707:(Turks), the name in which they name the Hungarians in the 9–10th centuries, but do not mention anything about the Pecheneg (called by the Byzantine historians Moesians, Sarmatians, or Scythians, but never as Turks) participation in it. The fact that Byzantine chroniclers do not mention about the Pechenegs in this campaign, shows that their involvement was less important than al-Masudi writes. The Byzantines were directly implied in the events, and of course were much closer than al-Masudi who never terveled north to Caucasus, and took his information from others verbal accounts. Because the Hungarians were the westernmost participants of the events, it is probable that al-Masudi's informants did not met with them, and the information which they related to the Arab geographer, were taken from Pechenegs, who, of course, exaggerated their strength and importance in the battle. However the participation of the Pecheneg troops is confirmed by al-Masudi, but the information about the greater strength of the Pechenegs, their great scale participation, and the decisive importance of their leader in achieving the victory we have to take cautiously. The fact that the Pechenegs were not the leaders of this army is proven even by al-Masudi, when he writes that after the first day of the battle, the Pecheneg king asked for permission to make the battle plan for the second day, which request was granted to him. If the Pecheneg leader would be in charge, he would not had to ask permission to take over the lead of the army after the first day. The conclusion is that the campaign and the battle was led by a Hungarian commander, and the lead was given to the Pecheneg "king" only for the second day of the battle, after a common agreement. So, the Pecheneg commanders taking over the troops was only an exceptional case, and this contradict al-Masudi's affirmation about the Pecheneg superiority.
949:
969:
a general attack against the center of the nomadic army, which did no action until that and because of this, it was totally reposeful. When the
Bulgarian-Byzantines arrived near to it, the nomadic army suddenly split, and let the Christians to enter in the middle, then shot a rain of arrows from both sides on them, this causing huge losses and the total falling apart of their organisation, then the Hungarian-Pecheneg army started a general attack, with their ordered battle lines, on the enemy, causing them to start to flee, but the majority of the Christians had no way to run, because they were encircled. Al-Masudi underlines that until this moment the nomadic army had not used any close range weapons, only their bows which caused the Byzantine-Bulgarians so many losses, but now they pulled out their swords, and started to cut down the enemy. The nomadic soldiers chased the surviving enemy.
965:
Hungarian-Pecheneg army. During their movement, they shot a rain of arrows towards the
Byzantine-Bulgarian right wing, then the center. The equestrian detachments from the nomadic right wing did the same thing in the opposite direction. These detachments met at the center of the Christian army, together showering it with a blanket of arrows, before they separated, riding towards the other wing of their own army. Then they repeated the same attacks, riding from right to left, then left to right, shooting arrows on the enemy non-stop. These actions were repeated without stopping, the detachments moving like the millstones during grinding, al-Masudi writes. During all these the Hungarian-Pecheneg center, right, and left wings stood still.
941:, before the battle, the Muslim merchants who stood in the frontline of the Hungarian-Pecheneg side, went to the Byzantine avantgarde, where the apostate Muslim cavalry stood, and tried to convince them to re-convert to their original faith, go with them to the "Turkish" (Hungarian-Pecheneg) side, promising that the Hungarians and Pechenegs will help them to return to the Muslim lands, but they refused. Then the battle started and the Byzantine-Bulgarian army came out ahead, ending the day with a partial victory. Because the Muslim merchants troops on the Hungarian-Pecheneg side are not mentioned after this by Al-Masudi, we can conclude that their role in the battle diminished.
785:
think that it was the battle from the period of the
Hungarian invasions in which the most Hungarian warriors participated, the modern historians conclude, that the Magyars had not 100,000, as mentioned before, but 6,000-8,000 warriors. So an army of 60,000 nomadic warriors is certainly exaggerated, even if we take into consideration also the participation of the Pechenegs and the warriors recruited from the Muslim merchants. In conclusion in the Battle of W.l.n.d.r could not participate more than 8,000 Hungarians, taken together with maximum an equal number of Pecheneg warriors, and maybe 1,000-2,000 Muslims, it was at most
877:, who was in very good relations with the other, the people from W.l.n.d.r attacked their nomadic settlements, left without men, taking with them many children to be slaves, and drove away the cattle. If we accept that W.l.n.d.r designates the town of Belgrade, than part of the Bulgarian Empire, the attack of its soldiers had to be made against the Hungarians, which lands were on the northern side of the Danube, on which southern banks lied the city. The Pecheneg closest settlements had to be much farther from Belgrade to east, their closest territory being today's
732:: if the Hungarians were so terrorized by the Pechenegs, why would they enter in a war with them because the banal case of a foreign merchant? And if the Pechenegs felt so superior, why would they forgive the Hungarians for entering in a war with them, conclude peace with them in equal terms, moreover help them to avenge the Bulgarian attack on the Hungarian lands, letting them also to lead the campaign? In another contemporary work of a Byzantine emperor,
655:
occupation of much of the
Carpathian Basin (804-900), becoming the components of the Magyars, and in the same time gave the name which the Europeans use for denominating this nation. It is not excluded, that in 934, when the battle took place, the Onogurs in Hungary still had a kind of autonomy, with their own leaders, which may explain the fact that al-Masudi sees them as a separate political entity with its own king. About the Hungarian campaign in the
881:, so, because of the distance, an attack against them would be harder, more dangerous, or to attack both the Hungarians and the Pechenegs woulded be unwise, making two dangerous enemies at once. Learning about this attack, the Hungarians and the Pechenegs made an armistice, mutually gave up the blood money for those killed in the battles, and decided to attack the town together. This shows a kind of nomadic solidarity, undocumented before.
747:, which is about politics, is a book about war strategy, so is more relevant from the point of view of the question in discussion, the Pechenegs were weak in battle organisation and close combat, in which the Hungarians are presented as good. Also, according to Leo the Wise, the Hungarians had the advantage of having a single ruler, while the Pechenegs never united and obeid to their own tribe chiefs. This shows again that Al-Masudi and
728:. And the same writing claims that the Hungarians were terrorized even to think about the possibility of a war between them and the Pechenegs. But in the last years this question was researched by historians, and the conclusion was that the Byzantine accounts about the crushing defeat and the fear of the Hungarians from Pechenegs are overreacted, and sometimes even false. Al-Masudi's account too contradicts these claims from
425:, but they are not generally used, and they were not used by Al-Masudi). As a result, when he wrote down names of foreign tribes, towns and countries, it is hard to know how these names sounded, because only consonants are known. This is the case with ولندر = W.l.n.d.r (و - W, ل - l, ن - n, د - d, ر - r). In the translated editions of his work, Latin transcriptions of W.l.n.d.r appear with vowels chosen by the editors (
1724:. English translation from the Hungarian: "When the four kings learned about how many converted Christians arrived there, they sent in their countries, and gathered the Msulim merchants, who came into their lands from far away lands: from the Khazarians, Al-Bâb, Alanians and other places, and stood there, as well those who became Muslims, and were willing to fight only if the war was against the infidels".
505:, and it was on the Hungarian border, so for its inhabitants would have been easy to attack their territories, as al-Masudi wrote. So in al-Masudi's text W.l.n.d.r could designate both the Bulgarians and the city of Belgrade, in some sentences designating the country, while others the city. But these are only suppositions. Josef Marquart identified the settlement with the fort
977:
lost the majority of their soldiers. The Arab geographer and historian exaggerates to show the huge number of dead
Christians, that their dead bodies were used by the Hungarians and Pechenegs to climb the walls of W.l.n.d.r, and to take the city. The nomads plundered the city for three days, killing many people, and those who survived were taken as captives.
926:, punished by death, and used this to convince them to fight against the Byzantines and Bulgarians, by fueling their hatred against the apostates. So the Hungarian-Pecheneg army was joined by a certain number of Muslims, who accepted to fight in the first line to fight directly with the apostates, who also were the avantgarde of the Byzantine-Bulgarian army.
760:
Hungarians never used their whole army, just a part of it, being aware of the fact that they have to leave a substantial number of warriors home, to defend their territory in case of a foreign attack. We have very few reliable accounts about the number of the
Hungarian troops which took part in military actions of the period of the
1018:– refer to the same battle, as there are a number of uncertainties and contradictions between the two types of sources at several points. According to the two historians, the Battle of W.l.n.d.r, which appears in Al-Masudi's work, is not part of the history of Hungary in the Carpathian Basin nor the Hungarian invasions of Europe.
671:. This account could refer to the different ethnic component of the two armies which came from Hungary, and the fact that the successors of the Avars/Onogurs fought as separate armies under their own commanders, or the chronicler could not make difference between the Hungarian and Avar, and used when the one when the other name.
1824:. English translation from the Hungarian: "From the Byzantines and the Muslims who became Christians fell around 60 000 soldiers, that the Turks climbed the wall of the city, using their bodies. the city fell, and the swords didn't rested in it for days, its people was taken as captives. The Turks left it after three days."
1006:, who concluded peace with the Hungarians (as mentioned before, the Byzantine chronicle does not know anything about the Pechenegs, only the Hungarians), paying for the release of every captive. The Byzantines with this peace treaty, also accepted to pay tribute to the Hungarians, which extended in 943, lasted until 957.
822:, was near to Constantinople, and take in consideration that a nomadic army of riders was moving really fast, even if they stopped on the road to plunder, they made the road maximum in a month, so there is an assumption that the Battle of W.l.n.d.r was fought between the end of February and beginning of April.
993:
writes that they galloped until they reached
Constantinople, and took captive "every Thracian". Al-Masudi writes that they camped in front of the great city for 40 days, they sold the children and women for clothes made from textile, brocade and silk. But they killed every one of their male captives,
976:
Al-Masudi writes that the
Byzantine-Bulgarians lost 60,000 soldiers from 62,000, numbers which of course are exaggerated, knowing that in reality their army had to be around 20,000 men, but nevertheless from the description of the battle, we understand that their defeat was crushing, so they probably
968:
The relentless attacks of the equestrian detachments caused heavy losses to the
Byzantine-Bulgarian army, which became weaker and weaker, and their lines started to disintegrate, while they could do nothing to stop these attacks. As a final solution, the Christian army, with its broken lines, started
784:
at the beginning of the 10th century consisted from 20,000 warriors, shows very well how exaggerated were the above-mentioned numbers. More reliable sources about the
Hungarian raids in Europe tell about armies between 200 and 5,000. As for the Battle of Lechfeld from 955, about which many historians
742:
written around 904, writes about the nations which use nomadic warfare: "The Scythian peoples ..., usually live a nomadic life. only the Bulgarians and the Turks care about the battle order, which is similar by them, and because of this, they fight the close combat with greater strength, and
396:
Al-Masudi is the only source that writes about the battle. His information about the location of the battle and the participants is a little confused. First, there is confusion about the place designated by the name W.l.n.d.r. Second, it is unclear precisely who participated in the battle on the side
429:
in the French translation of Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille from 1838, Valandar or Vanandar in the Turkish edition from 2004), in order to make it easier to pronounce. The Hungarian translation of the part of al-Masudi's work which refers to the battle, writes the name correctly, putting
433:
Al-Masudi wrote his accounts about northern countries based on verbal information from people who visited these regions. As a result, some of his information has to be handled with care. For example, he writes that W.l.n.d.r was a Greek town between the mountains and the sea, but historians such as
702:
Al-Masudi writes that the Pechenegs were stronger and more warlike than the Hungarians. He also writes that in the battle of W.l.n.d.r participated the kings of the Pechenegs and the Hungarians, and, because the unsuccessfulness of the fights of the first day, in the second day of the battle, the
964:
of 1000 men and positioned them next to the left and the right wing of the nomadic army. At the beginning of the battle, the equestrian detachments from the left wing neared the right wing of the Christian army, then went rightward towards the Christian center, then went to the right wing of the
944:
During the night the two armies remained in battle order, while the leaders of the nomadic army had a council of war. As al-Masudi reports, the Pecheneg "king" asked permission for him to command the army, because he said that he knew the way to beat the Byzantine-Bulgarian army. His request was
913:
and other territories, who lived among them, and those Pechenegs and Hungarians who became Muslims, and did not wanted to fight anybody but the "infidels", in order to convince them to help them against the Christians. It seems that the leaders of the Hungarians and Pechenegs knew very well that
792:
Al-Masudi writes that the Byzantine army consisted of 50,000 Greek soldiers plus 12,000 Arabs converted to Christianity, which fought as cavalry equipped with lances, and formed the vanguard of the army. But, as shown before, we know that the Christian army had also Bulgarian troops. We can give
998:
used often by the nomads, who tried to frighten the enemy in this way, convincing them, that such an attack against them will provoke great suffering to the attackers and their families. Than al-Masudi writes that expended their raids in those territories, their raiding detachments reaching the
897:
The Byzantine troops arrived in eight days to W.l.n.d.r. Al-Masudi mentions that until they arrived, the Hungarian-Pechenegs massacred many people from W.l.n.d.r or Bulgaria, many saving themselves only by retreating behind the walls of the town. The two armies camped in front of each other for
893:
heard about this, he sent 12,000 Muslim warriors converted to Christianity, together with 50,000 Byzantine troops, as al-Masudi writes. It is certain that the Bulgarians too joined them with several thousands soldiers. However, as shown before, the real numbers had to be around 18,000 nomads to
654:
in the Middle and Late Avar period (670–804) and after the Carolingian conquest from 804 were often called Onogurs. Therefore, the b.dʒ.g.r.d could refer to the newly settled Magyars (895) and nu.k.r.da (Onogurs) to the descendants of the Avars, which survived during the Caroling and Bulgarian
817:
in the month of April". The historians agree that the seventh indiction means that it was the year 934. So if we accept April as the date they entered in the territory of the Byzantine Empire, which than, because of the great extent of the First Bulgarian Empire after the death of its emperor
759:
Al-Masudi writes that the Hungarian–Pecheneg army was composed of 60,000 warriors, which they gathered with little effort, because if they would do a greater recruiting and concentration of troops, they could have 100,000 soldiers. It is known that in their campaign on a foreign country, the
1721:
Amikor a négy király értesült arról, hogy mennyi megtért keresztény érkezett oda, országaikba küldtek, és összegyűjtették a mohamedán kereskedőket, akik messze földről, a kazároktól, Al-Bábból, az alánoktól, és máshonnan érkeztek hozzájuk és náluk tartózkodtak, továbbá azokat is, akik e négy
972:
Al-Masudi underlines the fact that the purpose of the nomads, which they saw as the key of the victory, was to break up the battle order of the enemy while keeping theirs intact, and with it, in the right moment to obtain victory over the disordered mass of enemy soldiers.
872:
About the other reason we learn from al-Masudi, who writes in his account about the Battle of W.l.n.d.r, that during a Hungarian-Pecheneg war, which erupted because the people from one of the nomadic states had mistreated a Muslim merchant from the Persian city of
1519:. English translation from the Hungarian: "We do not pick a quarel with the Pechenegs; because they are too much for us, because they have a big country, are too numerous, and they are vicious guys; do not speak again things like this, because we do not like it".
1821:
A bizánciak és a kereszténnyé lett mohamedánok közül mintegy 60 000-en estek el, úgyhogy a türkök az ő holttesteiken át hágtak fel a város falára. A város elesett, s a kard nem nyugodott benne napokig, népét fogságba vitték. A türkök három nap múlva vonultak ki
1137:
Symeonis Magistri ac Logothetae: Annales a Leone Armenio ad Nicephorum Phocam. In. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae vol. 45: Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus. Bonnae, in Pensis Ed. Weberi, MDCCCXXXVIII, p.
703:
lead of the troops was taken by the Pecheneg king, who led to victory the allied nomadic troops. This information could be correct if there was no contradictory data from Byzantine chroniclers, about the campaign of 934, who write about the attack of the
1497:. English translation from the Hungarian: "During the night, the armies remained in battle order, and the four kings made a war council. The king of the Pechenegs said: "Tomorrow early in the morning entrust me the lead". They agreed."
563:, Abū Hamid al-Gharnāti, etc.) in the 9th–12th centuries. This name in the 10–13th centuries was used by the Arab geographers for two groups: the Hungarians living in the Carpathian Basin, and the Hungarians who lived between the
1025:, numbering 12,000 horsemen and their families, converted to Christianity in 935 or 936 when they defected to the Byzantine Empire. The tribe were entrusted the protect the empire along its eastern border against the advancing
478:. Therefore, the battle was not fought around a town between the Byzantines and the Hungarian-Pecheneg army, but rather it was a battle between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantines against the Magyars and Pechenegs.
1417:
A delemincusok felfogadták az avarokat, Saxonia hercege, Henrik ellen; ezek, miután sok öldöklést vittek véghez Saxoniában, roppant zsákmánnyal Dalamantia felé fordulván vissza, szembetalálkoztak a magyarok másik
720:, believe that the Hungarians were afraid of the Pechenegs, because the events from 895, when the Pechenegs, called by the Bulgarians, drove away the Hungarians from their old lands, forcing them to move to the
474:, appears as W.n.n.d.r. So the historians conclude that W.l.n.d.r in reality was not a town, like al-Masudi believed, but the old name of the Bulgarians, so the battle was somewhere in the territory of the
1530:
A legyőzött magyarok, mint hódítók? The Administrando Imperio és a népvándorlások antik modellje (The defeated Hungarians as conquerors? De Administrando Imperio and the classic model of the Migrations)
1750:. English translation from the Hungarian: "When the troops lined up, and the converted Christians appeared in front of the Byzantines, the merchants, who stood in front of the Turks, went to them".
1788:. English translation from the Hungarian: "The rider detachments galloped from right and left. The swords also were pulled out. The horizon became dark, and the riders callings were often heard".
1532:
Olajos Terézia szerk.: A Kárpát-medence, a magyarság és Bizánc. The Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians and Byzantium. Szeged, 2014. (Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Opuscula Byzantina XI.) 259–275
846:, and the marriage between the Bulgarian ruler and Maria, the granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor, peace was installed between these two empires, which stood mostly in war during the reign of
618:. So, the historians think that, in the same way as for the b.dʒ.n.k and b.dʒ.n.i/y.dʒ.n.i (for the Pechenegs), al-Masudi mistakenly thought that the two names of the same tribal confederation (
999:"countries of the Romans and the Slavs". The last information about this campaign and its end we learn from Symeon the Metaphrast Logothetes, who writes that the emperor sent the patrician and
1404:
The Khazars and the Alans are neighboured from West from four Turkic nations . Every one of them has (his own) king, and their territories spread to lands which can be crossed in several days"
901:
When the nomadic allies learned that the Byzantines had among them a large contingent of former Muslims converted to Christianity, they sent this news to the Muslim merchants originating from
1517:"Mi nem kezdünk ki a besenyőkkel; mert nem bírunk velük harcolni, minthogy nagy ország az, nagyszámú nép és gonosz fickók; többé ilyen beszédet ne mondj nekünk, mert nem kedvünkre való az""
166:
1495:
A seregek éjjel is hadirendben maradtak, a négy király pedig haditanácsot tartott. A besenyők királya ezt mondta: "Bízzátok rám a vezetést holnap korán reggel". Ebbe bele is egyeztek."
348:, forcing the Byzantine Empire to pay them tribute for many years (until 957). Al-Masudi's account of the battle is "one of the greatest descriptions of the nomadic war tactics."
485:, as orientalist Mihály Kmoskó considered, due to the fact that its old Hungarian name has in it the old, Turkic name of the Bulgarians in the form used by the Hungarians:
1424:, against Henry, the prince of Saxony; and these, after they made many massacres in Saxony, when they returned in Dalamantia, met face in face with the other army of the
1014:
According to historians János B. Szabó and Balázs Sudár, there is no evidence that the relevant records from The Meadows of Gold and the Byzantine chronicles – primarily
948:
1748:
Mikor azután felsorakoztak a csapatok, és megjelentek a bizánciak élén a megtért keresztények, odaléptek hozzájuk a kereskedők, akik a türkök sorai előtt álltak..."
869:
losing a substantial income: the German tribute, received with interruptions from 910. This is why, they had to look on other direction for achieving the tribute.
1080:, who lived in the area of city W.l.n.d.r at the Byzantium's furthest ends bordering the East. The two historians consider the settlement can be identified with
159:
1655:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century; University of Michigan Press, 1991, p. 161-162
1918:
1913:
889:
In early spring 934 the Hungarians and the Pechenegs, with 60,000 warriors, entered Bulgaria and attacked the city of W.l.n.d.r. When the Byzantine emperor
397:
opposing the Byzantines, and how numerous they were. There are also questions about the Pecheneg involvement in the battle, and their number of troops.
152:
994:
sometimes killing women too. This shows their anger against those who attacked their settlements and drove away their children. This was part of the
793:
right to al-Masudi, when he writes that the Byzantine-Bulgarian army was larger than the Hungarian-Pecheneg one, but it was not much bigger, maximum
1722:
országban mohamedánná lettek, s akik csak abban az esetben voltak hajlandók hadba vonulni (a türkök oldalán), ha a háború a hitetlenek ellen folyt."
952:
The Hungarian campaign of 934 against Bulgaria and the Byzantine empire, which resulted the start of the Byzantine tribute towards the Hungarians.
1923:
989:. Al-Masudi mentions that they went along the way on fields, farms, which they plundered, killing many people, and took the others in captivity.
369:
provides detailed information about the end of this campaign and the peace concluded between the Hungarian–Pecheneg alliance and the Byzantines.
1400:
A kazárok és az alánok nyugatról négy türk néppel határosak . Közülük mindegyiknek (külön) királya van, s területük több napi járóföldre terjed"
1593:
The Complete Works of Luidprand of Cremona. Transl by Paolo Squatriti. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C., 2007, p. 266
344:. The battle resulted in a great victory for the Hungarian-Pecheneg forces, which they followed with a devastating raid up to the walls of
1801:. English translation from the Hungarian: "Because their (the Hungarian-Pechenegs) lines remained in ordered state, and did not broke up."
725:
200:
195:
1276:
Onuncu Asırda Türkistan'da bir İslâm Seyyahı. İbn Fazlan Seyahatnâmesi. Hazırlayan Ramazan Şeşen. Bedir Yayınevi, İstanbul 1975, p. 42
1065:
also lived in that territory surrounding the northwestern part of Caucasus. Based on the remarks of the contemporary Arab geographer
365:, which is about the Caucasus and the countries and tribes which lived in it or north from it. In addition, the Byzantine chronicler
1037:, where Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos pursued an active foreign policy against the Arabs, as a theater of the longstanding
1786:
A lovasosztagok jobbról-balról száguldoztak. Előkerültek a kardok is. Elsötétült a láthatár, sűrűn hangzott a lovasok kiáltása"
1529:
1933:
1021:
The two historians argue when Al-Masudi writes of 12,000 Arab warriors who converted to Christianity, he refers to the tribe
442:– accepting the claim of Josef Marquart – believe that it was not a city but a derivation of the old name of the Bulgarians:
1128:
Texte et traduction par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille. Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris 1863, p. 58-64
1775:. English translation from the Hungarian: "So the shooting continuous, the equestrian detachments turned like a millstone."
1194:
Mesudî. Murûc ez-Zeheb (Altın Bozkırlar). Arapçadan Çeviri ve notlar D. Ahsen Batur. Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2004, p.93
1041:. Analyzing Al-Masudi's geographical names, B. Szabó and Sudár claim, the four Turkic peoples lived in the area west of
1908:
1415:
Dümmerth Dezső: Álmos az áldozat; Panoráma, Budapest, 1986, p. 135-136 Hungarian translation from the original Latin: "
1335:
Szádeczky-Kardoss Samu: Az avar történelem forrásai, Magyar Őstörténeti Könyvtár, Balassi Kiadó, Budapest, 1998, p. 224
734:
517:(Babaeski) as the place of battle, based on the data that the relief army reached the besieged city in eight days from
1686:
1308:
1097:
1464:
332:, somewhere in the territory which belonged to the Bulgarian empire, near a large city called W.l.n.d.r (perhaps
1389:
Szabados György: Magyar államalapítások a IX-XI. században; Szegedi Középkori Könyvtár, Szeged, 2011, p. 114-120
575:, like some believe. Maybe this is why the Hungarians and the people living in the early Middle Ages in today's
985:
After taking W.l.n.d.r (as shown before, we presume that the city was Belgrade), the nomadic army went towards
894:
20,000 Christians. The Byzantine army was sent to help their allies, the Bulgarians, attacked by the nomads.
761:
337:
270:
176:
28:
1212:
Györffy György: A magyarok elődeiről és a honfoglalásról; Osiris Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, note no. 155, p. 275
1203:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György: A magyarok elődeiről és a honfoglalásról; Osiris Kiadó, Budapest, 2002 p. 98-101
765:
551:, used very often by the Arab historians and geographers to designate the domestic name of the Hungarians:
533:(a term designate the nomadic culture and lifestyle), who took part in the battle against the Byzantines:
447:
300:
295:
1515:
De Administrando Imperio. In Györffy György, 2002, p. 113 Hungarian translation from the original Greek: "
1311:
1221:
Kristó Gyula: Levedi törzsszövetségétől Szent István Államáig; Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980, p. 270
471:
630:
In contrast, Gyula Kristó argued that these two names actually designate the two main components of the
571:
in the place called Magna Hungaria, who remained there and maybe they became the ancestors of the today
1571:
Ibn Ruszta és Gardézi. In Györffy György, 2002, p. 86 Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
466:, Nándorfehérvár (White castle of the Bulgarians) originates, and in the works of the Arab geographer
1062:
1096:, along with a certain "Vnndr" in Khazaria. Al-Masudi distinguishes the "W.l.n.d.r" people from the
1003:
769:
712:
290:
285:
280:
240:
225:
220:
1928:
1038:
866:
813:
writes that the anti-Byzantine campaign of the Hungarians took place in the "seventh year of the
781:
684:
631:
317:
92:
1575:. English translation from the Hungarian: "Their commander marches (rides) with 20,000 riders".
835:
475:
329:
205:
85:
52:
1819:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100-101. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
995:
990:
810:
366:
250:
594:, designating the other name of the Magyars, in which they are known in the majority of the
359:
narrates an account of the battle and its causes in the 17th chapter of Vol. 2. of his work
847:
831:
819:
494:
1797:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
1784:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
1771:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
1746:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
1493:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
8:
1719:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 99. Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
1398:
Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002, p. 98 Hungarian translation from the original Arabic: "
890:
843:
839:
595:
435:
361:
215:
245:
1125:
1105:
858:
560:
540:
y.dʒ.n.i (يجنى) or b.dʒ.n.i (بجنى) believed by the historians that also designates the
455:
265:
674:
So as a response, to the question of who and how many were the nations who fought the
1682:
1157:
1148:
B. Szabó, János; Sudár, Balázs (2022). "Hol lehetett a rejtélyes "vlndr-i" csata? ".
1093:
1069:, refers to the people "b.dʒ.g.r.d" too, this Turkic people also lived in that area.
743:
are ruled by a single person". So, according to this work, which because, unlike the
418:
381:
235:
230:
1104:. B. Szabó and Sudár consider the "b.dʒ.g.r.d" people are belonged to the so-called
1380:
Róna-Tas András: A honfoglaló magyar nép; Balassi Kiadó, Budapest, 1996, p. 219-220
1030:
1026:
777:
721:
647:
556:
467:
325:
210:
190:
81:
1295:
1076:("Admonition and Revision"), Al-Masudi's other work, under a common summary term,
1681:(in Hungarian). Budapest: História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 62.
1468:
1000:
862:
854:
773:
748:
739:
717:
656:
651:
410:
255:
439:
144:
1642:
Symeon Magister, 1838, p. 756 Latin translation from Medieval Greek to Latin: "
986:
751:
were wrong when they wrote that the Hungarians were weaker than the Pechenegs.
660:
568:
530:
518:
373:
345:
275:
1612:
1902:
1773:
A nyilazás így állandóan folyt, a lovasosztagok forogtak, mint a malomkerék."
1481:
1161:
906:
806:
805:
Al-Masudi writes that the battle took place around the year of 320 after the
682:, the historians conclude that they were two nomadic political entities: the
576:
514:
1050:
498:
1484:
Columbia University Press. East European Monographs; 2 edition, 1992, p. 3
1072:
B. Szabó and Sudár argues the four Turkic peoples appears additionally in
1646:. English translation from Latin: "In April of the seventh indiction..."
1461:
537:
b.dʒ.n.k (بجناك), which can be identified with the name of the Pechenegs,
1799:
Az ő soraik ugyanis rendezett állapotban maradtak és nem bomlottak fel."
1727:
776:
are highly exaggerated. The fact that the Arab geographer and historian
564:
1602:
Chronicon Sagornini of John the Deacon. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 205
1420:. English translation from the Hungarian: "The Dalemnicians hired the
1734:
814:
690:
356:
341:
321:
96:
768:, which write about 100,000 Hungarian warriors who took part in the
1089:
1066:
1046:
1034:
842:. After the peace treaty between Peter I and the Byzantine emperor
572:
506:
482:
463:
333:
56:
1101:
1022:
902:
878:
874:
635:
443:
1462:
A magyarok őstörténetéről. Bizonyosságok, hipotézisek, hiedelmek
1447:
1445:
1443:
1550:
Annales Sanctgallenses Maiores. In Györffy György, 2002, p. 240
1085:
1054:
1042:
910:
642:, Vita St. Paulini, Epitaphium Liutprandi regis Langobardorum,
510:
490:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1558:
1556:
1440:
1322:
1320:
1296:
Muzulmánok a magyarok közt. A kezdetektől az Árpád-kor végéig
923:
919:
915:
502:
414:
380:
to refer to the same events mentioned in the continuation of
850:, and this signified also alliance between the two empires.
1649:
1256:
1081:
406:
376:
became the first scholar who considered the narrative from
1553:
1317:
1033:, the two historians place the Battle of W.l.n.d.r to the
547:
b.dʒ.g.r.d (بجغرد), which can be identified with the name
764:. For example, such informations like those given by the
481:
It is possible that the exact location of the battle was
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
663:
writes that of the two raiding Hungarian armies one was
634:, forming the core of the Hungarian Nation: Magyars and
372:
In an academic work published in 1903, German historian
1678:("The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries")
582:
nu.k.r.da (نوكردة), which original reading is probably
1329:
1249:
1247:
1245:
489:, and although is not near to a sea, but it is on the
1881:
B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs, 2022 pp. 128–129, 131.
1168:
1124:
Abu al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī,
1383:
1374:
1131:
493:'s bank, which could be understood as sea, plus the
1409:
1242:
513:. Hansgerd Göckenjan and István Zimonyi considered
430:points in the place of the vowels (ex. W.l.n.d.r).
1615:Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, 116. évf. 1. sz. / 2003
1141:
838:started its period of slow decline under the tsar
772:in 955, or 36,000 Hungarians killed in 933 in the
1832:
1830:
1758:
1756:
1314:. Volume V., Issue 2., April–June 2013, p. 10-21
1298:Fejér Megyei Pedagógiai Szolgáltató Intézet, 1988
1061:, Pecheneges (identified with "b.dʒ.n.k") of the
174:
1900:
1890:B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs, 2022 pp. 133–134.
1872:B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs, 2022 pp. 124–126.
1863:B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs, 2022 pp. 121–124.
1854:B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs, 2022 pp. 119–121.
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1239:B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs, 2022 pp. 117–118.
1215:
324:army and an army composing of the forces of the
1482:Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian Area
809:(932), or after that. The Byzantine chronicler
697:
1827:
1753:
1695:
1596:
1147:
710:Some historians, basing on the accounts from
160:
1919:Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
1914:Battles of the Hungarian invasions of Europe
1573:Főnökük 20,000 lovassal vonul (lovagol) ki"
1402:. English translation from the Hungarian: "
391:
1810:Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 99-101
1733:Rudolph Peters & Gert J. j. de Vries,
1471:Magyar Tudomány; 175. évf., 2014/5, p. 521
1437:Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 99-100
1188:
201:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
167:
153:
754:
1762:Maszúdi. In. Györffy György, 2002 p. 100
1118:
947:
1836:Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 101
1676:A magyarok és Európa a 9-10. században
1633:Maszúdi. In. Györffy György, 2002 p. 99
1253:Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002, p. 99
914:Apostasy is one of the worst crimes in
640:(Vita Hrodberti episcopi Salisburgensis
462:, from which the old Hungarian name of
413:, which does not use letters for short
1924:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
1901:
1737:Die Welt des Islams, XVII, 1-4, p. 5-7
1710:Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 99
644:Annales Alamannici. Codex Modoetiensis
1309:About the Territory of Magna Hungaria
1285:Balkhí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 94
853:In 933 a Magyar army was defeated in
316:was fought in 934 between the allied
148:
1673:
1667:
1644:Mense Aprili, indictione septima..."
501:are also close, and the mountain of
1009:
13:
780:wrote that the whole force of the
626:) designate two different nations.
196:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896
14:
1945:
1584:Szabados György, 2011, p. 108-110
89:Muslims converted to Christianity
960:, the Pecheneg king formed many
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1813:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1740:
1713:
1658:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1605:
1587:
1578:
1565:
1544:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1454:
1431:
1392:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1301:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1233:
524:
1506:Kristó Gyula, 1980, p. 182-189
1371:Szádeczky-Kardoss 1998, p. 307
1362:Szádeczky-Kardoss 1998, p. 296
1353:Szádeczky-Kardoss 1998, p. 266
1344:Szádeczky-Kardoss 1998, p. 297
1224:
1206:
1197:
1:
1451:Symeon Magister, 1838, p. 746
1111:
1016:Georgius Monachus Continuatus
830:After 927, the death of tsar
825:
762:Hungarian invasions of Europe
691:Pecheneg Tribal Confederation
386:Georgius Monachus Continuatus
178:Hungarian invasions of Europe
29:Hungarian invasions of Europe
1541:Györffy György, 2002, p. 107
980:
934:The battle lasted two days.
766:Annales Sangallenses maiores
698:Involvement of the Pechenegs
529:Al-Masudi writes about four
417:(although there are special
7:
1312:Journal of Eurasian Studies
1267:Györffy György, 2002, p. 98
470:and the Persian geographer
400:
10:
1950:
1664:Kristó Gyula, 1980, p. 241
1624:Györffy György, 2002 p. 99
1562:Kristó Gyula, 1980, p. 268
1326:Kristó Gyula, 1980, p. 269
1230:Györffy György, 2002 p. 98
1126:Macoudi. Les prairies d'or
884:
351:
67:Hungarian–Pecheneg victory
1909:Battles involving Hungary
1845:Bóna István 2000 p. 62-63
929:
650:from 860) prove that the
421:for short vowels, called
186:
130:
117:
104:
75:
34:
26:
21:
1934:Byzantine–Hungarian wars
1059:De Administrando Imperio
745:De Administrando Imperio
730:De Administrando Imperio
713:De Administrando Imperio
586:, derives from the name
392:Preliminary explanations
296:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars
1092:in present-day western
867:Principality of Hungary
800:
782:Principality of Hungary
685:Principality of Hungary
632:Principality of Hungary
450:Tribes), which sounded
100:Muslim auxiliary troops
93:Principality of Hungary
1185:al-Masudi, 1838, p. 59
1108:or Savard Hungarians.
1084:(Kars) in present-day
1074:At-Tanbih wa-l-'Ishraf
962:equestrian detachments
953:
836:First Bulgarian Empire
755:Number of participants
476:First Bulgarian Empire
330:First Bulgarian Empire
105:Commanders and leaders
86:First Bulgarian Empire
53:First Bulgarian Empire
1674:Bóna, István (2000).
1063:Pontic–Caspian steppe
996:psychological warfare
991:Symeon the Metaphrast
951:
918:, considered to be a
811:Symeon the Metaphrast
367:Symeon the Metaphrast
131:Casualties and losses
579:were named the same.
495:Carpathian Mountains
1057:. According to the
1039:Arab–Byzantine wars
956:At the dawn of the
891:Romanos I Lekapenos
844:Romanos I Lekapenos
724:, and starting the
378:The Meadows of Gold
362:The Meadows of Gold
1613:Az augsburgi csata
1467:2016-10-29 at the
1106:Eastern Hungarians
954:
859:Kingdom of Germany
770:Battle of Lechfeld
726:Hungarian Conquest
596:European languages
561:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
42:March or April 934
1735:Apostasy in Islam
1528:Szabados György,
1098:Danube Bulgarians
1049:along the rivers
1029:. Instead of the
922:or crime against
646:, the Diploma of
472:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
405:Al-Masudi, as an
382:George Hamartolos
309:
308:
143:
142:
71:
70:
51:Somewhere in the
1941:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1693:
1692:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1413:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1254:
1251:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1166:
1165:
1152:(in Hungarian).
1145:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1031:Balkan Peninsula
1027:Hamdanid dynasty
1010:Different theory
865:, with this the
778:Ahmad ibn Rustah
722:Carpathian Basin
648:Louis the German
557:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
468:Ahmad ibn Rustah
446:/Onogundur (Ten
326:Byzantine Empire
181:
179:
169:
162:
155:
146:
145:
82:Byzantine Empire
36:
35:
19:
18:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1696:
1689:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1611:Négyesi Lajos,
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1480:Elemér Illyés,
1479:
1475:
1469:Wayback Machine
1460:Romsics Ignác,
1459:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1169:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1012:
1001:protovestiarios
983:
932:
887:
863:Eastern Francia
855:Battle of Riade
828:
803:
774:Battle of Riade
757:
749:Constantine VII
740:Leo VI the Wise
718:Constantine VII
700:
667:and the second
657:Duchy of Saxony
638:. Many sources
527:
454:, which in old
411:Arabic alphabet
409:, wrote in the
403:
394:
354:
340:and geographer
314:Battle of Wlndr
310:
305:
182:
177:
175:
173:
99:
95:
88:
84:
59:
22:Battle of Wlndr
17:
12:
11:
5:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:930s conflicts
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1826:
1812:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1712:
1694:
1687:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1564:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1453:
1439:
1430:
1408:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1316:
1300:
1294:Adorján Imre,
1287:
1278:
1269:
1255:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1167:
1156:(1): 117–137.
1140:
1130:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1011:
1008:
987:Constantinople
982:
979:
931:
928:
898:several days.
886:
883:
827:
824:
802:
799:
756:
753:
699:
696:
661:Annalista Saxo
628:
627:
580:
569:Ural Mountains
545:
538:
531:Turkic nations
526:
523:
519:Constantinople
436:György Györffy
402:
399:
393:
390:
374:Josef Marquart
353:
350:
346:Constantinople
338:Arab historian
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
281:Lechfeld (955)
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:Lechfeld (910)
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
172:
171:
164:
157:
149:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
90:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1946:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1688:963-8312-67-X
1684:
1680:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1457:
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1102:Volga Bulgars
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515:Bulgarophygon
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583:
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541:
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525:Belligerents
499:Dinaric Alps
486:
480:
459:
451:
440:Gyula Kristó
432:
426:
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404:
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385:
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371:
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355:
313:
311:
301:Arcadiopolis
260:
206:Southern Buh
76:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1307:Aradi Éva,
1903:Categories
1822:belőle..."
1418:seregével"
1112:References
1023:Banu Habib
1004:Theophanes
958:second day
826:Background
680:Bulgarians
676:Byzantines
659:from 906,
608:венгерский
565:Kama River
509:laid near
419:diacritics
336:), by the
16:934 battle
1162:0039-8098
981:Aftermath
945:granted.
939:first day
815:indiction
624:Hungarian
600:Hungarian
542:Pechenegs
456:Hungarian
357:Al-Masudi
342:Al-Masudi
318:Hungarian
261:W.l.n.d.r
216:Pressburg
97:Pechenegs
55:probably
1465:Archived
1150:Századok
1090:Onoguris
1078:vlndrija
1067:Istakhri
1047:Khazaria
1035:Caucasus
903:Khazaria
848:Simeon I
832:Symeon I
820:Simeon I
688:and the
678:and the
616:hongrois
584:Unkaríya
573:Bashkirs
567:and the
549:Badjgird
507:Develtos
483:Belgrade
464:Belgrade
427:Walendar
401:Location
334:Belgrade
322:Pecheneg
266:Fraxinet
241:Achelous
221:Eisenach
118:Strength
57:Belgrade
47:Location
1426:Magyars
1094:Georgia
937:In the
885:Prelude
879:Oltenia
875:Ardabil
857:by the
840:Peter I
735:Tactica
705:Τούρκων
636:Onogurs
612:húngaro
458:became
452:*wnndur
423:ḥarakāt
352:Sources
231:Rednitz
113:Unknown
110:Unknown
1685:
1422:Avars"
1160:
1086:Turkey
1082:Vanand
1055:Manych
1043:Alania
930:Battle
911:Alania
834:, the
795:20,000
787:18,000
669:Magyar
620:Magyar
588:Onogur
553:Magyar
511:Burgas
491:Danube
487:nándor
460:nándor
444:Onogur
415:vowels
291:Syrmia
271:Iberia
246:Püchen
211:Brenta
191:Pliska
126:60,000
123:62,000
64:Result
924:Allah
920:Hudud
916:Islam
807:Hijra
652:Avars
604:Ungar
592:Ungar
503:Avala
448:Oghur
286:Drina
256:Riade
251:Drava
139:Heavy
136:Heavy
1683:ISBN
1158:ISSN
1100:and
1053:and
1045:and
801:Date
665:Avar
622:and
497:and
438:and
407:Arab
328:and
312:The
276:Wels
39:Date
1154:156
1138:746
1088:or
1051:Sal
738:of
716:of
388:).
236:Inn
1905::
1829:^
1755:^
1697:^
1555:^
1442:^
1319:^
1258:^
1244:^
1170:^
909:,
905:,
797:.
789:.
694:.
598::
559:,
521:.
1691:.
1428:"
1406:.
1164:.
861:/
614:/
610:/
606:/
602:/
590:/
555:(
544:,
320:-
168:e
161:t
154:v
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