773:"Zeriba" or "zareba' is a native word meaning "an improvised stockade; especially, one made of thorn bushes". This is exactly what was to be constructed. Mimosa trees had to be cut down, arranged in line to form the walls of the enclosure, stacked up to a height and density to afford protection to the garrison enclosed within it, their trunks being tied together prevent them from being dragged away by the enemy. Additional protection was provided by a cordon of entrenchments with sandbag parapets around the inside perimeter of the stockade. Construction of the zeriba was the responsibility of the Royal Engineers and Madras Sappers with British and Indian troops assisting in the work of cutting the trees and dragging them into position. Others were tasked with unloading water and stores and with protecting the working parties from enemy attack. Those that could be spared were ordered to rest within the protection of the zeriba, few having had much opportunity to sleep during the preceding night.
806:
northern redoubt, thereby gaining cover for themselves as they attacked from the eastern side. An eyewitness recalled: "Everything seemed to come at once: camels, transport of all kinds, water carts, ammunition mules, 17th Native
Infantry, Madras Sappers, sick-bearers, Transport Corps, Cavalry and Arabs fighting in the midst. All these passed close to me, and went out on the other side of the zeriba, carrying away with them a number of the Marines and Officers who eventually got together and returned. The dust raised by this crowd was so great that I couldn't see anything beyond our zeriba for a minute or two, and it was impossible to see who was standing or what was likely to happen. The men behaved splendidly and stood quite still. It was the highest test of discipline I shall ever see."
117:
777:
91:
103:
36:
785:
the completed northern redoubt and half of the
Berkshire battalion in the uncompleted southern one. Working parties of engineers and others were completing the zeriba's walls. Outside the zeriba, on the eastern side, the other half the Berkshire battalion guarded the camels and mules, preventing them from straying into the bush as they awaited the march back to Suakin.
810:
feigning death, it being reported that "when our men sought to afford aid to some of the enemy who could not walk, the latter crawled towards them with their spears between their teeth, striving even yet to slay a Kaffir." One officer was killed by an Arab who had lain outside the zeriba pretending to be dead.
861:
The book "The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885" by
William Galloway was written shortly after the battle. It appears that the writer's intention was to correct several erroneous statements that appeared in both official and press reports of the battle. Galloway was particularly
833:
Several of the missing, including large numbers of "followers" (camel drivers etc.) were subsequently found, however the above figures for dead and wounded were almost certainly underestimates since they were produced immediately after the battle and therefore did not include those who subsequently
809:
By 3:15pm after an engagement lasting no more than 25 minutes, the battle ended. The Arabs lingered for another hour threatening further action, but at 4:15 they finally withdrew leaving large numbers of their dead and wounded behind. Further isolated attacks were made by injured Arabs and by some
784:
The diagram at right illustrates the disposition of troops etc. immediately before and during the battle. Indian troops were positioned along the northern, southern and western perimeters of the (unfinished) zeriba. The two redoubts were manned by
British troops – the Royal Marine Light Infantry in
749:
However, on the morning of 22 March, General Graham personally made a last-minute change to the plan. Instead of taking the
Kassala Road, a well established track leading southward out of Suakin and thence diverting southwest along a route that Graham had taken the year before (1884) when he fought
882:
the year before. In consequence McNeill and his troops found themselves struggling through a jungle of mimosa bushes with long low-lying branches covered in sharp thorns which made progress both slow and difficult while affording the enemy excellent cover for the surprise attack that they launched
805:
Large numbers of Arabs who had forced entry into the southern redoubt were quickly dispatched by the half-battalion of
Berkshires defending it, 112 bodies later being counted inside the enclosure Meanwhile, the Arabs succeeded in stampeding the transport animals towards the central square and the
866:
Compared to the earlier expedition to Hashin which Graham commanded himself, which had been protected by four squadrons of
British cavalry and a regiment of Bengal cavalry acting as scouts, the Tofrek expedition which he delegated to the command of General McNeill had only one squadron of Lancers
797:
Around 2:45 pm scouting
Lancers reported to McNeill that the enemy was gathering south and west of the zeriba and advancing towards it. McNeill immediately ordered all working parties to retreat back into the zeriba and to take up their arms, when at the same moment the Cavalry galloped into the
764:
Some 6 miles out of Suakin, McNeill came across an open area of about half a mile square from where he telegraphed back to Suakin proposing that he stop and build a zeriba within the clearing. The reply instructed him to do as he proposed and that in the circumstances, the plan to build a second
877:
Galloway was even more critical of Graham for his last-minute change to McNeill's marching orders when he instructed the column to march southwestwards into uncharted territory instead of following the established track towards Tamai as originally planned, and which Graham himself had used when
801:
The main attack came from the south and west of the zeriba. The
British and Indian troops held their ground except for the Bengal contingent lined up on the south side, who were thrown into disorder by the Cavalry and Arabs charging through their lines. After firing a few scattered volleys, the
788:
By 2:00pm, the northeastern redoubt was largely complete, and work was concentrated on the southern one. With their rifles piled inside the redoubt, parties of men were at work out on the western edge of the clearing out in front of the Sikh lines, felling trees to complete the redoubt. It was
660:
Graham's next objective was to attack Osman Digna's headquarters at Tamai, some 12 miles southwest of Suakin – a distance too great to be covered in a single day's march. It was therefore decided to establish two supply depots en route, in the form of zeribas to store the equipment, water and
745:
Part of the force was to march out the full 8 miles to construct the larger No. 2 zeriba, while the rest stopped at the 5 mile point to construct the No. 1 zeriba. Small garrisons were to remain in both zeribas while the bulk of the force was to return to camp the same evening.
789:
expected that the southern redoubt would have been completed by 3:00pm, when the second half of the
Berkshire battalion would withdraw inside it while the transport returned to Suakin under the protection of the Cavalry, Engineers, Indian battalions and others.
640:
After sending out a scouting detachment on 19 March to survey the area around Hashin some 7 miles inland, where it was believed that a number of Digna's men were camped, General Graham led an expedition comprising 8,500 fighting men and 1,500 transport animals
841:
The zeriba remained garrisoned until 6 April after which it was abandoned. On 1 May, a reconnaissance party passed by the site to find that the zeriba had been burned and destroyed by the enemy, ending its short and rather purposeless existence.
837:
The following day the British buried their dead to the northern and western sides of the zeriba, while the Indians cremated theirs according to their custom. The bulk of the force then returned to Suakin bringing the wounded with them.
1001:
873:
Whereas the ratio of men to transport animals had been over 5:1 in the earlier expedition, it was no more than 2:1 for the later one, resulting in much greater difficulties in keeping control of the animals.
628:
818:
It was estimated that over 1,000 Mahdists died out of an attacking force in excess of 2,000. The tally of dead and wounded amongst the British and Indian troops was more accurately estimated as follows:
963:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. pp.314, 315, 319, 320, 331, 334
199:
1009:
516:
1323:
431:. The Mahdists were heavily defeated, losing some 1,000 of their 2,000 fighters as compared to the loss of 70 British and Indian soldiers plus over 100 casualties.
853:
to abandon both the railway and Britain's military campaign in Sudan. General Graham and his Suakin Field Force were evacuated from the port city on 17 May 1885.
886:
Galloway also claimed that intelligence reports that the enemy was planning a major attack on the 22nd March were not passed on to McNeill before he left Suakin.
1098:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. pp.20 & 21
870:
Whereas Graham had the protection of a battery of Royal Horse Artillery able to shell the enemy at long range, no artillery was assigned to McNeill's force;
1260:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. pp.343–344.
1296:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. pp.24–25.
1305:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.42-44
1080:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.12-13
975:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.335.
192:
1242:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.335.
1251:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.89.
1233:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.88
1224:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.82
1215:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.79
1206:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.77
1197:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.74
1188:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.68
1176:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.66
1167:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.65
1158:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.61
1149:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.62
1140:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.50
1131:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.45
1122:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.31
1110:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.64
1089:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.17
1071:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.22
1062:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.35
1053:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.11
991:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.34
942:
Galloway W., The Battle of Tofrek, fought near Suakin, March 22nd 1885, Reprint of 1887 Original Edition, publ. Naval And Military Press Ltd. p.40
1329:
Sandes E.W.C., "The Indian Sappers and Miners", pub. Institution of Royal Engineers, 1948 pp. 300–306, for a brief account of the battle.
1369:
652:
The expedition successfully achieved its objectives (at a cost of two officers and a handful of men) and returned to Suakin the same night.
185:
742:
Tools, materials, water, provisions, Gardner guns and ammunition were to be carried by some 1,500 transport animals (camels, mules etc.).
95:
602:
1374:
761:
bushes whose low-level branches covered in sharp thorns slowed progress and caused havoc among both troops and transport animals.
846:
452:
474:'s Mahdist tribesmen who were well established in the coastal area, and to supervise the construction of this new railway, a
1364:
662:
416:
709:
608:
234:
352:
951:
Sandes E.W.C., The Indian Sappers and Miners, pub. The Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1948, p.300-306
499:
Graham's Suakin Field Force consisted of a combination of British and Indian troops totalling some 13,000 men.
668:
McNeill was instructed to leave Suakin at dawn on 22 March with a force of approximately 3000 men including:
463:
some 300 miles north of Khartoum, to provide a supply route for Wolseley's force in further actions against
702:
536:
281:
1379:
1354:
475:
412:
696:
523:
385:
340:
649:) to capture Dihilbat Hill near Hashin, and to establish a zeriba (a fortified enclosure) nearby.
907:
The Battle of Tofrek is also referred to as the Battle of McNeill's Zeriba (or M'Neill's Zeriba).
675:
549:
330:
682:
563:
1359:
510:
133:
313:
1324:"Armies of God: Islam and Empire on the Nile, 1869–1899" by Dominic Green, pub. Century, 2007
724:
570:
542:
460:
444:
926:
530:
8:
834:
died of their injuries, or those among the missing who were later found dead or injured.
713:
614:
370:
41:
1317:
1338:
1279:
380:
335:
318:
259:
249:
1332:
661:
rations to support the main assault, Graham assigning responsibility for this task to
482:
who had commanded the first Suakin expedition the previous year. The force arrived in
780:
Sketch map showing disposition of troops etc. during Battle of Tofrek 22nd March 1885
757:
McNeill and his troops quickly found themselves struggling through a dense jungle of
584:
345:
254:
244:
229:
850:
577:
375:
360:
291:
286:
269:
849:, in pursuing its anti-imperialist policies, took the opportunity provided by the
754:, he instructed McNeill to head southwestwards out of Suakin into virgin country.
879:
751:
689:
506:
456:
365:
308:
296:
239:
862:
critical of General Graham's planning of the Tofrek expedition on three counts:
717:
620:
448:
90:
461:
railway between the port of Suakin on the Red Sea and Berber on the River Nile
1348:
479:
420:
224:
137:
121:
451:
warriors in January 1885, together with the failure of the relief effort of
591:
556:
631:
Map showing locations of Hashin and Tofrek in relation to Suakin and Tamai
731:
471:
428:
424:
209:
142:
108:
27:
1283:
867:
plus a company of Mounted Infantry to provide warning of enemy activity;
931:
Suakin, 1885 : being a sketch of the campaign of this year (1885)
776:
464:
440:
35:
411:. A contingent of some 3,000 troops from the British and Indian
403:
was fought on 22 March 1885 some 5 miles inland from the port of
1270:
Hill, R.; Hill, R.H. (1937). "The Suakin-Berber Railway, 1885".
758:
517:
The King's Shropshire Light Infantry under Lt. Col. R.H. Truell
483:
404:
177:
646:
627:
459:, prompted the British government to revive plans to build a
408:
642:
447:
and the massacre of thousands of civilians at the hands of
798:
clearing with large numbers of Arabs hard on their heels.
1106:
1104:
802:
Bengalese turned and fled for cover inside the zeriba.
1101:
655:
635:
826:Injured: 8 officers, 125 men, plus 18 "followers";
1002:"1st Battalion KSLI in the Eastern Sudan 1885–86"
829:Missing: 1 officer, 35 men, plus 122 "followers".
734:worked by their own naval gun crews and marines .
1346:
1318:"The Battle of Tofrek" by Galloway W., pub. 1885
823:Killed: 4 officers, 66 men, plus 34 "followers";
765:zeriba at the 8 mile point should be cancelled.
1184:
1182:
1118:
1116:
1049:
1047:
193:
1045:
1043:
1041:
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1037:
1035:
1033:
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987:
985:
983:
971:
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933:, (London : K. Paul, Trench & Co.)
1179:
1113:
959:
957:
200:
186:
1024:
980:
966:
598:Indian contingent comprised troops from:
1269:
775:
626:
502:The British force included troops from:
276:British-Egyptian expeditions (1885–1889)
1335:(very similar to that given by Sandes).
1333:for another brief account of the battle
954:
478:of some 13,000 men was assembled under
99:
1347:
419:(under the overall command of General
945:
494:
181:
1370:Battles involving the United Kingdom
470:In order to provide protection from
13:
1311:
1278:(1). University of Khartoum: 119.
14:
1391:
1339:Lt. Newman of the Royal Engineers
1320:for a full account of the battle.
708:3 Battalions of Indian Infantry (
1326:for a history of the Mahdi wars.
1006:shropshireregimentalmuseum.co.uk
768:
656:Tofrek Expedition, 22 March 1885
636:Hashin Engagement, 20 March 1885
115:
101:
89:
34:
1375:Battles involving British India
1299:
1290:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
303:Ethiopian campaigns (1885–1889)
207:
994:
936:
920:
901:
856:
663:Major General Sir John McNeill
427:force under the leadership of
1:
1341:who was killed in the battle.
889:
434:
325:Italian campaigns (1890–1894)
813:
220:Mahdist uprising (1881–1885)
7:
750:against Osman Digna at the
703:Royal Marine Light Infantry
615:15th Ludhiana Sikh Regiment
609:17th Bengal Native Infantry
537:Royal Marine Light Infantry
353:British-Egyptian reconquest
172:Estimated over 1,000 killed
169:Wounded 8 officers,128 men.
167:Killed: 4 officers, 66 men;
10:
1396:
1365:Battles of the Mahdist War
489:
417:Sir John Carstairs McNeill
792:
543:Madras Sappers and Miners
476:second Suakin Field Force
217:
161:
148:
127:
82:
48:
33:
25:
20:
697:Royal Berkshire Regiment
524:Royal Berkshire Regiment
407:on the Red Sea coast of
1272:Sudan Notes and Records
845:Within two months, the
676:5th Royal Irish Lancers
550:5th Royal Irish Lancers
511:Lt. Col. E.P. Leach, VC
154:Between 3,000 and 4,000
781:
732:Gardner (machine) guns
632:
539:under Lt. Col. Ozzard.
526:under Lt. Col. Huyshe.
134:John Carstairs McNeill
128:Commanders and leaders
779:
630:
571:Royal Horse Artillery
415:led by Major General
282:Emin Pasha Expedition
162:Casualties and losses
927:Ernest Gambier-Parry
847:Gladstone government
718:28th Bombay Pioneers
621:28th Bombay Pioneers
531:East Surrey Regiment
423:) was attacked by a
413:"Suakin Field Force"
157:Estimated over 2,000
714:15th Ludhiana Sikhs
443:and the killing of
42:Charles Edwin Fripp
883:later in the day.
782:
633:
603:9th Bengal Cavalry
522:The 1st Battalion
495:Suakin Field Force
486:on 12 March 1885.
40:Battle of Tofrek (
1380:March 1885 events
1355:Conflicts in 1885
585:Coldstream Guards
394:
393:
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1008:. Archived from
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978:
973:
964:
961:
952:
949:
943:
940:
934:
924:
908:
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683:Mounted infantry
578:Grenadier Guards
564:Mounted infantry
453:General Wolseley
401:Battle of Tofrek
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202:
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21:Battle of Tofrek
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1312:Further reading
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925:
921:
912:
911:
906:
902:
892:
859:
816:
795:
771:
752:Battle of Tamai
701:1 Battalion of
690:Royal Engineers
658:
638:
507:Royal Engineers
497:
492:
457:Nile Expedition
439:The sacking of
437:
397:
396:
395:
390:
213:
208:
206:
168:
136:
116:
114:
102:
100:
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88:
74:British victory
66:
39:
12:
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5:
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1357:
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1199:
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1178:
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1112:
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1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1023:
993:
979:
965:
953:
944:
935:
918:
910:
909:
899:
898:
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888:
875:
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871:
868:
858:
855:
851:Panjdeh crisis
831:
830:
827:
824:
815:
812:
794:
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770:
767:
738:
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736:
735:
728:
725:Madras Sappers
721:
706:
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686:
681:1 squadron of
679:
674:1 squadron of
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480:General Graham
445:General Gordon
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386:Umm Diwaykarat
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56:22 March 1885
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1016:25 September
1014:. Retrieved
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83:Belligerents
26:Part of the
857:Post Mortem
730:Four naval
710:17th Bengal
472:Osman Digna
429:Osman Digna
355:(1896–1899)
341:2nd Agordat
331:1st Agordat
210:Mahdist War
143:Osman Digna
28:Mahdist War
1349:Categories
890:References
878:attacking
435:Background
915:Citations
895:Footnotes
814:Aftermath
371:Abu Hamed
314:Guté Dili
1284:41716376
465:Omdurman
441:Khartoum
381:Omdurman
336:Serobeti
319:Gallabat
260:Kirbekan
250:Abu Klea
245:Khartoum
149:Strength
61:Location
490:Prelude
449:Mahdist
425:Mahdist
346:Kassala
255:Abu Kru
230:Shaykan
1282:
793:Battle
759:mimosa
716:&
647:camels
484:Suakin
405:Suakin
376:Atbara
361:Ferkeh
292:Suakin
287:Dufile
270:Ginnis
265:Tofrek
235:El Teb
106:
71:Result
1280:JSTOR
880:Tamai
643:mules
409:Sudan
366:Rejaf
309:Kufit
297:Toski
240:Tamai
109:India
65:Sudan
1018:2016
645:and
590:The
583:The
576:The
569:The
562:The
555:The
548:The
529:The
399:The
53:Date
455:'s
225:Aba
1351::
1276:20
1274:.
1181:^
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201:e
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187:v
44:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
