36:
483:
244:
435:
802:
1937:
841:
1889:
1926:
1957:
1967:
1947:
251:
367:. According to Herodotus, Apries was the previous pharaoh whom Amasis had defeated and killed, and whose daughter was now to be sent in place of Amasis's own offspring. Once greeted by Cambyses as "the daughter of Amasis", Nitetis explained the trickery employed by Amasis to avoid giving away his own daughter to the king. This infuriated Cambyses, who vowed to avenge the insult.
509:), and would not injure them on any account. Polyaenus claims that Cambyses had his men carry the "sacred" animals in front of them to the attack. The Egyptians did not dare to shoot their arrows for fear of wounding the animals, and so Pelusium was stormed successfully. This would be an early form of
498:
visited. He noted that the skulls of the
Egyptians were distinguishable from those of the Persians by their superior hardness, a fact confirmed he said by the mummies, and which he ascribed to the Egyptians' shaving their heads from infancy, and to the Persians covering them up with folds of cloth or
468:
According to
Herodotus, Cambyses, in a last attempt to bring an end to the struggle, sent a Persian herald in a ship to exhort the Egyptians to give up before further bloodshed. Upon sighting the Persian vessel at the port of Memphis, the Egyptians ran out, attacking the ship and killing every man in
425:
to the
Persians. Psamtik, in a violent act of revenge prior to the confrontation with the Persian army, arrested all the sons of Phanes and stood them between two bowls. He then cut them one by one, draining their blood and mixing it with wine. Psamtik then drank of it and made every other councilman
645:
Manners and customs of the ancient
Egyptians: including their private life, government, laws, art, manufactures, religions, and early history; derived from a comparison of the paintings, sculptures, and monuments still existing, with the accounts of ancient authors. Illustrated by drawings of those
393:
and its sub-regions including northern Arabia, Cambyses sent a message to the King of Arabia requesting safe passage through the desert road from Gaza to
Pelusium. The Arabian king, himself an enemy of Amasis and glad to facilitate his destruction, granted safe passage to Cambyses and even supplied
473:
killed during the siege of
Memphis, ten Egyptians died, which makes the number of dead Egyptians two thousand, who may have been executed at the time or after the siege, because two hundred Mytileneans were killed. Pelusium probably surrendered itself immediately after the battle. The pharaoh was
516:
Herodotus, however, makes no mention of any such strategy, and "gives hardly any information" about the fighting in general. According to
Herodotus, Cambyses initially behaved with a certain moderation, sparing the son of Psamtik due to feeling "a touch of pity", but later, dissatisfied with his
421:, who possessed a large fleet, now preferred to join the Persians. That one of Egypt's most prominent tactical advisers, Phanes of Halicarnassus, had already gone over to the Persian side meant that Psamtik was entirely dependent on his own limited military experience. Polycrates sent 40
360:) resented the forced labour that Amasis had imposed on him, and in retaliation, persuaded Cambyses to ask of Amasis a daughter in marriage, knowing how Amasis would dislike losing his daughter to a Persian. Cambyses complied, requesting the hand of the daughter of Amasis in marriage.
527:
Cambyses then made peace with
Libyans, accepting their offer for truce. Egypt became a possession of Persia, and Cambyses its Pharaoh. Because they defeated the pharaohs of the twenty-sixth dynasty, Persian monarchs were acknowledged as pharaohs and came to be known as Egypt's
505:, "a retired Macedonian general more interested in novelty than historical accuracy," claims that, according to legend, Cambyses captured Pelusium by using a clever strategy. The Egyptians regarded certain animals, especially cats, as being sacred (they had a cat goddess named
355:
of Egypt and
Cambyses II of Persia was a gradual process involving multiple personalities, mostly Egyptians. According to Herodotus, an Egyptian physician was requested by Cambyses from Amasis on good terms, to which Amasis complied. The physician (most likely an ancient
456:, fifty thousand Egyptians fell, whereas the entire loss on the Persian side was only seven thousand. After this short struggle, the troops of Psamtik fled, and soon the retreat became a complete rout. Disoriented, and fleeing, the Egyptians took shelter in
451:
The decisive military conflict happened at
Pelusium. As Herodotus describes a sea of skulls at the Nile basin, upon the remnants of which he remarks on the differences between the Persian and the Egyptian heads. According to
517:
victory and unable to punish the already deceased Amasis for his trickery, decided to commit what Herodotus calls an un-Persian act: he desecrated the tomb of the mummified Amasis and ordered the mummy burned.
398:, even with all the precautions taken on entering the border of Egypt, only the city of Gaza resisted the Persians, which fell after a long siege. When the news of the impending battle reached Egypt,
386:
but outwitted his guards by getting them drunk and escaped to Persia, and assisted the Persian king in all manners of strategy, and was instrumental in shaping his resolve for conquest of Egypt.
363:
Amasis, unable to let go of his offspring, and unwilling to start a conflict with the Persians, instead sent an Egyptian girl named Nitetis, who was a daughter of an Egyptian named
374:. Originally a council man and advisor to Amasis, an unknown course of events led to bitterness developing between them to the point that Amasis sent an Egyptian
35:
768:
474:
captured after the fall of Memphis and allowed to live under Persian watch. He later committed suicide after attempting a revolt against the Persians.
264:
2001:
490:, the Persian soldiers allegedly used cats - among other sacred Egyptian animals - against the Pharaoh's army. Painting by Paul-Marie Lenoir, 1872.
243:
1583:
1540:
1609:
790:
1681:
2021:
1996:
1910:
1738:
1101:
2031:
830:
798:
1856:
82:
1970:
1728:
1723:
1604:
1257:
1576:
1414:
1409:
1106:
677:
582:
1991:
1693:
825:
721:
469:
it, carrying their torn limbs with them back to the city. As Cambyses advanced to Memphis, it is said that for every
482:
2006:
1846:
1614:
1171:
1023:
2036:
2016:
1878:
1824:
1676:
783:
529:
413:
Psamtik had hoped that Egypt would be able to withstand the threat of the Persian attack by an alliance with the
303:
524:
concludes that Herodotus' recorded information regarding Cambyses' actions in Egypt after the victory is false.
2026:
1950:
1851:
855:
1637:
1632:
1569:
1111:
287:
171:
1784:
1659:
1627:
1062:
669:
402:(Psammenitus), son and heir of Amasis II, gathered the Egyptian army, stationing it along the fork of the
1868:
1831:
1779:
1698:
1262:
1200:
20:
1718:
1317:
959:
776:
1841:
1809:
1794:
1789:
1688:
1642:
1205:
1960:
1836:
1757:
1708:
1252:
1088:
934:
434:
650:
620:
1303:
1211:
1129:
898:
574:
371:
370:
According to Herodotus, another motivation that solidified Cambyses's expedition into Egypt was
1940:
1873:
1713:
1524:
1296:
1282:
1268:
820:
1905:
1488:
1157:
1008:
711:
510:
390:
40:
2041:
1930:
1888:
1745:
1654:
1647:
1550:
1164:
1018:
954:
8:
1750:
1671:
1468:
1346:
1310:
919:
418:
643:
614:
1804:
1767:
1666:
1516:
1482:
1458:
1401:
1150:
1116:
865:
2046:
1762:
1703:
1474:
1463:
1225:
1219:
1185:
1178:
1081:
806:
801:
717:
673:
578:
414:
283:
117:
1819:
1733:
1545:
1496:
1341:
1275:
1244:
1233:
1192:
1143:
1074:
1003:
964:
440:
344:
343:
The most common recounting of the events leading to the battle of Pelusium is from
1380:
2011:
1510:
1336:
1289:
1055:
977:
693:
357:
207:
1799:
1238:
1136:
1096:
1049:
1033:
984:
949:
944:
457:
445:
327:
1985:
1592:
1425:
1122:
939:
871:
860:
521:
97:
84:
1861:
571:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
1013:
399:
295:
203:
198:
1900:
1561:
1419:
1366:
970:
906:
315:
147:
666:
The Cat and the Human Imagination: Feline Images from Bast to Garfield
1028:
502:
495:
487:
352:
348:
323:
319:
840:
494:
The fields around were strewn with the bones of the combatants when
410:. Amasis himself had died six months before Cambyses reached Egypt.
1772:
1432:
1373:
470:
422:
395:
307:
72:
460:. The Egyptians were now besieged in their stronghold of Memphis.
1814:
1439:
926:
912:
749:
The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 BC. to the present
453:
403:
291:
230:
223:
152:
19:
This article is about the 525 BC battle. For a later battle, see
1395:
878:
696:. New York (State). Dept. of Mental Hygiene. 1950. p. 281.
506:
375:
364:
299:
159:
1502:
885:
569:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Scheidel, Walter, eds. (February 2013).
383:
379:
311:
182:
176:
76:
417:, but this hope failed, as the Cypriot towns and the tyrant
1387:
407:
351:. According to Herodotus, the conflict between the Pharaoh
641:
713:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
444:, after the Battle of Pelusium, by the French painter
338:
290:. This decisive battle transferred the throne of the
322:. The battle was preceded and followed by sieges at
16:525 BC battle between Egypt and Achaemenid Empire
1983:
310:, an important city in the eastern extremes of
1577:
784:
318:, 30 km to the south-east of the modern
1541:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
568:
1584:
1570:
791:
777:
616:The History of Herodotus Volume I, Book II
477:
302:, marking the beginning of the Achaemenid
612:
1591:
758:, Volume One. N.P.: Minerva Press, 1954.
744:. Suffolk, England: Penguin Books, 1975.
705:
703:
481:
433:
2002:Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire
756:A Military History of the Western World
747:Dupuy, R. Ernest, and Trevor N. Dupuy.
282:was the first major battle between the
208:
1984:
709:
664:Rogers, Katharine M. (31 March 2001).
663:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
426:drink their blood before the battles.
130:Egypt annexed by the Achaemenid Empire
1565:
772:
700:
637:
635:
633:
389:Despite having full control over the
1946:
1966:
642:Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1837).
591:
339:Herodotus on motives and background
268:Location of the Battle of Pelusium.
49:Hutchinson's History of the Nations
13:
1415:Persepolis Administrative Archives
734:
694:"Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement"
630:
14:
2058:
1694:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
751:. New York: Harper and Row, 1977.
1965:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1887:
839:
800:
765:. New York: Stein and Day, 1971.
439:Meeting Between Cambyses II and
250:
249:
242:
34:
2022:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
1997:Battles involving ancient Egypt
1956:
532:(or the first Persian period).
306:. It was fought in 525 BC near
304:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
856:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
686:
657:
562:
542:
394:him with troops. According to
378:after Phanes, pursuing him to
1:
2032:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
1112:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1024:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
555:
333:
41:Henry Charles Seppings-Wright
1102:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1063:Battle of the Persian Border
670:University of Michigan Press
463:
7:
1879:EgyptâMesopotamia relations
1699:Population history of Egypt
1263:Wars of Alexander the Great
21:Battle of Pelusium (373 BC)
10:
2063:
1318:Battle of the Persian Gate
960:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
18:
1919:
1896:
1885:
1623:
1600:
1533:
1451:
1355:
1329:
1206:Wars of the Delian League
1042:
996:
897:
848:
837:
813:
619:. D. Midwinter. pp.
548:Also known as Psammenitus
429:
382:. Phanes was captured in
237:
216:
192:
138:
55:
45:The Sea Fight at Pelusium
33:
28:
1992:6th-century BC conflicts
1931:Ancient Egypt portal
1258:Second conquest of Egypt
1089:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
935:Palace of Darius in Susa
535:
2007:6th century BC in Egypt
1410:Districts of the Empire
1212:Battle of the Eurymedon
1130:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1107:First conquest of Egypt
710:Briant, Pierre (2002).
575:Oxford University Press
478:Herodotus on the battle
372:Phanes of Halicarnassus
2037:6th century BC in Iran
2017:Naval history of Egypt
1525:Seven Achaemenid clans
1297:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
1283:Siege of Halicarnassus
1269:Battle of the Granicus
649:. J. Murray. pp.
530:Twenty-seventh Dynasty
491:
448:
193:Commanders and leaders
2027:Psychological warfare
1605:Glossary of artifacts
1253:Great Satraps' Revolt
1172:Destruction of Athens
1158:Battle of Thermopylae
1009:Old Persian cuneiform
763:Dictionary of Battles
511:psychological warfare
485:
437:
391:Neo-Babylonian empire
217:Casualties and losses
1551:Cappadocian calendar
1165:Battle of Artemisium
1070:Lydian-Persian Wars
1019:Behistun Inscription
831:History of democracy
265:class=notpageimage|
98:31.041667°N 32.545°E
1751:Cursive hieroglyphs
1347:Peace of Antalcidas
1311:Battle of Gaugamela
920:Gate of All Nations
761:Harbottle, Thomas.
419:Polycrates of Samos
94: /
1724:Funerary practices
1201:Babylonian revolts
1151:Battle of Marathon
1117:Greco-Persian Wars
866:Achaemenid coinage
646:subjects, Volume 1
613:Herodotus (1737).
492:
449:
280:Battle of Pelusium
29:Battle of Pelusium
1979:
1978:
1734:Great Royal Wives
1704:Prehistoric Egypt
1559:
1558:
1226:Battle of Cyzicus
1220:Peloponnesian War
1186:Battle of Plataea
1179:Battle of Salamis
1082:Battle of Thymbra
955:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
807:Achaemenid Empire
625:Herodotus Amasis.
284:Achaemenid Empire
276:
275:
148:Achaemenid Empire
134:
133:
103:31.041667; 32.545
2054:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1891:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1546:Xanthian Obelisk
1519:
1505:
1491:
1477:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1404:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1342:Peace of Callias
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1276:Siege of Miletus
1271:
1247:
1245:Battle of Cnidus
1234:Battle of Cunaxa
1228:
1214:
1195:
1193:Battle of Mycale
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1144:Siege of Eretria
1139:
1132:
1125:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1075:Battle of Pteria
1065:
1058:
1004:Achaemenid music
987:
980:
973:
965:Tombs at Xanthos
929:
922:
915:
888:
881:
874:
843:
805:
804:
793:
786:
779:
770:
769:
728:
727:
707:
698:
697:
690:
684:
683:
661:
655:
654:
639:
628:
627:
610:
589:
588:
566:
549:
546:
441:Psammetichus III
345:Greek historians
253:
252:
246:
210:
172:Kingdom of Egypt
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
57:
56:
38:
26:
25:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1892:
1883:
1619:
1596:
1590:
1560:
1555:
1529:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1473:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1400:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1351:
1337:Earth and water
1325:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1290:Battle of Issus
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1243:
1224:
1210:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1061:
1056:Battle of Hyrba
1054:
1038:
992:
983:
978:Nereid Monument
976:
969:
925:
918:
911:
893:
884:
877:
870:
844:
835:
809:
799:
797:
754:Fuller, J.F.C.
737:
735:Further reading
732:
731:
724:
716:. Eisenbrauns.
708:
701:
692:
691:
687:
680:
662:
658:
640:
631:
611:
592:
585:
567:
563:
558:
553:
552:
547:
543:
538:
480:
466:
432:
358:ophthalmologist
347:, particularly
341:
336:
272:
271:
270:
269:
267:
261:
260:
259:
258:
254:
188:
165:
126:
102:
100:
96:
93:
88:
85:
83:
81:
80:
79:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1359:
1357:
1356:Administration
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1239:Corinthian War
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1137:Battle of Lade
1133:
1126:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1097:Battle of Opis
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1050:Persian Revolt
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1034:Cyrus Cylinder
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
991:
990:
989:
988:
985:Tomb of Payava
981:
974:
962:
957:
952:
950:Naqsh-e Rostam
947:
945:Persian column
942:
937:
932:
931:
930:
923:
916:
903:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
890:
889:
882:
875:
863:
858:
852:
850:
846:
845:
838:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
811:
810:
796:
795:
788:
781:
773:
767:
766:
759:
752:
745:
736:
733:
730:
729:
722:
699:
685:
679:978-0472087501
678:
672:. p. 14.
656:
629:
590:
584:978-0195188318
583:
560:
559:
557:
554:
551:
550:
540:
539:
537:
534:
479:
476:
465:
462:
446:Adrien Guignet
431:
428:
406:and the river
340:
337:
335:
332:
274:
273:
263:
262:
256:
255:
248:
247:
241:
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
227:
219:
218:
214:
213:
201:
195:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
180:
174:
168:
166:
164:
163:
156:
150:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Egyptologists
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1593:Ancient Egypt
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:Chapar Khaneh
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:Siege of Gaza
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:Ionian Revolt
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Tomb of Cyrus
938:
936:
933:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
910:
909:
908:
905:
904:
902:
900:
896:
887:
883:
880:
876:
873:
872:Apadana hoard
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
861:Oxus Treasure
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
847:
842:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
774:
771:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
742:The Histories
739:
738:
725:
723:9781575061207
719:
715:
714:
706:
704:
695:
689:
681:
675:
671:
667:
660:
652:
648:
647:
638:
636:
634:
626:
622:
618:
617:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
586:
580:
576:
572:
565:
561:
545:
541:
533:
531:
525:
523:
522:Pierre Briant
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
489:
486:According to
484:
475:
472:
461:
459:
455:
447:
443:
442:
436:
427:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
350:
346:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
266:
245:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
191:
184:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
167:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
129:
124:
123:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1633:Architecture
899:Architecture
762:
755:
748:
741:
712:
688:
665:
659:
644:
624:
615:
570:
564:
544:
526:
519:
515:
501:
493:
467:
450:
438:
412:
388:
369:
362:
342:
279:
277:
139:Belligerents
48:
44:
2042:Cambyses II
1971:WikiProject
1785:Mathematics
1746:Hieroglyphs
1660:Portraiture
1628:Agriculture
1615:Main topics
1469:Mithridatic
1014:Old Persian
821:Family tree
400:Psamtik III
296:Cambyses II
204:Psamtik III
199:Cambyses II
185:mercenaries
179:mercenaries
162:mercenaries
125:Territorial
101: /
1986:Categories
1901:Egyptology
1869:Technology
1832:Philosophy
1780:Literature
1672:Chronology
1489:Cappadocia
1483:Ariarathid
1459:Achaemenid
1420:Royal Road
1367:Pasargadae
971:Harpy Tomb
907:Persepolis
740:Herodotus.
556:References
471:Mytilenian
334:Background
316:Nile Delta
89:32°32â²42â³E
86:31°02â²30â³N
63:May 525 BC
1805:Mythology
1729:Geography
1719:Dynasties
1667:Astronomy
1464:Pharnacid
1452:Dynasties
1396:Satrapies
1362:Capitals
1330:Diplomacy
1029:Ganjnameh
520:However,
503:Polyaenus
496:Herodotus
488:Polyaenus
464:Aftermath
353:Amasis II
349:Herodotus
320:Port Said
158:Defected
2047:Pelusium
1941:Category
1862:District
1857:Capitals
1842:Religion
1825:Titulary
1815:Pharaohs
1795:Military
1790:Medicine
1773:Hieratic
1763:Language
1689:Clothing
1643:Obelisks
1497:Lygdamid
1433:Angarium
1374:Ecbatana
826:Timeline
423:triremes
396:Polybius
308:Pelusium
292:Pharaohs
257:Pelusium
229:50,000 (
73:Pelusium
68:Location
1961:Outline
1951:Commons
1911:Museums
1847:Scribes
1837:Pottery
1768:Demotic
1758:History
1709:Cuisine
1638:Revival
1534:Related
1517:Armenia
1511:Orontid
1440:Angarum
1402:Armenia
1381:Babylon
1043:Warfare
997:Culture
927:Tachara
913:Apadana
814:History
499:linen.
458:Memphis
454:Ctesias
404:Red Sea
328:Memphis
231:Ctesias
224:Ctesias
222:7,000 (
206: (
153:Arabian
127:changes
120:victory
118:Persian
51:, 1922)
2012:525 BC
1810:People
1677:Cities
1595:topics
1475:Pontus
879:Danake
720:
676:
623:â250.
581:
507:Bastet
430:Battle
415:Greeks
376:eunuch
365:Apries
300:Persia
183:Ionian
177:Carian
155:allies
114:Result
1874:Trade
1852:Sites
1800:Music
1714:Dance
1648:Pylon
1610:Index
1503:Caria
886:Daric
536:Notes
384:Lycia
380:Lydia
312:Egypt
288:Egypt
160:Greek
77:Egypt
1820:List
1739:List
1682:List
1388:Susa
718:ISBN
674:ISBN
579:ISBN
408:Nile
326:and
324:Gaza
286:and
278:The
60:Date
1655:Art
849:Art
651:196
621:246
314:'s
298:of
294:to
209:POW
1988::
702:^
668:.
632:^
593:^
577:.
573:.
513:.
330:.
75:,
43:Ë
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
792:e
785:t
778:v
726:.
682:.
653:.
587:.
233:)
226:)
212:)
47:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
