556:
to charge them without breaking ranks. Thus the
Hungarian archers would be prevented from nocking their arrows and shooting again, and the lightly armored Magyars would not be able to withstand the charge of the German heavy cavalry. For this reason, Henry advised his heavy cavalry to attack in unbroken lines the Hungarians at their first attack, driving them from the battlefield without letting them regroup and attack again. This early attack of the Germans, unusual in their warfare, prevented the heavy losses provoked by the Hungarian arrows in a long fight, which also prevented the dissolution of their battle order, while the light armored enemy had no chance of success against their advancing wall of shields and spears of the heavy cavalry. This shows that in 933, Henry the Fowler had deep knowledge about the nomadic war tactics of the Hungarians, based on disrupting the enemies' battle order, then "covering" the tangled enemy lines with their arrows, which without their battle order suffered heavy losses. He could acquire this knowledge only from the battles he fought against the Hungarians. According to the sources, the last battle which he fought against them was the battle of Riade. It is very likely that he used his experience gained from the tactics of the Hungarians seen in this battle, and based on this, he found an effective solution for countering these tactics. The solution used thus by King Henry reflect the tactics used by the Hungarians in the battle of Püchen.
616:
483:. Conrad was an enemy of the Hungarians, trying to oppose them, and was really angered by the alliance between his stepson (he was married with Arnulf's mother, Kunigunde) and the Hungarians, and by the fact, that he, instead of stopping them on his borders, he let them to cross unharmed, every time when they started a campaign to West. So, this was one of the causes of the hostility between the king and the duke. After Arnulf came back with his family, and took back his throne, Conrad again attacked Bavaria, but was defeated and wounded by Arnulf in a battle, and died on 23 December 918. With the death of Conrad I, Arnulf, helped by
560:
612:, and his 1500 soldiers, nobody wanted to risk their lives. So the king had to retreat in one of his fortified towns, and let them plunder his realm; so, they pillaged Lotharingia and many parts of France. The fact that the French king and his nobles let the Hungarians do what they please in West Francia shows how afraid they were from fighting against them in an open battle. Certainly, they heard the news of the heavy defeats suffered by the Germans, which caused so many deaths among the dukes and nobles of the neighbouring country.
643:. Since Berengar paid tribute to the Hungarians, and in exchange they committed themselves to defend him against his enemies; furthermore, the emperor had many personal friends among the Hungarian commanders. It is certain that he sent envoys to the Hungarians, which were in France, to help him against Rudolf. This is why in February 920, the returning Hungarian army reached from behind the army of the Burgundian king and his Italian allies, and defeated them, and then plundered the surroundings of those Italian cities (for example
516:
and the
Hungarians wanted this tribute to continue during Henry's reign too. Besides, the same chroniclers account about the payment of tribute from Bavarians, Swabians, Francians and Saxons refers to this period, which starts from 910. This is why the Hungarians wanted to know, if the tribute received by them from the German duchies will continue or not? Because they were afraid that a strong king could change this situation, uniting against them the forces of the duchies.
627:, in Lombardy, coming from North-West or West, which is West Francia. This route will be used by them in other years too, for example in 937 and 954. The majority of the historians conclude that the Italian campaign from 920 was made by the Hungarians which defeated Henry the Fowler and plundered Lotharingia and France, now in their way towards home. Besides that, Italy seemed to be an obvious return route for the Hungarians – because its emperor,
572:, luring the Germans after them into a place where the main Hungarian forces waited, encircling the now disintegrated German battle lines, which because of this, could not be controlled anymore. After launching storms of arrows upon them from all directions, the Hungarians at last finished the job in close combat with their swords and lances.
647:), which supported Rudolf. Despite his defeat, Rudolf II continued to be the candidate for the Italian throne, supported the Italian revolts, and attacked Italy, and Berengar used again the Hungarian troops against them. For example, in 921 Hungarian troops led by Dursac and Bogát defeated the Italian insurgents between
515:
writes that the cause of the campaign was to force the new king to pay tribute, and the most persuasive instrument to convince him, was an army. Liutprand refers to the fact that Conrad I paid a tribute to the
Hungarians (however, this information was not strengthened by other contemporary sources),
879:
The king drove away the Avars , who attacked his country repeatedly. And when he once, with insufficient forces, dared to attack them, he was defeated and fled in a city, with the name Bichni . Because he there escaped death, so he gave the citizens the same greater privileges than they had before,
575:
As mentioned before, the king escaped in the city of Püchen. Because of his escape, he gave to the people of Püchen great privileges, which were the biggest in the country, and besides this, gave them presents too. These great privileges and rich presents show that king Henry was in great danger to
567:
Based on this secondary source, we can conclude that in the Battle of Püchen, the
Hungarians used their most known war tactic: The Hungarian army had units which attacked and shot from distance at the German lines, which defended themselves using their shields. At one moment the attacking Hungarian
555:
fought in 933 in which the same King Henry defeated the
Hungarians, writes down the speech which the king delivered to his soldiers before the battle. Henry instructed his cavalry to attack the Hungarians in a single unbroken line, holding their shields to ward off the arrows of the enemy, and then
803:
In the same time, when the
Hungarians heard about the death of king Conrad and the succession to the throne of Henrik, they started to talk among themselves: "Maybe the new king wants to introduce new customs. So lets gather a big army, get on horseback, and test if king Henry is willing to pay us
798:
Ugyanebben az időben, amikor a magyarok meghallották Konrád király halálát és Henrik trónutódlását, egymás között ilyen beszélgetésbe kezdtek: "Az új király talán új szokásokat akar bevezetni. Tehát nem kis csapatot gyűjtve szálljunk lóra, és vizsgáljuk meg, vajon Henrik király hajlandó-e a nekünk
860:
When you start the fight, nobody should go before his brother in arms, even if his horse is faster, but from one side protected by your shields, ward off their first arrows with your shields, than with fast galloping and with the fiercest verve attack them, to shoot their arrows the second time,
825:
Although the
Hungarians fulfilled their wish, their mean nature was not satisfied by the so immeasurable slaughtering of the Christians, but in order to satisfy the anger of their perfidy, they galloped along through the county of the Bavarians, Swabians, Francians and Saxons, burning everything.
855:
Amikor elkezditek a harcot, senki ne próbálja előzni bajtársát, még ha gyorsabb is a lova, hanem egyik oldalról pajzsoktól védve, a pajzsokon fogjátok fel az első nyíllövéseket, azután sebes vágtatással és leghevesebb lendülettel rohanjatok rájuk, hogy másodszor ne tudják kilőni rátok nyilaikat,
874:
Rex autem Avares sepenumero insurgentes expulit. Et cum in uno dierum hos inpari congressu ledere temptaret, victus in urbem, quae Bichni vocatur, fugit; ibique mortis periculum evadens, urbanos maiori gloria, quam hactenus haberent vel comprovinciales hodie teneant, et ad haec muneribus dignis
820:
A magyaroknak teljesült ugyan az óhajuk, de aljas természetüket mégsem elégítette ki a keresztények ily mérhetetlen legyilkolása, hanem, hogy álnokságuk dühét jóllakassák, keresztülszáguldoznak a bajorok, svábok, frankok és szászok országán, mindent felperzselve. Nem is akadt senki, aki
470:, tried to shape a modus vivendi with the Hungarians, which consisted in paying a tribute to them, letting their armies cross his lands when they went to attack other countries, and using their help to defeat his enemies. When in 914, he was chased away by the East Francian king
588:. Subsequently, the accidental falling of an important Hungarian prince or commander into the Germans' hands induced the Magyars to negotiate with Henry, after which a peace treaty was concluded in which the king accepted to pay tribute to the Magyars for nine years.
584:, the restarting of the payment of the tribute from the German king. However, in 924, after another campaign in Saxony, when the king, still remembering his defeat at Püchen and feeling himself too weak to resist further, retreated into the castle of
474:
from his throne, he with his family retreated to
Hungary, and, after an unsuccessful attempt in 916, he regained his duchy with Magyar's help in 917. This occurred while the Hungarians, continuing their campaign towards West, occupied and burned
543:
of
Thietmar (the only contemporary source which mentions the battle), which reports only that King Henry wanted to stop them at Püchen, but was defeated and barely saved his life by fleeing to the above-mentioned city.
378:, and ended with a Hungarian victory. This battle was a part of a long range Magyar raiding campaign, which lasted between the summer of 919 and the late winter or early spring of 920, and took part in countries like
663:, and finally Rudolf II was elected as king of Italy. But soon, the Italians revolted against him too, and in 926 he was defeated and forced to renounce from the Italian kingdom, by his former ally,
826:
Indeed, nobody remained who could wait until they arrived, in other place than the places fortified with great effort or by nature. The people who lived here paid them tribute many years from now on
563:
The
Hungarian campaign in Europe of 919-920, which resulted in the Hungarian victories of Püchen against the king of East Francia and of 920 against the Burgundian king from 920 in Italy.
310:
143:
519:
Henry fought even before 919 with the Hungarians. For example, in 915, when he was just duke, they attacked Saxony, Henry or one of his commanders having been vanquished by them at
659:, the Italian kingdoms capital, at the request of Berengar, because the city became supporter of Rudolf II. Despite this help, Berengar I was assassinated on 7 April 924 in
804:
the tribute, which is due to us. Because if he is not different from the other kings -as we believe-, his country will be destroyed by massacre and immeasurable fire.
580:, we know that after the battle, the Hungarians "cruelly plundered Saxony", and took a large amount of plunder. We do not know if this battle had other consequences,
821:
megjelenésüket máshol, mint a nagy fáradtsággal, vagy a természettől fogva megerősített helyeken bevárta volna. A nép itt jó néhány éven keresztül adófizetőjük lett"
511:
Historians agree that the Hungarian campaign of 919-920 started from Arnulf's thirst for revenge, because Henry the Fowler was elected as German king and not him.
303:
136:
670:
The Hungarian victory at Püchen assured the Hungarian military superiority in Central, Western and Southern Europe for another fourteen years (until 933, the
1047:
1042:
995:
During the negotiations, without their knowledge, the Hungarians came to Verona, whose two lords, Dursak and Bogát were in good friendship with Berengar"
296:
129:
991:
A tárgyalások közben azonban tudtukon kívül Veronába érkeztek a magyarok, akiknek két fejedelme, Dursak ás Bogát igen jó barátságban volt Berengárral"
698:
1057:
631:, was one of their most loyal ally. They had another reason as well–some of the Italians were discontented with Berengar, and invited the king of
674:), strengthened their alliances with countries which paid them tribute (Bavaria, Swabia, Kingdom of Italy), assured, from 924, the tribute of
900:
799:
járó adót megfizetni. Mert ha nem különbözik a többi királytól -mint hisszük-, akkor öldöklés és mérhetetlen tűzvész pusztítja el országát"."
714:
Antapodosis of Liutprand of Cremona. In Györffy György: A magyarok elődeiről és a honfoglalásról; Osiris Kiadó, Budapest, 2002 p. 217-218
608:
sent an order to all the nobles and forces of the duchy to join his army, to fight against them, but besides Heribert, the archbishop of
667:, allied with the Hungarians. Hugh of Arles became king of Italy, and the price was that he started to pay a tribute to the Hungarians.
678:, and widened the length and range of the Hungarian campaigns until the shores of Atlantic Ocean, borders of Spain and Southern Italy.
615:
177:
172:
1082:
624:
1062:
1052:
539:, Henry's army faced the Hungarians at Püchen. Unfortunately, we do not have a detailed account of the battle from the
487:, hoped that he could be elected as East Francian king, but as a final revenge, the king, on his death-bed, designated
745:
796:
Antapodosis of Liutprand of Cremona. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 217 Hungarian translation from the original Latin: "
1077:
434:
has the only account of this battle. In addition other chronicles account the Hungarian campaign against Saxony:
880:
and which have no match among their countrymen until this day, and besides that, he gave them rich presents too
459:
367:
247:
153:
28:
479:, a city which was, several months before, captured by Conrad I from the supporters of Arnulf and his ally,
277:
272:
989:
of Luidprand of Cremona. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 219. Hungarian translation from the original Latin: "
890:
Kristó Gyula: Levedi törzsszövetségétől Szent István Államáig; Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980, p. 249
604:, entering Lotharingia, in those times a French province, towards the end of 919. The West Francian king
484:
480:
838:("The Era of the Princes. The chronological sketch of the early Hungarian history. II. part. 900-1000")
695:
1087:
267:
262:
257:
217:
202:
197:
1067:
467:
86:
723:
Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991., p. 129-130
182:
836:
Baják lászló: A fejedelmek kora. A korai magyar történet időrendi vázlata. II. rész. 900-1000
559:
636:
431:
403:
227:
850:
815:
548:
512:
439:
8:
628:
471:
455:
237:
192:
905:
605:
415:
242:
741:
740:(in Hungarian). Budapest: História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete. pp. 37–38.
212:
207:
623:
In the winter of the year 920, the Hungarians appear first in Burgundy, then in the
619:
Hungary and the regions which paid tribute or protection money to it between 926-932
785:
Der Eintritt des ungarischen Staemmebundes in die Europaeische Geschichte (862-933)
597:
488:
463:
395:
391:
375:
345:
321:
187:
167:
98:
702:
671:
569:
552:
496:
350:
232:
288:
121:
705:
herausg. von Robert Holtzmann. Berlin Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1935, p. 21-22
696:
Die Chronik des Bischofs Thietmar von Merseburg und ihre Korveier Überarbeitung
632:
547:
However, a secondary source can enlighten us about some aspects of the battle.
252:
787:
Ungarisches Institut München. V. Hase & Koehler Verlag. Mainz, 1968, p. 61
1036:
664:
585:
340:
1072:
784:
675:
601:
407:
383:
379:
371:
81:
411:
500:
640:
520:
492:
399:
387:
491:
as new king; a choice which was confirmed also by the assembly of
648:
644:
52:
655:, and on 24 March 924 the Magyar forces led by Szalárd occupied
717:
660:
652:
536:
524:
56:
856:
mindaddig, amíg nem érzik a fegyvereitek által ütött sebeket."
576:
lose his life, so his defeat and losses had to be heavy. From
656:
609:
476:
961:
959:
51:
near the town Püchen, today Püchau, a district of the town
394:, resulting in victorious battles against the German king
973:
971:
956:
761:
759:
757:
639:
to be their ruler. So, Rudolf II attacked Italy through
737:("The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries")
523:, and during the same campaign they burned the city of
968:
754:
600:, the Hungarian army continued the campaign towards
462:, and of a big part of the Bavarian elite, the new
853:. Hungarian translation from the original Latin: "
818:. Hungarian translation from the original Latin: "
884:
861:until they feel the wounds caused by your weapons
830:
318:
151:
1034:
872:Thietmar, 1935, p. 21-22 Latin original text: "
849:Györffy György 2002 p. 218 From Antapodosis of
814:Györffy György 2002 p. 214 From Antapodosis of
901:Res gestae Saxonicae sive annalium libri tres
694:Thietmari Merseburgensis Episcopi Chronicon,
458:in 907, resulting in the death of his father
304:
137:
1048:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages
1043:Battles of the Hungarian invasions of Europe
993:. English translation from the Hungarian: "
436:Antapodosis, seu rerum per Europam gestarum
366:was fought in the summer of 919, between a
858:. English translation from the Hungarian:
311:
297:
178:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
144:
130:
777:
16:Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe
823:English translation from the Hungarian:
801:English translation from the Hungarian:
614:
558:
1058:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
735:A magyarok és Európa a 9-10. században
688:
1035:
292:
125:
877:English translation from the Latin:
732:
726:
13:
173:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896
14:
1099:
935:Reuter, Timothy, 1991 p. 129-130
908:. In. Györffy György 2002 p. 234
774:Reuter, Timothy, 1991 p. 136-137
495:, in May 919 by the nobles from
1018:
1009:
1000:
980:
947:
938:
929:
920:
911:
893:
866:
843:
1083:Battles involving East Francia
808:
790:
768:
708:
1:
926:Kristó Gyula 1980, p. 249-250
681:
449:
418:had no courage to face them.
155:Hungarian invasions of Europe
29:Hungarian invasions of Europe
944:Baják László 2000, p. 23, 29
591:
7:
1024:Baják László 2000, p. 15-20
1006:Baják László 2000, p. 16-17
840:; ÓMT, Budapest, 2000 p. 14
485:Burchard II, Duke of Swabia
481:Burchard II, Duke of Swabia
103:Unknown Hungarian Commander
10:
1104:
1063:Military history of Saxony
596:After the victory against
506:
421:
1053:Battles involving Hungary
965:Kristó Gyula 1980, p. 251
530:
489:Henry, the duke of Saxony
331:
163:
107:
92:
75:
34:
26:
21:
551:, when he describes the
273:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars
1078:10th century in Hungary
87:Principality of Hungary
977:Bóna István 2000 p. 44
765:Bóna István 2000 p. 38
620:
564:
370:and the newly elected
368:Hungarian raiding army
93:Commanders and leaders
733:Bóna, István (2000).
618:
562:
432:Thietmar of Merseburg
108:Casualties and losses
851:Liutprand of Cremona
816:Liutprand of Cremona
549:Liutprand of Cremona
513:Liutprand of Cremona
454:After the defeat of
440:Liutprand of Cremona
578:Annales Corbeienses
444:Annales Corbeienses
906:Widukind of Corvey
701:2019-05-17 at the
621:
606:Charles the Simple
565:
416:Charles the Simple
1015:Bóna, 2000, p. 45
953:Vajay 1968, p. 62
917:Bóna, 2000, p. 49
359:
358:
286:
285:
120:
119:
71:
70:
67:Hungarian victory
1095:
1088:Henry the Fowler
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
984:
978:
975:
966:
963:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
897:
891:
888:
882:
870:
864:
847:
841:
834:
828:
812:
806:
794:
788:
783:Vajay Szabolcs,
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
752:
751:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
692:
598:Henry the Fowler
396:Henry the Fowler
392:Kingdom of Italy
376:Henry the Fowler
364:Battle of Püchen
326:
324:
323:Henry the Fowler
313:
306:
299:
290:
289:
158:
156:
146:
139:
132:
123:
122:
99:Henry the Fowler
36:
35:
22:Battle of Püchen
19:
18:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
985:
981:
976:
969:
964:
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
898:
894:
889:
885:
871:
867:
848:
844:
835:
831:
813:
809:
795:
791:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
755:
748:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
703:Wayback Machine
693:
689:
684:
672:Battle of Riade
625:Italian Kingdom
594:
570:feigned retreat
553:Battle of Riade
533:
509:
464:duke of Bavaria
452:
424:
360:
355:
327:
322:
319:
317:
287:
282:
159:
154:
152:
150:
116:Not significant
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:910s conflicts
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
979:
967:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
892:
883:
865:
842:
829:
807:
789:
776:
767:
753:
746:
725:
716:
707:
686:
685:
683:
680:
633:Upper Burgundy
593:
590:
532:
529:
508:
505:
451:
448:
423:
420:
357:
356:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
316:
315:
308:
301:
293:
284:
283:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
258:Lechfeld (955)
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
203:Lechfeld (910)
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
164:
161:
160:
149:
148:
141:
134:
126:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1012:
1003:
996:
992:
988:
983:
974:
972:
962:
960:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
907:
903:
902:
896:
887:
881:
876:
869:
862:
857:
852:
846:
839:
833:
827:
822:
817:
811:
805:
800:
793:
786:
780:
771:
762:
760:
758:
749:
747:963-8312-67-X
743:
739:
736:
729:
720:
711:
704:
700:
697:
691:
687:
679:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:Hugh of Arles
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
573:
571:
561:
557:
554:
550:
545:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
517:
514:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
447:
445:
441:
438:, written by
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:West Francian
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:/German king
373:
372:East Francian
369:
365:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
325:
320:Campaigns of
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:
291:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
127:
124:
115:
112:
111:
106:
102:
100:
97:
96:
91:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
74:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
899:
895:
886:
878:
873:
868:
859:
854:
845:
837:
832:
824:
819:
810:
802:
797:
792:
779:
770:
738:
734:
728:
719:
710:
690:
676:East Francia
669:
622:
602:West Francia
595:
581:
577:
574:
566:
546:
540:
534:
518:
510:
453:
443:
435:
427:
425:
412:Lotharingian
406:, while the
384:West Francia
380:East Francia
363:
361:
335:
278:Arcadiopolis
222:
183:Southern Buh
82:East Francia
76:Belligerents
27:Part of the
987:Antapodosis
1037:Categories
682:References
629:Berengar I
450:Background
400:Burgundian
875:honorat."
637:Rudolf II
592:Aftermath
541:Chronicon
501:Franconia
456:Pressburg
428:Chronicon
404:Rudolf II
238:W.l.n.d.r
193:Pressburg
699:Archived
641:Lombardy
521:Eresburg
493:Fritzlar
472:Conrad I
460:Luitpold
398:and the
390:and the
388:Burgundy
243:Fraxinet
218:Achelous
198:Eisenach
47:Location
649:Brescia
645:Bergamo
507:Prelude
497:Saxonia
446:, etc.
422:Sources
208:Rednitz
53:Machern
744:
661:Verona
653:Verona
568:units
537:Saxony
531:Battle
525:Bremen
468:Arnulf
346:Lenzen
336:Püchen
268:Syrmia
248:Iberia
223:Püchen
188:Brenta
168:Pliska
64:Result
57:Saxony
657:Pavia
610:Reims
586:Werla
477:Basel
414:king
402:king
351:Riade
263:Drina
233:Riade
228:Drava
113:Heavy
742:ISBN
651:and
582:e.g.
499:and
426:The
410:and
362:The
341:Gana
253:Wels
39:Date
1073:919
904:of
535:In
430:of
213:Inn
55:in
42:919
1039::
970:^
958:^
756:^
635:,
527:.
503:.
466:,
442:,
386:,
382:,
997:.
863:.
750:.
312:e
305:t
298:v
145:e
138:t
131:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.