978:
9941:
9880:
9810:
8661:
8582:
8374:
8368:
8350:
8098:
6943:
Reason in the World: Hegel's Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal
6764:
2699:
2654:
2574:
2519:
2312:
2111:
2066:
1987:
1392:
1155:
1086:
1081:
1011:
929:
845:
763:
737:
694:
635:
On 27 July, 1656, the Talmud Torah community leaders, which included
514:
345:
99:
77:
5881:
Hegel Society of America. Meeting (2003). Duquette, David A. (ed.).
3008:; translated by A. Wolf. London, Adam and Charles Black Eds., 1910).
2629:
Spinoza's philosophy played an important role in the development of
1018:
By the time of his death, he had never married and had no children.
13254:
12833:
12570:
12163:
12128:
12102:
12082:
12035:
11846:
11801:
11685:
11589:
11579:
11544:
11514:
10659:
10220:
10075:
9850:
9815:
9020:
8615:
8608:
8191:
8187:
8025:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
8005:
The Savage Anomaly: The Power of Spinoza's Metaphysics and Politics
6887:(1996). "The Banning of Spinoza's Works in the Dutch Republic". In
5634:
Picton, J. Allanson, "Pantheism: Its Story and Significance", 1905.
3149:(two volumes), Princeton: Princeton University Press.(Excludes the
2767:
2669:. Other notable French scholars of Spinoza in this period included
2480:
2352:(nature doing what nature does; literally, 'nature naturing'), not
2175:
1942:
1898:
1871:
1485:
1165:
795:
668:
318:
7495:. Vol. 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
7461:. Vol. 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
5874:
3117:
B. d. S. Opera Posthuma, Quorum series post Praefationem exhibetur
13291:
13204:
12092:
12060:
12050:
11821:
11781:
11614:
11539:
11524:
11504:
11230:
10509:
10215:
10145:
10115:
10080:
10015:
9973:
9958:
9825:
8356:
5880:
2968:
2544:
2455:
2446:
2301:
2230:
2183:
2102:
1983:
1895:
1382:
349:
8148:
Documenting Spinoza: A Biographical History of his Life and Time
6525:
6375:
2763:, where his portrait was featured prominently on the Dutch 1000-
2136:
584:
in Hebrew, translate the weekly section into Spanish, and study
572:
Spinoza's name crossed out on the list of pupils of Talmud Torah
12040:
11841:
11629:
11604:
11594:
11564:
11549:
11347:
10105:
10055:
9968:
9840:
8691:
8072:
ed. Kenneth Hart Green (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997), 181–233.
7388:
Spinoza and Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1660–1710
7084:
Spinoza Complete Works, with the Translations by Samuel Shirley
2824:
2600:. Elsewhere, Wittgenstein deliberately borrowed the expression
2242:
2075:
1879:
1841:
1728:
685:
489:
481:
422:
243:
9725:
6422:
Unclogged in Amsterdam : An American Expat plumbs Holland
4821:
2954:(lit. "The Secret of Spinoza", 2023) by Portuguese journalist
599:, much of the Spinoza firm's ships and cargo were captured by
544:'s imagined scene of Uriel da Costa instructing Spinoza (1901)
529:, and the remaining family joined them after Spinoza's death.
12070:
11559:
11494:
10992:
10610:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
10205:
10155:
8577:
3233:
2790:
2786:
2428:
1887:
1851:
1112:
585:
581:
7857:
Spinoza on human freedom: Reason, autonomy and the good life
7714:
trans. Martin Joughin (New York: Columbia University Press).
5763:, vol. 13 (in French). Libraire Desoer, Paris, 1820, p. 416
4833:
2919:
wrote a novella about philosopher's early sentimental life,
2174:." ("In which it is demonstrated how a society, may it be a
863:, perhaps because of the possibility that it might curb his
12065:
11489:
11322:
11250:
10150:
10130:
10125:
10050:
10008:
9993:
8153:
Williams, David Lay. 2010. "Spinoza and the General Will",
7989:, 2020 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
7987:
Think Least of Death: Spinoza on How to Live and How to Die
7595:"On the Development of Spinoza's Account of Human Religion"
4029:
4027:
3804:
3802:
3624:
3622:
3262:
3256:
3224:
984:
548:
Through his mother, Spinoza was related to the philosopher
8280:
5322:
5059:
5014:"Deciphering Spinoza, the Great Original – Book review of
4799:
4797:
3558:
2999:
Korte Verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelvs welstand
50:
11634:
11529:
7011:
Betraying Spinoza: The Renegade Jew who Gave Us Modernity
6319:
The First Modern Jew: Spinoza and the History of an Image
5962:
The First Modern Jew: Spinoza and the History of an Image
5478:
5184:
5182:
5142:
5140:
5035:
5016:
Betraying Spinoza. The Renegade Jew Who Gave Us Modernity
4931:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4638:
4604:
4602:
3988:
3247:
2877:
2801:
1970:
1875:
388:
7814:
Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000)
7364:
Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity
6233:
6114:"Spinozist Moments in Deleuze: Materialism as Immanence"
6016:(Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1986), pp. 233–36.
5917:
4551:
4491:
4479:
4397:
4395:
4368:
4332:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4068:
4024:
4012:
3940:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3831:
3829:
3799:
3765:
3763:
3690:
3688:
3639:
3637:
3619:
3546:
3074:), TP (unfinished at his death), published posthumously.
708:
After learning Latin with Van Enden, Spinoza studied at
10550:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
8086:(New York: Basic Books, 1968, 224–59; also in Strauss,
7656:
Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain
7491:
Spinoza and other heretics: The Adventures of Immanence
7155:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5862:
5454:
5411:
5399:
5047:
4895:
4857:
4794:
4686:
4674:
4092:
4058:
4056:
4054:
3964:
3952:
3700:
3469:
3467:
3403:
3203:
Spinoza has also been interpreted as a defender of the
2225:
published a condemnation of Spinoza's pantheism, after
1772:
762:
Between 1660 and 1661, Spinoza moved from Amsterdam to
653:
Text of Spinoza's expulsion on 6 Av 5416 (27 July 1656)
360:. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning
7970:
Bodies, Masses, Power: Spinoza and his Contemporaries.
7617:
7333:
Spinoza's Book of Life: Freedom and Redemption in the
6214:
5824:
5466:
5362:
5292:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5179:
5137:
5125:
5113:
4943:
4907:
4845:
4710:
4698:
4662:
4650:
4626:
4614:
4599:
4587:
3673:
3649:
2907:
famously wrote two sonnets in his honor ("Spinoza" in
2657:, as well as Spinoza's concept of immanent causality.
2296:. Coleridge and Shelley saw in Spinoza's philosophy a
2125:
of the mind is linked to the third kind of knowledge (
611:
563:
13333:
7195:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
7050:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 319–332.
6973:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–132.
5973:
George Santayana, "The Ethical Doctrine of Spinoza",
5268:
5071:
4809:
4575:
4563:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4392:
4380:
4356:
4344:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4140:
4116:
4080:
4039:
4000:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3853:
3841:
3826:
3787:
3775:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3712:
3685:
3634:
3479:
3341:
3259:
3253:
3241:
3236:
2065:
pictures of them is that he takes the emotions to be
1874:, self-caused, and eternal. He calls this substance "
1870:
Spinoza argues that only one substance is absolutely
981:, meaning "Caution", and the image of a thorny rose.
437:
dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
337:
Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the
7867:
Part of Nature: Self-Knowledge in Spinoza's 'Ethics'
7212:
The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy
6482:
On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
5946:
Spinoza's Modernity: Mendelssohn, Lessing, and Heine
4955:
4919:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4128:
4104:
4051:
3976:
3928:
3916:
3814:
3724:
3661:
3607:
3534:
3464:
3415:
3329:
3244:
3230:
3221:
2897:
On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
2614:
does have some structural affinities with Spinoza's
1982:" ('God or Nature'), which some have interpreted as
8054:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
7939:, Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Chambers 1990,
7670:
Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza
7241:Popkin, Richard H. (1999). "Baruch de Spinoza". In
6032:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
5167:
4152:
3595:
3491:
3250:
3227:
2584:evoked Spinoza with the title (suggested to him by
2342:(Latin for 'God or Nature'), Spinoza meant God was
1914:
1844:'s model with definitions and axioms of Descartes'
993:Spinoza's memorial plaque in the churchyard of the
560:Torah, influencing Spinoza's intellectual journey.
532:
453:
now stands at the site of Spinoza's childhood home.
7488:
7330:
7118:
7081:Shirley, Samuel (2002). Morgan, Michael L. (ed.).
7008:
6862:
6814:
6637:
6397:"Statute of Spinoza unveiled in Amsterdam centre"
5884:Hegel's History of Philosophy: New Interpretations
3452:
2894:, who is also lavish in praise for Spinoza on his
2408:
977:to mark his letters, engraved with the Latin word
7459:Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Marrano of Reason
7173:Spinoza's Heresy: Immortality and the Jewish Mind
6279:
6277:
5988:Spinoza's Ethics and "De intellectus emendatione"
2759:Spinoza is an important historical figure in the
2626:is its contemplation as a limited whole." (6.45)
2491:, Goethe, Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Heine,
2269:) provided a living, natural God, in contrast to
905:Letter from Spinoza to Leibniz, with his BdS seal
732:while it was in draft and Spinoza's second text,
13369:
7719:Collective imaginings: Spinoza, past and present
7048:The Young Spinoza: A Metaphysician in the Making
6971:The Young Spinoza: A Metaphysician in the Making
6321:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2012, xi
6095:Quoted in the translator's preface of Deleuze's
2561:published "The Ethical Doctrine of Spinoza", in
2470:A Dutch commemorative medal issued on the 250th
8012:Subversive Spinoza: (Un)Contemporary Variations
7965:(New York: Machmadim Art Editions, Inc., 1946).
7599:Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies
5789:Elijah Benamozegh, 'Spinoza et la Kabbale', in
5382:"Baruch Spinoza, "Human Beings are Determined""
3005:A Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being
2182:, can be best governed, so as not to fall into
798:for an unknown reason. He continued working on
8070:Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity,
7844:Kayser, Rudolf, 1946, with an introduction by
6420:"Who stands proud on a pedestal in Amsterdam"
6274:
5956:
5954:
5542:. Boston: Houghton, Osgood, & Co. p.
3313:Portugees-Israëlietische Gemeente te Amsterdam
2074:"unflattering, coloured as it is by universal
768:Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being
734:Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being
30:"Spinoza" redirects here. For other uses, see
11450:
10776:
9741:
8506:
8482:
8266:
8088:Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity
7911:). Reprinted in Frankfurt, H. G., ed., 1972.
6183:"Einstein's Third Paradise, by Gerald Holton"
5948:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 2004
5157:
5155:
5103:
5101:
5088:
5086:
2665:(1981) in his own reconfiguration of Italian
1753:
13578:Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
11956:
8635:
8606:
8592:
6333:"Why Baruch Spinoza is still excommunicated"
6120:, Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, pp. 73–90,
5964:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2012
2618:(though, admittedly, not with the Spinoza's
2518:, as well as subsequent thinkers, including
2389:, Spinoza's God is an "infinite intellect" (
2289:
758:Spinoza's lodging in Rijnsburg, now a museum
675:
11892:
8701:
7779:"01. Préface à L'Anomalie sauvage de Negri"
7737:The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza's Ethics
7717:Gatens, Moira, and Lloyd, Genevieve, 1999.
6812:
6756:
6738:. Penguin classics (1st ed.). London:
5951:
5339:
5337:
5328:
5065:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4827:
3316:(Portuguese-Israelite commune of Amsterdam)
3311:
3124:(who some years later translated the TTP):
2976:, a key influence in Spinoza's biography.
2354:
2344:
2336:
840:Spinoza's house in The Hague, where he died
11457:
11443:
10783:
10769:
9748:
9734:
8513:
8499:
8273:
8259:
7247:The Columbia History of Western Philosophy
5999:George Santayana, "Ultimate Religion", in
5723:
5152:
5098:
5083:
4875:
3158:The Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza's Ethica
2903:In the following century, the Argentinian
2565:. Much later, he wrote an introduction to
1760:
1746:
744:
305:, Spinoza significantly influenced modern
49:
13473:Dutch people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
7781:. Multitudes.samizdat.net. Archived from
7633:
7224:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.001.0001
7056:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199971657.003.0021
7003:
6979:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199971657.003.0008
6781:
6125:
5606:
5244:
5242:
3679:
3576:
3409:
11464:
8520:
7979:, PUF (Presses Universitaires de France)
7925:, Maspéro (2nd ed. La Découverte, 2004).
7913:Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays
7739:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7532:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
7209:
6714:The Collected Works of Spinoza, Volume 1
6691:
6283:
5683:
5681:
5668:
5666:
5600:
5334:
4993:
4973:
3347:
3136:
2870:community) was named in Spinoza's honor.
2841:
2716:
2465:
2149:
2085:
1956:
1779:
988:
985:Death and rescue of unpublished writings
900:
835:
753:
648:
615:
567:
536:
444:
13040:Reflections on the Revolution in France
7859:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7618:"The Religious Difficulties of India".
7592:
7559:
7417:
7301:
7080:
6939:
6917:
6632:
6260:"Van der Ham biedt Verbeet Spinoza aan"
5672:
5460:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5343:
5298:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5161:
5146:
5131:
5119:
5107:
5092:
5077:
5053:
5041:
4961:
4803:
4764:
4752:
4692:
4218:
4122:
3655:
3433:
3421:
3151:Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae
3092:Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae
3019:On the Improvement of the Understanding
2837:
2040:Spinoza has also been described as an "
1373:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
14:
13370:
10790:
8448:
8282:Baruch Spinoza (Benedictus de Spinoza)
7852:. New York: The Philosophical Library.
7694:Spinoza et le problème de l'expression
7483:
7453:
7384:
7275:
7240:
7190:
7169:
7147:
7113:
7041:
6964:
6883:
6857:
6835:
6796:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.004
6731:
6710:
6669:
6576:Spinoza and Medieval Jewish Philosophy
6509:"Spinoza y la cultura judía argentina"
6330:
6220:
6211:. New York: Philosophical Library 1946
6107:
6105:
5868:
5729:
5704:
5509:, § 47, Holt & Co., New York, 1914
5484:
5472:
5368:
5274:
5239:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4815:
4788:
4776:
4740:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4146:
4134:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4045:
4033:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3847:
3835:
3820:
3808:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3643:
3628:
3613:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3485:
3473:
3458:
3335:
3180:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
3033:The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy
2966:(lit. "The Impious", 2021), about the
2878:Depictions and influence in literature
2846:Statue of Spinoza by Nicolas Dings in
2802:Reconsideration of Spinoza's expulsion
2458:in Vedanta to Spinoza's 'Substantia.'
881:List of Epistolae (Letters) of Spinoza
13393:17th-century Jewish biblical scholars
11438:
11384:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
10764:
10580:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
9729:
8751:
8532:
8494:
8481:
8254:
7850:Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero
7829:. New York: Dramatists Play Service.
7358:
7325:
7176:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6925:. Great Philosophers. Harvest Books.
6608:
6569:
6209:Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero
6111:
6060:
6025:
5986:George Santayana, "Introduction", in
5923:
5678:
5663:
5607:Hutchison, Percy (20 November 1932).
5535:
5526:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
5008:
4869:
4158:
3667:
3601:
3497:
3384:
3359:
3277:
3271:
3002:(unpublished until the 19th century;
2081:
10680:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
10600:The World as Will and Representation
8436:
8299:Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione
8064:_____ch. 5, "How to Study Spinoza's
7935:Magnusson 1990: Magnusson, M (ed.),
7903:. Harvard University Press: 144–82 (
7874:Reclaiming wonder. After the sublime
7819:
6357:from the original on 22 January 2022
6351:"Mo 50 – Statue Spinoza – Amsterdam"
6097:Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza
5859:Kirsch, "The Reticent Radical", p.92
5580:
4876:Cartwright, Mark (29 January 2024).
3387:"The Correspondence Theory of Truth"
3156:Spruit, Leen and Pina Totaro, 2011.
3080:Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata
3014:Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione
2984:
2649:, as well as his colleagues such as
2610:, p. 83). The structure of his
2441:The 19th-century German Sanskritist
457:
27:17th century philosopher (1632–1677)
13538:People excommunicated by synagogues
13150:The End of History and the Last Man
13060:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
8059:Persecution and the Art of Writing.
7952:Individu et communauté chez Spinoza
7930:Introduction à l'Ethique de Spinoza
7869:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
7528:
7311:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6869:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6843:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6298:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
6102:
5887:. SUNY Series in Hegelian Studies.
5760:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
5744:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5716:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5355:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5173:
3588:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3445:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3396:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3371:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3287:
2386:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2255:the regularity of all that happens;
959:Descartes' Principles of Philosophy
819:attacked Spinoza personally, while
784:Descartes' Principles of Philosophy
612:Expulsion from the Jewish community
564:School days and the family business
24:
13543:People of the Age of Enlightenment
13468:Dutch people of Portuguese descent
8307:Principia philosophiae cartesianae
8240:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library
8111:Spinoza in French Philosophy Today
8043:(The Modern Library: Random House)
7684:The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza
7308:Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction
6496:"Spinoza in Borges' looking-glass"
6284:Rutledge, David (3 October 2020).
5705:Mander, William (17 August 2023).
3577:Schmitter, Amy M. (8 April 2021).
3175:List of works about Baruch Spinoza
3126:De Nagelate Schriften van B. d. S.
3027:Principia philosophiae cartesianae
2420:Historical and Critical Dictionary
2258:the identity of spirit and nature.
1882:". He takes these two terms to be
468:Spinoza's ancestors, adherents of
25:
13629:
8167:
2376:(1897–2000) insisted on the term
1961:Probable portrait of Spinoza, by
1894:). For Spinoza, the whole of the
1820:has been associated with that of
870:
13355:
13343:
13120:The Open Society and Its Enemies
10743:
10733:
10732:
9709:
9708:
8459:
8447:
8435:
8195:
7545:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2007.00076.x
6817:Within Reason: A Life of Spinoza
6543:
6531:
6518:
6501:
6488:
6473:
6458:
6436:
6413:
6390:
6369:
6343:
6331:Rocker, Simon (28 August 2014).
6324:
6311:
6252:
6240:from the original on 13 May 2011
6226:
6201:
6189:from the original on 22 May 2011
6175:
6149:
6089:
6080:
6067:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
6054:
6019:
6006:
5993:
5980:
5967:
5938:
5929:
5905:from the original on 13 May 2011
5853:
5839:
5830:
5809:
5800:
5783:
5766:
5751:
5698:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5574:
5557:
5536:Lange, Frederick Albert (1880).
5529:
5512:
5499:
5490:
5423:
5374:
5304:
5280:
5251:
5230:
4967:
3436:"Spinoza's Psychological Theory"
3434:LeBuffe, Michael (26 May 2020).
3360:Young, James O. (26 June 2018).
3305:
3217:
3145:Edwin Curley (ed.), 1985, 2016.
2911:, 1964; and "Baruch Spinoza" in
2334:(1883–1969), when Spinoza wrote
2330:According to German philosopher
1915:Substance, attributes, and modes
1049:
533:Uriel da Costa's early influence
464:History of the Jews in Amsterdam
272:
13513:Jewish translators of the Bible
13413:17th-century Dutch philosophers
13398:17th-century Jewish theologians
11927:Family as a model for the state
10530:Meditations on First Philosophy
9755:
8212:A Theologico-Political Treatise
8077:Spinoza's Critique of Religion.
7975:Moreau, Pierre-François, 2003,
5430:Spinoza, Benedictus de (1996).
3570:
3503:
3362:"The Coherence Theory of Truth"
3293:
3210:
3056:A Theologico-Political Treatise
2409:Other philosophical connections
2368:(1891–1976) suggested the term
2110:, but not necessarily with any
2052:
509:, at the fifth house along the
472:, faced persecution during the
370:intellectual pursuit of truth.
13443:Critics of the Catholic Church
13277:Separation of church and state
13175:Collectivism and individualism
13130:The Origins of Totalitarianism
8315:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
8238:on the Digital collections of
8179:Works by Benedictus de Spinoza
7963:The Face of Benedictus Spinoza
7876:. Edinburgh University Press.
7735:Koistinen, Olli, (ed.). 2009.
7644:
7593:Simkins, James (Spring 2014).
7125:. Cambridge University Press.
6813:Gullan-Whur, Margaret (1998).
6784:The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza
6717:. Princeton University Press.
6696:. Princeton University Press.
6647:. Hackett Publishing Company.
6061:Baugh, Bruce (28 March 2015).
5990:(London: Dent, 1910, vii–xxii)
5778:Religion and Rational Theology
5524:The Expanded Quotable Einstein
5344:Konstan, David (8 July 2022).
3427:
3378:
3353:
3197:
3147:The Collected Works of Spinoza
3050:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2852:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2783:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2749:Spinoza's Critique of Religion
2612:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
2597:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2591:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
2133:("intellectual love of God").
2031:principle of sufficient reason
1857:
1789:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1774:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1317:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
1021:Spinoza was buried inside the
951:Theological-Political Treatise
808:Theological-Political Treatise
804:Theological-Political Treatise
376:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
196:Correspondence theory of truth
13:
1:
13428:Censorship in the Netherlands
13403:17th-century writers in Latin
13317:Category:Political philosophy
13190:Critique of political economy
11241:Hard problem of consciousness
8409:Spinoza: Practical Philosophy
8084:Liberalism Ancient and Modern
7705:Spinoza: Practical Philosophy
7701:Spinoza: Philosophie pratique
6757:Della Rocca, Michael (2008).
5583:"God Exists, Philosophically"
3385:David, Marian (28 May 2015).
3185:
2990:
2796:
2252:the unity of all that exists;
1029:
967:Theologico-Political Treatise
963:Theologico-Political Treatise
13215:Institutional discrimination
13210:History of political thought
11942:Negative and positive rights
10715:Philosophy of space and time
8752:
8638:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
8066:Tractus Theologico-Politicus
7668:Della Rocca, Michael. 1996.
6588:10.1017/CBO9781139795395.002
5793:, Paris, 1863; eng. transl.
5520:Einstein: The Life and Times
3323:
2921:Los amores de Baruj Spinoza
2571:"De Intellectus Emendatione"
2380:to describe Spinoza's view.
2206:
2033:is commonly associated with
2024:
1532:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
1010:and possibly complicated by
831:
749:
440:
301:origin. A forerunner of the
7:
13225:Justification for the state
13010:Two Treatises of Government
10590:The Phenomenology of Spirit
8607:
8194:(public domain audiobooks)
8159:, vol. 72 (April): 341–356.
8127:Vol. 53, No. 4, Winter 2009
7950:Matheron, Alexandre, 1969.
7672:. Oxford University Press.
6732:Curley, Edwin, ed. (1996).
6711:Curley, Edwin, ed. (1985).
6618:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
6538:El Impío de Andrés Spokoiny
6337:The Jewish Chronicle Online
5825:The Westminster Review 1862
3273:[baːˈruxspɪˈnoːzaː]
3168:
2712:Expressionism in Philosophy
2594:, an allusion to Spinoza's
2539:, who translated Spinoza's
2279:Julien Offray de La Mettrie
2265:Spinoza's "God or Nature" (
2069:in some important respect.
893:, a radical Protestant and
789:
62:Baruch Espinosa /
10:
13634:
13483:Enlightenment philosophers
13438:Dutch critics of religions
13408:17th-century Sephardi Jews
11895:Bellum omnium contra omnes
8533:
7890:. Oxford University Press.
7170:Nadler, Steven M. (2001).
7089:Hackett Publishing Company
6675:Spinoza: Freedom's Messiah
6580:Cambridge University Press
6555:
6540:(In Spanish). 05/27/2022.
6296:(The Philosopher's Zone).
4882:World History Encyclopedia
3516:Collins English Dictionary
2972:physician and philosopher
2747:dedicated his first book,
2738:Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein
2631:post-war French philosophy
2277:and the dead mechanism of
2210:
2143:
1809:
1792:
1786:
1647:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1527:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
874:
844:In 1670, Spinoza moved to
794:In 1663, Spinoza moved to
461:
29:
13553:Philosophers of education
13312:
13162:
12931:
12579:
12312:
12192:
12111:
12023:
12014:
11880:
11714:
11643:
11472:
11404:
11371:
11198:
11068:
10963:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10953:David Lewis (philosopher)
10798:
10728:
10652:
10451:
10191:
9919:
9763:
9695:
9649:
9551:
9508:
9487:
9434:
9403:
9387:
9334:
9268:
9220:
9184:
9151:
9070:
9029:
8873:
8762:
8758:
8747:
8652:Methodological skepticism
8543:
8539:
8528:
8488:
8483:Links to related articles
8431:
8393:
8341:
8288:
8068:;" reprinted in Strauss,
8041:The Philosophy of Spinoza
8023:Spinoza and republicanism
7888:Spinoza and Human Freedom
7855:Kisner, Matthew J. 2011.
7682:Garrett, Don, ed., 1995.
7251:Columbia University Press
6677:. Yale University Press.
6387:(Accessed Nov. 202, 2022)
6262:. RTL Nieuws. 5 July 2012
5567:Lane Theological Seminary
3583:"Spinoza on the Emotions"
3205:coherence theory of truth
2956:José Rodrigues dos Santos
2461:
2223:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
2140:(Political Treatise) (TP)
1803:
1557:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
1350:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
1108:Aristobulus of Alexandria
935:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
693:, a group of disaffected
676:Education and study group
271:
266:
262:
229:
176:
160:
139:
135:
115:
107:
88:
57:
48:
41:
13568:Philosophers of religion
13100:The Revolt of the Masses
10705:Philosophy of psychology
10640:Simulacra and Simulation
8103:, London: Phaidon Press.
7977:Spinoza et le spinozisme
7886:LeBuffe, Michael. 2010.
7872:Lloyd, Genevieve. 2018.
7560:Nadler, Steven (2001b).
7429:W. W. Norton and Company
6841:Spinoza, Life and Legacy
6692:Carlisle, Clare (2021).
6455:(Accessed Nov. 20, 2022)
6451:21 November 2022 at the
6433:(Accessed Nov. 20, 2022)
6429:21 November 2022 at the
6410:(Accessed Nov. 20, 2022)
6406:21 November 2022 at the
6118:Materialism and Politics
6112:Rocha, Mauricio (2021),
5977:, 2 (June 1886: 144–52).
3190:
3122:Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker
2979:
2696:University of Paris VIII
2645:in France at that time.
2306:The Necessity of Atheism
1847:Principles of Philosophy
1522:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
861:University of Heidelberg
703:Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker
682:Franciscus van den Enden
32:Spinoza (disambiguation)
13573:Philosophers of science
13558:Philosophers of history
13548:Philosophers of culture
13080:The Communist Manifesto
12006:Tyranny of the majority
11917:Consent of the governed
11091:Eliminative materialism
10570:Critique of Pure Reason
8203:Works by Baruch Spinoza
8188:Works by Baruch Spinoza
8156:The Journal of Politics
7686:. Cambridge Uni. Press.
7635:2027/mdp.39015013165819
7393:Oxford University Press
7216:Oxford University Press
7191:Nadler, Steven (2011).
6948:Oxford University Press
6940:Kreines, James (2015).
6788:Oxford University Press
5507:A History of Philosophy
5263:Spinoza: Complete Works
2866:The Spinoza Havurah (a
2708:Marilena de Souza Chaui
2603:sub specie aeternitatis
2396:amor intellectualis dei
2131:amor dei intellectualis
917:, and Secretary of the
745:Career as a philosopher
484:and lived outwardly as
297:, was a philosopher of
147:17th-century philosophy
13618:Writers from Amsterdam
11957:
11907:Clash of civilizations
11893:
11343:Propositional attitude
11338:Problem of other minds
11246:Hypostatic abstraction
10161:Type–token distinction
9989:Hypostatic abstraction
9771:Abstract object theory
8702:
8636:
8602:Enlightened absolutism
8593:
8343:Concepts and interests
8039:Ratner, Joseph, 1927.
7972:(London: Verso, 2002).
7746:. Smashwords edition.
7742:Goode, Francis, 2012.
7621:The Westminster Review
7385:Touber, Jetze (2018).
6383:1 January 2023 at the
3312:
2855:
2722:
2475:
2355:
2345:
2337:
2290:
2163:
2154:The title page of the
2091:
1966:
1930:
1912:
1890:the phrase he uses is
1784:
1582:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1552:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
1249:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
1002:
926:Willem van Blijenbergh
906:
841:
759:
654:
628:
621:Excommunicated Spinoza
573:
545:
474:Portuguese Inquisition
454:
451:Moses and Aaron Church
356:for the more tolerant
13598:History of secularism
13588:Political theologians
13423:Censorship in Judaism
11922:Divine right of kings
11414:Philosophers category
11318:Mental representation
11081:Biological naturalism
10968:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
10943:Frank Cameron Jackson
10750:Philosophy portal
10630:Being and Nothingness
10046:Mental representation
8568:Counter-Enlightenment
8242:, University of Haifa
8214:– English Translation
8139:Van den Ven, Jeroen.
8132:7 August 2020 at the
8121:7 August 2020 at the
7761:Spinoza and Spinozism
7368:Yale University Press
7342:Yale University Press
7285:Oneworld Publications
6640:A Study of Spinoza's
6464:Johan W. von Goethe.
5774:The end of all things
5018:by Rebecca Goldstein"
4842:, pp. 1150–1151.
3137:Contemporary Editions
3038:Metaphysical Thoughts
2952:O Segredo de Espinosa
2845:
2720:
2552:Isaac Bashevis Singer
2550:, and fiction-writer
2469:
2281:'s (1709–1751) work,
2213:Pantheism controversy
2153:
2089:
1960:
1918:
1903:
1812:Ethics (Spinoza book)
1783:
1592:Samuel David Luzzatto
1562:Samson Raphael Hirsch
1183:Spanish and European:
1151:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
992:
919:British Royal Society
904:
839:
757:
652:
619:
597:First Anglo-Dutch War
571:
540:
448:
431:philosophy of science
295:Benedictus de Spinoza
111:Benedictus de Spinoza
13563:Philosophers of mind
13418:Age of Enlightenment
13070:Democracy in America
12449:political philosophy
12432:political philosophy
12247:political philosophy
12076:political philosophy
11986:Separation of powers
11947:Night-watchman state
11932:Monopoly on violence
11466:Political philosophy
11096:Emergent materialism
10675:Feminist metaphysics
8522:Age of Enlightenment
8107:Vinciguerra, Lorenzo
7900:Great Chain of Being
7253:. pp. 373–382.
6790:. pp. 273–294.
6026:Peden, Knox (2014).
5960:Schwartz, Daniel B.
5795:Spinoza and Kabbalah
4974:Montanarelli, Lisa.
3567:, pp. xiii–xiv.
3279:[ðɨʃpiˈnɔzɐ]
3042:Cogitata Metaphisica
2838:Memory and memorials
2710:described Deleuze's
2450:their doctrines..."
2275:first cause argument
1976:ontological argument
1294:Judah Leon Abravanel
722:Johannes Bouwmeester
419:political philosophy
344:Spinoza was born in
303:Age of Enlightenment
221:Psychological Egoism
152:Age of Enlightenment
126:University of Leiden
13603:Social philosophers
13503:Jewish philosophers
13478:Dutch Sephardi Jews
13260:Right-wing politics
13140:A Theory of Justice
13110:The Road to Serfdom
13030:The Social Contract
11737:Christian democracy
11293:Language of thought
11043:Ludwig Wittgenstein
10873:Patricia Churchland
10520:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
10031:Linguistic modality
9528:Feijóo y Montenegro
9479:Vorontsova-Dashkova
8403:Cultural depictions
8323:Tractatus Politicus
7961:Millner, Simon L.,
7521:Articles and online
7044:Melamed, Yitzhak Y.
6967:Melamed, Yitzhak Y.
6921:(23 October 1974).
6513:El Cohete a la Luna
6443:"Spinoza Monument"
5975:The Harvard Monthly
5827:, pp. 256–257.
5791:L'Univers Israélite
5733:(8 November 2023).
5587:archive.nytimes.com
5581:Gottlieb, Anthony.
3997:, pp. 100–101.
3065:Tractatus Politicus
2940:The Spinoza Problem
2913:La moneda de hierro
2582:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2563:The Harvard Monthly
2557:In 1886, the young
2554:shaping his image.
2443:Theodor Goldstücker
2378:Classical Pantheism
2156:Tractatus politicus
2146:Tractatus Politicus
2138:Tractatus Politicus
2000:Classical Pantheism
1724:Microcosm–macrocosm
1642:Joseph Soloveitchik
1312:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
1113:Philo of Alexandria
1037:Part of a series on
877:Epistolae (Spinoza)
856:Tractatus Politicus
825:Johannes Bredenburg
810:, Spinoza's friend
776:Johannes van Vloten
639:, issued a writ of
590:Manasseh ben Israel
367:permanent expulsion
315:early modern period
13583:Philosophy writers
13448:Descartes scholars
13433:Critics of Judaism
13272:Political violence
13267:Political theology
13250:Left-wing politics
13245:Political spectrum
11121:Neurophenomenology
10792:Philosophy of mind
10710:Philosophy of self
10700:Philosophy of mind
9964:Embodied cognition
9876:Scientific realism
8667:Natural philosophy
7894:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
7277:Popkin, Richard H.
7243:Popkin, Richard H.
7218:. pp. 62–86.
7005:Goldstein, Rebecca
6694:Spinoza's Religion
6582:. pp. 13–35.
6377:SpinozaHavurah.org
6294:ABC Radio National
6161:The New York Times
6014:Persons and Places
6012:George Santayana,
5944:Goetschel, Willi,
5614:The New York Times
5487:, pp. 895–96.
5022:The New York Times
4940:, pp. 321–22.
4830:, pp. 317–18.
4791:, pp. 390–93.
4779:, pp. 166–67.
4743:, pp. 252–54.
4731:, pp. 259–61.
4647:, pp. 375–79.
4560:, pp. 309–11.
4500:, pp. 243–45.
4488:, pp. 215–16.
4377:, pp. 333–38.
4341:, pp. 338–39.
4293:, pp. 229–30.
4281:, pp. 125–26.
4269:, pp. 129–30.
4077:, pp. 220–22.
4036:, pp. 205–06.
4021:, pp. 204–05.
3949:, pp. 148–49.
3631:, pp. xi–xii.
3555:, pp. 353–54.
3071:Political Treatise
2946:) by psychiatrist
2917:Alberto Gerchunoff
2856:
2817:Jonathan I. Israel
2723:
2671:Alexandre Matheron
2663:The Savage Anomaly
2624:sub specie aeterni
2608:Notebooks, 1914–16
2485:Jonathan I. Israel
2476:
2374:Charles Hartshorne
2298:religion of nature
2200:Jonathan I. Israel
2196:Political Treatise
2164:
2092:
2082:Ethical philosophy
1996:Charles Hartshorne
1967:
1936:, Spinoza defined
1892:"Deus sive Natura"
1785:
1637:Abraham Isaac Kook
1617:Monsieur Chouchani
1219:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1189:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
1156:Ismaili philosophy
1146:Brethren of Purity
1003:
911:Christiaan Huygens
907:
865:freedom of thought
842:
760:
655:
629:
625:Samuel Hirszenberg
578:Saul Levi Morteira
574:
546:
542:Samuel Hirszenberg
455:
427:philosophy of mind
387:and the nature of
307:biblical criticism
168:Western philosophy
13498:Heresy in Judaism
13331:
13330:
13325:
13324:
13235:Philosophy of law
13180:Conflict theories
13020:The Spirit of Law
12927:
12926:
11976:Original position
11432:
11431:
11328:Mind–body problem
11226:Cognitive closure
11190:Substance dualism
10808:G. E. M. Anscombe
10758:
10757:
9937:Category of being
9906:Truthmaker theory
9723:
9722:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9686:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8716:Scientific method
8573:Critical thinking
8475:
8474:
8183:Project Gutenberg
7945:978-0-550-16041-6
7909:978-0-674-36153-9
7882:978-1-4744-3311-2
7836:978-0-8222-2385-6
7807:978-0-19-927922-7
7769:978-0-19-927954-8
7757:Hampshire, Stuart
7752:978-1-4661-3399-0
7731:978-0-415-16571-6
7727:978-0-415-16570-9
7678:978-0-19-509562-3
7664:978-0-15-602871-4
7658:, Harvest Books,
7438:978-0-393-32917-9
7402:978-0-19-880500-7
7377:978-0-300-07665-3
7318:978-0-19-280316-0
7294:978-1-85168-339-0
7260:978-1-567-31347-5
7233:978-0-19-060806-4
7202:978-0-691-13989-0
7183:978-0-19-926887-0
7162:978-1-108-44246-6
7149:Nadler, Steven M.
7132:978-0-521-55210-3
7115:Nadler, Steven M.
7098:978-0-87220-620-5
7065:978-0-19-997166-4
7026:978-0-8052-4209-6
6988:978-0-19-997166-4
6957:978-0-19-020430-3
6932:978-0-15-684730-8
6903:. pp. 3–14.
6876:978-0-19-925456-9
6850:978-0-19-885748-8
6828:978-0-224-05046-3
6821:. Jonathan Cape.
6805:978-0-195-33582-8
6774:978-0-41-528330-4
6749:978-0-14-043571-9
6724:978-0-691-07222-7
6703:978-0-691-17659-8
6684:978-0-30-024892-0
6634:Bennett, Jonathan
6625:978-0-7391-1989-1
6597:978-1-139-79539-5
6507:Diego Sztulwark:
6127:10.37050/ci-20_04
6039:978-0-8047-9136-6
5926:, p. 168-69.
5693:978-0-415-10782-2
5675:, pp. 14, 95
5658:978-1-60459-156-9
5044:, pp. 31–32.
4767:, pp. 14–15.
4755:, pp. 11–12.
4101:, pp. 17–22.
3973:, pp. 72–75.
3961:, pp. 65–66.
3877:, p. 145-46.
3811:, p. 140-41.
3709:, pp. 85–87.
2985:Original Editions
2932:Berthold Auerbach
2909:El otro, el mismo
2905:Jorge Luis Borges
2868:Humanistic Jewish
2667:Autonomia Operaia
2533:Berthold Auerbach
2472:death anniversary
2436:Elijah Benamozegh
2383:According to the
2239:Moses Mendelssohn
2047:quantum mechanics
2035:Gottfried Leibniz
1770:
1769:
1607:Eliezer Berkovits
1597:Elijah Benamozegh
1587:Moses Mendelssohn
1502:Francisco Sanches
1461:Reconstructionist
1264:Isaac ben Sheshet
1259:Moses of Narbonne
1239:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1199:Abraham bar Hiyya
1043:Jewish philosophy
710:Leiden University
522:Samuel de Caceres
458:Family background
435:Rebecca Goldstein
352:family that fled
299:Portuguese-Jewish
280:
279:
16:(Redirected from
13625:
13518:Metaphilosophers
13360:
13359:
13358:
13348:
13347:
13346:
13339:
13240:Political ethics
13230:Machiavellianism
13170:Authoritarianism
13155:
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13105:
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13085:
13075:
13065:
13055:
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13005:
12995:
12985:
12975:
12965:
12955:
12945:
12021:
12020:
11962:
11898:
11888:Balance of power
11862:Social democracy
11857:Social Darwinism
11832:Multiculturalism
11777:Environmentalism
11752:Communitarianism
11459:
11452:
11445:
11436:
11435:
11180:Representational
11175:Property dualism
11168:Type physicalism
11133:New mysterianism
11101:Epiphenomenalism
10923:Martin Heidegger
10785:
10778:
10771:
10762:
10761:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10736:
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10575:
10565:
10555:
10545:
10535:
10525:
10515:
10505:
10495:
10485:
10475:
10465:
10141:Substantial form
9953:Cogito, ergo sum
9896:Substance theory
9750:
9743:
9736:
9727:
9726:
9712:
9711:
8760:
8759:
8749:
8748:
8707:
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8598:
8541:
8540:
8530:
8529:
8515:
8508:
8501:
8492:
8491:
8479:
8478:
8466:Wikisource texts
8463:
8451:
8450:
8439:
8438:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8199:
8198:
8116:Philosophy Today
8094:Valentiner, W.R.
8046:Stolze, Ted and
8036:
8019:Prokhovnik, Raia
7968:Montag, Warren,
7928:_____, 1994–98.
7923:Hegel ou Spinoza
7919:Macherey, Pierre
7863:Lloyd, Genevieve
7840:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7652:Damásio, António
7639:
7637:
7614:
7589:
7556:
7514:
7494:
7485:Yovel, Yirmiyahu
7480:
7455:Yovel, Yirmiyahu
7450:
7419:Stewart, Matthew
7414:
7381:
7360:Smith, Steven B.
7355:
7339:
7327:Smith, Steven B.
7322:
7298:
7272:
7237:
7206:
7187:
7166:
7144:
7124:
7110:
7087:. Indianapolis:
7077:
7038:
7014:
7000:
6961:
6936:
6914:
6901:Brill Publishers
6885:Israel, Jonathan
6880:
6868:
6859:Israel, Jonathan
6854:
6837:Israel, Jonathan
6832:
6820:
6809:
6778:
6753:
6728:
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6605:
6550:
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6522:
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6505:
6499:
6492:
6486:
6479:Heinrich Heine.
6477:
6471:
6462:
6456:
6440:
6434:
6417:
6411:
6399:Simply Amsterdam
6394:
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6207:Kaiser, Rudolf,
6205:
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5921:
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5912:
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5878:
5872:
5871:, pp. 1205.
5866:
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5813:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5787:
5781:
5772:Immanuel Kant. "
5770:
5764:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5739:Zalta, Edward N.
5735:"Baruch Spinoza"
5727:
5721:
5720:
5711:Zalta, Edward N.
5702:
5696:
5685:
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5360:
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5350:Zalta, Edward N.
5341:
5332:
5329:Della Rocca 2008
5326:
5320:
5319:
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5296:
5290:
5284:
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5257:Baruch Spinoza.
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5066:Della Rocca 2008
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5012:(16 June 2006).
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4878:"Baruch Spinoza"
4873:
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4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4828:Gullan-Whur 1998
4825:
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3431:
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3391:Zalta, Edward N.
3382:
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3201:
3036:, also contains
2995:
2992:
2944:Alfred Rosenberg
2936:Spinoza: a Novel
2828:Pinchas Toledano
2675:Martial Gueroult
2639:Martin Heidegger
2567:Spinoza's Ethics
2559:George Santayana
2508:Moses Mendelsohn
2474:of Spinoza, 1927
2417:, in his famous
2366:Martial Guéroult
2360:
2350:
2340:
2338:Deus sive Natura
2293:
2267:Deus sive Natura
2227:Gotthold Lessing
2097:Jonathan Bennett
2071:Jonathan Bennett
1980:Deus sive Natura
1969:Spinoza defined
1928:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1665:
1622:Emmanuel Levinas
1413:
1244:Joseph ben Judah
1224:Abraham ibn Ezra
1214:Abraham ibn Daud
1204:Bahya ibn Paquda
1171:Rabbinic Judaism
1133:
1064:
1053:
1034:
1033:
913:, mathematician
812:Adriaan Koerbagh
726:Adriaan Koerbagh
716:, Jarig Jelles,
637:Aboab de Fonseca
404:secular theology
339:Dutch Golden Age
317:. Influenced by
276:
108:Other names
102:, Dutch Republic
95:
92:21 February 1677
74:24 November 1632
73:
71:
64:Bento de Spinosa
53:
39:
38:
21:
18:Benedict Spinoza
13633:
13632:
13628:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13608:Spinoza studies
13508:Jewish skeptics
13488:Epistemologists
13463:Dutch logicians
13458:Dutch ethicists
13368:
13367:
13366:
13356:
13354:
13344:
13342:
13334:
13332:
13327:
13326:
13321:
13308:
13297:Totalitarianism
13158:
13153:
13143:
13133:
13123:
13113:
13103:
13093:
13083:
13073:
13063:
13053:
13043:
13033:
13023:
13013:
13003:
12993:
12983:
12973:
12970:Treatise on Law
12963:
12953:
12943:
12923:
12581:
12575:
12314:
12308:
12194:
12188:
12107:
12010:
11996:State of nature
11991:Social contract
11971:Ordered liberty
11959:Noblesse oblige
11876:
11710:
11639:
11468:
11463:
11433:
11428:
11400:
11367:
11313:Mental property
11206:Abstract object
11194:
11064:
11018:Wilfrid Sellars
10893:Donald Davidson
10878:Paul Churchland
10838:George Berkeley
10794:
10789:
10759:
10754:
10744:
10742:
10724:
10648:
10643:
10633:
10623:
10613:
10603:
10593:
10583:
10573:
10563:
10553:
10543:
10533:
10523:
10513:
10503:
10493:
10490:De rerum natura
10483:
10473:
10463:
10447:
10187:
10091:Physical object
9927:Abstract object
9915:
9901:Theory of forms
9836:Meaning of life
9759:
9754:
9724:
9719:
9718:
9705:
9683:
9645:
9547:
9504:
9483:
9430:
9399:
9395:Carvalho e Melo
9383:
9330:
9264:
9216:
9180:
9147:
9066:
9025:
8869:
8754:
8735:
8721:Spanish America
8595:Encyclopédistes
8558:Civil liberties
8535:
8524:
8519:
8484:
8476:
8471:
8427:
8389:
8337:
8284:
8279:
8236:Spinoza Archive
8196:
8170:
8165:
8150:. (forthcoming)
8143:. Leiden 2022.
8134:Wayback Machine
8123:Wayback Machine
8052:The New Spinoza
8033:
8017:
7937:Spinoza, Baruch
7915:. Anchor Books.
7846:Albert Einstein
7837:
7788:
7786:
7785:on 11 June 2011
7777:
7744:Life of Spinoza
7690:Deleuze, Gilles
7647:
7642:
7517:
7503:
7469:
7439:
7403:
7378:
7352:
7319:
7295:
7261:
7234:
7203:
7184:
7163:
7153:Spinoza: A Life
7133:
7121:Spinoza: A Life
7099:
7066:
7027:
6989:
6958:
6933:
6911:
6889:van Bunge, Wiep
6877:
6851:
6829:
6806:
6775:
6750:
6725:
6704:
6685:
6655:
6626:
6598:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6528:on Wikisource.
6523:
6519:
6506:
6502:
6494:Marcelo Abadi:
6493:
6489:
6478:
6474:
6463:
6459:
6453:Wayback Machine
6441:
6437:
6431:Wayback Machine
6424:(Aug. 22, 2020)
6418:
6414:
6408:Wayback Machine
6401:(Nov. 25, 2008)
6395:
6391:
6385:Wayback Machine
6374:
6370:
6360:
6358:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6329:
6325:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6282:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6166:
6164:
6163:. 25 April 1929
6155:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6110:
6103:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6059:
6055:
6040:
6024:
6020:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5994:
5985:
5981:
5972:
5968:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5899:
5879:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5788:
5784:
5771:
5767:
5756:
5752:
5728:
5724:
5703:
5699:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5664:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5579:
5575:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5546:
5534:
5530:
5517:
5513:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5440:. p. 176.
5428:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5316:PhilSci-Archive
5310:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5007:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4972:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4952:, pp. 776.
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:, p. 1158.
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4874:
4870:
4866:, p. 1155.
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:, p. xiii.
4679:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:, pp. 342.
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:, pp. 2–7.
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4009:, pp. 206.
4005:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3670:, pp. 2–3.
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3383:
3379:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3240:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3171:
3139:
3021:) (unfinished).
2993:
2987:
2982:
2960:Andres Spokoiny
2880:
2840:
2804:
2799:
2779:(Spinoza prize)
2753:Jonathan Israel
2726:Albert Einstein
2683:Pierre Macherey
2651:Étienne Balibar
2647:Louis Althusser
2504:Jewish question
2464:
2411:
2357:natura naturata
2347:natura naturans
2323:of Thought and
2291:L'homme machine
2215:
2209:
2148:
2142:
2084:
2055:
2027:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1860:
1828:as part of the
1814:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1766:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1666:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1632:Gershom Scholem
1612:Eliyahu Dessler
1491:
1490:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1360:
1359:
1322:
1321:
1299:
1298:
1289:Isaac Abarbanel
1279:Elia del Medigo
1176:
1175:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1097:
1096:
1065:
1060:
1032:
987:
922:Henry Oldenburg
891:Peter Serrarius
883:
873:
834:
817:Samuel Maresius
792:
752:
747:
699:Jonathan Israel
678:
614:
566:
535:
466:
460:
443:
379:, described by
309:, 17th-century
258:
232:
225:
206:Foundationalism
172:
156:
131:
103:
97:
93:
84:
75:
69:
67:
66:
65:
63:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13631:
13621:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13523:Metaphysicians
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13388:Baruch Spinoza
13385:
13380:
13365:
13364:
13352:
13329:
13328:
13323:
13322:
13320:
13319:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13306:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13287:Social justice
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13263:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13195:Egalitarianism
13192:
13187:
13185:Contractualism
13182:
13177:
13172:
13166:
13164:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13156:
13146:
13136:
13126:
13116:
13106:
13096:
13086:
13076:
13066:
13056:
13046:
13036:
13026:
13016:
13006:
12996:
12986:
12976:
12966:
12956:
12946:
12935:
12933:
12929:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12922:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12585:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12452:
12451:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12318:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12250:
12249:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12190:
12189:
12187:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12115:
12113:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12079:
12078:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12027:
12025:
12018:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11981:Overton window
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11890:
11884:
11882:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11812:Libertarianism
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11718:
11716:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11647:
11645:
11641:
11640:
11638:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11476:
11474:
11470:
11469:
11462:
11461:
11454:
11447:
11439:
11430:
11429:
11427:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11398:
11381:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11308:Mental process
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11278:Intentionality
11275:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11171:
11170:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11128:Neutral monism
11125:
11124:
11123:
11113:
11111:Interactionism
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11072:
11070:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11062:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11023:Baruch Spinoza
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10933:Edmund Husserl
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10903:René Descartes
10900:
10898:Daniel Dennett
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10868:David Chalmers
10865:
10860:
10855:
10853:Franz Brentano
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10833:Alexander Bain
10830:
10825:
10823:Thomas Aquinas
10820:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10788:
10787:
10780:
10773:
10765:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10740:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10656:
10654:
10653:Related topics
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10636:
10626:
10620:Being and Time
10616:
10606:
10596:
10586:
10576:
10566:
10556:
10546:
10536:
10526:
10516:
10506:
10496:
10486:
10476:
10466:
10455:
10453:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10445:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10197:
10195:
10193:Metaphysicians
10189:
10188:
10186:
10185:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9949:
9947:Causal closure
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9923:
9921:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9821:Libertarianism
9818:
9813:
9808:
9806:Existentialism
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9760:
9753:
9752:
9745:
9738:
9730:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9655:
9653:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9557:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9514:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9497:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9440:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9340:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9157:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8865:Wollstonecraft
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8766:
8764:
8756:
8755:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8642:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8604:
8599:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8544:
8537:
8536:
8526:
8525:
8518:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8457:
8445:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8412:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8347:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8327:
8319:
8311:
8303:
8294:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8278:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8233:
8228:
8224:Opera posthuma
8220:
8215:
8209:
8200:
8185:
8169:
8168:External links
8166:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8104:
8091:
8080:
8073:
8062:
8057:Strauss, Leo.
8055:
8044:
8037:
8032:978-0333733905
8031:
8015:
8008:
8001:Negri, Antonio
7998:
7995:978-0691183848
7983:Nadler, Steven
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7948:
7933:
7926:
7916:
7891:
7884:
7870:
7860:
7853:
7842:
7835:
7817:
7810:
7795:
7774:Hardt, Michael
7771:
7754:
7740:
7733:
7715:
7708:
7697:
7687:
7680:
7666:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7615:
7590:
7557:
7539:(2): 269–297.
7525:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7515:
7501:
7481:
7467:
7451:
7437:
7415:
7401:
7382:
7376:
7356:
7350:
7323:
7317:
7303:Scruton, Roger
7299:
7293:
7273:
7259:
7238:
7232:
7207:
7201:
7188:
7182:
7167:
7161:
7145:
7131:
7111:
7097:
7078:
7064:
7039:
7025:
7017:Schocken Books
7001:
6987:
6962:
6956:
6937:
6931:
6915:
6909:
6881:
6875:
6855:
6849:
6833:
6827:
6810:
6804:
6779:
6773:
6754:
6748:
6729:
6723:
6708:
6702:
6689:
6683:
6667:
6653:
6630:
6624:
6606:
6602:Cambridge Core
6596:
6572:Nadler, Steven
6566:
6565:
6564:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6542:
6530:
6517:
6511:(in Spanish).
6500:
6487:
6472:
6457:
6445:CitySeeker.com
6435:
6412:
6389:
6368:
6342:
6323:
6310:
6273:
6251:
6225:
6223:, p. 159.
6213:
6200:
6174:
6148:
6101:
6088:
6086:Deleuze, 1968.
6079:
6053:
6038:
6018:
6005:
6001:Obiter Scripta
5992:
5979:
5966:
5950:
5937:
5928:
5916:
5897:
5873:
5861:
5852:
5838:
5829:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5782:
5765:
5757:Pierre Bayle.
5750:
5731:Nadler, Steven
5722:
5697:
5677:
5662:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5599:
5573:
5556:
5528:
5511:
5505:Frank Thilly,
5498:
5489:
5477:
5475:, p. 495.
5465:
5463:, p. 371.
5453:
5446:
5422:
5420:, p. 277.
5410:
5408:, p. 276.
5398:
5373:
5371:, p. 118.
5361:
5333:
5321:
5318:. 9 July 2012.
5303:
5291:
5279:
5267:
5250:
5238:
5229:
5217:
5205:
5193:
5178:
5176:, p. 273.
5166:
5151:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5097:
5082:
5070:
5058:
5056:, p. 109.
5046:
5034:
4992:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4916:, p. 409.
4906:
4894:
4868:
4856:
4854:, p. 406.
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4806:, p. 106.
4793:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4719:, p. 296.
4709:
4707:, p. 381.
4697:
4695:, p. 755.
4685:
4673:
4671:, p. 363.
4661:
4659:, p. 399.
4649:
4637:
4635:, p. 334.
4625:
4623:, p. 344.
4613:
4611:, p. 346.
4598:
4596:, p. 343.
4586:
4584:, p. 339.
4574:
4572:, p. 314.
4562:
4550:
4548:, p. 290.
4538:
4536:, p. 264.
4526:
4524:, p. 305.
4514:
4512:, p. 215.
4502:
4490:
4478:
4476:, p. 225.
4466:
4464:, p. 456.
4454:
4452:, p. 214.
4442:
4440:, p. 343.
4430:
4428:, p. 344.
4418:
4416:, p. 350.
4406:
4404:, p. 330.
4391:
4389:, p. 322.
4379:
4367:
4365:, p. 193.
4355:
4353:, p. 184.
4343:
4331:
4329:, p. 168.
4319:
4317:, p. 164.
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4257:, p. 167.
4247:
4245:, p. 243.
4235:
4233:, p. 338.
4223:
4211:
4209:, p. 160.
4199:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4089:, p. 222.
4079:
4067:
4050:
4048:, p. 210.
4038:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3913:, p. 161.
3903:
3901:, p. 160.
3891:
3889:, p. 159.
3879:
3867:
3865:, p. 185.
3852:
3850:, p. 117.
3840:
3838:, p. 183.
3825:
3813:
3798:
3796:, p. 140.
3786:
3784:, p. 144.
3774:
3772:, p. 158.
3759:
3757:, p. 124.
3747:
3745:, p. 299.
3735:
3723:
3721:, p. 134.
3711:
3699:
3697:, p. 115.
3684:
3680:Goldstein 2006
3672:
3660:
3658:, p. 308.
3648:
3646:, p. 332.
3633:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3502:
3490:
3488:, p. 119.
3478:
3463:
3451:
3426:
3414:
3412:, p. 288.
3410:Koistinen 2018
3402:
3377:
3352:
3340:
3338:, p. 121.
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3304:
3292:
3276:; Portuguese:
3209:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:Hebrew Grammar
3128:, without the
3112:
3099:
3096:Hebrew Grammar
3088:
3075:
3060:
3045:
3022:
3009:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2948:Irvin D. Yalom
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2839:
2836:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2734:Weltanschauung
2691:Gilles Deleuze
2643:Edmund Husserl
2606:from Spinoza (
2548:Yosef Klausner
2463:
2460:
2410:
2407:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2208:
2205:
2160:Opera Posthuma
2144:Main article:
2141:
2135:
2083:
2080:
2054:
2051:
2026:
2023:
2016:psychoanalysis
1922:
1916:
1913:
1859:
1856:
1838:René Descartes
1826:René Descartes
1810:Main article:
1807:
1802:
1787:Main article:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Jacob Abendana
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Tzvi Ashkenazi
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Salomon Maimon
1514:
1512:Baruch Spinoza
1509:
1507:Uriel da Costa
1504:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:Existentialist
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:Hasdai Crescas
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:Influenced by:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1028:
986:
983:
971:Opera Posthuma
947:Opera Posthuma
915:Johannes Hudde
887:Opera Posthuma
872:
871:Correspondence
869:
833:
830:
791:
788:
772:Short Treatise
751:
748:
746:
743:
718:Lodewijk Meyer
714:Pieter Balling
677:
674:
613:
610:
565:
562:
550:Uriel da Costa
534:
531:
486:New Christians
470:Crypto-Judaism
459:
456:
442:
439:
358:Dutch Republic
327:René Descartes
278:
277:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
233:
231:Main interests
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:(according to
203:
201:Direct realism
198:
193:
188:
182:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
164:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
143:
141:
137:
136:
133:
132:
130:
129:
123:
119:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
98:
96:(aged 44)
90:
86:
85:
82:Dutch Republic
76:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:Baruch Spinoza
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13630:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13375:
13373:
13363:
13353:
13351:
13341:
13340:
13337:
13318:
13315:
13314:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13220:Jurisprudence
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13167:
13165:
13161:
13152:
13151:
13147:
13142:
13141:
13137:
13132:
13131:
13127:
13122:
13121:
13117:
13112:
13111:
13107:
13102:
13101:
13097:
13092:
13091:
13087:
13082:
13081:
13077:
13072:
13071:
13067:
13062:
13061:
13057:
13052:
13051:
13050:Rights of Man
13047:
13042:
13041:
13037:
13032:
13031:
13027:
13022:
13021:
13017:
13012:
13011:
13007:
13002:
13001:
12997:
12992:
12991:
12987:
12982:
12981:
12977:
12972:
12971:
12967:
12962:
12961:
12960:De re publica
12957:
12952:
12951:
12947:
12942:
12941:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12930:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12580:20th and 21st
12578:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12450:
12447:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12313:18th and 19th
12311:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12248:
12245:
12244:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12191:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12169:Nizam al-Mulk
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12110:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12013:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11961:
11960:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11879:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11852:Republicanism
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11642:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11460:
11455:
11453:
11448:
11446:
11441:
11440:
11437:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11403:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11370:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11358:Understanding
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11283:Introspection
11281:
11279:
11276:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11236:Consciousness
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11169:
11166:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11158:Phenomenology
11156:
11154:
11153:Phenomenalism
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11143:Occasionalism
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11116:Naïve realism
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11106:Functionalism
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11061:
11060:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11048:Stephen Yablo
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11003:Richard Rorty
11001:
10999:
10998:Hilary Putnam
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10973:Marvin Minsky
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10948:Immanuel Kant
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10938:William James
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10843:Henri Bergson
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10797:
10793:
10786:
10781:
10779:
10774:
10772:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10751:
10741:
10739:
10731:
10730:
10727:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10695:Phenomenology
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10651:
10642:
10641:
10637:
10632:
10631:
10627:
10622:
10621:
10617:
10612:
10611:
10607:
10602:
10601:
10597:
10592:
10591:
10587:
10582:
10581:
10577:
10572:
10571:
10567:
10562:
10561:
10557:
10552:
10551:
10547:
10542:
10541:
10537:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10522:
10521:
10517:
10512:
10511:
10507:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10492:
10491:
10487:
10482:
10481:
10477:
10472:
10471:
10467:
10462:
10461:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:Notable works
10450:
10444:
10443:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10190:
10184:
10183:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9856:Phenomenalism
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9776:Action theory
9774:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9751:
9746:
9744:
9739:
9737:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9715:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9694:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9651:United States
9648:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9486:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9411:Budai-Deleanu
9409:
9408:
9406:
9402:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9390:
9386:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9069:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8863:
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8778:
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8775:Ashley-Cooper
8773:
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8705:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8677:Progressivism
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8647:
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8639:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8626:Individualism
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8591:
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8462:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8434:
8433:
8430:
8424:
8423:Spinoza Prize
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:New Jerusalem
8413:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
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8067:
8063:
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8056:
8053:
8049:
8048:Warren Montag
8045:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8010:_____, 2004.
8009:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7960:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7932:. Paris: PUF.
7931:
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7910:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7895:
7892:
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7843:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7797:_____, 2006.
7796:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7721:. Routledge.
7720:
7716:
7713:
7710:_____, 1990.
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:_____, 1970.
7698:
7695:
7691:
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7675:
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7554:
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7538:
7534:
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7522:
7519:
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7512:
7508:
7504:
7502:0-691-02079-5
7498:
7493:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7468:0-691-07344-9
7464:
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7408:
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7390:
7389:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7366:. New Haven:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7351:0-300-10019-1
7347:
7343:
7340:. New Haven:
7338:
7337:
7334:
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6963:
6959:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6919:Jaspers, Karl
6916:
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6906:
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6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6860:
6856:
6852:
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6838:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:. Cambridge:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6741:
6740:Penguin Books
6737:
6736:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6654:0-915145-83-9
6650:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6578:. Cambridge:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6546:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6526:complete text
6521:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6497:
6491:
6484:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6468:
6467:Autobiography
6461:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6372:
6356:
6352:
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6338:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6261:
6255:
6239:
6236:. Entoen.nu.
6235:
6229:
6222:
6217:
6210:
6204:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6106:
6098:
6092:
6083:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6049:
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6035:
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6030:
6022:
6015:
6009:
6002:
5996:
5989:
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5976:
5970:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5947:
5941:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5898:9780791455432
5894:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5877:
5870:
5865:
5856:
5848:
5842:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5812:
5803:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5746:
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5740:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5568:
5560:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5449:
5447:9780140435719
5443:
5439:
5438:Penguin Books
5435:
5434:
5426:
5419:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5338:
5331:, p. 30.
5330:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5301:, p. 86.
5300:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5277:, p. 73.
5276:
5271:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5245:
5243:
5233:
5227:, p. 60.
5226:
5221:
5215:, p. 59.
5214:
5209:
5203:, p. 57.
5202:
5197:
5191:, p. 51.
5190:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5149:, p. 45.
5148:
5143:
5141:
5134:, p. 44.
5133:
5128:
5122:, p. 43.
5121:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5079:
5074:
5068:, p. 33.
5067:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:Bloom, Harold
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4853:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4818:, p. 22.
4817:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4749:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4221:, p. 22.
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4197:, p. 16.
4196:
4191:
4185:, p. 20.
4184:
4179:
4173:, p. 19.
4172:
4167:
4161:, p. xx.
4160:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4137:, p. 45.
4136:
4131:
4125:, p. 21.
4124:
4119:
4113:, p. 74.
4112:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4065:, p. 25.
4064:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3985:, p. 93.
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3937:, p. 84.
3936:
3931:
3925:, p. 90.
3924:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3823:, p. 38.
3822:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3733:, p. 88.
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3616:, p. 63.
3615:
3610:
3604:, p. 52.
3603:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3543:, p. 42.
3542:
3537:
3522:
3521:HarperCollins
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3500:, p. 27.
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3476:, p. 45.
3475:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3424:, p. 25.
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3350:, p. 64.
3349:
3348:Newlands 2017
3344:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3300:Steven Nadler
3296:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2974:Juan de Prado
2971:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2926:
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2910:
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2899:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:Zwanenburgwal
2844:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:Steven Nadler
2809:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:Einstein 1921
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:Antonio Negri
2656:
2652:
2648:
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2640:
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2599:
2598:
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2592:
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2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:Salomon Rubin
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
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2422:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2403:
2402:Steven Nadler
2399:
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2299:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2284:Man a Machine
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:Steven Nadler
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
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2119:
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2079:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2029:Although the
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:Sigmund Freud
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:ontologically
1939:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:Thomas Hobbes
1790:
1782:
1775:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:Righteousness
1727:
1725:
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1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
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1692:
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1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Chosen people
1677:
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1572:Isaac Cardoso
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Samuel Hirsch
1545:
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1341:
1338:
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1335:Isaac Israeli
1333:
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1197:
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1159:
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1141:
1137:
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1126:
1125:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
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1103:
1099:
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1088:
1085:
1083:
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1078:
1075:
1074:
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1067:
1063:
1057:
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1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1000:
999:Johan de Witt
996:
991:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
928:, an amateur
927:
923:
920:
916:
912:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
882:
878:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
838:
829:
826:
822:
821:Thomas Hobbes
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
756:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
673:
670:
666:
665:
660:
659:Steven Nadler
651:
647:
644:
643:
638:
633:
626:
622:
618:
609:
605:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
570:
561:
558:
557:Steven Nadler
553:
551:
543:
539:
530:
528:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
500:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
452:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
400:
397:argues for a
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
381:Steven Nadler
378:
377:
371:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Thomas Hobbes
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
270:
265:
261:
255:
252:
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245:
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237:
236:
234:
228:
222:
219:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
191:Conceptualism
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
179:
175:
169:
166:
165:
163:
159:
153:
150:
148:
145:
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138:
134:
127:
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120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
91:
87:
83:
79:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
13593:Rationalists
13453:Determinists
13301:
13200:Elite theory
13148:
13138:
13128:
13118:
13108:
13098:
13088:
13078:
13068:
13058:
13048:
13038:
13028:
13018:
13008:
12998:
12988:
12978:
12968:
12958:
12948:
12938:
12298:
12237:Guicciardini
12193:Early modern
12016:Philosophers
11966:Open society
11902:Body politic
11772:Distributism
11762:Conservatism
11757:Confucianism
11676:Gerontocracy
11666:Dictatorship
11620:Sovereignty
11610:Ruling class
11500:Emancipation
11485:Citizenship
11394: /
11390: /
11386: /
11303:Mental image
11298:Mental event
11261:Intelligence
11211:Chinese room
11057:
11022:
11008:Gilbert Ryle
10988:Derek Parfit
10978:Thomas Nagel
10908:Fred Dretske
10828:J. L. Austin
10800:Philosophers
10670:Epistemology
10638:
10628:
10618:
10608:
10598:
10588:
10578:
10568:
10558:
10548:
10538:
10528:
10518:
10508:
10498:
10488:
10480:Nyāya Sūtras
10478:
10468:
10458:
10440:
10356:Wittgenstein
10301:Schopenhauer
10245:
10180:
10171:Unobservable
10021:Intelligence
9951:
9891:Subjectivism
9886:Spiritualism
9801:Essentialism
9781:Anti-realism
9699:
9444:Catherine II
9320:
8896:Beaumarchais
8726:Universality
8697:Reductionism
8644:
8621:Human rights
8465:
8453:
8441:
8414:
8407:
8367:
8355:
8329:
8321:
8313:
8305:
8297:
8281:
8223:
8207:Open Library
8172:
8171:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8110:
8097:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8040:
8022:
8011:
8004:
7986:
7976:
7969:
7962:
7951:
7936:
7929:
7922:
7912:
7897:
7887:
7873:
7866:
7856:
7849:
7824:
7813:
7798:
7787:. Retrieved
7783:the original
7763:, OUP, 2005
7760:
7743:
7736:
7718:
7712:Negotiations
7711:
7700:
7693:
7683:
7669:
7655:
7625:
7619:
7605:(1): 52–72.
7602:
7598:
7572:(4): 40–52.
7569:
7565:
7536:
7530:
7520:
7490:
7458:
7427:. New York:
7423:
7391:. New York:
7387:
7363:
7336:
7332:
7307:
7280:
7249:. New York:
7246:
7214:. New York:
7211:
7192:
7172:
7152:
7120:
7083:
7047:
7015:. New York:
7010:
6970:
6942:
6922:
6896:
6864:
6840:
6816:
6783:
6763:. New York:
6759:
6734:
6713:
6693:
6674:
6643:
6639:
6614:
6610:Attar, Samar
6600:– via
6575:
6561:
6545:
6533:
6520:
6512:
6503:
6490:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6460:
6444:
6438:
6421:
6415:
6398:
6392:
6376:
6371:
6359:. Retrieved
6353:(in Dutch).
6345:
6336:
6326:
6318:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6289:
6264:. Retrieved
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6228:
6216:
6208:
6203:
6191:. Retrieved
6177:
6165:. Retrieved
6160:
6151:
6139:, retrieved
6117:
6096:
6091:
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6066:
6056:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6008:
6000:
5995:
5987:
5982:
5974:
5969:
5961:
5945:
5940:
5931:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5883:
5876:
5864:
5855:
5841:
5832:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5777:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5742:
5725:
5714:
5700:
5673:Jaspers 1974
5660:, letter 73.
5648:
5639:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5612:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5586:
5576:
5564:
5559:
5547:. Retrieved
5538:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5492:
5480:
5468:
5461:Bennett 1984
5456:
5432:
5425:
5418:Bennett 1984
5413:
5406:Bennett 1984
5401:
5389:. Retrieved
5385:
5376:
5364:
5353:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5299:Scruton 2002
5294:
5286:
5282:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5232:
5225:Scruton 2002
5220:
5213:Scruton 2002
5208:
5201:Scruton 2002
5196:
5189:Scruton 2002
5169:
5164:, p. 38
5162:Scruton 2002
5147:Scruton 2002
5132:Scruton 2002
5127:
5120:Scruton 2002
5115:
5110:, p. 42
5108:Scruton 2002
5095:, p. 41
5093:Scruton 2002
5080:, p. 9.
5078:Jaspers 1974
5073:
5061:
5054:Shirley 2002
5049:
5042:Scruton 2002
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5021:
5015:
4983:. Retrieved
4979:
4969:
4962:Simkins 2014
4957:
4945:
4933:
4928:, p. 3.
4921:
4909:
4897:
4885:. Retrieved
4881:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4811:
4804:Stewart 2006
4784:
4772:
4765:Stewart 2006
4760:
4753:Stewart 2006
4748:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4693:Shirley 2002
4688:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4219:Scruton 2002
4214:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4123:Scruton 2002
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4041:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3843:
3816:
3789:
3777:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3682:, p. i.
3675:
3663:
3656:Stewart 2006
3651:
3609:
3597:
3586:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3514:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3461:, p. 3.
3454:
3443:
3429:
3422:Kreines 2015
3417:
3405:
3394:
3380:
3369:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3307:
3295:
3288:ברוך שפינוזה
3212:
3199:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2851:
2831:
2820:
2807:
2805:
2782:
2777:Spinozaprijs
2776:
2772:legal tender
2758:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2724:
2711:
2686:
2662:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2580:Philosopher
2579:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2501:
2493:George Eliot
2477:
2440:
2433:
2418:
2415:Pierre Bayle
2412:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2332:Karl Jaspers
2329:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2271:Isaac Newton
2266:
2264:
2261:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2195:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2112:teleological
2107:
2101:
2093:
2056:
2053:The emotions
2039:
2028:
2020:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1979:
1968:
1963:Barend Graat
1946:
1931:
1926:Karl Jaspers
1919:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1867:
1861:
1845:
1833:
1817:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1773:
1627:Martin Buber
1511:
1495:
1446:Conservative
1419:
1366:
1328:
1305:
1209:Judah Halevi
1182:
1161:Jewish Kalam
1139:
1101:
1070:
1020:
1017:
1008:tuberculosis
1004:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
950:
946:
938:
908:
886:
884:
854:
850:
843:
807:
803:
799:
793:
783:
779:
771:
767:
761:
733:
729:
707:
679:
663:
656:
640:
634:
630:
620:
606:
594:
575:
554:
547:
519:
503:
499:Talmud Torah
495:
467:
415:epistemology
408:
392:
385:Hebrew Bible
374:
372:
343:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
249:Hebrew Bible
239:Epistemology
186:Cartesianism
122:Talmud Torah
94:(1677-02-21)
36:
13528:Ontologists
13493:Freethought
13383:1677 deaths
13378:1632 births
13074:(1835–1840)
12954:(c. 350 BC)
12944:(c. 375 BC)
12561:Tocqueville
12526:Saint-Simon
12491:Montesquieu
12342:Bolingbroke
12274:Machiavelli
12154:Ibn Khaldun
12119:Alpharabius
12112:Middle Ages
11937:Natural law
11912:Common good
11837:Nationalism
11797:Imperialism
11767:Corporatism
11742:Colonialism
11722:Agrarianism
11701:Technocracy
11681:Meritocracy
11661:Bureaucracy
11651:Aristocracy
11388:information
11379:Metaphysics
11353:Tabula rasa
11163:Physicalism
11148:Parallelism
11076:Behaviorism
11033:Michael Tye
11028:Alan Turing
11013:John Searle
10888:Dharmakirti
10863:Tyler Burge
10858:C. D. Broad
10500:Metaphysics
10484:(c. 200 BC)
10474:(c. 350 BC)
10464:(c. 350 BC)
10351:Collingwood
10256:Malebranche
10004:Information
9932:Anima mundi
9911:Type theory
9866:Physicalism
9831:Materialism
9786:Determinism
9757:Metaphysics
9701:Romanticism
9523:Charles III
9364:Poniatowski
9301:Leeuwenhoek
9281:de la Court
9269:Netherlands
9113:Mendelssohn
9108:Lichtenberg
8986:Montesquieu
8704:Sapere aude
8687:Rationalism
8682:Rationality
8672:Objectivity
8419:(2008 play)
8395:Works about
8380:Determinism
8326:(1675–1676)
7821:Ives, David
7703:. Transl. "
7645:Other works
6893:Klever, Win
6671:Buruma, Ian
6515:, 2/6/2022
6266:30 November
6234:"Entoen.nu"
6221:Israel 2001
6185:. Aip.org.
6167:8 September
5869:Israel 2023
5707:"Pantheism"
5620:8 September
5549:11 November
5485:Israel 2023
5473:Nadler 2018
5391:21 February
5369:Curley 1996
5275:Curley 1996
5027:8 September
4950:Israel 2023
4938:Totaro 2015
4926:Israel 1996
4914:Nadler 2018
4902:Israel 2023
4887:9 September
4864:Israel 2023
4852:Nadler 2018
4840:Israel 2023
4816:Israel 2023
4789:Nadler 2018
4777:Buruma 2024
4741:Nadler 2018
4729:Nadler 2018
4717:Nadler 2018
4705:Popkin 1999
4681:Nadler 2018
4669:Nadler 2018
4657:Nadler 2018
4645:Nadler 2018
4633:Nadler 2018
4621:Nadler 2018
4609:Nadler 2018
4594:Nadler 2018
4582:Nadler 2018
4570:Nadler 2018
4558:Nadler 2018
4546:Nadler 2018
4534:Nadler 2018
4522:Nadler 2018
4510:Nadler 2018
4498:Nadler 2018
4486:Nadler 2018
4474:Nadler 2018
4462:Israel 2023
4450:Nadler 2018
4438:Israel 2023
4426:Israel 2023
4414:Israel 2023
4402:Israel 2023
4387:Israel 2023
4375:Israel 2023
4363:Nadler 2018
4351:Nadler 2018
4339:Israel 2023
4327:Nadler 2018
4315:Nadler 2018
4303:Israel 2023
4291:Israel 2023
4279:Nadler 2018
4267:Nadler 2018
4255:Nadler 2011
4243:Israel 2023
4231:Nadler 2018
4207:Nadler 2018
4195:Nadler 2001
4183:Nadler 2001
4171:Nadler 2001
4147:Nadler 2001
4135:Touber 2018
4111:Israel 2023
4099:Nadler 2001
4087:Israel 2023
4075:Israel 2023
4063:Nadler 2001
4046:Israel 2023
4034:Israel 2023
4019:Israel 2023
4007:Israel 2023
3995:Nadler 2018
3983:Nadler 2018
3971:Nadler 2018
3959:Nadler 1999
3947:Israel 2023
3935:Nadler 2018
3923:Israel 2023
3911:Israel 2023
3899:Israel 2023
3887:Israel 2023
3875:Israel 2023
3863:Israel 2023
3848:Israel 2023
3836:Israel 2023
3821:Nadler 2018
3809:Israel 2023
3794:Israel 2023
3782:Israel 2023
3770:Israel 2023
3755:Israel 2023
3743:Israel 2023
3731:Israel 2023
3719:Israel 2023
3707:Israel 2023
3695:Israel 2023
3644:Nadler 2018
3629:Nadler 2011
3614:Israel 2023
3565:Nadler 2018
3553:Israel 2023
3541:Nadler 1999
3486:Nadler 1999
3474:Nadler 1999
3459:Yovel 1989b
3336:Garber 2015
3109:The Letters
2994: 1660
2761:Netherlands
2745:Leo Strauss
2679:André Tosel
2586:G. E. Moore
2510:, Lessing,
2370:panentheism
2180:aristocracy
1954:intellect.
1864:metaphysics
1858:Metaphysics
1830:rationalist
1684:Eschatology
1577:David Nieto
1542:Jacob Emden
1476:Neo-Hasidic
1355:Ibn Kammuna
1345:al-Mukkamas
1340:Saadia Gaon
1274:Joseph Albo
1234:Nachmanides
1194:Ibn Gabirol
1062:Hellenistic
1023:Nieuwe Kerk
1001:'s remains.
995:Nieuwe Kerk
975:signet ring
895:millenarian
691:Collegiants
684:, a former
595:During the
507:Vlooienburg
411:metaphysics
399:pantheistic
311:rationalism
254:metaphysics
216:Rationalism
128:(no degree)
13533:Pantheists
13372:Categories
13362:Philosophy
13282:Separatism
13090:On Liberty
12990:The Prince
12719:Huntington
12222:Campanella
12149:al-Ghazali
12098:Thucydides
12056:Lactantius
12001:Statolatry
11827:Monarchism
11807:Liberalism
11732:Capitalism
11715:Ideologies
11696:Plutocracy
11644:Government
11600:Revolution
11585:Propaganda
11535:Legitimacy
11510:Government
11424:Task Force
11392:perception
11266:Artificial
11216:Creativity
11138:Nondualism
11038:Vasubandhu
10958:John Locke
10928:David Hume
10883:Andy Clark
10560:Monadology
10494:(c. 80 BC)
10201:Parmenides
10086:Perception
9984:Experience
9871:Relativism
9846:Naturalism
9796:Enactivism
9543:Villarroel
9538:Jovellanos
9474:Radishchev
9421:Micu-Klein
9359:Niemcewicz
9326:Swammerdam
9316:Nieuwentyt
9306:Mandeville
9161:Farmakidis
9047:Burlamaqui
8956:La Mettrie
8931:Fontenelle
8886:d'Argenson
8881:d'Alembert
8805:Harrington
8731:Utopianism
8631:Liberalism
8588:Empiricism
8563:Classicism
8553:Capitalism
8385:Secularism
8090:, 137–77).
7511:1273001409
7447:1064514238
7411:1042074357
6946:. Oxford:
6910:9004103074
6899:. Leiden:
6663:1036958076
6317:Schwartz.
5924:Smith 1997
5889:SUNY Press
5386:Lander.edu
5346:"Epicurus"
4159:Smith 2003
3668:Smith 1997
3602:Attar 2007
3498:Adler 2014
3186:References
3085:The Ethics
2925:Franciscus
2861:Hildo Krop
2797:Modern era
2730:world view
2452:Max Müller
2321:attributes
2319:under two
2211:See also:
2059:Descartes'
1934:Maimonides
1932:Following
1884:synonymous
1868:The Ethics
1862:Spinoza's
1793:See also:
1602:Moses Hess
1420:Positions:
1367:Positions:
1284:Judah Minz
1254:Gersonides
1229:Maimonides
1092:Boethusian
1071:Positions:
1030:Philosophy
943:Monadology
875:See also:
695:Mennonites
511:Houtgracht
478:Vidigueira
462:See also:
331:Ibn Tufayl
70:1632-11-24
13613:Spinozism
13350:Biography
13000:Leviathan
12980:Monarchia
12974:(c. 1274)
12809:Oakeshott
12754:Mansfield
12749:Luxemburg
12734:Kropotkin
12629:Bernstein
12582:centuries
12496:Nietzsche
12439:Jefferson
12367:Condorcet
12315:centuries
12294:Pufendorf
12159:Marsilius
12046:Confucius
12031:Aristotle
12024:Antiquity
11952:Noble lie
11872:Third Way
11867:Socialism
11792:Feudalism
11747:Communism
11727:Anarchism
11706:Theocracy
11691:Oligarchy
11671:Democracy
11656:Autocracy
11570:Pluralism
11555:Obedience
11520:Hierarchy
11480:Authority
11288:Intuition
11221:Cognition
11185:Solipsism
10848:Ned Block
10818:Armstrong
10813:Aristotle
10720:Teleology
10685:Mereology
10665:Cosmology
10524:(c. 1000)
10421:Plantinga
10411:Armstrong
10361:Heidegger
10336:Whitehead
10321:Nietzsche
10241:Descartes
10211:Aristotle
10166:Universal
10096:Principle
10066:Necessity
10026:Intention
9979:Existence
9942:Causality
9881:Solipsism
9811:Free will
9664:Jefferson
9606:Hutcheson
9495:Obradović
9464:Lomonosov
9459:Kheraskov
9369:Śniadecki
9133:Weishaupt
9128:Thomasius
9118:Pufendorf
8961:Lavoisier
8946:d'Holbach
8941:Helvétius
8921:Descartes
8916:Condorcet
8911:Condillac
8845:Priestley
8662:Modernity
8583:Democracy
8454:Wikiquote
8375:Pantheism
8369:Causa sui
8363:Multitude
8351:Immanence
8099:Rembrandt
7954:, Paris:
7611:2155-1723
7578:0882-8539
7553:0031-8205
7487:(1989b).
7457:(1989a).
7141:185335604
7074:900634238
6997:900634238
6765:Routledge
6303:7 October
6136:234131869
6048:880877889
3511:"Spinoza"
3324:Citations
3270:; Dutch:
3104:Epistolae
3062:1675–76.
2704:univocity
2700:immanence
2655:dialectic
2620:Tractatus
2575:The Hague
2524:Nietzsche
2434:In 1863,
2325:Extension
2313:pantheism
2235:substance
2221:In 1785,
2207:Pantheism
2127:Intuition
2067:cognitive
2042:Epicurean
2025:Causality
1988:pantheism
1951:attribute
1947:causa sui
1938:substance
1714:Holocaust
1704:Happiness
1486:Rambamist
1466:Holocaust
1441:Chassidic
1431:Sephardic
1378:Kabbalist
1306:Yemenite:
1082:Sadducean
1077:Hasmonean
1012:silicosis
930:Calvinist
846:The Hague
832:The Hague
764:Rijnsburg
750:Rijnsburg
738:Ole Borch
515:Rembrandt
441:Biography
346:Amsterdam
335:heterodox
267:Signature
116:Education
100:The Hague
78:Amsterdam
13255:Centrism
12950:Politics
12940:Republic
12909:Voegelin
12889:Spengler
12874:Shariati
12849:Rothbard
12804:Nussbaum
12704:Habermas
12679:Fukuyama
12669:Foucault
12594:Ambedkar
12571:Voltaire
12541:de Staël
12516:Rousseau
12397:Franklin
12372:Constant
12332:Beccaria
12164:Muhammad
12144:Gelasius
12129:Averroes
12103:Xenophon
12083:Polybius
12036:Chanakya
11881:Concepts
11847:Populism
11817:Localism
11802:Islamism
11787:Feminism
11686:Monarchy
11590:Property
11580:Progress
11545:Monopoly
11515:Hegemony
11409:Category
11256:Identity
11199:Concepts
11069:Theories
11053:Zhuangzi
10983:Alva Noë
10738:Category
10660:Axiology
10514:(c. 270)
10442:more ...
10396:Anscombe
10391:Strawson
10386:Davidson
10281:Berkeley
10221:Plotinus
10182:more ...
10121:Relation
10101:Property
10076:Ontology
9999:Identity
9920:Concepts
9851:Nihilism
9816:Idealism
9764:Theories
9714:Category
9659:Franklin
9626:Playfair
9596:Ferguson
9553:Scotland
9500:Mrazović
9454:Kantemir
9449:Fonvizin
9388:Portugal
9354:Krasicki
9349:Konarski
9344:Kołłątaj
9296:Koerbagh
9245:Genovesi
9230:Beccaria
9192:Berkeley
9123:Schiller
9088:Humboldt
9062:Saussure
9057:Rousseau
9021:Voltaire
8976:Maréchal
8951:Jaucourt
8906:Châtelet
8901:Chamfort
8850:Reynolds
8753:Thinkers
8657:Midlands
8646:Lumières
8616:Humanism
8609:Haskalah
8290:Works by
8192:LibriVox
8130:Archived
8119:Archived
8096:, 1957.
8050:(eds.),
8021:(2004).
8003:, 1991.
7921:, 1977.
7865:. 1994.
7823:(2009).
7759:, 1951.
7692:, 1968.
7654:, 2003.
7586:42943396
7477:24378397
7421:(2006).
7362:(1997).
7329:(2003).
7305:(2002).
7279:(2004).
7269:44808176
7151:(2018).
7117:(1999).
7107:49775415
7035:61859859
7007:(2006).
6895:(eds.).
6861:(2001).
6839:(2023).
6673:(2024).
6636:(1984).
6612:(2007).
6449:Archived
6427:Archived
6404:Archived
6381:Archived
6355:Archived
6290:ABC News
6238:Archived
6187:Archived
5903:Archived
5592:18 March
5571:, p. 26.
5174:Lin 2007
4985:20 March
3526:27 April
3169:See also
2964:El impío
2900:(1834).
2789:and the
2768:banknote
2481:nihilist
2176:monarchy
2108:striving
1923:—
1899:universe
1886:(in the
1872:infinite
1709:Holiness
1426:Orthodox
1393:Tosafist
1388:Talmudic
1166:Kabbalah
1131:Medieval
1087:Pharisee
961:and the
849:of
796:Voorburg
790:Voorburg
669:Apologia
354:Portugal
319:Stoicism
13336:Portals
13292:Statism
13205:Elitism
13163:Related
12964:(51 BC)
12894:Strauss
12869:Scruton
12864:Schmitt
12854:Russell
12774:Michels
12769:Maurras
12764:Marcuse
12724:Kautsky
12694:Gramsci
12689:Gentile
12659:Dworkin
12649:Du Bois
12644:Dmowski
12639:Chomsky
12634:Burnham
12619:Benoist
12589:Agamben
12556:Thoreau
12546:Stirner
12536:Spencer
12481:Mazzini
12471:Maistre
12466:Madison
12461:Le Play
12392:Fourier
12357:Carlyle
12337:Bentham
12327:Bastiat
12322:Bakunin
12299:Spinoza
12289:Müntzer
12259:Leibniz
12232:Grotius
12212:Bossuet
12179:Plethon
12124:Aquinas
12093:Sun Tzu
12061:Mencius
12051:Han Fei
11822:Marxism
11782:Fascism
11615:Society
11540:Liberty
11525:Justice
11505:Freedom
11419:Project
11372:Related
11231:Concept
11086:Dualism
11059:more...
10918:Goldman
10510:Enneads
10504:(c. 50)
10470:Timaeus
10460:Sophist
10406:Dummett
10401:Deleuze
10341:Russell
10331:Bergson
10326:Meinong
10306:Bolzano
10266:Leibniz
10246:Spinoza
10231:Aquinas
10216:Proclus
10146:Thought
10136:Subject
10116:Reality
10111:Quality
10081:Pattern
10041:Meaning
10016:Insight
9974:Essence
9959:Concept
9861:Realism
9826:Liberty
9791:Dualism
9669:Madison
9641:Stewart
9581:Burnett
9576:Boswell
9561:Beattie
9533:Moratín
9518:Cadalso
9469:Novikov
9404:Romania
9379:Wybicki
9374:Staszic
9321:Spinoza
9291:Huygens
9286:Grotius
9240:Galvani
9235:Galiani
9185:Ireland
9166:Feraios
9138:Wieland
9103:Lessing
9098:Leibniz
9071:Germany
9052:Prévost
9037:Abauzit
9001:Quesnay
8991:Morelly
8981:Meslier
8966:Leclerc
8926:Diderot
8815:Johnson
8790:Collins
8785:Bentham
8770:Addison
8763:England
8711:Science
8548:Atheism
8442:Commons
8357:Conatus
8146:_____.
7281:Spinoza
7245:(ed.).
7046:(ed.).
6969:(ed.).
6923:Spinoza
6760:Spinoza
6574:(ed.).
6556:Sources
6361:20 June
6099:(1990).
5776:", in:
5741:(ed.).
5713:(ed.).
5695:, p. 40
5352:(ed.).
3581:(ed.).
3442:(ed.).
3393:(ed.).
3368:(ed.).
2969:marrano
2765:guilder
2545:Zionist
2489:Lessing
2456:Brahman
2447:Vedanta
2302:Novalis
2231:atheist
2184:tyranny
2158:in the
2123:conatus
2103:conatus
1984:atheism
1896:natural
1878:", or "
1822:Leibniz
1719:Messiah
1496:People:
1471:Renewal
1383:Karaism
1102:People:
601:English
527:Curaçao
350:Marrano
291:Spinoza
13154:(1992)
13144:(1971)
13134:(1951)
13124:(1945)
13114:(1944)
13104:(1929)
13094:(1859)
13084:(1848)
13064:(1820)
13054:(1791)
13044:(1790)
13034:(1762)
13024:(1748)
13014:(1689)
13004:(1651)
12994:(1532)
12984:(1313)
12914:Walzer
12904:Taylor
12859:Sartre
12824:Popper
12819:Pareto
12814:Ortega
12799:Nozick
12789:Mouffe
12739:Laclau
12699:Guénon
12684:Gandhi
12624:Berlin
12614:Bauman
12609:Badiou
12599:Arendt
12566:Tucker
12456:Le Bon
12417:Herder
12407:Haller
12402:Godwin
12387:Fichte
12382:Engels
12377:Cortés
12347:Bonald
12304:Suárez
12279:Milton
12269:Luther
12242:Hobbes
12227:Filmer
12217:Calvin
12202:Boétie
12195:period
12174:Ockham
12041:Cicero
11842:Nazism
11630:Utopia
11605:Rights
11595:Regime
11565:People
11550:Nation
11363:Zombie
11348:Qualia
10644:(1981)
10634:(1943)
10624:(1927)
10614:(1846)
10604:(1818)
10594:(1807)
10584:(1783)
10574:(1781)
10564:(1714)
10554:(1710)
10544:(1677)
10540:Ethics
10534:(1641)
10436:Parfit
10426:Kripke
10416:Putnam
10376:Sartre
10366:Carnap
10316:Peirce
10261:Newton
10236:Suárez
10226:Scotus
10106:Qualia
10071:Object
10061:Nature
10056:Motion
10036:Matter
9969:Entity
9841:Monism
9621:Newton
9611:Hutton
9591:Cullen
9488:Serbia
9436:Russia
9426:Șincai
9336:Poland
9276:Bekker
9250:Pagano
9212:Toland
9176:Korais
9171:Kairis
9153:Greece
9083:Herder
9078:Goethe
9042:Bonnet
9030:Geneva
9016:Turgot
9006:Raynal
8996:Pascal
8936:Gouges
8874:France
8860:Tindal
8855:Sidney
8830:Newton
8825:Milton
8800:Godwin
8795:Gibbon
8692:Reason
8534:Topics
8334:(1677)
8331:Ethics
8318:(1670)
8310:(1663)
8302:(1662)
8029:
7993:
7956:Minuit
7943:
7907:
7880:
7833:
7805:
7767:
7750:
7725:
7676:
7662:
7609:
7584:
7576:
7566:Shofar
7551:
7509:
7499:
7475:
7465:
7445:
7435:
7409:
7399:
7374:
7348:
7335:Ethics
7315:
7291:
7267:
7257:
7230:
7199:
7180:
7159:
7139:
7129:
7105:
7095:
7072:
7062:
7033:
7023:
6995:
6985:
6954:
6929:
6907:
6873:
6847:
6825:
6802:
6771:
6746:
6735:Ethics
6721:
6700:
6681:
6661:
6651:
6642:Ethics
6622:
6594:
6141:19 May
6134:
6072:19 May
6046:
6036:
5895:
5691:
5656:
5444:
5433:Ethics
5287:Ethics
5259:Ethics
4980:SFGate
3284:Hebrew
3162:Ethics
3101:1677.
3090:1677.
3077:1677.
3047:1670.
3024:1663.
3011:1662.
2888:Ethics
2884:Goethe
2832:cherem
2821:cherem
2808:cherem
2687:Ethics
2681:, and
2641:, and
2616:Ethics
2541:Ethics
2526:, and
2514:, and
2462:Legacy
2391:Ethics
2243:theism
2178:or an
2168:Ethics
2118:Ethics
2076:egoism
2063:Hume's
2008:Ethics
1965:, 1666
1908:Ethics
1880:Nature
1852:axioms
1842:Euclid
1834:Ethics
1818:Ethics
1805:Ethics
1689:Ethics
1664:Topics
1481:Mussar
1451:Reform
1436:Chabad
1411:Modern
1329:Other:
939:Ethics
851:Ethics
800:Ethics
780:Ethics
730:Ethics
686:Jesuit
664:Ethics
490:Oporto
482:Nantes
429:, and
423:ethics
394:Ethics
362:Hebrew
333:, and
283:Baruch
244:ethics
178:School
161:Region
13303:Index
12932:Works
12919:Weber
12884:Spann
12879:Sorel
12844:Röpke
12839:Rawls
12794:Negri
12784:Mosca
12779:Mises
12744:Lenin
12714:Hoppe
12709:Hayek
12674:Fromm
12664:Evola
12654:Dugin
12551:Taine
12531:Smith
12511:Renan
12506:Paine
12427:Iqbal
12412:Hegel
12362:Comte
12352:Burke
12264:Locke
12254:James
12207:Bodin
12139:Dante
12134:Bruni
12088:Shang
12071:Plato
11625:State
11575:Power
11560:Peace
11495:Elite
11473:Terms
11271:Human
10993:Plato
10913:Fodor
10690:Meta-
10431:Lewis
10381:Quine
10346:Moore
10311:Lotze
10296:Hegel
10271:Wolff
10251:Locke
10206:Plato
10176:Value
10156:Truth
9679:Paine
9674:Mason
9636:Smith
9586:Burns
9571:Blair
9566:Black
9510:Spain
9416:Maior
9311:Meyer
9255:Verri
9222:Italy
9207:Swift
9202:Burke
9197:Boyle
9143:Wolff
8971:Mably
8891:Bayle
8840:Price
8820:Locke
8810:Hooke
8780:Bacon
8578:Deism
8173:Works
7789:2 May
7582:JSTOR
6562:Books
6244:2 May
6193:2 May
6132:S2CID
5909:2 May
5737:. In
5709:. In
5348:. In
3438:. In
3389:. In
3364:. In
3191:Notes
2980:Works
2950:, or
2892:Heine
2825:Haham
2791:Quran
2787:Bible
2635:Hegel
2528:Freud
2512:Heine
2497:Hegel
2429:Laozi
1888:Latin
1776:(TTP)
1694:Faith
1674:Anger
979:Caute
642:herem
586:Rashi
582:Torah
348:to a
210:Hegel
12834:Rand
12829:Qutb
12729:Kirk
12604:Aron
12521:Sade
12501:Owen
12486:Mill
12476:Marx
12444:Kant
12422:Hume
12284:More
12184:Wang
12066:Mozi
11490:Duty
11396:self
11333:Pain
11323:Mind
11251:Idea
10371:Ryle
10291:Kant
10286:Hume
10276:Reid
10151:Time
10131:Soul
10126:Self
10051:Mind
10009:Data
9994:Idea
9631:Reid
9616:Mill
9601:Hume
9260:Vico
9093:Kant
9011:Sade
8835:Pope
8075:____
8027:ISBN
7991:ISBN
7941:ISBN
7905:ISBN
7898:The
7878:ISBN
7831:ISBN
7803:ISBN
7791:2011
7765:ISBN
7748:ISBN
7723:ISBN
7674:ISBN
7660:ISBN
7607:ISSN
7574:ISSN
7549:ISSN
7507:OCLC
7497:ISBN
7473:OCLC
7463:ISBN
7443:OCLC
7433:ISBN
7407:OCLC
7397:ISBN
7372:ISBN
7346:ISBN
7313:ISBN
7289:ISBN
7265:OCLC
7255:ISBN
7228:ISBN
7197:ISBN
7178:ISBN
7157:ISBN
7137:OCLC
7127:ISBN
7103:OCLC
7093:ISBN
7070:OCLC
7060:ISBN
7031:OCLC
7021:ISBN
6993:OCLC
6983:ISBN
6952:ISBN
6927:ISBN
6905:ISBN
6871:ISBN
6845:ISBN
6823:ISBN
6800:ISBN
6769:ISBN
6744:ISBN
6719:ISBN
6698:ISBN
6679:ISBN
6659:OCLC
6649:ISBN
6620:ISBN
6592:ISBN
6524:See
6363:2023
6305:2020
6268:2014
6246:2011
6195:2011
6169:2009
6143:2022
6074:2022
6044:OCLC
6034:ISBN
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