427:
assassin being used. Although the thinking people of the country realize that it was only the
Government's prompt action that diverted a disaster, this insidious campaign of the Liberal press will undoubtedly work up a great deal of feeling against the Government and will tend to inculcate in the popular mind a belief that the Government was unduly hasty in protecting the interests of the United Fruit Company. The Conservative journals are defending the Government's course but I doubt that their counter-fire will suffice to do away with the damage the Liberal journals are causing.
1517:
1471:
1504:
31:
1253:
1229:
1280:
1290:
1491:
1300:
1219:
503:
1270:
1209:
337:, who commanded the troops during the massacre, took responsibility for 47 casualties. In reality, the exact number of casualties has never been confirmed. Herrera Soto, co-author of a comprehensive and detailed study of the 1928 strike, has put together various estimates given by contemporaries and historians, ranging from 47 to as high as 2,000. According to Congressman
381:
Feeling against the
Government by the proletariat which is shared by some of the soldiers is high and it is doubtful if we can depend upon the Colombian Government for protection. May I respectfully suggest that my request for the presence within calling distance of an American warship be granted and
417:
Looting and killing was carried on from the moment the announcement of a state of
Martial Law was made and the fact that the American residents in the Zone came out of it alive is due to the defense they put up for six hours when they held off the mob that was bent upon killing them. I was justified
372:
I have been following Santa Marta fruit strike through United Fruit
Company representative here; also through Minister of Foreign Affairs who on Saturday told me government would send additional troops and would arrest all strike leaders and transport them to a prison in Cartagena; that government
435:
I have the honor to report that the legal advisor of the United Fruit
Company here in Bogotá stated yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military authorities during the recent disturbance reached between five and six hundred; while the number of soldiers killed was
426:
The opposition press, that is, the press of the
Liberal Party, is conducting a violent campaign against the Government for the methods used in breaking up the strike, and is bandying ugly words about, especially referring to the Minister of War and the military forces, words such as murderer and
390:
Situation outside Santa Marta City unquestionably very serious: outside zone is in revolt; military who have orders "not to spare ammunition" have already killed and wounded about fifty strikers. Government now talks of general offensive against strikers as soon as all troopships now on the way
348:
The press has reported different numbers of deaths and different opinions about the events that took place that night. The conclusion is that there is no agreed-on story, but rather diverse variations depending on the source they come from. The
American press provided biased information on the
324:
On the day of the massacre, December 5, 1928, about 1500 banana workers along with their families camped out in the town square of Ciénaga. While this was happening, the troops set up their machine guns on the roofs of the low buildings at the corners of the main square, closed off the access
321:. There were no soldiers from Magdalena involved because General Cortés Vargas, the army-appointed military chief of the banana zone in charge of controlling the situation, did not believe they would be able to take effective actions, as they might be related to the plantation workers.
278:
The workers of the banana plantations in
Colombia went on strike on November 12, 1928. The strike turned into the largest labor movement ever witnessed in the country until then, as 25,000 workers, at the minimum, from the United Fruit Company participated. Radical members of the
191:
began on
November 12, 1928, when the workers ceased to work until the company would reach an agreement with them to grant them dignified working conditions. After several weeks with no agreement, in which the United Fruit Company refused to negotiate with the workers, the
399:
The
Legation at Bogota reports that categorical orders have been given the authorities at Santa Marta to protect all American interests. The Department does not (repeat not) desire to send a warship to Santa Marta. Keep the Department informed of all developments by
325:
streets, and, after issuing a five-minute warning that people should leave, opened fire into a dense Sunday crowd of workers and their families, including children. The people had gathered after Sunday Mass to wait for an anticipated address from the governor.
408:
Troop train from banana zone just arrived in Santa Marta with all American citizens. No Americans killed or wounded. Guerrilla warfare now continuing in the zone but military forces are actively engaged in clearing the district of the
714:"The Photos We Don't Get to See: Sovereignties, Archives, and the 1928 Massacre of Banana Workers in Colombia" in Making the Empire Work: Labor and United States Imperialism, edited by Daniel Bender and Jana Lipman
35:
Leaders of the banana plantation workers' strike. From left to right: Pedro M. del Río, Bernardino Guerrero, Raúl Eduardo Mahecha, Nicanor Serrano and Erasmo Coronell. Guerrero and Coronell were killed during the
218:. The Colombian government was also compelled to work for the interests of the company, considering they could cut off trade of Colombian bananas with significant markets such as the United States and Europe.
355:
stated that the workers were within their rights in wanting to improve their conditions. However, since the newspaper was politically conservative, they also noted that they did not agree with the strike.
344:
Among the survivors was Luis Vicente Gámez, later a famous local figure, who survived by hiding under a bridge for three days. Every year after the massacre he delivered a memorial service over the radio.
444:
I have the honor to report that the Bogotá representative of the United Fruit Company told me yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military exceeded 1000.
382:
that it stand off subject to my call ... It is admitted that the character of the strike has changed and that the disturbance is a manifestation with a subversive tendency.
246:
A decade before the massacre, workers had gone on strike but had seen little change. The workers made nine demands from the United Fruit Company in October 1928:
418:
in calling for help and I shall welcome the opportunity to defend the position that I took on the morning of the sixth and until the afternoon of the eighth.
1237:
814:
1332:
920:
1670:
306:
was dispatched by the government to deal with the strikers, which it deemed to be subversive. Whether these troops were sent in at the behest of the
1481:
1293:
956:
349:
strike. The Colombian press was also biased depending on the political alignment of the publication. For example, the Bogotá-based newspaper
1690:
1685:
63:
851:
780:
1433:
801:
600:
1680:
1660:
1303:
1028:
1695:
1635:
796:
637:
284:
1143:
966:
935:
294:
The workers wanted to be recognized as employees, and demanded the implementation of the Colombian legal framework of the 1920s.
238:. Although García Márquez references the number of dead as around three thousand, the actual number of dead workers is unknown.
1559:
1256:
1322:
1196:
1170:
1072:
546:
491:
The soldier replies that the answer does not matter, as those who sent him do not speak their language and live far away.
1655:
1212:
1165:
686:
1261:
884:
806:
470:. Although García Márquez references the number of dead as around 3000, the actual number of dead workers is unknown.
743:
1374:
1283:
992:
215:
1564:
1185:
844:
811:
341:, the killed strikers were thrown into the sea. Other sources claim that the bodies were buried in mass graves.
1650:
1605:
1308:
1099:
982:
1675:
1640:
1160:
997:
458:
226:
193:
56:
668:
1598:
1415:
1386:
453:
221:
1645:
971:
837:
1630:
1393:
915:
717:
413:
Dispatch from Santa Marta Consulate to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 11, 1928, stated:
395:
Telegram from the U.S. Department of State to Santa Marta Consulate, dated December 8, 1928, stated:
338:
288:
280:
196:
487:, a silly little child, due to his innocence, is able to ask the relevant question, though in vain:
404:
Telegram from Santa Marta Consulate to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 9, 1928, stated:
377:
Telegram from Santa Marta Consulate to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 6, 1928, stated:
1408:
1077:
431:
Dispatch from U.S. Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 29, 1928, stated:
463:
440:
Dispatch from U.S. Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated January 16, 1929, stated:
231:
1222:
1138:
1023:
925:
508:
141:
1354:
1273:
1191:
1018:
601:"The Worker's Massacre of 1928 in the Magdalena Zona Bananera - Colombia. An Unfinished Story"
547:"Fiction as History: The bananeras and Gabriel García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude"
422:
Dispatch from Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 11, 1928, stated:
206:
U.S. officials in Colombia and United Fruit representatives portrayed the workers' strike as "
940:
386:
Telegram from Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 7, 1928, stated:
946:
176:
45:
1665:
1082:
930:
910:
474:
351:
318:
314:
307:
168:
124:
1327:
8:
1593:
1398:
1057:
822:
516:
1013:
645:
1428:
1121:
987:
976:
860:
566:
483:. Before the soldiers start shooting on the frightened and praying crowd, only Ninetto
199:
assigned Cortés Vargas as military chief in Magdalena department and sent 700 from the
961:
1109:
1033:
739:
570:
829:
1535:
1364:
1337:
802:
Gabriel García Márquez and His Approach to History in One Hundred Years of Solitude
558:
365:
211:
156:
1588:
1369:
951:
334:
1342:
1232:
1007:
1002:
818:
775:
Interview with Francesco De Gregori by Michelangelo Romano and Paolo Giaccio, in
574:
1545:
1496:
1476:
1403:
1347:
1116:
200:
135:
16:
1928 mass killing of striking United Fruit Company workers in Ciénaga, Colombia
562:
1624:
1540:
1509:
1067:
1062:
690:
605:
MEMORIAS Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología Desde el Caribe Colombiano
188:
78:
65:
1104:
905:
262:
Increase in daily pay for workers who earned less than 100 pesos per month
203:
in against the strikers, resulting in the massacre of 47 to 2,000 people.
1038:
479:
180:
30:
1578:
1252:
1228:
762:
Bananas and business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia, 1899–2000
207:
1279:
303:
1583:
1449:
1289:
184:
172:
164:
49:
1299:
1218:
1463:
1522:
1359:
1269:
175:) that occurred between December 5 and 6, 1928, in the town of
1208:
502:
373:
would give adequate protection to American interests involved.
477:'s song "Ninetto e la colonia", released with his 1976 album
364:
Telegram from Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State,
456:
depicted a fictional version of the massacre in his novel
224:
depicted a fictional version of the massacre in his novel
599:
Elias Caro, Jorge Enrique; Vidal Ortega, Antonio (2012).
812:
This Day In HISTORY: December 06, 1928 Banana Massacre
598:
271:
Abolition of payment through coupons rather than money
859:
250:
Stop their practice of hiring through sub-contractors
498:
967:
Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)
359:
473:The event also inspired Italian singer-songwriter
1622:
729:
727:
210:" with a "subversive tendency" in telegrams to
845:
807:Chiquita brands and their actions in Colombia
638:"COLOMBIAWAR.ORG -- the Santa Marta Massacre"
724:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
544:
852:
838:
736:The Palace of Justice: A Colombian Tragedy
666:
611:
259:Hygienic dormitories and 6-day work weeks
1671:Massacres of protesters in South America
733:
328:
711:
1623:
313:Three hundred soldiers were sent from
1532:
1203:
1044:
902:
833:
669:"La United Fruit Company en Colombia"
448:
1691:20th-century mass murder in Colombia
1686:United Fruit Company labor relations
1024:Renewed peace process (2012–present)
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
936:Patriotic Union Party extermination
759:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
13:
545:Posada-Carbó, Eduardo (May 1998).
368:, dated December 5, 1928, stated:
14:
1707:
1029:Peace agreement referendum (2016)
790:
581:
551:Journal of Latin American Studies
310:did not at first clearly emerge.
1681:Agriculture and forestry strikes
1661:Political repression in Colombia
1515:
1502:
1489:
1469:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1251:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1161:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)
1073:Colombia–United States relations
983:Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)
957:Failed peace process (1999–2002)
529:
501:
360:Official United States telegrams
274:Improvement of hospital services
216:United States Secretary of State
161:Matanza/Masacre de las bananeras
29:
1696:History of Magdalena Department
1636:1928 labor disputes and strikes
998:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)
256:Compensation for work accidents
1100:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
926:Palace of Justice siege (1985)
921:Dominican Embassy siege (1980)
769:
753:
705:
679:
660:
253:Mandatory collective insurance
1:
779:, edited by Riccardo Piferi,
777:Francesco De Gregori: un mito
489:"Who are those who sent you?"
459:One Hundred Years of Solitude
227:One Hundred Years of Solitude
1166:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)
972:El Nogal Club bombing (2003)
738:. Four Walls Eight Windows.
283:, as well as members of the
7:
1387:Military Forces of Colombia
931:DAS Building bombing (1989)
667:Brungardt, Maurice (1997).
494:
297:
10:
1712:
1656:Labor disputes in Colombia
1606:Some Colombian politicians
1375:Some Colombian politicians
783:, Rome, 1980, pages 73-74.
268:Abolition of office stores
1443:Former government program
1381:
1184:
993:"False positives" scandal
947:Mapiripán Massacre (1997)
896:
882:
877:
873:
868:
718:New York University Press
563:10.1017/S0022216X98005094
241:
131:
120:
112:
102:
94:
55:
41:
28:
21:
1409:Colombian Naval Infantry
1078:Human rights in Colombia
906:La Violencia (1948–1958)
797:The Santa Marta Massacre
522:
24:Masacre de las bananeras
1144:FARC political hostages
1139:Kidnappings in Colombia
1014:Nariño massacres (2009)
712:Coleman, Kevin (2015).
509:Organized labour portal
391:arrive early next week.
291:Parties, participated.
1589:Colombian drug cartels
1434:Attorney General units
1370:Colombian drug cartels
1192:Government of Colombia
1171:Doe v. Chiquita (2007)
1019:2013 Colombian clashes
1008:Operation Fenix (2008)
1003:Operation Jaque (2008)
962:Bojayá massacre (2002)
734:Carrigan, Ana (1993).
454:Gabriel García Márquez
446:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
302:An army regiment from
222:Gabriel García Márquez
160:
98:December 5 and 6, 1928
1651:Massacres in Colombia
1553:Former paramilitaries
1464:DynCorp International
1338:Cuban revolutionaries
941:Humanitarian exchange
817:June 9, 2016, at the
464:Álvaro Cepeda Samudio
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
379:
370:
329:Number of people dead
232:Álvaro Cepeda Samudio
1676:United Fruit Company
1641:December 1928 events
1594:Mexican drug cartels
1262:List of FARC attacks
1083:Politics of Colombia
977:Neiva bombing (2003)
911:Marquetalia Republic
475:Francesco De Gregori
339:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
308:United Fruit Company
197:Miguel Abadía Méndez
169:United Fruit Company
125:United Fruit Company
1482:Mission in Colombia
1058:Democratic security
1039:Total Peace concept
823:The History Channel
720:. pp. 104–133.
517:Tlatelolco massacre
167:of workers of the
79:11.0108°N 74.2517°W
75: /
1601:military personnel
1429:Migración Colombia
1122:Catatumbo campaign
1092:Illegal drug trade
1050:Government aspects
988:Operation Emmanuel
916:The National Front
861:Colombian conflict
760:Bucheli, Marcelo.
449:In popular culture
1646:Massacres in 1928
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1328:Foro de São Paulo
1245:Former guerrillas
1110:Operation Snowcap
1034:2022 Huila attack
149:
148:
84:11.0108; -74.2517
1703:
1631:1928 in Colombia
1521:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1255:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1156:
1134:
1095:
1053:
871:
870:
854:
847:
840:
831:
830:
784:
773:
767:
765:
757:
751:
749:
731:
722:
721:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
693:on March 7, 2005
689:. Archived from
683:
677:
676:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
644:. Archived from
634:
609:
608:
596:
579:
578:
573:. Archived from
542:
511:
506:
505:
366:Frank B. Kellogg
212:Frank B. Kellogg
108:Strike crackdown
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
33:
19:
18:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1600:
1574:
1569:
1555:
1550:
1529:
1527:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1425:
1416:National Police
1379:
1365:Fighters+Lovers
1343:Provisional IRA
1318:
1313:
1247:
1242:
1233:FARC dissidents
1199:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1054:
1047:
1010:
979:
943:
900:
864:
858:
819:Wayback Machine
793:
788:
787:
774:
770:
758:
754:
746:
732:
725:
710:
706:
696:
694:
685:
684:
680:
665:
661:
651:
649:
648:on 17 July 2012
636:
635:
612:
597:
582:
543:
530:
525:
507:
500:
497:
451:
362:
331:
300:
244:
153:Banana Massacre
116:47−2,000 killed
105:
83:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
64:
62:
61:
37:
23:
22:Banana Massacre
17:
12:
11:
5:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1599:Some Colombian
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Águilas Negras
1531:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1497:European Union
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:United Nations
1466:
1453:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:Colombia Three
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:Paramilitaries
1194:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1117:Narcoterrorism
1114:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
901:
897:
894:
893:
888:
881:
875:
874:
869:
866:
865:
863:(1964–present)
857:
856:
849:
842:
834:
828:
827:
809:
804:
799:
792:
791:External links
789:
786:
785:
768:
752:
744:
723:
704:
678:
659:
610:
580:
577:on 2006-05-31.
557:(2): 395–414.
527:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
513:
512:
496:
493:
468:La Casa Grande
450:
447:
361:
358:
330:
327:
299:
296:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
243:
240:
236:La Casa Grande
201:Colombian Army
147:
146:
145:
144:
136:Colombian Army
133:
129:
128:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
59:
53:
52:
43:
39:
38:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1708:
1697:
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1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
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1679:
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1669:
1667:
1664:
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1659:
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1629:
1628:
1626:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Spearhead Ltd
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Los Rastrojos
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1511:
1510:United States
1500:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:National Army
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1376:
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1349:
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1333:PC de C (M-L)
1331:
1329:
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1084:
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1079:
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1068:Plan Patriota
1066:
1064:
1063:Plan Colombia
1061:
1059:
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958:
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952:El Caguán DMZ
950:
948:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
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927:
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826:
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782:
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747:
745:0-941423-82-4
741:
737:
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728:
719:
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692:
688:
682:
675:(5): 107–118.
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335:Cortés Vargas
326:
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281:Liberal Party
273:
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142:Cortés Vargas
139:
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1105:War on drugs
1091:
1049:
898:
891:Key aspects
890:
883:
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821:
776:
771:
761:
755:
735:
713:
707:
695:. Retrieved
691:the original
687:"Chronology"
681:
672:
662:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
642:www.icdc.com
641:
604:
575:the original
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152:
150:
132:Perpetrators
1666:Santa Marta
1131:Kidnappings
480:Bufalo Bill
409:Communists.
265:Weekly wage
181:Santa Marta
104:Attack type
82: /
57:Coordinates
1625:Categories
1546:Clan Úsuga
1186:Guerrillas
652:15 January
400:telegraph.
70:74°15′06″W
67:11°00′39″N
1572:Linked to
1457:Linked to
1399:Air Force
1316:Linked to
781:Lato Side
571:145373516
462:, as did
352:El Tiempo
319:Magdalena
315:Antioquia
289:Communist
285:Socialist
230:, as did
208:communist
36:massacre.
1584:CONVIVIR
1450:CONVIVIR
1153:Lawsuits
885:Timeline
815:Archived
697:March 6,
495:See also
333:General
298:Massacre
185:Colombia
173:Chiquita
165:massacre
163:) was a
140:General
50:Colombia
42:Location
1257:FARC-EP
673:Innovar
466:in his
234:in his
177:Ciénaga
157:Spanish
127:workers
121:Victims
46:Ciénaga
1523:Canada
1520:
1507:
1494:
1474:
1423:Other:
1360:ANNCOL
1155:
1151:
1133:
1129:
1094:
1090:
1052:
1048:
766:p. 132
742:
569:
304:Bogotá
242:Strike
214:, the
189:strike
113:Deaths
1238:FARIP
750:p. 16
567:S2CID
523:Notes
485:scemo
179:near
171:(now
1404:Navy
1323:PCCC
1309:MAQL
1294:CGSB
1284:MOEC
740:ISBN
699:2006
654:2022
436:one.
287:and
187:. A
151:The
95:Date
1565:AAA
1560:AUC
1355:ETA
1304:ERP
1274:M19
1223:EPL
1213:ELN
559:doi
317:to
1627::
726:^
716:.
671:.
640:.
613:^
603:.
583:^
565:.
555:30
553:.
549:.
531:^
183:,
159::
48:,
1389::
853:e
846:t
839:v
825:.
764:.
748:.
701:.
656:.
607:.
561::
155:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
