748:. On 20 July Nicephorus divided the army into three columns, each marching by a different route towards Pliska. They met little resistance. After three days the Byzantines reached Pliska, defended by 12,000 elite Bulgarian soldiers. The Byzantines defeated the Bulgarian defenders and an additional Bulgarian army of 15,000 which was hastily assembled. On 23 July, the Byzantines quickly entered the defenseless capital sacking the city and the surrounding countryside. Krum attempted once again to negotiate a peace. According to the historian Theophanes, Krum's proclamation stated, "Here you are, you have won. So take what you please and go with peace." Nicephorus, overconfident from his success, ignored him believing that all of Bulgaria could be conquered.
741:) near the Bulgarian frontier. Nicephorus intended to confuse the Bulgarians, and over the next ten days, made several feigned attacks. Krum assessed the situation, estimated that he could not repulse an army of such size and offered peace, which Nicephorus haughtily rejected. Theophanes wrote that the Emperor "was deterred from his own ill thoughts and the suggestions of his advisors who were thinking like him." Some of his military chiefs considered the invasion of Bulgaria to be imprudent, but Nicephorus was confident of his ultimate success.
39:
899:. The most notable person to be killed, however, was Emperor Nicephorus, who according to historians died on a dunghill on the day of the battle. Nicephorus's son, Stauracius, was carried to safety by the Imperial bodyguard after receiving a paralyzing wound to his neck. Six months later, his wounds eventually killed him. According to tradition, Krum had the Emperor's head put on a spike, lined the skull with silver, and used it as a drinking cup.
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troops was shattered. That evening, the
Bulgarians assembled their troops and tightened the belt around their trapped enemy. At dawn, the Bulgarians rushed down the hills killing the panicked and confused Byzantines. The Byzantine Imperial Bodyguard was the first to be attacked. The Byzantines fruitlessly resisted for a short time and perished. Upon seeing their comrades' fate, the other units broke and ran.
1297:(1936) New Biographic Data on the Bulgarian Expedition of Nicephorus I in 811, Proc. Bulg. Acad. Sci. 54:147–88 (in Bulgarian); H. Grégoire (1936) Un nouveau fragment du "Scriptor incertus de Leone Armenio", Byzantion, 11:417–27; Beshevliev, V (1936) The New Source About the Defeat of Nicephorus I in Bulgaria in 811, Sofia University Annual Reviews, 33:2 (In Bulgarian).
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cavalry, however, told
Nicephorus that the road was barred with wooden walls and that Krum's forces watched from the surrounding heights. The Emperor became panicked by the situation and repeatedly stated to his companions "Even if we have had wings we could not have escaped from peril." Before they could retreat, the Bulgars blocked the valley entrance.
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went to such a point that he had their small children brought out, tied to the ground, and crushed with millstones. The
Byzantine soldiers looted and plundered; burnt down the unharvested fields, cut the tendons of the oxen, slaughtered sheep and pigs." The Emperor took over Krum's treasury, locked it and did not allow his troops to reach it.
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As the
Byzantines fled to the south, they came upon a muddy river that was difficult to cross. Unable to quickly ford the river, many of the Byzantines including mounted forces fell into the water and became stuck in the mud. As additional waves of panicked and fleeing soldiers arrived at the river,
853:
Those
Byzantines who made it across the river were later confronted by high moated wooden walls constructed by the Bulgarians to impede the pathways to the south. The Byzantines attempted to climb over the wall and many were partially successful only to suffer injuries and death in the process. The
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and achieved nothing because of a conspiracy in his capital. That attempted attack, however, gave reason for the Bulgar Khan, Krum, to undertake military operations against the
Byzantine Empire. The main objective was an extension to the south and south-west. The next year, a Bulgar army penetrated
758:
in the twelfth century, described in his
Chronicle the brutalities and atrocities of Nicephorus's troops: "Nicephorus, emperor of the Romans, walked in the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed a great number of them. He reached their capital, took it over, and devastated it. His savagery
845:
Nicephorus, unwilling to consider an assault on the palisades, simply set up camp, despite his generals' misgivings. From the heights, the
Bulgarian troops began an effort to taunt and unsettle the Byzantine forces by means of banging their shields. After three days, the morale of the Byzantine
651:. It deterred Byzantine rulers from sending their troops north of the Balkans for more than 150 years afterwards, which increased the influence and spread of the Bulgarians to the west and south of the Balkan Peninsula, resulting in a great territorial enlargement of the First Bulgarian Empire.
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and reach
Serdica before returning to Constantinople but the news of these preparations for a battle changed his decision and he chose the shortest way to his capital. The overconfident Emperor neglected to scout ahead and on 25 July the Byzantine army entered the Vărbitsa Pass. The Byzantine
854:
Byzantines attempted to burn the walls but this tactic also proved ineffective and resulted in additional casualties. Almost all the fleeing
Byzantines perished, some were killed by the sword; others drowned in the river; and many were mortally injured at the walls.
721:). In addition, the army was joined by a number of irregular troops who expected a swift victory and the chance to plunder. The conquest was supposed to be easy, and many high-ranking officials and aristocrats accompanied Nicephorus, including his son
640:, thus annihilating almost the whole army, including the Emperor. After the battle, Krum encased the skull of Nicephorus in silver, and used it as a cup for drinking. This is one of the most documented instances of the custom of the
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they trampled and killed many of their compatriots. The river became filled with so many dead that the pursuing Bulgarians easily passed over the dead and continued to hunt down and attack the Byzantines.
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mercenaries) to set traps and ambushes in the mountain passes. The Hungarians also supported the Bulgarians in the effort against the Byzantines. Initially Nicephorus intended to march through
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Bulgarian Khan Krum the Fearsome feasts with his nobles as a servant (right) brings the skull of Nikephoros I, fashioned into a drinking cup, full of wine.
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In 811, Nicephorus organized a large force in an attempt to conquer Bulgaria once and for all. The army included forces from the Anatolian and European
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Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hun-Bulgar Domination (679–852)
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that served as exits out of Bulgaria. The final battle took place on 26 July 811, in some of the passes in the eastern part of the
1477:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th ed., 2006.
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in 802, he planned to reincorporate Bulgar-held territory back into the empire. In 807 he launched a campaign but only reached
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404:
1293:. Anonymous Vatican Narration (Narratio anonyma e codice Vaticano), In: Codice Vaticano graeca 2014 (XII s.) ff. 119–22;
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While Nicephorus and his army were busy plundering the Bulgarian capital, Krum mobilized his people (including women and
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Nicephorus moved ahead, invaded the Bulgarian lands, and marched through the Balkan passes towards the capital of
1501:"The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages"
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The army first assembled in May and by 10 July had established a camp at the fortress of Marcelae (present-day
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The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars For Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies
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A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the fall of Irene to the accession of Basil I (802–867)
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1272:, published by Jean Baptiste Chabot (in French). 1st Ed. Paris : Ernest Leroux, 1899–1910,
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The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
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687:(roughly 332 to 348 kilograms) of gold and killed many enemy soldiers including all
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Reportedly, few Byzantines survived the defeat. Among the nobles killed were the
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1408:(in German). Nachdr. d. Ausg. Prag 1876, Hildesheim, New York : Olms 1977.
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Gondolatok a kalandozásokról M. G. Kellner "Ungarneinfälle..." könyve kapcsán
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and most of the commanders. In 809, Krum personally besieged the fortress of
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923:В търсене на средновековното време. Неравният път на българите (VII – XV в
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Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199)
1244:. Epitome historiarum, ed. L. Dindorfii, 6 vol., Lipsiae (BT), 1858–75.
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was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the
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Valley and defeated the Byzantines. The Bulgar troops captured 1,100
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Battle between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire in 811
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Mannases Chronicle, 1335–1340. Apostolic Library. The Vatican.
729:. The entire army consisted of approximately 22,000 soldiers.
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which gave time for the Bulgarians to block passes in the
1320:, Ed. Carl de Boor, vol. I, 1883, vol. II, 1885, Leipzig.
609:. The Byzantines plundered and burned the Bulgar capital
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The Battle of Pliska was one of the worst defeats in
1280:; 2nd Ed. Bruxelles: Culture et Civilisation, 1963,
43:The Battle of Pliska, depicted in the 12th century
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1551:Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
1432:. G. Bell & Sons, London. Archived from
1212:Ioannes Zonaras. Epistome historiatus, p.373
625:. There, the Bulgarians used the tactics of
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1365:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1228:Jean Skylitzès: Empereurs de Constantinople
1020:Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p. 485
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1226:B. Flusin (trans.), J.-C. Cheynet (ed.),
983:"Hellenic Electronic Center - ServerGR01"
813:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1384:. Wilkes-Barre, US: Palgrave Macmillan.
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701:, killing the entire garrison of 6,000.
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1556:Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1429:A History of the First Bulgarian Empire
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636:to effectively trap and immobilize the
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1341:. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London.
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795:adding citations to reliable sources
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888:; as well as the commanders of the
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1453:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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715:, and the Imperial Bodyguard (the
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1499:Stoyanov, Aleksandr (July 2019).
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405:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
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1451:Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831
1251:Epitomae Historiarum/Chapter 24
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192:25,000–30,000 (actual strength)
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424:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
190:60,000–70,000 (paper strength)
1:
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1052:Chronique de Michel le Syrien
1546:810s in the Byzantine Empire
1107:Anastasius Bibliothecarius.
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7:
1505:Journal of Military History
705:Preparation for an invasion
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1098:Anonymus Vaticanus, p. 150
1561:Battles involving Hungary
1449:Sophoulis, Panos (2012).
1380:Hupchick, Dennis (2017).
1230:, Ed. Lethielleux, 2004,
1203:Anonymus Vaticanus, p.153
1165:Anonymus Vaticanus, p.152
1029:Anonymus Vaticanus, p.148
866:Theodosios Salibaras and
762:
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196:
179:
135:
118:
51:
36:
28:
23:
1581:Byzantine–Hungarian wars
1314:Theophanes the Confessor
1109:Chronographia tripertita
921:Матанов, Христо (2014).
493:Uprising of Peter Delyan
244:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
31:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1541:9th century in Bulgaria
1405:Geschichte der Bulgaren
725:and his brother-in-law
670:When Nicephorus became
591:Battle of Vărbitsa Pass
517:Second Bulgarian Empire
1190:Theophanes Confessor.
1135:Theophanes Confessor.
1038:Theophanes Confessor.
1007:Theophanes Confessor.
968:Theophanes Confessor.
842:
667:
603:First Bulgarian Empire
136:Commanders and leaders
1174:Theophanes Confessor.
868:Sisinnios Triphyllios
840:
662:
597:, led by the Emperor
197:Casualties and losses
1357:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
1255:Epitomae Historiarum
1074:Epistome historiatus
989:on 30 September 2018
791:improve this article
621:, most probably the
1469:Zlatarski, Vasil N.
1436:on 13 December 2007
1257:by Ioannis Zonarae.
1085:Georgius Monachus.
754:, patriarch of the
605:, governed by Khan
87: /
1576:Ambushes in Europe
1326:General references
1264:Michael the Syrian
843:
752:Michael the Syrian
668:
559:Uprising of Ivaylo
396:3rd Constantinople
335:2nd Constantinople
260:1st Constantinople
45:Manasses Chronicle
1460:978-90-04-20695-3
1391:978-3-319-56205-6
1308:Scriptor Incertus
1304:Scriptor Incertus
1291:Scriptor Incertus
1123:Military Blunders
1121:Regan, Geoffrey.
1072:Ioannes Zonaras.
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727:Michael I Rangabe
655:Initial campaigns
649:Byzantine history
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91:43.387°N 27.132°E
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985:. Archived from
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945:Sophoulis, p. 79
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925:. ИК Гутенберг.
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880:Romanos and the
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756:Syrian Jacobites
615:Balkan Mountains
595:Byzantine Empire
587:Battle of Pliska
534:2nd Arcadiopolis
505:5th Thessalonica
500:4th Thessalonica
461:3rd Thessalonica
451:2nd Thessalonica
436:1st Thessalonica
412:1st Arcadiopolis
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1511:(3): 719–746.
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1125:. p. 74.
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1434:the original
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1295:Ivan Duychev
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1194:, pp. 489–92
1191:
1178:, pp. 490–91
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987:the original
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789:Please help
784:verification
781:
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664:Nicephorus I
646:
599:Nicephorus I
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491:
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422:
421:
403:
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373:
359:
354:'s campaigns
350:
349:
314:
304:'s campaigns
300:
299:
254:
168:
155:
150:Nikephoros I
119:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1333:Bury, J.-B.
972:, p. 482–84
549:Klokotnitsa
486:Dyrrhachium
280:Rishki Pass
94: /
59:26 July 811
1520:Categories
1348:1176683276
1220:References
1087:Chroniconq
890:Excubitors
864:patricians
723:Stauracius
676:Adrianople
601:, and the
574:Rusokastro
441:Spercheios
417:Dorostolon
386:Katasyrtai
325:Versinikia
255:Early wars
163:Stauracius
82:27°07′55″E
79:43°23′13″N
1440:24 August
1359:(1991) .
903:Citations
882:strategos
878:Anatolics
873:strategos
858:Aftermath
803:July 2017
690:strategoi
642:skull cup
471:Strumitsa
340:Mesembria
290:Litosoria
1471:(1918).
1426:(1930).
1402:(1876).
1335:(1912).
1278:39485852
1089:, p. 774
739:Karnobat
631:surprise
466:Kleidion
381:Achelous
352:Simeon I
345:Burdizon
320:Debeltos
180:Strength
64:Location
1286:4321714
1139:, p.430
1111:, p.329
1042:, p.486
993:26 July
897:tagmata
876:of the
718:tagmata
712:themata
695:Serdica
672:emperor
619:Balkans
569:Skafida
529:Tryavna
510:Ostrovo
310:Serdica
202:Unknown
169:†
156:†
1566:Pliska
1481:
1457:
1412:
1388:
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1345:
1284:
1276:
1234:
1054:, p.17
929:
886:Thrace
870:; the
831:Moesia
763:Battle
746:Pliska
685:litres
681:Struma
627:ambush
611:Pliska
564:Devina
539:Serres
524:Lovech
481:Setina
476:Bitola
446:Skopje
315:Pliska
188:22,000
165:
152:
107:Result
69:Pliska
894:Vigla
544:Varna
456:Kreta
391:Pegae
265:Ongal
1479:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1442:2017
1410:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1282:OCLC
1274:OCLC
1232:ISBN
995:2015
927:ISBN
892:and
827:Avar
697:and
679:the
629:and
607:Krum
585:The
302:Krum
142:Krum
56:Date
1526:811
1306:in
1253:in
884:of
793:by
589:or
1522::
1509:83
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1266:,
1183:^
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234:e
227:t
220:v
47:.
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