761:
717:
598:
745:
622:
729:
661:
701:
681:
445:
366:
574:
89:
260:
32:
642:
1239:
20:
2287:
819:
1227:
229:, but baluster forms are familiar in the legs of chairs and tables represented in Roman bas-reliefs, where the original legs or the models for cast bronze ones were shaped on the lathe, or in Antique marble candelabra, formed as a series of stacked bulbous and disc-shaped elements, both kinds of sources familiar to
503:
Once it had been taken from the lathe, a turned wood baluster could be split and applied to an architectural surface, or to one in which architectonic themes were more freely treated, as on cabinets made in Italy, Spain and
Northern Europe from the sixteenth through the seventeenth centuries. Modern
561:
Balusters may be formed in several ways. Wood and stone can be shaped on the lathe, wood can be cut from square or rectangular section boards, while concrete, plaster, iron, and plastics are usually formed by molding and casting. Turned patterns or old examples are used for the molds.
553:
Balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart diminishes their aesthetic appeal, and the structural integrity of the balustrade they form. Balustrades normally terminate in heavy
621:
597:
1050:
Davies and Hemsol 1983 note the earliest uses of both types of baluster in fictive classicising thrones and architecture in paintings. They instance an earlier use in real architecture on the main façade of the
716:
472:
are ancient tools. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a particular style of architecture or furniture, and may offer a rough guide to date of a design, though not of a particular example.
90:
436:
balusters a development largely of the 1840s. As balusters and balustrades have evolved, they can now be made from various materials with a few popular choices being timber, glass and stainless steel.
760:
744:
700:
573:
1101:
1100:
Twist-turned legs on a backstool feature prominently in a conversation piece of a couple in an elaborately fashionable Dutch interior, painted by Eglon van der Neer (1678):
680:
660:
728:
608:
527:, in the early seventeenth century. Foliate baluster columns with naturalistic foliate capitals, unexampled in previous Indo-Islamic architecture according to
1129:, Florence, and in Michelangelo's planned use in the Medici Chapel, is explored by Paul Joannides, "Michelangelo, Filippino Lippi and the Half-Baluster",
641:
492:. The distinctive twist-turned designs of balusters in oak and walnut English and Dutch seventeenth-century furniture, which took as their prototype the
961:(1983:1–23, 117–122) p.8 notes uses of the word in fifteenth-century documents and explores its connotations for sixteenth-century designers, pp 12ff.
309:
Wittkower distinguished two types, one symmetrical in profile that inverted one bulbous vase-shape over another, separating them with a cushionlike
937:
531:, rapidly became one of the most widely used forms of supporting shaft in Northern and Central India in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
935:, 1526) detected this derivation, N. Llewellyn noted, in "Two notes on Diego da Sangredo: 2. The baluster and the pomegranate flower", in
839:
834:
118:. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting a
861:
1113:
The architectural invention of the applied half-baluster, with a caveat concerning "the fallacy of first recorded appearances", by
886:
2327:
1200:
322:
2312:
954:
631:
balustrade, lower vasiform stone balustrade, and bronze central rail supported by decorative bronze metalwork at
342:
1243:
480:
baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase. The high shoulders and bold, rhythmic shapes of the
137:
is used to describe forms such as a candlestick, upright furniture support, and the stem of a brass chandelier.
2332:
1273:
1086:
1184:
299:
2184:
321:
1546), noted by
Wittkower, was preceded by very early vasiform balusters in a balustrade round the drum of
264:
2014:
945:
221:
capitals. As an architectural element alone the balustrade did not seem to have been known to either the
1231:
1026:
H. Siebenhüner, in tracing the baluster's career, found its origin in the profile of the round base of
294:
1480), and used balustrades in his reconstructions of antique structures. Sangallo passed the motif to
449:
1857:
162:
2317:
2196:
2122:
1994:
1636:
604:
584:
505:
237:
667:
464:, tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the
1580:
751:
350:
2201:
1052:
194:
313:
or a concave ring, and the other a simple vase shape, whose employment by
Michelangelo at the
2137:
1941:
1916:
1482:
1376:
123:
1189:
824:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
546:, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church.
2337:
2206:
1982:
1712:
1565:
735:
275:
865:
444:
8:
2179:
1987:
1126:
547:
543:
512:
249:
148:
of a stairway. It may be used to include its supporting structures, such as a supporting
114:
890:
365:
2322:
2112:
1967:
1825:
1626:
1266:
413:
279:
217:
palaces, where they were employed as functional window balustrades and apparently had
2004:
1911:
1717:
1206:
1196:
687:
469:
377:
354:
428:. Cast-stone balusters were a development of the 18th century in Great Britain (see
2257:
2029:
1744:
1497:
632:
550:
bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts.
520:
493:
417:
271:
175:
55:
1145:"There are no free-standing baluster columns of Shah Jahan's reign in the Fort at
484:
vase and baluster forms are distinctly different from the sober baluster forms of
1999:
1740:
1707:
1693:
1607:
1507:
1388:
1153:("The Baluster Column: A European Motif in Mughal Architecture and Its Meaning",
1114:
1056:
295:
287:
259:
167:
37:
31:
2291:
2149:
2009:
1830:
1698:
1646:
1612:
1600:
1595:
1466:
1461:
767:
222:
187:
1251:
2306:
2019:
1936:
1876:
1788:
1759:
1431:
1393:
1347:
1259:
1210:
1087:
Hong Kong
Investor With Eye on the Past Acquires Landmark Bradbury Building,
949:
830:
825:
722:
Simple balustrade of turned wood balusters of a style common in North
America
652:
485:
248:. These quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified
911:
2169:
2039:
1926:
1921:
1891:
1871:
1764:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1703:
1655:
1650:
1545:
1405:
580:
539:
425:
405:
389:
303:
240:: late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at
230:
226:
19:
2262:
2247:
2059:
1896:
1812:
1803:
1783:
1754:
1688:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1294:
648:
588:
508:
in a 1905 row of houses in
Etchingham Park Road Finchley London England.
429:
409:
381:
314:
218:
1238:
671:
504:
baluster design is also in use for example in designs influenced by the
357:, this "vase-baluster" may be given the modern term "dropped baluster".
144:(also bannister) refers to a baluster or to the system of balusters and
2272:
2242:
2174:
2064:
1977:
1946:
1931:
1881:
1850:
1517:
1502:
1332:
1312:
1302:
1038:
1460 (Siebenhüner, "Docke", in
Reallexikon zur Deutsche Kunstgeschichte
971:
843:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
786:
707:
691:
516:
393:
346:
210:
972:"Balaústre: o que é, como usar, onde comprar? Veja + exemplos lindos!"
706:
Bronze balustrade, formerly of Saint
Servatius bridge of 1836, now in
2079:
2024:
1962:
1866:
1768:
1678:
1621:
1560:
1533:
1492:
1364:
1150:
1027:
528:
477:
433:
370:
306:, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century.
253:
109:
101:
1068:
These earlier appearances were adduced by Davies and Hemsol 1983:7f.
96:) is an upright support, often a vertical moulded shaft, square, or
2237:
2232:
2191:
2154:
2144:
1861:
1840:
1817:
1793:
1778:
1668:
1524:
1512:
1426:
1381:
791:
612:
373:
330:
274:
withheld judgement as to the inventor of the baluster and credited
145:
119:
35:
The term derives from the swelling form of the half-open flower of
1161:(1982:251–262) p. 252) but balustrades are a feature of all three.
931:
The early sixteenth-century theoretical writer Diego da
Sangredo (
2093:
2083:
2074:
2069:
1901:
1886:
1845:
1835:
1673:
1631:
1555:
1487:
1456:
1438:
1410:
1342:
952:'s detailed history, "Renaissance Balusters and the Antique", in
781:
519:'s interventions in two of the three great fortress-palaces, the
497:
489:
481:
461:
401:
397:
214:
105:
349:
at Loreto installed in 1535, and liberally in his model for the
2216:
2088:
1773:
1749:
1722:
1683:
1617:
1575:
1538:
1528:
1451:
1444:
1400:
1327:
1226:
1146:
628:
511:
Outside Europe, the baluster column appeared as a new motif in
283:
245:
241:
79:
2159:
2127:
2117:
2097:
1972:
1906:
1663:
1590:
1585:
1369:
1286:
555:
524:
465:
338:
310:
278:
with using it consistently as early as the balustrade on the
149:
97:
2267:
2252:
2211:
2164:
2132:
2107:
2102:
2049:
1570:
1550:
1282:
558:
posts, columns, and building walls for structural support.
421:
236:
The application to architecture was a feature of the early
70:
1195:. Margot Wittkower (foreword). London: Thames and Hudson.
853:"A row of balusters surmounted by a rail or coping" 1644.
209:
The earliest examples of balusters are those shown in the
855:
64:
1185:"Chapter Three: The Renaissance Caluster and Palladio"
73:
76:
67:
61:
58:
1188:
23:Illustration of various examples of balusters, in
2304:
750:Stairway Balustrade by Florence Truelson, 1937 (
1281:
1176:
1155:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
938:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1267:
538:is applied to the shaft dividing a window in
488:, which look to other precedents, like Greek
439:
341:, in the cortile of San Damaso, Vatican, and
16:Architectural element; vertical moulded shaft
448:Drawing of a baluster column in the article
1274:
1260:
1215:(Links are to the 1983 American edition.)
1182:
1017:is a miniature column, used decoratively.
329:1482), and railings in the cathedrals of
256:as an alternative to miniature arcading.
829:
812:
810:
808:
806:
443:
364:
258:
30:
18:
766:The balustrade of Cameron's Gallery at
647:Balustrade of turned wood balusters of
542:architecture. In the south transept of
108:, and other architectural features. In
2305:
126:, or ornamental detail is known as a
1255:
978:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-08-03
803:
686:Balustrade in the form of a serpent,
500:, fell out of style after the 1710s.
166:, "baluster" is derived through the
13:
14:
2349:
1219:
1191:Palladio and English Palladianism
360:
2286:
2285:
1237:
1225:
921:– via The Free Dictionary.
817:
759:
743:
727:
715:
699:
679:
659:
640:
620:
596:
572:
54:
1164:
1139:
1107:
1094:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1059:was employed (p. 6 and pl. 3j).
1044:
1020:
1123:St. Philip revealing the Demon
1007:
998:
989:
964:
925:
904:
879:
847:
345:'s crowning balustrade on the
186:, "pomegranate flower" , from
112:construction it is known as a
1:
1242:The dictionary definition of
1136:No. 936 (March 1981:152–154).
579:A vasiform balustrade crowns
496:that was given prominence by
1177:General and cited references
1117:in the painted architecture
797:
603:Balusters influenced by the
265:Basilica of San Zeno, Verona
155:
7:
775:
607:in a 1905 row of houses in
252:. They form balustrades of
10:
2354:
1183:Wittkower, Rudolf (1974).
1004:Davies and Hemsoll 1983:2.
565:
450:"Anglo-Saxon Architecture"
440:Profiles and style changes
204:
2328:Pedestrian infrastructure
2281:
2225:
2038:
1955:
1802:
1645:
1475:
1419:
1293:
1077:Davies and Hemsol 1983:1.
388:Balusters may be made of
267:(constructed 967–1398 AD)
163:Oxford English Dictionary
1995:Multi-family residential
605:Arts and Crafts movement
585:Palazzo dei Conservatori
506:Arts and Crafts movement
323:Santa Maria delle Grazie
238:Renaissance architecture
1170:Ebba Koch 1982:251–262.
1131:The Burlington Magazine
1125:in the Strozzi Chapel,
840:Encyclopædia Britannica
752:National Gallery of Art
351:Basilica of Saint Peter
263:Stone balusters in the
2313:Architectural elements
1053:Palazzo Ducale, Urbino
635:'s Orwig Music Library
544:the Abbey in St Albans
460:The baluster, being a
457:
454:Archaeological Journal
385:
268:
179:
171:
100:-turned form found in
45:
28:
25:A Handbook of Ornament
2333:Architectural history
1032:Judith and Holofernes
955:Architectural History
734:Marble balustrade in
668:Schloss Veitshöchheim
649:Quema Ancestral House
447:
368:
353:. Because of its low
262:
34:
22:
1234:at Wikimedia Commons
1040:vol. 4 1988:102-107)
736:San Gaetano, Brescia
666:Stone balustrade at
609:Etchingham Park Road
276:Giuliano da Sangallo
1441: / Guest room
1127:Santa Maria Novella
513:Mughal architecture
376:balustrades in the
343:Antonio da Sangallo
27:, by Franz S. Meyer
1917:Servants' quarters
933:Medidas del Romano
458:
414:polyvinyl chloride
386:
282:and stairs at the
269:
46:
29:
2300:
2299:
1718:Janitorial closet
1452:Bedsit / Miniflat
1230:Media related to
1089:Los Angeles Times
688:Mueang Chiang Mai
476:Some complicated
456:, Volume 1 (1845)
378:Bradbury Building
355:center of gravity
250:Gothic precedents
213:representing the
160:According to the
2345:
2289:
2288:
2258:Home improvement
2030:Studio apartment
1822:Kitchen-related
1498:Conversation pit
1285:and spaces of a
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1229:
1214:
1194:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1149:", according to
1143:
1137:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1048:
1042:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
968:
962:
944:(1977:240-300);
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
889:. Archived from
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
864:. Archived from
851:
845:
844:
823:
821:
820:
814:
763:
747:
731:
719:
703:
683:
663:
644:
633:Brown University
624:
600:
576:
534:The modern term
521:Red Fort of Agra
515:, introduced in
494:Solomonic column
462:turned structure
418:precast concrete
272:Rudolf Wittkower
95:
94:
93:
92:
85:
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78:
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60:
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2318:Garden features
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2292:Category: Rooms
2277:
2221:
2042:
2034:
2000:Secondary suite
1951:
1826:butler's pantry
1798:
1741:Mechanical room
1694:Electrical room
1653:
1641:
1471:
1415:
1389:Recreation room
1289:
1280:
1222:
1203:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1144:
1140:
1115:Filippino Lippi
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1057:Luciano Laurana
1049:
1045:
1025:
1021:
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1008:
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981:
979:
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926:
916:
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910:
909:
905:
896:
894:
885:
884:
880:
871:
869:
860:
852:
848:
833:, ed. (1911). "
818:
816:
815:
804:
800:
778:
771:
764:
755:
748:
739:
732:
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711:
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695:
684:
675:
664:
655:
645:
636:
625:
616:
601:
592:
577:
568:
442:
363:
288:Poggio a Caiano
207:
158:
88:
87:
57:
53:
38:Punica granatum
17:
12:
11:
5:
2351:
2341:
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2315:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
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2240:
2235:
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2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
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2157:
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2147:
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2110:
2105:
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2091:
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2077:
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2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Servants' hall
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
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1874:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1854:
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1699:Equipment room
1696:
1691:
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1681:
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1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1643:
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1640:
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1613:Secret passage
1610:
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1220:External links
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995:Wittkower 1974
988:
963:
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903:
878:
846:
831:Chisholm, Hugh
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799:
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789:
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768:Tsarskoye Selo
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656:
646:
639:
637:
626:
619:
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571:
567:
564:
536:baluster shaft
470:potter's wheel
466:turner's lathe
441:
438:
362:
361:Materials used
359:
206:
203:
157:
154:
135:baluster shaft
15:
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197:βαλαύστριον (
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41:, in Italian
40:
39:
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2170:Roof lantern
2054:
1922:Smoking room
1892:Long gallery
1872:Drawing room
1858:Conservatory
1765:Storm cellar
1736:Storage room
1732:Utility room
1728:Laundry room
1704:Furnace room
1295:Shared rooms
1244:
1190:
1166:
1158:
1154:
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1133:
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1122:
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1109:
1102:illustration
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866:the original
854:
849:
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581:Michelangelo
560:
552:
535:
533:
510:
502:
475:
459:
453:
426:wrought iron
406:polyurethane
390:carved stone
387:
384:, California
380:in downtown
334:
326:
318:
308:
304:Michelangelo
302:, 1502) and
291:
270:
235:
231:Quattrocento
208:
198:
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161:
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127:
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49:
47:
42:
36:
24:
2338:Ironmongery
2263:Home repair
2060:Belt course
1968:Hidden room
1897:Lumber room
1813:Antechamber
1804:Great house
1784:Wine cellar
1755:Root cellar
1708:Boiler room
1689:Crawl space
1360:Living room
1353:kitchenette
1338:Home cinema
1323:Family room
1318:Dining room
1308:Common room
946:Paul Davies
887:"AskOxford"
862:"AskOxford"
589:Campidoglio
430:Coade stone
410:polystyrene
382:Los Angeles
315:Campidoglio
233:designers.
211:bas-reliefs
199:balaustrion
191:balaustrium
2307:Categories
2273:Tree house
2243:Front yard
2175:Sill plate
2123:Foundation
2065:Bressummer
1978:house plan
1947:Undercroft
1932:State room
1882:Great hall
1851:still room
1518:dumbwaiter
1503:Cubby-hole
1333:Great room
1303:Bonus room
1119:all'antica
982:2021-11-21
976:Balaústres
912:"banister"
897:2007-06-26
872:2007-06-26
787:Guard rail
708:Maastricht
694:, Thailand
692:Chiang Mai
651:a typical
517:Shah Jahan
394:cast stone
347:Santa Casa
337:1495) and
254:colonettes
128:balustrade
2323:Stairways
2197:Threshold
2080:Colonnade
2025:Townhouse
1963:Furniture
1867:Courtyard
1769:Safe room
1679:Cloakroom
1647:Technical
1637:Vestibule
1622:Staircase
1561:Inglenook
1534:Fireplace
1493:Breezeway
1365:Gynaeceum
1232:Balusters
1211:905449767
1151:Ebba Koch
1028:Donatello
1015:colonette
798:Citations
674:, Germany
615:, London)
529:Ebba Koch
478:Mannerist
434:cast iron
371:cast iron
300:Tempietto
286:villa at
184:balaustra
180:balaustro
156:Etymology
140:The term
133:The term
110:furniture
102:stairways
43:balaustra
2238:Driveway
2233:Backyard
2192:Skylight
2155:Plumbing
2150:Ornament
2145:Lighting
2055:Baluster
2043:elements
2015:Detached
2010:Terraced
1862:Orangery
1841:scullery
1818:Ballroom
1794:Workshop
1779:Wardrobe
1767: /
1734: /
1730: /
1706: /
1669:Basement
1601:sleeping
1596:screened
1581:Overhang
1525:Entryway
1513:Elevator
1427:Bathroom
1382:man cave
1245:baluster
1055:, where
917:28 April
835:Baluster
792:Handrail
776:See also
770:, Russia
672:Würzburg
613:Finchley
490:amphoras
468:and the
374:filigree
331:Aquileia
296:Bramante
215:Assyrian
172:balustre
146:handrail
142:banister
120:handrail
106:parapets
50:baluster
2226:Related
2202:Transom
2094:Cornice
2084:Portico
2075:Chimney
2070:Ceiling
1902:Parlour
1887:Library
1846:spicery
1836:saucery
1831:buttery
1674:Carport
1656:storage
1651:utility
1632:Veranda
1627:Terrace
1556:Hallway
1488:Balcony
1467:Nursery
1462:Cabinet
1457:Boudoir
1439:Bedroom
1411:Sunroom
1343:Kitchen
1121:of his
828::
782:Bollard
738:, Italy
587:on the
566:Gallery
498:Bernini
482:Baroque
452:in the
432:), and
416:(PVC),
402:polymer
398:plaster
369:Ornate
317:steps (
280:terrace
225:or the
205:History
193:, from
182:, from
176:Italian
174:, from
115:spindle
2290:
2248:Garden
2217:Window
2160:Quoins
2138:Portal
2089:Column
2005:Duplex
1983:styles
1942:Turret
1774:Studio
1750:Pantry
1723:Larder
1713:Garage
1684:Closet
1618:Stairs
1576:Loggia
1539:hearth
1529:Genkan
1483:Atrium
1476:Spaces
1445:closet
1432:toilet
1401:Shrine
1377:Andron
1328:Garret
1209:
1199:
1147:Lahore
822:
754:), USA
629:bronze
591:(Rome)
548:Norman
284:Medici
246:Verona
242:Venice
227:Romans
223:Greeks
168:French
152:post.
124:coping
2207:Vault
2180:Style
2128:Gable
2118:Floor
2098:Eaves
1988:types
1973:House
1956:Other
1927:Solar
1907:Sauna
1806:areas
1745:floor
1664:Attic
1591:Porch
1586:Patio
1566:Lanai
1546:Foyer
1406:Study
1370:harem
1287:house
1283:Rooms
670:near
556:newel
540:Saxon
525:Delhi
424:, or
339:Parma
311:torus
298:(his
219:Ionic
195:Greek
188:Latin
150:newel
98:lathe
86:
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2253:Home
2212:Wall
2185:list
2165:Roof
2133:Gate
2108:Door
2103:Dome
2050:Arch
1654:and
1608:Ramp
1571:Loft
1551:Hall
1508:Deck
1207:OCLC
1197:ISBN
948:and
919:2018
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