463:, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. Tong analyzes that the peasants had to make a "rational choice" between surviving harsh conditions and surviving through illegal activities of banditry. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. Tong concludes that his "rational choice model predicts that there would be more rebellions and banditry where the likelihood of surviving hardship is minimal but the likelihood of surviving as an outlaw is maximal." As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644).
483:
that soldiers had raided in Henan province. Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living. Also, policies and conditions in the
Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. During the Ming Dynasty, military and civil jurisdictions were separated. This was especially troubling when soldiers lived physically far from their superiors: when soldiers committed robbery, civil officials had no jurisdiction nor power to apprehend them. Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well.
514:
means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. However, such patronage did not guarantee immunity. An effective and determined official, empowered by influential superiors or eunuchs, could pose a severe threat to bandits’ survival. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to
Beijing and executed.
527:
Maoqi, a bandit in Fujian who perpetrated robbery on roads and in villages in the late 1440s. His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Bandit-rebels were not only common in late Ming. In 1510 and 1511, several bandit gangs under the leadership of Liu
Brothers, Tiger Yang raided and plundered Shandong and Henan. Their illegal actions eventually evolved into open rebellion against the Ming Dynasty as they blatantly besieged cities, seized imperial weaponry, extended area of operation southward, and even assumed rhetoric and attire of an imperial dynasty. The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush.
257:
467:
arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the
Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in
479:
developed economy of
Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. As Shih-Shan Henry Tsai explained, self-castration was just another way to escape impoverishment; and when a group of eunuchs failed to find employment in the palace, they often turned to mob violence.
811:'All Germany is a gang of bandits and, among the nobles, the more grasping the more glorious' - a Roman cardinal thus summed up the state of the German nation in the late Middle Ages. Friedrich C. Schlosser mentioned that 'the numerous robber-knights of Thuringia ... earned their living on the highways by cities of their goods'.
38:
879:
Hitler's decision called for the 'energetic combat' of the partisan threat and its elimination . With
Himmler's political soldiers in charge, men tasked with upholding the racial and ideological precepts of the order and experienced in mass murder, the radicalization of the antipartisan effort was
526:
The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. One example was Gao
Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. Another example would be Deng
509:
Bandits often operated in groups under one or more leaders. These charismatic leaders were not only skilled in fighting and riding but also possessed material and social capital. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth,
466:
However, the
Northern China and the middle Ming period (1450–1525) had their fair share of banditry. Mounted banditry was the major and pervasive type of banditry plaguing roads around the capital Beijing and its surrounding areas, administrated and named as the Capital Region. Xiangmazei (whistling
530:
Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. Robinson points out that bandits obviously perceived the benefits of supporting rebel cause but they also could be repelled to join; as a result, the 1510s rebels attracted a lot of local bandits and outlaws
522:
Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. Tiger Yang once
513:
Of course, the Ming government used a heavy hand to crack down on banditry. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome
491:
Bandits’ technique involved the martial skills to use various weapons, ranging from bows and arrows to swords. Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the
Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison
482:
The
Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. Another report of 1489 attested
914:
During a private audience with the Duce, Benito Mussolini, in October 1942, Göring discussed the conduct of antipartisan operations in the East and explained the German practice of confiscating all livestock and foodstuffs as well as that of interning men, women, and children in work camps and
478:
identifies some prominent causes of banditry in the Capital Region. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. In addition to the highly
451:(1368–1644) was defined by the Ming government as “‘robbery by force’ punishable by death.” But throughout the dynasty, people had entered into the occupation of banditry for various reasons and the occupation of banditry was fluid and temporary.
523:
served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers.
499:), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Robinson further points out that " widespread network to dispose of the stolen livestock linked" towns in the Capital Region to nearby provinces.
495:
Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see
218:. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by
506:
relates that the great bandit Zhang Mao lived in a big mansion in his hometown Wenan. Similarly, Zhang's comrades Liu Brothers and Tiger Yang had wives and children.
459:
Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. In his 1991 book
551:
was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million.
183:
In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.
880:
assured. One example of this radicalization involved Hitler's order to take the 'toughest measures' against all those who joined or supported the partisans.
427:
492:
soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers.
214:, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study
1445:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1407:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1372:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1337:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1254:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1219:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region during the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1165:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1130:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1092:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1057:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
927:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
180:: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey".
296:
had about 5,000 bandits executed in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout
309:
1591:
Swope, Kenneth (2011). "Of Bureaucrats and Bandits: Confucianism and Antirebel Strategy at the End of the Ming Dynasty".
422:
as "bandits" — dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. German authorities suppressed
502:
The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married.
468:
1699:
907:
872:
841:
797:
792:. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History (revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1, 3.
540:
640:
347:
899:
864:
359:
1691:
751:
165:
1738:
669:
287:
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354:. Brigandage in Southern Italy continued sporadically following the 1870s, with brigands such as
31:
17:
1733:
1671:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1656:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1641:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1626:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1578:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1563:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1548:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1533:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1518:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1503:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1485:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1324:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1309:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1294:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
770:
419:
161:". In modern Italian, the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person.
827:
1685:
539:
Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. In early
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789:
State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440-1567
571:
475:
367:
355:
144:
264:
on display following the Battle of Coffeyville in 1892 – left to right: Bill Power,
1743:
1454:
1416:
1381:
1346:
1263:
1228:
1174:
1139:
1101:
1066:
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620:, Anti-Cossack/Russian guerilla raiders in the North Caucasus, especially Chechnya
893:
858:
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223:
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60:
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153:
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Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1991). "The Demand and Supply of Ming Eunuchs".
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692:
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448:
383:
100:
92:
87:, either as an individual or in groups. Banditry is a vague concept of
742:
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350:
were active during this period and eventually developed followings as
319:
108:
76:
131:(introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the
717:
663:
623:
595:
375:
68:
49:
45:
1041:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 45–49.
996:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 83–90.
981:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 36–37.
486:
140:
966:. Stanford,California: Stanford University Press. pp. 82–83.
605:
600:
589:
544:
510:
he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court.
177:
80:
44:'s lieutenant Agostino Sacchitiello and members of his band from
1613:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, inc. p. 116.
374:
in the 1940s to 1950 and similarly became known as folk heroes.
679:
657:
646:
371:
235:
219:
173:
112:
84:
64:
1611:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
1039:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
1024:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
1011:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 93.
1009:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
994:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
979:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
964:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
682:, Croatian Habsburg soldiers during the Ottoman wars in Europe
461:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
1713:
1026:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 6.
617:
323:
116:
88:
895:
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
860:
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
326:
since pre-historic times, became particularly widespread in
1673:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 135, 140.
1505:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 112–113.
1643:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 126–134.
1628:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 122–124.
1550:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–106.
1535:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 107–108.
1520:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 107–108.
1487:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 100–101.
1496:
1494:
392:
being the most recent manifestation of this phenomenon.
1580:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 82–83.
714:, how bandits were sometimes treated in chaotic times.
362:
forming bandit gangs at the turn of the 20th century.
1491:
426:
opposition with maximum force and, usually, with the
166:
New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED)
1658:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 153.
1565:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 109.
1326:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 58.
1311:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 56.
1296:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 59.
1287:
1285:
666:, Irish guerrillas during the 1690s Williamite war
626:, bandits around the Pyrenees in the Roman Empire
71:. A person who engages in banditry is known as a
1720:
1282:
487:Techniques, organization, livelihood, and risks
418:("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the
660:, anti-Ottoman insurgents in Greece and Cyprus
135:legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed
30:"Bandit" redirects here. For other uses, see
829:A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance
411:
27:Type of organized crime committed by outlaws
1683:
454:
891:
856:
517:
410:from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of
531:as they moved from one place to another.
176:; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a
67:typically involving the threat or use of
1668:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1575:
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1515:
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1482:
1444:
1406:
1371:
1336:
1321:
1306:
1291:
1253:
1218:
1164:
1129:
1091:
1056:
926:
822:
255:
168:defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is
36:
1608:
708:, helping bandits to sell stolen goods.
395:
310:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
14:
1721:
699:
579:, banditry in Northeast Region, Brazil
206:" is a term invented by the historian
1604:
1602:
1590:
1478:
1476:
1440:
1438:
1125:
1123:
1052:
1050:
1048:
785:
769:— Earlier version first published in
747:Home : Oxford English Dictionary
504:Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty
303:
75:and primarily commits crimes such as
1593:Warfare and Culture in World History
1199:
1036:
1021:
1006:
991:
976:
961:
695:, bandits in Australia (1790s–1900s)
534:
898:. Modern war studies. Kansas City:
863:. Modern war studies. Kansas City:
786:Zmora, Hillay (13 November 2003) .
24:
1599:
1473:
1435:
1120:
1045:
755:(Second online version ed.).
643:, bandits in South Italy (1861-65)
286:Tradition depicts medieval German
281:
25:
1755:
970:
240:
191:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
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1584:
1569:
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1365:
1330:
1315:
1300:
1247:
1212:
1193:
1158:
1085:
1030:
1015:
1000:
632:, bandits in Kingdom of Hungary
334:in the 1860s. Brigands such as
985:
955:
920:
892:Westermann, Edward B. (2005).
885:
857:Westermann, Edward B. (2005).
850:
816:
779:
735:
641:Brigandage in the Two Sicilies
122:
13:
1:
728:
442:
915:burning down their villages.
447:Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) in
7:
1687:Bandits in Republican China
611:
565:
469:History of criminal justice
91:and in modern usage can be
10:
1760:
1684:Billingsley, Phil (1998).
900:University Press of Kansas
865:University Press of Kansas
686:
558:
399:
370:formed a brigand group in
360:Francesco Paolo Varsallona
307:
251:
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1692:Stanford University Press
1447:Journal of Social History
1409:Journal of Social History
1374:Journal of Social History
1339:Journal of Social History
1256:Journal of Social History
1221:Journal of Social History
1167:Journal of Social History
1132:Journal of Social History
1094:Journal of Social History
1059:Journal of Social History
929:Journal of Social History
752:Oxford English Dictionary
592:, Hindi term for banditry
276:
229:
143:). The legal term in the
1669:Robinson, David (2001).
1654:Robinson, David (2001).
1639:Robinson, David (2001).
1624:Robinson, David (2001).
1576:Robinson, David (2001).
1561:Robinson, David (2001).
1546:Robinson, David (2001).
1531:Robinson, David (2001).
1516:Robinson, David (2001).
1501:Robinson, David (2001).
1483:Robinson, David (2001).
1322:Robinson, David (2001).
1307:Robinson, David (2001).
1292:Robinson, David (2001).
1202:Journal of Asian History
649:, bandits in the Balkans
455:Causes and opportunities
437:
380:long history of banditry
186:
775:(subscription required)
757:Oxford University Press
583:
554:
518:Future paths of bandits
32:Bandit (disambiguation)
1609:Dardess, John (2012).
771:New English Dictionary
420:Greater Germanic Reich
412:
382:, with the bandit and
273:
53:
1459:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1421:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1386:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
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1144:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1106:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1071:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
941:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
559:Further information:
259:
40:
1037:Tong, James (1991).
1022:Tong, James (1991).
1007:Tong, James (1991).
992:Tong, James (1991).
977:Tong, James (1991).
962:Tong, James (1991).
867:. pp. 191–192.
497:Fences in Ming China
408:Nazi-occupied Europe
396:Nazi-occupied Europe
332:Unification of Italy
322:, while existing in
272:, and Dick Broadwell
52:photographed in 1862
700:Related occupations
434:-controlled areas.
340:Michelina Di Cesare
712:Irregular military
675:Sardinian banditry
547:armies during the
430:of civilians from
364:Salvatore Giuliano
314:Sardinian banditry
304:Brigandry in Italy
274:
54:
572:Banditry in Chile
535:Republican period
476:David M. Robinson
368:Gaspare Pisciotta
356:Giuseppe Musolino
348:Nicola Napolitano
210:in his 1959 book
157:, translated as "
145:Holy Roman Empire
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1436:
1405:
1401:
1370:
1366:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1283:
1252:
1248:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1163:
1159:
1128:
1121:
1090:
1086:
1055:
1046:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1001:
990:
986:
975:
971:
960:
956:
925:
921:
910:
902:. p. 191.
890:
886:
875:
855:
851:
844:
836:. p. 143.
834:Wiley-Blackwell
824:Ruggiero, Guido
821:
817:
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800:
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474:Ming historian
457:
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316:
308:Main articles:
306:
284:
282:Medieval period
279:
260:Members of the
254:
249:
243:
238:
232:
224:organized crime
204:Social banditry
200:
198:Social banditry
194:
189:
125:
61:organized crime
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1757:
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1598:
1583:
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1553:
1538:
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1508:
1490:
1472:
1453:(3): 538–539.
1434:
1399:
1364:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1281:
1262:(3): 533–534.
1246:
1211:
1192:
1157:
1138:(3): 532–533.
1119:
1084:
1065:(3): 529–530.
1044:
1029:
1014:
999:
984:
969:
954:
935:(3): 528–529.
919:
908:
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400:Main article:
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336:Carmine Crocco
330:following the
328:Southern Italy
305:
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283:
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278:
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247:Cattle raiding
245:Main article:
242:
241:Cattle raiding
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234:Main article:
231:
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196:Main article:
193:
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133:early Germanic
124:
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42:Carmine Crocco
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1756:
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1734:Crime by type
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1701:0-8047-1406-1
1697:
1694:. p. 1.
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1226:
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1208:(2): 142–143.
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389:anonima sarda
385:
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329:
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298:Central Italy
295:
294:Pope Sixtus V
291:
289:
288:robber barons
271:
267:
263:
258:
248:
237:
227:
226:syndicates.
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Eric Hobsbawm
205:
199:
192:Social bandit
184:
181:
179:
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171:
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74:
70:
66:
63:committed by
62:
59:is a type of
58:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
1714:Bandit Story
1686:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
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1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1484:
1450:
1446:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1367:
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1332:
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1317:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1259:
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1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1135:
1131:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1062:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
978:
972:
963:
957:
932:
928:
922:
913:
894:
887:
878:
859:
852:
828:
818:
810:
803:. Retrieved
788:
781:
761:. Retrieved
750:
746:
743:"bandit, n."
737:
670:Robber baron
538:
529:
525:
521:
512:
508:
503:
501:
494:
490:
481:
473:
465:
460:
458:
446:
428:mass slavery
405:
387:
318:Banditry or
317:
292:
290:as bandits.
285:
215:
211:
201:
182:
163:
159:Imperial ban
152:
148:
136:
128:
126:
72:
56:
55:
763:20 February
549:Warlord era
352:folk heroes
344:Ninco Nanco
270:Grat Dalton
262:Dalton Gang
123:Definitions
97:gangsterism
89:criminality
1723:Categories
1415:(3): 528.
1380:(3): 528.
1345:(3): 540.
1173:(3): 535.
1100:(3): 543.
729:References
723:Highwayman
693:Bushranger
653:Kirdzhalis
561:Brigandage
449:Ming China
443:Ming China
384:kidnapping
266:Bob Dalton
170:proscribed
154:Reichsacht
101:brigandage
93:synonymous
1467:144496554
1429:144496554
1394:144496554
1359:144496554
1276:144496554
1241:144496554
1187:144496554
1152:144496554
1114:144496554
1079:144496554
949:144496554
320:brigandry
139:(English
127:The term
109:terrorism
105:marauding
77:extortion
1729:Banditry
826:(2006).
805:24 April
773:, 1885.
718:Henchman
664:Rapparee
624:Bagaudae
596:Honghuzi
566:Americas
432:partisan
424:partisan
376:Sardinia
174:outlawed
117:thievery
69:violence
57:Banditry
50:Campania
46:Bisaccia
1744:Robbery
687:Oceania
647:Hajduks
630:Betyárs
606:Thuggee
601:Shanlin
590:Dacoity
577:Cangaço
545:warlord
252:History
216:Bandits
178:brigand
137:*bamnan
81:robbery
65:outlaws
18:Bandits
1698:
1465:
1427:
1392:
1357:
1274:
1239:
1185:
1150:
1112:
1077:
947:
906:
871:
840:
796:
759:. 1989
680:Uskoks
658:Klepht
612:Europe
386:group
378:has a
372:Sicily
346:, and
277:Europe
236:Piracy
230:Piracy
220:piracy
129:bandit
113:piracy
85:murder
83:, and
73:bandit
1595:: 66.
1463:S2CID
1425:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1355:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1183:S2CID
1148:S2CID
1110:S2CID
1075:S2CID
945:S2CID
706:Fence
618:Abrek
438:China
324:Italy
187:Types
1696:ISBN
904:ISBN
869:ISBN
838:ISBN
807:2023
794:ISBN
765:2011
584:Asia
555:List
471:).
366:and
358:and
312:and
222:and
164:The
149:Acht
147:was
115:and
95:for
1455:doi
1417:doi
1382:doi
1347:doi
1264:doi
1229:doi
1175:doi
1140:doi
1102:doi
1067:doi
937:doi
406:In
172:or
151:or
141:ban
1725::
1690:.
1601:^
1493:^
1475:^
1461:.
1451:33
1449:.
1437:^
1423:.
1413:33
1411:.
1388:.
1378:33
1376:.
1353:.
1343:33
1341:.
1284:^
1270:.
1260:33
1258:.
1235:.
1225:33
1223:.
1206:25
1204:.
1181:.
1171:33
1169:.
1146:.
1136:33
1134:.
1122:^
1108:.
1098:33
1096:.
1073:.
1063:33
1061:.
1047:^
943:.
933:33
931:.
912:.
877:.
832:.
809:.
749:.
745:.
342:,
338:,
300:.
268:,
119:.
111:,
107:,
103:,
99:,
79:,
48:,
1704:.
1469:.
1457::
1431:.
1419::
1396:.
1384::
1361:.
1349::
1278:.
1266::
1243:.
1231::
1189:.
1177::
1154:.
1142::
1116:.
1104::
1081:.
1069::
951:.
939::
846:.
767:.
202:"
34:.
20:)
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