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French. That evening, Washington received a message from
Tanacharison, who said he had found the French encampment. Washington decided to attack himself and brought 40 soldiers with him towards Tanacharison's camp. That morning, they met with Tanacharison's 12 Indian warriors, and Washington and Tanacharison agreed to attack the encampment. Washington ambushed the French, killing 10 to 12, wounding 2 and capturing 21. Among the dead was Jumonville; the exact manner of his death is uncertain, but by several accounts Tanacharison executed Jumonville in cold blood, crushing his head with a tomahawk and washing his hands in Jumonville's brains. One account, reported by an Indian to Contrecœur, claimed that Jumonville was killed by the Half King while the summons was being read.
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769:. At this point Captain Trent arrived with news of the advance of the French force under Jumonville. Trent was accompanied by Tanacharison, who promised warriors to assist the British. To keep Tanacharison's support, Washington decided not to turn back, choosing instead to build a fortification 37 miles (60 km) south of the forks and await further instructions. The men of the Virginia Regiment built a road through the wilderness as they went, "broad enough to pass with all our Artillery and our Baggage." This road was essential, not just to allow Washington and his men to move quickly to Fort Duquesne, but to open up the Ohio country to Virginia troops and settlers in the future. Washington and the
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921:, to negotiate. The French had no desire to disturb the peace between the two kingdoms but wished only to “avenge the murder of one of our officers, bearer of a summons, and of his escort, and also to prevent any establishment being made on the lands of my King.” As negotiations began, the Virginians, against Washington's orders, broke into the fort's liquor supply and got drunk. Coulon told Van Braam that all he wanted was the surrender of the garrison, and the Virginians could go back to Virginia. He warned, however, that if they did not surrender now, the Indians might storm the fort and scalp the entire garrison.
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1209:, but the Indians and the French began to loot the garrison's baggage on their way out. Washington, who feared a bloodbath, did not try to stop the looting. The Indians continued to plunder the soldiers until July 5. Washington and his troops arrived back in eastern Virginia in mid-July. On the 17th, Washington delivered his report of the battles to Governor Dinwiddie, expecting a rebuke, but Washington instead received a vote of thanks from the House of Burgesses and Dinwiddie blamed the defeat not on Washington but on poor supply and the refusal of aid by the other colonies.
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unsettled, uncharted, and therefore unclaimed land that should be open to all traders. The French had no interest in trying to compete with the
British for trade in the Ohio Country. Due to their high population and large colonial cities, British traders could offer Native Americans cheaper, higher quality goods than could their French counterparts. The French therefore set about keeping the British as far away from the Ohio Country as possible.
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734:& destroy them". Historian Fred Anderson describes Dinwiddie's instructions, which were issued without the knowledge or direction of the British government in London, as "an invitation to start a war". Washington was ordered to gather as many supplies and paid volunteers as he could along the way. By the time he left for the frontier on April 2, he had gathered 186 men.
636:, commander of the Canadian construction force, de la Malgue reportedly lost his temper and shouted at the Indian chief, "I tell you, down the river I will go. If the river is blocked up, I have the forces to burst it open and tread under my feet all that oppose me. I despise all the stupid things you have said." He then threw down some
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Washington sent out
Captain Hog with 75 men to pursue French troops who had threatened to destroy his house and property. However, shortly after Hog left, Washington called together some young Indians and told them that the French had come to kill Tanacharison, and the Indians also left to pursue the
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with 35 men to see if
Washington had entered French territory, and with a summons to order Washington's troops to leave; this summons was similar in nature to the one Washington had delivered to them four months previous. Sources disagree on the exact composition of Jumonville's force, which may
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Coulon moved his troops into the woods, within easy musket range of the fort. Washington knew he had to dislodge the
Canadians and Indians from that position, so he ordered an assault with his entire force across the open field. Seeing the assault coming, Coulon ordered his soldiers, led by Indians,
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Coulon reformed his troops in the woods. The
Canadians spread out around the clearing and kept up heavy fire on Fort Necessity. Washington ordered his troops to return fire, but they aimed too high, inflicting few casualties, and the swivel cannon fared no better. To add to the garrison's troubles,
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Van Braam brought this message to
Washington, who agreed to these basic terms. One of Louis Coulon de Villiers' aides then wrote down Coulon's surrender terms and then gave them to Van Braam, who in turn gave them to Washington. Washington, who could not read French, had Van Braam translate it for
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Louis Coulon de
Villiers, with his men exhausted, powder and ball were running low, and reason to fear that American reinforcements were approaching, decided to parley. Sending an officer under a white flag to negotiate. Washington did not allow the Canadian officer into or near the fort, but sent
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At Fort
Necessity, the provision hut was depleted, and there was little shelter from the heavy rain that started to fall on the 2nd. With the rain, the trenches that Washington had ordered to be dug had turned into streams. Washington realized that he would have to defend against a frontal assault
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Washington had heard that there were 500 poorly supplied French troops at Fort
Duquesne, and thus he led the roughly 300 Virginians out of Great Meadows on June 16 to widen the road, for he had been unable to convince the other chiefs to assist. They had said that they would also be unable to help
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In March 1754, Governor Dinwiddie sent Washington back to the frontier with orders to "act on the , but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the Works or interrupt our by any Persons whatsoever, You are to restrain all such Offenders, & in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or kill
721:(rumors reaching Trent's men put its size at 1,000). On April 16, they arrived at the forks; the next day, Trent's force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent's absence, agreed to leave the site. The Canadians tore down the British works and began construction of the fort that they called
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British settlers were also expanding into the Ohio Country at this time. The British colonies were far more populated than the French (there were about 1.5 million British subjects living in North America in 1754, meaning that the British outnumbered the French almost twenty to one), and settlers
592:, became increasingly important to the French throughout the 18th century. As more settlers moved from Montreal, Quebec, and other established French settlements along the St. Lawrence to the newer Louisiana colony, the Ohio Country became an important connection between New France and Louisiana.
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By 11:00 am on the 3rd of July 1754, Louis Coulon de Villiers came within sight of Fort Necessity. At this time, the Virginians were digging a trench in the mud. The pickets fired their muskets and fell back to the fort, whereupon three columns of Canadian soldiers and Indians advanced downhill
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to travel from Williamsburg to Fort Le Boeuf in the Ohio Territory (a territory claimed by several of the British colonies, including Virginia) as an emissary in December 1753, to deliver a letter. Washington's older brothers Lawrence and Augustine had been instrumental in organizing the Ohio
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and into the Ohio Country and other western lands. Most British traders declared that, despite the facts that the French had been trading in the Ohio Country for years and that more and more displaced Native Americans were moving west from the Atlantic coast every year, the Ohio Country was
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and also realized that it would be difficult because the woods were less than 100 yards away, within musket range, making it possible for a besieging attacker to pick off the defenders. To improve the defense, Washington ordered his men to cut trees down and to make them into makeshift
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Indians to join the Virginians at Great Meadows. With about 150 Virginians at Great Meadows, they began to construct a fort, which Washington named Fort Necessity. The fort was completed on June 3. By June 9, the rest of the Virginia Regiment arrived at Great Meadows, excluding Colonel
620:, and the planned large-scale advance was not well received by all. The reason was that they had to provide them with the goods that the Anglo-American traders had previously supplied and at similar prices, which proved to be singularly difficult. With the exception of one or two
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until after the fact. Trent's company arrived on site in February 1754 and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison and the Mingos. In response, the French Canadians sent a force of about 500 men, Canadian, French, and Indians under
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As the British worked, Coulon approached Fort Necessity using the road the Virginians had built. He arrived at Jumonville's Glen early on the morning of July 3. Horrified to find several scalped French bodies, he immediately ordered them to be buried.
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on June 8, 1755, capturing her and two troop ships carrying some of those troops. Military matters escalated on both North American soil and sea until France and Britain declared war on each other in spring 1756, marking the formal start of the
700:, a site Washington had identified as a fine location for a fortress. However, unlike the French, Washington and his Virginia regiment could not easily reach the Forks by river. The governor therefore also issued a captain's commission to an
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Virginians felt that their colonial charter, the oldest in the British colonies, gave them claim to the Ohio Country despite competing claims from Native Americans, the French, and other British colonies. In 1748, wealthy Virginians formed the
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The French action drew the attention of not just the British, but also the Indian tribes of the area. Despite good Franco-Indian relations, British traders became successful in convincing the Indians to trade with them in preference to the
708:, with instructions to raise a small force capable of moving quickly through the wilderness and virgin forest that lie between Williamsburg and the Forks. Once there, they were to immediately begin construction of a fortification on the
904:, they inflicted several casualties on the oncoming Indians. The Virginians, however, fled back to the fort, leaving Washington and the British regulars greatly outnumbered. Washington ordered a retreat back to the fort.
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Company, and George had become familiar with the Ohio Company by surveying for his brothers as a young man. After a long trek and several near-death experiences, Washington and his party (which included the Mingo sachem,
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towards the fort. However, Coulon had miscalculated the location of the fort and had advanced with the fort at his right. As Coulon halted and then redeployed his troops, Washington began to prepare for an attack.
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in 1755. Although they arrived too late to participate in Braddock's defeat, the French troop presence led to a string of French victories in the following years. In a second British act of aggression, Admiral
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On June 28, after a council of war, Washington ordered the withdrawal to Great Meadows. That same day 600 French and 100 Indians left Fort Duquesne led by the slain Jumonville's older brother,
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to charge directly at Washington's line. Washington ordered the men to hold their ground and fire a volley. Mackay's regulars obeyed Washington's command, and supported by two
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857:. In order to keep ahead of the French/Canadian force, the Virginians had to abandon most of their supplies. On July 1, they reached Fort Necessity.
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the Virginians. Although he had lost Indian support, which made his troops more vulnerable to attack, Washington continued to widen the road towards
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became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from this area, and in 1753 began construction of a series of
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heavy rain began to fall that afternoon, and Washington's troops were unable to continue the firefight because their gunpowder was wet.
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and informed Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave. Dinwiddie ordered Washington to begin raising a militia regiment to hold the
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him, and in the document it said that Jumonville had been "assassinated". Both Washington and Mackay signed the surrender document.
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that Tanacharison had offered as a goodwill gesture. Marin died not long after, when command of the operations was turned over to
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During the march through the forests of the frontier, Washington received a few more men from another regiment that they met at
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Map of the Pittsburgh Tri-State with green counties in the metropolitan area and yellow counties in the combined area
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548:, despite having colonized North America in the 16th century, had between only 75,000 and 90,000 colonists living in
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Dixon, David (Summer 2007). "A High Wind Rising: George Washington, Fort Necessity, and the Ohio Country Indians".
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Contrecœur operated under orders that forbade attacks by his force unless they were provoked. On May 23, he sent
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Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America, and
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merchant traders, the Canadians showed a great reluctance to venture into the Ohio country. In particular,
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After retiring from Jumonville, Washington expected to be attacked. Tanacharison attempted to convince the
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and the Ohio country; however, the Great Falls made such a journey impossible until the completion of the
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with the aim of solidifying Virginia's claim and profiting off the speculation of western lands. Governor
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in the area. In previous wars, the Québecois had more than held their own against the English colonials.
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arrived, but, instead of making camp with the Virginians, they camped separately outside the fort.
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1980:
Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
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On July 4, Washington and his troops abandoned Fort Necessity. The garrison marched away with
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Stevens, Wayne E. (September 1916). "The Organization of the British Fur Trade, 1760–1800".
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chief also known as the "Half King," became anti-French as a consequence. In a meeting with
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one of the hostages taken by Louis Coulon de Villiers at the surrender of Fort Necessity
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Empires at war: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America 1754–1763
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2072:. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 3: University of Toronto/Université Laval.
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Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America
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An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity
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1224:, and the French remained in control of Fort Duquesne until November 1758, when
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When news of the two battles reached England in August, the government of the
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1812:. Historical Handbook Series. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. No. 19
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in the mid-1700s. However, France was able to control the large colonies of
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with relatively few people by controlling waterways (especially the
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1393:"Ten Facts About George Washington and the French & Indian War"
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Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
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494:, which later spiraled into the global conflict known as the
164:
463:. The engagement, along with a May 28 skirmish known as the
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2178:
1455:"French Colonial Expansion and Franco-Amerindian Alliances"
1426:
Essential Histories: The French and Indian War 1754–1760
4262:
Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area
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Canadian Museum of History/Musée canadien de l'histoire
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Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
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Fort Necessity National Battlefield Site, Pennsylvania
939:
Strength report of the Virginia Regiment, July 1, 1754
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Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
2127:
1868:
3123:General George Washington Resigning His Commission
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1220:was chosen to lead the expedition. His expedition
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3084:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
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886:Diorama depicting the Battle of Fort Necessity.
467:, was the first military combat experience for
3160:George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
2528:Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
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917:two of his own men, including his translator
471:, who was later selected as commander of the
455:, took place on July 3, 1754, in present-day
337:
56:A modern-day reconstruction of Fort Necessity
1931:
1565:"Washington and the French & Indian War"
2581:1788–89 United States presidential election
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2049:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
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1239:dispatched a much larger body of troops to
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3553:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
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3027:Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
1709:"Expedition to the Ohio, 1754: Narrative"
506:west of the summit of a pass through the
27:Early battle in the French and Indian War
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2691:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
2553:Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
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1804:Tilberg, Frederick (December 2, 2002) .
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1474:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
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2881:Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters
2773:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
2558:George Washington's political evolution
2099:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
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1533:Canadian Frontier, W. J. Eccles, p. 165
1515:W. J. Eccles, France in America, p. 179
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739:Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville
490:The Battle of Fort Necessity began the
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3663:(step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
2962:Electoral history of George Washington
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1707:Washington, George (March–June 1754).
1232:finally succeeded in taking the fort.
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969:
964:
959:
954:
947:
945:
4858:Military history of the United States
4853:Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
4225:
3849:
3625:Attempted theft of Washington's skull
3506:Founding Fathers of the United States
2329:Washington in the American Revolution
2225:
2199:
2122:Journal of Colonel George Washington.
1679:Nos racines, T.L.M. Inc, 1979, p. 458
1350:
1348:
1286:
677:and met with the regional commander,
325:
4828:Battles of the French and Indian War
3281:Washington Masonic National Memorial
3109:General George Washington at Trenton
2967:Post-presidency of George Washington
2543:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
2334:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
3620:George Washington Memorial Building
2686:Presidential Succession Act of 1792
2179:Fort Necessity National Battlefield
1269:Fort Necessity National Battlefield
719:Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur
24:
3286:George Washington Memorial Parkway
3276:Washington University in St. Louis
2004:. New York: Walker & Company.
1713:Founders Online, National Archives
1452:
1345:
933:
840:
788:
584:, an area located roughly between
355:Seven Years' War in North America:
25:
4879:
2476:Resignation as commander-in-chief
2172:
803:
746:, Canadian militia, and Indians.
679:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
642:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
4863:History of Cumberland, MD-WV MSA
4793:
4792:
3908:
3829:
3828:
3610:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
3390:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
3095:Washington Crossing the Delaware
2533:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
2368:New York and New Jersey campaign
2158:
2144:
2130:
1569:George Washington's Mount Vernon
1428:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
1397:George Washington's Mount Vernon
1267:The battlefield is preserved at
890:
773:had originally hoped to use the
514:. Another pass nearby leads to
298:
291:
242:
232:
225:
215:
203:
184:
174:
151:
141:
50:
4838:Battles involving Great Britain
3116:Washington at Verplanck's Point
3032:Washington Monument (Baltimore)
2901:President's House, Philadelphia
2738:State of the Union Address 1790
2190:Jumonville & Fort Necessity
1922:
1880:
1797:
1776:
1719:
1700:
1682:
1673:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1557:
1548:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1465:
911:
3655:George Washington Parke Custis
3588:American Philosophical Society
3350:America the Beautiful quarters
3194:George Washington on Horseback
3146:The Washington Family portrait
2493:Washington Before Boston Medal
2241:President of the United States
2192:Includes podcast of the topic.
1446:
1432:
1385:
1376:
1280:
1207:drums beating and flags flying
13:
1:
4823:1754 in the Thirteen Colonies
3385:250th Anniversary half dollar
3345:D.C. and territories quarters
3166:Reception at Trenton painting
2957:Washington and Lee University
2926:James River and Kanawha Canal
2768:Federal judicial appointments
2383:Battle of the Assunpink Creek
2018:
1970:
1806:"The Fort Necessity Campaign"
533:
3657:(step-grandson, adopted son)
3271:George Washington University
3130:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
3021:The Apotheosis of Washington
2620:Cabinet of the United States
2548:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1200:
924:
596:were eager to move over the
461:Fayette County, Pennsylvania
312:Location within Pennsylvania
7:
3900:Battle of the Great Meadows
3102:The Passage of the Delaware
2896:Second Presidential Mansion
2264:Second Continental Congress
1997:
1820:– via npshistory.com.
714:Virginia House of Burgesses
481:Second Continental Congress
453:Battle of the Great Meadows
10:
4884:
3691:Elizabeth Washington Lewis
3318:Washington–Franklin Issues
2891:First Presidential Mansion
2696:Proclamation of Neutrality
2598:1792 presidential election
2274:First Continental Congress
2252:Commander-in-Chief of the
2247:Senior Officer of the Army
2120:Toner, J.M. (ed.) (1893).
1998:Fowler, William M (2005).
1983:. New York: Alfred Knopf.
792:
728:
537:
477:American Revolutionary War
4787:
4701:
4591:
4430:
4412:
4398:
4372:
4313:
4294:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4031:
4000:
3979:
3958:
3930:Battle of the Monongahela
3917:
3906:
3895:Battle of Jumonville Glen
3887:
3814:
3748:
3633:
3483:
3453:The War that Made America
3181:Princeton Battle Monument
2975:
2947:Society of the Cincinnati
2945:President General of the
2826:
2783:
2728:Thanksgiving Proclamation
2635:Secretary of the Treasury
2566:
2516:
2344:Washington's headquarters
2317:Battle of the Monongahela
2283:
2233:
2068:Coulon de Villiers, Louis
2045:General George Washington
1194:
877:
795:Battle of Jumonville Glen
465:Battle of Jumonville Glen
369:
360:The French and Indian War
286:
267:
256:600 regulars and militia
250:
196:
181:Kingdom of Great Britain
134:
60:
49:
41:
36:
4843:Battles involving France
4600:Pittsburgh International
3685:Augustine Washington Jr.
3445:Turn: Washington's Spies
3291:George Washington Bridge
2936:Congressional Gold Medal
2615:Title of "Mr. President"
2349:office and sleeping tent
2312:Battle of Fort Necessity
2091:O'Meara, Walter (1965).
2082:: CS1 maint: location (
1886:Toner 1893, pp. 169–170.
1424:Marston, Daniel (2002).
1274:
855:Louis Coulon de Villiers
516:Confluence, Pennsylvania
449:Battle of Fort Necessity
37:Battle of Fort Necessity
4833:Battles in Pennsylvania
4013:Battle of Fort Ligonier
4008:Battle of Fort Duquesne
3992:Bloody Springs massacre
3966:Battle of Sideling Hill
3735:(2nd great-grandfather)
3355:American Women quarters
3261:Washington, D.C. statue
3176:Trenton Battle Monument
3152:Washington at Princeton
2844:Ferry Farm boyhood home
2718:Slave Trade Act of 1794
2652:Oath Administration Act
2538:Continental Association
2481:Badge of Military Merit
2373:Delaware River crossing
2112:Sheppard, Ruth (2006).
2041:Lengel, Edward (2005).
1977:Anderson, Fred (2000).
688:Washington returned to
634:Paul Marin de la Malgue
524:Uniontown, Pennsylvania
18:Battle of Great Meadows
4406:
3301:Washington Square Park
3089:Revolutionary War Door
2906:Germantown White House
2808:Washington and slavery
2701:Neutrality Act of 1794
2064:Eccles, W. J. (1974).
1442:. Library of Congress.
887:
813:
777:to travel between the
762:
522:begins its descent to
197:Commanders and leaders
4404:
4211:Heinrich Zeller House
4101:Fort Juniata Crossing
3971:Kittanning Expedition
3950:GnadenhĂĽtten massacre
3935:Penn's Creek massacre
3881:French and Indian War
3615:Mount Vernon replicas
3573:General of the Armies
3548:Washington's Crossing
3380:Washington half eagle
3010:Washington's Birthday
2931:Mountain Road Lottery
2798:The Washington Papers
2647:Judiciary Act of 1789
2410:Battle of White Marsh
2395:Philadelphia campaign
2302:French and Indian War
1731:National Park Service
885:
811:
759:Charles Willson Peale
752:
742:have included French
598:Appalachian Mountains
556:(modern-day Canada),
540:French and Indian War
492:French and Indian War
363:, Ohio Valley Theater
268:Casualties and losses
126:French-Indian victory
107:39.81417°N 79.58722°W
44:French and Indian War
4673:Pittsburgh Northeast
4633:Greensburg Jeannette
3987:Hochstetler massacre
3673:Mary Ball Washington
3667:Augustine Washington
3661:Eleanor Parke Custis
3538:Cherry-tree anecdote
3421:A More Perfect Union
3370:Silver bullion coins
3229:New York City statue
2793:Presidential library
2667:Militia Acts of 1792
2608:Reception at Trenton
2405:Battle of Germantown
2400:Battle of Brandywine
2152:North America portal
2116:. Osprey Publishing.
2026:. New York: Norton.
1581:O'Meara, pp. 3–5, 33
861:British preparations
744:troupes de la marine
566:Saint Lawrence River
451:, also known as the
309:class=notpageimage|
3940:Great Cove massacre
3925:Braddock Expedition
3729:(great-grandfather)
3715:Lawrence Washington
3679:Lawrence Washington
3593:American Revolution
3437:We Fight to Be Free
3402:Cultural depictions
3313:U.S. Postage stamps
3266:West Point monument
3251:Philadelphia statue
3136:Unfinished portrait
3000:Washington Monument
2869:Woodlawn Plantation
2674:Coinage Act of 1792
2603:Second inauguration
2454:Newburgh Conspiracy
2432:Sullivan Expedition
2427:Battles of Saratoga
2388:Battle of Princeton
1937:Fowler, pp. 159–163
1688:Sheppard, pp. 41–44
1599:Anderson, pp. 43–45
1440:"France in America"
669:, and the explorer
660:Lieutenant Colonel
512:Allegheny Mountains
498:. Washington built
384:Braddock Expedition
112:39.81417; -79.58722
103: /
4407:
4253:Greater Pittsburgh
4176:Fort Prince George
3796:Christopher Sheels
3739:Bushrod Washington
3709:Charles Washington
3703:John A. Washington
3558:1751 Barbados trip
3447:(2014–2017 series)
3335:Washington quarter
3246:Perth Amboy statue
3234:Wall Street statue
3214:Mexico City statue
3141:Lansdowne portrait
2952:Washington College
2941:Thanks of Congress
2864:Whiskey distillery
2679:United States Mint
2657:Nonintercourse Act
2625:Secretary of State
2586:First inauguration
2420:Battle of Monmouth
1629:O'Meara, pp. 50–51
1554:O'Meara, pp. 4, 30
1506:O'Meara, pp. 15–19
888:
814:
763:
148:Kingdom of France
4868:George Washington
4848:Conflicts in 1754
4807:
4806:
4441:
4396:
4395:
4219:
4218:
4181:Redstone Old Fort
4171:Fort Presque Isle
4023:Forbes Expedition
3843:
3842:
3697:Samuel Washington
3649:John Parke Custis
3643:Martha Washington
3583:American Foxhound
3463:(2020 miniseries)
3455:(2006 miniseries)
3408:George Washington
3375:Washington nickel
3360:Washington dollar
3340:50 State Quarters
3323:1932 bicentennial
3219:Morristown statue
3077:George Washington
3069:George Washington
3061:George Washington
3053:George Washington
3038:George Washington
2713:Pinckney's Treaty
2662:Whiskey Rebellion
2442:Siege of Yorktown
2437:Yorktown campaign
2378:Battle of Trenton
2322:Forbes Expedition
2289:Revolutionary War
2227:George Washington
2095:Guns at the Forks
2020:Jennings, Francis
1955:Fowler, pp. 74–75
1830:Lengel, pp. 40–41
1222:ended in disaster
1214:Duke of Newcastle
1198:
1197:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
755:George Washington
694:Forks of the Ohio
662:George Washington
578:Mississippi River
528:Allegheny Plateau
520:Nemacolin's Trail
469:George Washington
442:
441:
424:Forbes Expedition
320:
319:
222:George Washington
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
4875:
4796:
4795:
4744:Landmarks (city)
4739:Landmarks (area)
4613:Allegheny County
4513:North Huntingdon
4435:
4431:Cities and towns
4273:
4272:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4018:Treaty of Easton
3912:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3831:
3806:Harry Washington
3766:Caroline Branham
3528:Virginia dynasty
3516:Federalist Party
3496:List of articles
3410:(1984 miniseries
3397:Mount Washington
3365:Lafayette dollar
3204:Baltimore statue
2995:Washington state
2990:Washington, D.C.
2733:Farewell Address
2640:Secretary of War
2630:Attorney General
2254:Continental Army
2220:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2108:
2098:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2048:
2037:
2015:
1994:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1453:Balvay, Arnaud.
1450:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1356:"help Necessity"
1352:
1343:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1301:10.2307/27778785
1284:
1262:Seven Years' War
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
948:
943:
942:
671:Christopher Gist
654:Robert Dinwiddie
618:French Canadians
562:French Louisiana
508:Laurel Highlands
496:Seven Years' War
473:Continental Army
364:
361:
356:
346:
339:
332:
323:
322:
302:
301:
295:
246:
237:
236:
229:
220:
219:
218:
208:
207:
189:
188:
187:
180:
178:
177:
157:
155:
154:
147:
145:
144:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
62:
61:
54:
34:
33:
21:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4783:
4697:
4587:
4563:Upper St. Clair
4434:
4432:
4426:
4408:
4392:
4368:
4309:
4290:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4220:
4215:
4033:
4027:
3996:
3975:
3954:
3913:
3904:
3883:
3874:
3844:
3839:
3810:
3744:
3727:John Washington
3629:
3605:Betsy Ross flag
3501:Founders Online
3479:
3256:Portland statue
2979:
2971:
2921:Potomac Company
2886:Hasbrouck House
2822:
2803:Religious views
2785:
2779:
2591:inaugural bible
2570:
2562:
2520:founding events
2519:
2512:
2459:Newburgh letter
2449:Culper Spy Ring
2361:Siege of Boston
2356:Boston campaign
2307:Jumonville Glen
2297:Military career
2287:
2285:Military career
2279:
2229:
2224:
2175:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2114:Empires Collide
2075:
2074:
2057:
2034:
2012:
1991:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1782:Anderson, p. 54
1781:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1647:Anderson, p. 51
1646:
1642:
1638:Anderson, p. 49
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:Anderson, p. 46
1610:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:Anderson, p. 45
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1486:10.2307/1886434
1470:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1382:Sheppard, p. 48
1381:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1324:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1246:Edward Boscawen
1218:Edward Braddock
1203:
950:
941:
936:
934:Order of battle
927:
919:Jacob Van Braam
914:
893:
880:
863:
848:Red Stone Creek
843:
841:Red Stone Creek
806:
797:
791:
789:Jumonville Glen
783:Patowmack Canal
731:
696:in what is now
604:Authorities in
542:
536:
518:; to the west,
445:
444:
443:
438:
374:Jumonville Glen
365:
359:
354:
352:
350:
316:
315:
314:
313:
311:
305:
304:
303:
281:
279:
274:
263:293 provincials
262:
257:
231:
230:
216:
214:
202:
185:
183:
182:
175:
173:
167:
163:
159:
152:
150:
149:
142:
140:
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
88:
86:British America
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4881:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4779:Transportation
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Public schools
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
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4356:
4351:
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4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Fort Northkill
4158:
4156:Fort Necessity
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Fort Lyttleton
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Fort Granville
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3945:Kobel massacre
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
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2173:External links
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2166:History portal
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1620:O'Meara, p. 49
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1545:O'Meara, p. 28
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804:Fort Necessity
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793:Main article:
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610:fortifications
538:Main article:
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419:Bloody Springs
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4375:West Virginia
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3209:Boston statue
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2466:Asgill Affair
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2033:0-393-30640-2
2029:
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2017:
2013:
2011:0-8027-1411-0
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1990:0-375-40642-5
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:Fowler, p. 98
1961:
1952:
1946:Fowler, p. 64
1943:
1934:
1928:Lengel, p. 52
1925:
1919:Fowler, p. 52
1916:
1910:Lengel, p. 47
1907:
1905:
1898:Lengel, p. 45
1895:
1893:
1883:
1877:, p. 54.
1876:
1871:
1865:Lengel, p. 44
1862:
1860:
1858:
1851:Lengel, p. 43
1848:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1794:Lengel, p. 39
1791:
1789:
1779:
1773:Lengel, p. 38
1770:
1768:
1761:Lengel, p. 37
1758:
1752:Lengel, p. 36
1749:
1743:Lengel, p. 35
1740:
1732:
1728:
1727:"Great Falls"
1722:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1697:Lengel, p. 33
1694:
1685:
1676:
1670:Lengel, p. 34
1667:
1661:Lengel, p. 32
1658:
1656:
1654:
1644:
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1596:
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1435:
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1398:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:Lengel, p. 40
1370:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1342:Lengel, p. 42
1339:
1337:
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1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:fired on the
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:King Louis XV
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:an expedition
1223:
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1210:
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987:
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891:French attack
884:
875:
871:
869:
858:
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849:
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836:
832:
827:
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810:
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775:Potomac River
772:
768:
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756:
751:
747:
745:
740:
735:
726:
724:
723:Fort Duquesne
720:
715:
711:
707:
706:William Trent
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
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675:Fort Le Boeuf
673:) arrived at
672:
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546:French Empire
541:
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504:alpine meadow
501:
497:
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435:
434:Fort Ligonier
432:
430:
429:Fort Duquesne
427:
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417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Great Cacapon
407:
405:
404:Sideling Hill
402:
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328:
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261:100 regulars
260:
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139:
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87:
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59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4809:
4791:
4605:
4598:
4573:West Mifflin
4553:Steubenville
4419:
4413:Major cities
4364:Westmoreland
4316:Pennsylvania
4206:Fort William
4201:Fort Venango
4196:Fort Swatara
4191:Fort Shirley
4126:Fort Loudoun
4116:Light's Fort
4106:Fort Lebanon
4081:Fort Halifax
4066:Fort Deshler
4051:Fort Bedford
4046:Fort Augusta
3899:
3877:Pennsylvania
3827:
3820:John Adams →
3818:
3733:George Reade
3721:Mildred Gale
3578:Conway Cabal
3533:Coat of arms
3491:Bibliography
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3429:The Crossing
3428:
3420:
3415:1986 sequel)
3407:
3241:Paris statue
3186:
3158:
3151:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3045:plaster copy
3037:
3019:
3015:Purple Heart
2849:Mount Vernon
2786:public image
2486:Purple Heart
2415:Valley Forge
2311:
2184:Robert Stobo
2124:Albany, N.Y.
2121:
2113:
2094:
2067:
2044:
2023:
2000:
1979:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1882:
1870:
1839:Lengel p. 41
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1809:
1799:
1778:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
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1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1448:
1434:
1425:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1378:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1251:
1250:French ship
1234:
1211:
1204:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
951:fit for duty
928:
915:
912:Negotiations
906:
898:
894:
872:
864:
852:
844:
835:James Mackay
815:
798:
771:Ohio Company
764:
753:Portrait of
736:
732:
702:Ohio Company
690:Williamsburg
687:
667:Tanacharison
650:Ohio Company
646:
626:Tanacharison
614:
603:
594:
582:Ohio Country
543:
489:
485:Philadelphia
452:
448:
446:
394:Penn's Creek
378:
282:369 captured
239:James Mackay
210:Louis Coulon
135:Belligerents
82:Pennsylvania
68:July 3, 1754
42:Part of the
29:
4769:Skyscrapers
4663:Monroeville
4583:Wilkinsburg
4503:Murrysville
4498:Mt. Lebanon
4488:Monroeville
4453:Bethel Park
4146:Fort McCord
4141:Fort Manada
4091:Fort Hunter
4056:Fort Bigham
3879:during the
3786:William Lee
3439:(2006 film)
3431:(2000 film)
3423:(1989 film)
3071:(Greenough)
2256:(1775–1783)
2249:(1798–1799)
2243:(1789–1797)
1875:Eccles 1974
1230:John Forbes
1039:Lieutenants
949:Present and
868:breastworks
570:Great Lakes
475:during the
389:Monongahela
280:70 wounded
258:100 Indians
158:New France
110: /
4817:Categories
4729:Government
4693:Zelienople
4683:Washington
4668:New Castle
4523:Penn Hills
4508:New Castle
4483:McKeesport
4478:McCandless
4421:Pittsburgh
4359:Washington
4086:Fort Henry
4061:Fort Depuy
4041:Fort Allen
3781:Oney Judge
3543:River Farm
3461:Washington
3079:(Trumbull)
3055:(Ceracchi)
2982:depictions
2839:Birthplace
2834:Early life
2708:Jay Treaty
2568:Presidency
2518:Other U.S.
1971:References
1480:(2): 176.
961:On command
831:Joshua Fry
767:Winchester
704:employee,
698:Pittsburgh
606:New France
590:Ohio River
576:, and the
574:Ohio River
560:, and the
554:New France
550:New France
534:Background
457:Farmington
414:Kittanning
399:The Trough
278:31 killed
275:19 wounded
98:79°35′14″W
95:39°48′51″N
4719:Etymology
4714:Education
4678:Rostraver
4653:Joe Hardy
4643:Jefferson
4628:Eddie Dew
4473:Hempfield
4463:Cranberry
4329:Armstrong
4324:Allegheny
4305:Jefferson
4166:Fort Pitt
3711:(brother)
3705:(brother)
3699:(brother)
3651:(stepson)
3189:sculpture
3154:paintings
2977:Memorials
2859:Gristmill
2784:Views and
2573:timeline)
2078:cite book
1816:April 28,
1317:248875228
1201:Aftermath
1098:Corporals
1079:Sergeants
971:Prisoners
925:Surrender
785:in 1803.
779:tidewater
586:Lake Erie
273:3 killed
161:Algonquin
4798:Category
4688:Wheeling
4658:Lakehill
4592:Airports
4354:Lawrence
4278:Maryland
4269:Counties
4032:Frontier
3834:Category
3741:(nephew)
3693:(sister)
3675:(mother)
3669:(father)
3598:patriots
3563:Category
3469:Hamilton
3330:Currency
3063:(Canova)
3040:(Houdon)
2506:Blueskin
2270:Delegate
2260:Delegate
2105:21999143
2022:(1988).
1309:27778785
1137:Privates
1118:Drummers
1020:Captains
982:Colonels
824:and the
658:Virginia
622:Montreal
588:and the
251:Strength
191:Virginia
73:Location
4734:History
4709:Economy
4568:Weirton
4468:Hampton
4448:Baldwin
4433:15k–50k
4388:Hancock
4349:Indiana
4344:Fayette
4286:Garrett
3484:Related
3171:Statues
2854:Fishery
2763:Cabinet
2497:Horses
2272:to the
2262:to the
1494:1886434
1402:July 3,
1192:Source:
1059:Ensigns
822:Shawnee
729:Prelude
510:of the
479:by the
4774:Sports
4759:People
4702:Topics
4638:Herron
4623:Butler
4618:Beaver
4548:Shaler
4528:Peters
4458:Butler
4383:Brooke
4339:Butler
4334:Beaver
3749:Slaves
3645:(wife)
3635:Family
2818:Legacy
2501:Nelson
2276:(1774)
2266:(1775)
2103:
2053:
2030:
2008:
1987:
1492:
1358:. NPS.
1315:
1307:
1252:Alcide
1241:Canada
1001:Majors
956:Absent
878:Battle
818:Lenape
761:, 1772
683:Canada
638:wampum
572:, the
568:, the
558:Acadia
502:on an
241:
224:
179:
156:
146:
123:Result
4749:Media
4578:White
4558:Unity
4543:Scott
4034:Forts
3761:Betty
1490:JSTOR
1313:S2CID
1305:JSTOR
1275:Notes
1161:Total
976:Total
826:Mingo
630:Mingo
169:Huron
165:Odawa
4724:Film
4538:Ross
4533:Plum
4518:Penn
4493:Moon
4438:2010
4436:(in
4297:Ohio
4001:1758
3980:1757
3959:1756
3918:1755
3888:1754
3756:List
3474:film
3306:Arch
2980:and
2758:1796
2753:1793
2748:1792
2743:1791
2101:OCLC
2084:link
2051:ISBN
2028:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1818:2024
1404:2018
1155:249
966:Sick
710:Ohio
628:, a
544:The
447:The
65:Date
4373:in
4314:in
4295:in
4276:in
2238:1st
1482:doi
1297:doi
1255:in
1166:259
1140:218
1113:10
1093:11
757:by
487:.
483:in
459:in
4819::
2080:}}
2076:{{
1903:^
1891:^
1856:^
1844:^
1808:.
1787:^
1766:^
1729:.
1711:.
1652:^
1604:^
1567:.
1538:^
1488:.
1476:.
1457:.
1412:^
1395:.
1364:^
1347:^
1325:^
1311:.
1303:.
1293:74
1291:.
1271:.
1264:.
1176:27
1146:26
1132:6
1082:11
1074:2
1054:5
1034:5
1015:1
996:2
870:.
850:.
820:,
725:.
685:.
644:.
530:.
84:,
80:,
4440:)
4245:e
4238:t
4231:v
3869:e
3862:t
3855:v
3476:)
3472:(
2571:(
2219:e
2212:t
2205:v
2107:.
2086:)
2059:.
2036:.
2014:.
1993:.
1733:.
1715:.
1571:.
1496:.
1484::
1478:3
1461:.
1406:.
1319:.
1299::
1186:2
1181:2
1171:3
1152:1
1149:1
1143:3
1121:6
1108:1
1101:9
1071:1
1062:3
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1042:4
1023:5
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331:v
20:)
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