452:, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. Tong analyzes that the peasants had to make a "rational choice" between surviving harsh conditions and surviving through illegal activities of banditry. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. Tong concludes that his "rational choice model predicts that there would be more rebellions and banditry where the likelihood of surviving hardship is minimal but the likelihood of surviving as an outlaw is maximal." As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644).
472:
that soldiers had raided in Henan province. Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living. Also, policies and conditions in the
Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. During the Ming Dynasty, military and civil jurisdictions were separated. This was especially troubling when soldiers lived physically far from their superiors: when soldiers committed robbery, civil officials had no jurisdiction nor power to apprehend them. Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well.
503:
means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. However, such patronage did not guarantee immunity. An effective and determined official, empowered by influential superiors or eunuchs, could pose a severe threat to bandits’ survival. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to
Beijing and executed.
516:
Maoqi, a bandit in Fujian who perpetrated robbery on roads and in villages in the late 1440s. His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Bandit-rebels were not only common in late Ming. In 1510 and 1511, several bandit gangs under the leadership of Liu
Brothers, Tiger Yang raided and plundered Shandong and Henan. Their illegal actions eventually evolved into open rebellion against the Ming Dynasty as they blatantly besieged cities, seized imperial weaponry, extended area of operation southward, and even assumed rhetoric and attire of an imperial dynasty. The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush.
246:
456:
arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the
Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in
468:
developed economy of
Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. As Shih-Shan Henry Tsai explained, self-castration was just another way to escape impoverishment; and when a group of eunuchs failed to find employment in the palace, they often turned to mob violence.
800:'All Germany is a gang of bandits and, among the nobles, the more grasping the more glorious' - a Roman cardinal thus summed up the state of the German nation in the late Middle Ages. Friedrich C. Schlosser mentioned that 'the numerous robber-knights of Thuringia ... earned their living on the highways by cities of their goods'.
27:
868:
Hitler's decision called for the 'energetic combat' of the partisan threat and its elimination . With
Himmler's political soldiers in charge, men tasked with upholding the racial and ideological precepts of the order and experienced in mass murder, the radicalization of the antipartisan effort was
515:
The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. One example was Gao
Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. Another example would be Deng
498:
Bandits often operated in groups under one or more leaders. These charismatic leaders were not only skilled in fighting and riding but also possessed material and social capital. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth,
455:
However, the
Northern China and the middle Ming period (1450–1525) had their fair share of banditry. Mounted banditry was the major and pervasive type of banditry plaguing roads around the capital Beijing and its surrounding areas, administrated and named as the Capital Region. Xiangmazei (whistling
519:
Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. Robinson points out that bandits obviously perceived the benefits of supporting rebel cause but they also could be repelled to join; as a result, the 1510s rebels attracted a lot of local bandits and outlaws
511:
Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. Tiger Yang once
502:
Of course, the Ming government used a heavy hand to crack down on banditry. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome
480:
Bandits’ technique involved the martial skills to use various weapons, ranging from bows and arrows to swords. Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the
Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison
471:
The
Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. Another report of 1489 attested
903:
During a private audience with the Duce, Benito Mussolini, in October 1942, Göring discussed the conduct of antipartisan operations in the East and explained the German practice of confiscating all livestock and foodstuffs as well as that of interning men, women, and children in work camps and
467:
identifies some prominent causes of banditry in the Capital Region. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. In addition to the highly
440:(1368–1644) was defined by the Ming government as “‘robbery by force’ punishable by death.” But throughout the dynasty, people had entered into the occupation of banditry for various reasons and the occupation of banditry was fluid and temporary.
512:
served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers.
488:), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Robinson further points out that " widespread network to dispose of the stolen livestock linked" towns in the Capital Region to nearby provinces.
484:
Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see
207:. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by
495:
relates that the great bandit Zhang Mao lived in a big mansion in his hometown Wenan. Similarly, Zhang's comrades Liu Brothers and Tiger Yang had wives and children.
448:
Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. In his 1991 book
540:
was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million.
172:
In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.
869:
assured. One example of this radicalization involved Hitler's order to take the 'toughest measures' against all those who joined or supported the partisans.
416:
481:
soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers.
203:, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study
1434:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1396:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1361:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1326:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1243:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1208:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region during the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1154:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1119:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1081:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
1046:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
916:
Robinson, David (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)".
169:: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey".
285:
had about 5,000 bandits executed in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout
298:
1580:
Swope, Kenneth (2011). "Of Bureaucrats and Bandits: Confucianism and Antirebel Strategy at the End of the Ming Dynasty".
411:
as "bandits" — dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. German authorities suppressed
491:
The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married.
457:
1688:
896:
861:
830:
786:
781:. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History (revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1, 3.
529:
629:
336:
888:
853:
348:
1680:
740:
154:
1727:
658:
276:
745:
343:. Brigandage in Southern Italy continued sporadically following the 1870s, with brigands such as
20:
1722:
1660:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1645:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1630:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1615:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1567:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1552:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1537:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1522:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1507:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1492:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1474:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1313:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1298:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
1283:
Bandits, Eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China
759:
408:
150:". In modern Italian, the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person.
816:
1674:
528:
Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. In early
485:
396:
320:
8:
420:
412:
328:
254:
402:
390:
1451:
1413:
1378:
1343:
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352:
302:
1717:
1684:
1455:
1417:
1382:
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1264:
1229:
1175:
1140:
1102:
1067:
937:
892:
857:
826:
782:
778:
State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440-1567
560:
464:
356:
344:
133:
253:
on display following the Battle of Coffeyville in 1892 – left to right: Bill Power,
1732:
1443:
1405:
1370:
1335:
1252:
1217:
1163:
1128:
1090:
1055:
925:
694:
609:, Anti-Cossack/Russian guerilla raiders in the North Caucasus, especially Chechnya
882:
847:
822:
776:
212:
192:
186:
49:
245:
142:
812:
624:
324:
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30:
26:
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196:
93:
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121:
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1374:
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1094:
1059:
929:
537:
340:
332:
258:
250:
85:
1189:
Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1991). "The Demand and Supply of Ming Eunuchs".
711:
681:
641:
549:
437:
372:
89:
81:
76:, either as an individual or in groups. Banditry is a vague concept of
731:
618:
565:
339:
were active during this period and eventually developed followings as
308:
97:
65:
120:(introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the
706:
652:
612:
584:
364:
57:
38:
34:
1030:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 45–49.
985:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 83–90.
970:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 36–37.
475:
129:
955:. Stanford,California: Stanford University Press. pp. 82–83.
594:
589:
578:
533:
499:
he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court.
166:
69:
33:'s lieutenant Agostino Sacchitiello and members of his band from
1602:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, inc. p. 116.
363:
in the 1940s to 1950 and similarly became known as folk heroes.
668:
646:
635:
360:
224:
208:
162:
101:
73:
53:
1600:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
1028:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
1013:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
1000:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 93.
998:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
983:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
968:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
953:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
671:, Croatian Habsburg soldiers during the Ottoman wars in Europe
450:
Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty
1702:
1015:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 6.
606:
312:
105:
77:
884:
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
849:
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
315:
since pre-historic times, became particularly widespread in
1662:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 135, 140.
1494:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 112–113.
1632:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 126–134.
1617:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 122–124.
1539:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–106.
1524:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 107–108.
1509:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 107–108.
1476:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 100–101.
1485:
1483:
381:
being the most recent manifestation of this phenomenon.
1569:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 82–83.
703:, how bandits were sometimes treated in chaotic times.
351:
forming bandit gangs at the turn of the 20th century.
1480:
415:
opposition with maximum force and, usually, with the
155:
New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED)
1647:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 153.
1554:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 109.
1315:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 58.
1300:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 56.
1285:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 59.
1276:
1274:
655:, Irish guerrillas during the 1690s Williamite war
615:, bandits around the Pyrenees in the Roman Empire
60:. A person who engages in banditry is known as a
1709:
1271:
476:Techniques, organization, livelihood, and risks
407:("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the
649:, anti-Ottoman insurgents in Greece and Cyprus
124:legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed
19:"Bandit" redirects here. For other uses, see
818:A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance
400:
16:Type of organized crime committed by outlaws
1672:
443:
880:
845:
506:
399:from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of
520:as they moved from one place to another.
165:; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a
56:typically involving the threat or use of
1657:
1642:
1627:
1612:
1564:
1549:
1534:
1519:
1504:
1489:
1471:
1433:
1395:
1360:
1325:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1242:
1207:
1153:
1118:
1080:
1045:
915:
811:
244:
157:defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is
25:
1597:
697:, helping bandits to sell stolen goods.
384:
299:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
1710:
688:
568:, banditry in Northeast Region, Brazil
195:" is a term invented by the historian
1593:
1591:
1579:
1467:
1465:
1429:
1427:
1114:
1112:
1041:
1039:
1037:
774:
758:— Earlier version first published in
736:Home : Oxford English Dictionary
493:Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty
292:
64:and primarily commits crimes such as
1582:Warfare and Culture in World History
1188:
1025:
1010:
995:
980:
965:
950:
684:, bandits in Australia (1790s–1900s)
523:
887:. Modern war studies. Kansas City:
852:. Modern war studies. Kansas City:
775:Zmora, Hillay (13 November 2003) .
13:
1588:
1462:
1424:
1109:
1034:
744:(Second online version ed.).
632:, bandits in South Italy (1861-65)
275:Tradition depicts medieval German
270:
14:
1744:
959:
229:
180:
1666:
1651:
1636:
1621:
1606:
1573:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1498:
1389:
1354:
1319:
1304:
1289:
1236:
1201:
1182:
1147:
1074:
1019:
1004:
989:
621:, bandits in Kingdom of Hungary
323:in the 1860s. Brigands such as
974:
944:
909:
881:Westermann, Edward B. (2005).
874:
846:Westermann, Edward B. (2005).
839:
805:
768:
724:
630:Brigandage in the Two Sicilies
111:
1:
717:
431:
904:burning down their villages.
436:Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) in
7:
1676:Bandits in Republican China
600:
554:
458:History of criminal justice
80:and in modern usage can be
10:
1749:
1673:Billingsley, Phil (1998).
889:University Press of Kansas
854:University Press of Kansas
675:
547:
388:
359:formed a brigand group in
349:Francesco Paolo Varsallona
296:
240:
233:
222:
184:
18:
1681:Stanford University Press
1436:Journal of Social History
1398:Journal of Social History
1363:Journal of Social History
1328:Journal of Social History
1245:Journal of Social History
1210:Journal of Social History
1156:Journal of Social History
1121:Journal of Social History
1083:Journal of Social History
1048:Journal of Social History
918:Journal of Social History
741:Oxford English Dictionary
581:, Hindi term for banditry
265:
218:
132:). The legal term in the
1658:Robinson, David (2001).
1643:Robinson, David (2001).
1628:Robinson, David (2001).
1613:Robinson, David (2001).
1565:Robinson, David (2001).
1550:Robinson, David (2001).
1535:Robinson, David (2001).
1520:Robinson, David (2001).
1505:Robinson, David (2001).
1490:Robinson, David (2001).
1472:Robinson, David (2001).
1311:Robinson, David (2001).
1296:Robinson, David (2001).
1281:Robinson, David (2001).
1191:Journal of Asian History
638:, bandits in the Balkans
444:Causes and opportunities
426:
369:long history of banditry
175:
764:(subscription required)
746:Oxford University Press
572:
543:
507:Future paths of bandits
21:Bandit (disambiguation)
1598:Dardess, John (2012).
760:New English Dictionary
409:Greater Germanic Reich
401:
371:, with the bandit and
262:
42:
1448:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1410:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1375:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1340:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1257:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1222:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1168:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1133:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1095:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
1060:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
930:10.1353/jsh.2000.0035
548:Further information:
248:
29:
1026:Tong, James (1991).
1011:Tong, James (1991).
996:Tong, James (1991).
981:Tong, James (1991).
966:Tong, James (1991).
951:Tong, James (1991).
856:. pp. 191–192.
486:Fences in Ming China
397:Nazi-occupied Europe
385:Nazi-occupied Europe
321:Unification of Italy
311:, while existing in
261:, and Dick Broadwell
41:photographed in 1862
689:Related occupations
423:-controlled areas.
329:Michelina Di Cesare
701:Irregular military
664:Sardinian banditry
536:armies during the
419:of civilians from
353:Salvatore Giuliano
303:Sardinian banditry
293:Brigandry in Italy
263:
43:
561:Banditry in Chile
524:Republican period
465:David M. Robinson
357:Gaspare Pisciotta
345:Giuseppe Musolino
337:Nicola Napolitano
199:in his 1959 book
146:, translated as "
134:Holy Roman Empire
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403:Bandenbekämpfung
391:Bandenbekämpfung
201:Primitive Rebels
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1309:
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1187:
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1117:
1110:
1079:
1075:
1044:
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1009:
1005:
994:
990:
979:
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964:
960:
949:
945:
914:
910:
899:
891:. p. 191.
879:
875:
864:
844:
840:
833:
825:. p. 143.
823:Wiley-Blackwell
813:Ruggiero, Guido
810:
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793:
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463:Ming historian
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305:
297:Main articles:
295:
273:
271:Medieval period
268:
249:Members of the
243:
238:
232:
227:
221:
213:organized crime
193:Social banditry
189:
187:Social banditry
183:
178:
114:
50:organized crime
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1746:
1736:
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1572:
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1542:
1527:
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1479:
1461:
1442:(3): 538–539.
1423:
1388:
1353:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1270:
1251:(3): 533–534.
1235:
1200:
1181:
1146:
1127:(3): 532–533.
1108:
1073:
1054:(3): 529–530.
1033:
1018:
1003:
988:
973:
958:
943:
924:(3): 528–529.
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389:Main article:
386:
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325:Carmine Crocco
319:following the
317:Southern Italy
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272:
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236:Cattle raiding
234:Main article:
231:
230:Cattle raiding
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185:Main article:
182:
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122:early Germanic
113:
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31:Carmine Crocco
15:
9:
6:
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2:
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1723:Crime by type
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1215:
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287:Central Italy
284:
283:Pope Sixtus V
280:
278:
277:robber barons
260:
256:
252:
247:
237:
226:
216:
215:syndicates.
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Eric Hobsbawm
194:
188:
181:Social bandit
173:
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67:
63:
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55:
52:committed by
51:
48:is a type of
47:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1703:Bandit Story
1675:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1581:
1575:
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1356:
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1327:
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1312:
1306:
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1244:
1238:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1124:
1120:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1051:
1047:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
997:
991:
982:
976:
967:
961:
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946:
921:
917:
911:
902:
883:
876:
867:
848:
841:
817:
807:
799:
792:. Retrieved
777:
770:
750:. Retrieved
739:
735:
732:"bandit, n."
726:
659:Robber baron
527:
518:
514:
510:
501:
497:
492:
490:
483:
479:
470:
462:
454:
449:
447:
435:
417:mass slavery
394:
376:
307:Banditry or
306:
281:
279:as bandits.
274:
204:
200:
190:
171:
152:
148:Imperial ban
141:
137:
125:
117:
115:
61:
45:
44:
752:20 February
538:Warlord era
341:folk heroes
333:Ninco Nanco
259:Grat Dalton
251:Dalton Gang
112:Definitions
86:gangsterism
78:criminality
1712:Categories
1404:(3): 528.
1369:(3): 528.
1334:(3): 540.
1162:(3): 535.
1089:(3): 543.
718:References
712:Highwayman
682:Bushranger
642:Kirdzhalis
550:Brigandage
438:Ming China
432:Ming China
373:kidnapping
255:Bob Dalton
159:proscribed
143:Reichsacht
90:brigandage
82:synonymous
1456:144496554
1418:144496554
1383:144496554
1348:144496554
1265:144496554
1230:144496554
1176:144496554
1141:144496554
1103:144496554
1068:144496554
938:144496554
309:brigandry
128:(English
116:The term
98:terrorism
94:marauding
66:extortion
1718:Banditry
815:(2006).
794:24 April
762:, 1885.
707:Henchman
653:Rapparee
613:Bagaudae
585:Honghuzi
555:Americas
421:partisan
413:partisan
365:Sardinia
163:outlawed
106:thievery
58:violence
46:Banditry
39:Campania
35:Bisaccia
1733:Robbery
676:Oceania
636:Hajduks
619:Betyárs
595:Thuggee
590:Shanlin
579:Dacoity
566:Cangaço
534:warlord
241:History
205:Bandits
167:brigand
126:*bamnan
70:robbery
54:outlaws
1687:
1454:
1416:
1381:
1346:
1263:
1228:
1174:
1139:
1101:
1066:
936:
895:
860:
829:
785:
748:. 1989
669:Uskoks
647:Klepht
601:Europe
375:group
367:has a
361:Sicily
335:, and
266:Europe
225:Piracy
219:Piracy
209:piracy
118:bandit
102:piracy
74:murder
72:, and
62:bandit
1584:: 66.
1452:S2CID
1414:S2CID
1379:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1226:S2CID
1172:S2CID
1137:S2CID
1099:S2CID
1064:S2CID
934:S2CID
695:Fence
607:Abrek
427:China
313:Italy
176:Types
1685:ISBN
893:ISBN
858:ISBN
827:ISBN
796:2023
783:ISBN
754:2011
573:Asia
544:List
460:).
355:and
347:and
301:and
211:and
153:The
138:Acht
136:was
104:and
84:for
1444:doi
1406:doi
1371:doi
1336:doi
1253:doi
1218:doi
1164:doi
1129:doi
1091:doi
1056:doi
926:doi
395:In
161:or
140:or
130:ban
1714::
1679:.
1590:^
1482:^
1464:^
1450:.
1440:33
1438:.
1426:^
1412:.
1402:33
1400:.
1377:.
1367:33
1365:.
1342:.
1332:33
1330:.
1273:^
1259:.
1249:33
1247:.
1224:.
1214:33
1212:.
1195:25
1193:.
1170:.
1160:33
1158:.
1135:.
1125:33
1123:.
1111:^
1097:.
1087:33
1085:.
1062:.
1052:33
1050:.
1036:^
932:.
922:33
920:.
901:.
866:.
821:.
798:.
738:.
734:.
331:,
327:,
289:.
257:,
108:.
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
68:,
37:,
1693:.
1458:.
1446::
1420:.
1408::
1385:.
1373::
1350:.
1338::
1267:.
1255::
1232:.
1220::
1178:.
1166::
1143:.
1131::
1105:.
1093::
1070:.
1058::
940:.
928::
835:.
756:.
191:"
23:.
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