656:
725:
82:
688:
in
Estonia is dated to approximately 1800 BC, in present-day Finland some time after 1500 BCE. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of Northern Russia. The first fortified settlements,
997:
In the 13th century the east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first the Livs and
Estonians, then the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Germans, Danes and Swedes. Finland was governed as a part of Sweden, while Estonia was
705:
in
Northern Estonia, began to be built. The development of shipbuilding facilitated the spread of bronze. Changes took place in burial customs, a new type of burial ground spread from Germanic to Estonian areas, stone cist graves and cremation burials became increasingly common beside small numbers
618:
River. It has been dated to the beginning of the 9th millennium BC. The Kunda
Culture received its name from the LammasmÀe settlement site in northern Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500. Bone and stone artefacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as
736:
began in about 500 BC and lasted until the middle of the 1st century. The oldest iron items were imported, although since the 1st century iron was smelted from local marsh and lake ore. Settlement sites were located mostly in places that offered natural protection. Fortresses were built, although
667:
around 3000 BC, was associated with the PitâComb Ware culture
However, such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with linguistic ones cannot be proven and it has been suggested that the increase of settlement finds in the period is more likely to have been associated with an
741:
surrounded by enclosures in
Estonia date from the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The majority of stones with man-made indents, which presumably were connected with magic designed to increase crop fertility, date from this period. A new type of grave, quadrangular burial mounds, began to develop. Burial
481:
onward, there is a certain extent of agreement among scholars: it has been suggested that Finnic tribes arrived in the Baltic region from the east or south-east around the period 4000â3000 BC and merged with the original inhabitants, who then adopted the proto-Finno-Ugric language and the
506:
On the other hand, some linguists do not consider it likely that a Baltic Finnic language form could have existed at such an early date. According to these views, the Finnic languages appeared in
Finland and the Baltic region only during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BC), if not later.
1412:
761:
and artefacts. The abundance of iron artefacts in
Southern Estonia speaks of closer mainland ties with southern areas, while coastal Finland and the islands of western and northern Estonia communicated with their neighbours mainly by sea.
486:
of the newcomers. The members of this new Finno-Ugric-speaking ethnicity are thought to be the ancestors of modern-day
Estonians. The Y-chromosomal data has also revealed a common Finnic ancestry for the males of the neighbouring
442:. Recently, a modified form of the Migration Theory has gained new support among the younger generation of linguists, who consider that archaeology, genes and craniometric data cannot supply evidence of prehistoric languages.
1688:
Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.; Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Scheib, Christiana Lyn (May 2019).
453:
frequencies have reduced the likelihood of the
Migration Theoryâa major westward migration as recently as 3,000 years ago. The Settlement Continuity Theory asserts that at least the genetic ancestors of the
1332:
1605:
Saag, Lehti; Varul, Liivi; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Stenderup, Jesper; Allentoft, Morten E.; Saag, Lauri; Pagani, Luca; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Metspalu, Ene; Kriiska, Aivar (2 March 2017).
531:, are both written in this meter. The Veps are the only Baltic Finnish people with no significant corpus of Kalevala meter oral poetry. The poetic tradition has included epic poems (known mostly in
985:
The northern (or eastern) Chudes were also a mythical people in folklore among Northern Russians and their neighbours. In Komi mythology, the Northern Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the
1504:
Estonia: Identity and Independence: Translated into English (On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics, 2) ... and Moral Imagination in the Baltics
870:, the name of the Estonians, occurs first again in Tacitus; however, it might have indicated Balts. In Northern sagas (13th century), the term started to be used to indicate the Estonians.
503:, rather than to Baltic Finns. The results suggest that the territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have been settled by Finnic-speaking tribes since the early Mesolithic period.
672:
may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation. Through archaeogenetics the population has been shown to derive the bulk of its ancestry from
1864:
806:, Northern Estonians, Southern Estonians, and Western Estonians including the islandersâhad emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity.
1293:
600:
1010:
was peaking, less-numerous peoples rapidly lost capacity to maintain their village-based cultures and so were often assimilated to the mainstream society.
794:
During the Migration Period in 400â600 AD, the Estonian influence gradually weakened. By the end of the period, clearly defined tribal dialectical areas â
1133:
599:
The region has been populated since the end of the last glacial era, about 10,000 BC. The earliest traces of human settlement are connected with
1153:
1541:"Maanviljely levisi Suomeen ItĂ€-Aasiasta jo 7000 vuotta sitten â Ajankohtaista â Tammikuu 2013 â Humanistinen tiedekunta â Helsingin yliopisto"
286:
are subsumed under Finns, as they are most commonly described as being subgroups of Finns proper rather than separate ethnic groups altogether.
1967:
1370:
998:
under a Baltic German knightly brotherhood before becoming parts of Russian Empire. Finland and Estonia became independent in 1917â1918 (see
1396:
1832:
1540:
706:
of boat-shaped stone graves. In terms of genetics, the Bronze Age population of the East Baltic derives most of their ancestry from the
924:
1858:
430:
around 1000 BC, at which time Finns and Estonians separated. The Migration Theory has been called into question since 1980 based on
2372:
1899:
663:
Until the early 1980s, the arrival of Finnic peoples, the ancestors of the Estonians, Finns, and Livonians on the shores of the
1757:
1657:
1485:
1451:
1406:
1271:
1234:
1188:
1763:
1663:
1583:
1518:
17:
833:. However, it is possible that he was referring to the people of northern Europe in general, particularly the Lappic or
710:
with an elevated amount of Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer ancestry, but showing no prevalence of Siberian related ancestry.
379:
The bulk of the Finnic peoples (more than 98%) are ethnic Finns and Estonians, who reside in the two independent Finnic
1261:
974:, Estonia). They remained until 1061 when, according to chronicles, Yuryev was burned down by the Chudes. According to
742:
traditions show the clear beginning of social stratification. The first reported individuals with the y-DNA haplotype
1960:
1933:
1826:
1799:
1577:
1512:
1006:). The Karelians remained under Russian and then Soviet rule, and their absolute and relative numbers dwindled. When
450:
1180:
42:
1185:
966:. According to the Primary Chronicle, the Chudes' lands were bounded by the Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea). In 1030
1307:(2). Department of Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki: 68â78.
770:
719:
958:, as mentioned in the earliest East Slavic chronicles, are in a 12th-century context usually considered to be
2406:
1953:
1477:
2377:
1130:
1149:
970:
invaded the country of the Chudes and laid the foundations of Yuriev (the historical Russian name of
640:
515:
The Finnic peoples share a common cultural heritage: the art of ancient "rune" (poem) singing in the
483:
38:
2189:
776:
Between 200 and 400 AD, the Finns proper themselves became divided geographically in three parts:
571:
445:
During the last 30 years, scientific research in physical anthropology, craniometric analyses, and
1885:
1818:
The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics (Publications of the Philological Society)
1294:"Y-Chromosomal Diversity Suggests that Baltic Males Share Common Finno-Ugric-Speaking Forefathers"
668:
economic boom related to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a form of
1007:
673:
415:
341:
1691:"The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East"
1471:
2401:
1925:
1918:
1816:
1544:
753:
is roughly dated to between AD 50 and 450, the era that was affected by the influence of the
582:
694:
539:, perhaps as survivals from an earlier, wider distribution), lyric poems and magic chants.
2120:
1443:
769:), who had traveled there from the areas of nowadays Estonia, began moving inland towards
8:
967:
842:
707:
263:
64:
This article is about the Finnic peoples living near the Baltic Sea. For other uses, see
1896:
1723:
1690:
1324:
1003:
999:
790:
Southern Ostrobothnians: The tribes who stayed on the northern side of the river delta.
733:
459:
250:
2333:
1929:
1822:
1795:
1753:
1728:
1710:
1653:
1628:
1607:"Extensive farming in Estonia started through a sex-biased migration from the Steppe"
1573:
1508:
1481:
1447:
1402:
1316:
1267:
1226:
1106:
1019:
979:
888:
743:
636:
446:
246:
1945:
1328:
639:
pottery and agriculture entered Finland. The earliest representatives belong to the
1977:
1718:
1702:
1618:
1362:
1308:
669:
643:, known for their distinctive decorating patterns. This marks the beginning of the
611:
576:
563:
492:
313:
225:
86:
2150:
2135:
1214:
1175:
553:
519:, estimated to be 2,500â3,000 years old. The Finnish and Estonian national epics,
2351:
1903:
1789:
1747:
1647:
1567:
1502:
1436:
1137:
975:
948:
885:
821:
395:
394:
Finnic peoples are also significant minority groups in neighbouring countries of
305:
2112:
784:
2098:
2055:
963:
766:
750:
655:
516:
455:
337:
309:
65:
2125:
1706:
1623:
1606:
962:, although the name sometimes referred to all Finnic peoples in north-western
2395:
2356:
2341:
2028:
1714:
1230:
765:
Between 200 and 400 AD, a group of Baltic Sea Finns in southwestern Finland (
702:
604:
543:
380:
2346:
2313:
2295:
2253:
2038:
2023:
1732:
1632:
1320:
986:
932:
920:
900:
795:
754:
738:
369:
283:
271:
238:
2140:
2130:
557:
373:
2178:
2170:
2033:
1467:
1024:
912:
891:(early 12th century) lists the following peoples living "in the share of
834:
724:
500:
496:
495:. According to the studies, Baltic males are most closely related to the
439:
435:
242:
2318:
2160:
2155:
2305:
2282:
2258:
940:
852:
799:
685:
664:
608:
527:
474:
470:
427:
301:
1366:
1312:
881:, interpreted as referring to the Lapps or Sami people, first appear.
851:(551). References to Finnic tribes become much more numerous from the
783:
Southwestern Finns: The tribes who stayed in the southern side of the
2323:
2270:
2233:
2225:
2063:
2050:
2045:
2001:
1994:
959:
904:
803:
758:
644:
624:
478:
431:
357:
349:
333:
321:
191:
176:
146:
131:
2361:
2245:
2199:
2080:
2069:
1358:
1080:
916:
908:
757:. In material culture this is reflected by a few Roman coins, some
698:
567:
548:
521:
365:
345:
275:
161:
2011:
746:
in the Baltic are from the Iron Age, alongside Siberian ancestry.
615:
477:
Era continues to be debated by scientists. From the middle of the
325:
81:
2265:
2217:
2209:
2074:
892:
830:
532:
423:
403:
388:
384:
353:
206:
1217:[The absolute chronology of the Proto-Uralic language].
414:
According to the "Migration Theory" that was based primarily on
2366:
2290:
2204:
2145:
1860:
The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia
955:
847:
620:
536:
463:
399:
2018:
2006:
971:
944:
860:
488:
422:
migrated from an ancient homeland somewhere in north-western
419:
361:
329:
317:
279:
116:
2090:
896:
690:
560:, the best-known Estonian composer in the classical field.
845:(around 150) and the Eastern Roman writer Jordanes in his
542:
The ancient rune singing has inspired the creation of the
1572:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1604:
1359:"Human Y-Chromosomal Variation in European Populations"
978:
chronicles, the Chudes were one of the founders of the
1886:
Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.141
855:(800â1050). It was not until about 1171 that the word
1975:
1745:
1687:
1645:
1500:
1394:
1291:
1821:. Blackwell Publishing Professional. pp. 21â3.
780:
Tavastians: The tribes who went inland to Tavastia;
1917:
1915:
1814:
1435:
873:In a Norwegian text (11thâ12th century), the name
1292:Laitinen, Virpi; PĂ€ivi Lahermo (24 August 2001).
1081:"Đ ĐŸŃŃŃĐ°Ń â ĐŃĐ”ŃĐŸŃŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐżĐ”ŃДпОŃŃ ĐœĐ°ŃĐ”Đ»Đ”ĐœĐžŃ 2020"
2393:
1104:
992:
589:
1787:
1215:"Suomen kantakielten absoluuttista kronologiaa"
814:
919:, Chud Zavolochskaya ('beyond the portages'),
469:The origin of the people who lived around the
1961:
1356:
1208:
1206:
1565:
737:used temporarily. The appearance of square
23:
1968:
1954:
1791:Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text
1256:the early indigenous inhabitants of Europe
80:
24:
1852:
1850:
1783:
1781:
1722:
1622:
1203:
1142:
1098:
829:in the 1st century AD by Roman historian
1794:. Medieval Academy of Amer. p. 52.
723:
654:
650:
594:
376:are considered separate from the Finns.
32:This is an accepted version of this page
1879:
1259:
877:, referring to Karelians, and the term
630:
426:or western Russia to the shores of the
14:
2394:
1856:
1847:
1778:
1466:
1395:PentikÀinen, Juha; Ritva Poom (1999).
1212:
59:Group of peoples around the Baltic Sea
1949:
1835:from the original on 26 December 2023
1766:from the original on 26 December 2023
1683:
1681:
1666:from the original on 26 December 2023
1521:from the original on 26 December 2023
1433:
1415:from the original on 26 December 2023
1376:from the original on 18 December 2008
1237:from the original on 23 December 2023
1191:from the original on 5 September 2015
510:
409:
1924:. Harmondsworth : Penguin. pp.
1867:from the original on 23 October 2021
1586:from the original on 2 February 2023
1569:The Cambridge history of Scandinavia
1287:
1285:
1283:
1249:
1156:from the original on 10 October 2018
809:
110:Regions with significant populations
89:at the beginning of the 20th century
56:
1749:Estonia: Identity and Independence
1678:
1649:Estonia: Identity and Independence
566:has highlighted the importance of
296:, often simply referred to as the
57:
2418:
1507:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 24.
1473:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
1338:from the original on 4 April 2020
1280:
300:, are the peoples inhabiting the
1897:FOREST MYTHS by Pavel F. Limerov
1357:Siiri Rootsi (19 October 2004).
1213:Kallio, Petri (1 January 2006).
491:, speakers of the Indo-European
1909:
1890:
1808:
1739:
1639:
1598:
1559:
1533:
1494:
1460:
1427:
1388:
1350:
825:is first mentioned in the form
713:
1746:Jean-Jacques Subrenat (2004).
1646:Jean-Jacques Subrenat (2004).
1501:Jean-Jacques Subrenat (2004).
1181:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
1168:
1124:
1073:
1037:
720:Archaeology of Northern Europe
13:
1:
1186:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
1066:
993:Middle Ages and Modern period
679:
590:History of the Finnic peoples
212:
197:
182:
167:
152:
137:
122:
100:
1478:University Press of Kentucky
1401:. Indiana University Press.
815:Finnic peoples in chronicles
7:
1916:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
1815:Angela Marcantonio (2002).
1263:Finland, Cultural Lone Wolf
1013:
884:The opening chapter of the
10:
2423:
1361:. Tartu University Press.
1221:(in Finnish and English).
717:
63:
2332:
2304:
2281:
2244:
2169:
2111:
1984:
1707:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026
1624:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022
859:was employed to mean the
269:
261:
256:
236:
231:
224:
219:
204:
189:
174:
159:
144:
129:
114:
109:
99:
94:
79:
1788:Samuel H. Cross (1968).
1030:
931:, possibly referring to
674:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers
458:were among the earliest
39:latest accepted revision
1863:. pp. 33, 59, 60.
1857:Tvauri, Andres (2012).
1434:Nidel, Richard (2005).
1266:. Intercultural Press.
1260:Richard, Lewis (2005).
728:Northern Europe in 814.
416:comparative linguistics
402:and Russia, especially
1442:. Routledge. pp.
1152:. Statistics Finland.
1136:6 October 2014 at the
1105:Languages of Finland.
1057:Western Finnic peoples
837:. After that the name
729:
660:
627:and southern Finland.
1920:The northern Crusades
1701:(10): 1701â1711.e16.
727:
684:The beginning of the
658:
651:PitâComb Ware culture
641:PitâComb Ware culture
595:The Mesolithic Period
583:The Lord of the Rings
484:PitâComb Ware culture
294:Baltic Finnic peoples
257:Related ethnic groups
75:Baltic Finnic peoples
1902:6 March 2009 at the
1617:(14): 2185â2193.e6.
1566:Helle, Knut (2003).
1045:Balto-Finnic peoples
1043:Other names include
631:The Neolithic Period
570:as a source for his
360:. In some cases the
18:Balto-Finnic peoples
2407:Finno-Ugric peoples
1131:Russian census 2010
968:Yaroslav I the Wise
843:Claudius Ptolemaeus
708:Corded Ware culture
601:SuomusjÀrvi culture
556:, and the music of
316:. They include the
264:Finno-Ugric peoples
76:
29:Page version status
1752:. pp. 28â31.
1398:Kalevala Mythology
1004:history of Estonia
1000:history of Finland
734:Pre-Roman Iron Age
730:
661:
614:is located by the
511:Finnic oral poetry
460:indigenous peoples
410:Theories of origin
251:Uralic Neopaganism
74:
35:
2389:
2388:
2190:Northwestern Mari
1976:Peoples speaking
1906:at google.scholar
1759:978-90-420-0890-8
1659:978-90-420-0890-8
1487:978-0-8131-2301-1
1453:978-0-415-96801-0
1408:978-0-253-21352-5
1313:10.1159/000057985
1273:978-1-931930-18-5
1020:Haplogroup N-M231
889:Primary Chronicle
810:Early Middle Ages
697:on the island of
451:Y-chromosomal DNA
290:
289:
247:Eastern Orthodoxy
26:
16:(Redirected from
2414:
2381:
1978:Uralic languages
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1298:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1176:"Finnic peoples"
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1077:
1060:
1049:Baltic Sea Finns
1041:
895:" among others:
670:Uralic languages
659:Neolithic period
612:Pulli settlement
577:The Silmarillion
564:J. R. R. Tolkien
493:Baltic languages
473:area during the
372:and speakers of
314:Finnic languages
226:Finnic languages
214:
199:
184:
169:
154:
139:
124:
102:
95:Total population
87:Finnic languages
84:
77:
73:
21:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2328:
2300:
2277:
2240:
2165:
2107:
1980:
1974:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1914:
1910:
1904:Wayback Machine
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1695:Current Biology
1686:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1611:Current Biology
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:Wayback Machine
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1016:
995:
976:Old East Slavic
939:, referring to
886:Old East Slavic
817:
812:
722:
716:
682:
653:
633:
597:
592:
513:
412:
270:
104:7.4â8.2 million
90:
72:
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2099:Volkhov Chudes
2087:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2056:Tver Karelians
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1908:
1889:
1878:
1846:
1827:
1807:
1800:
1777:
1758:
1738:
1677:
1658:
1652:. p. 26.
1638:
1597:
1578:
1558:
1547:on 4 July 2017
1532:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1470:, ed. (2004).
1459:
1452:
1426:
1407:
1387:
1349:
1301:Human Heredity
1279:
1272:
1248:
1202:
1167:
1141:
1123:
1111:Ethnologue.com
1097:
1085:rosstat.gov.ru
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1012:
994:
991:
816:
813:
811:
808:
792:
791:
788:
781:
767:Finland proper
751:Roman Iron Age
718:Main article:
715:
712:
681:
678:
652:
649:
632:
629:
596:
593:
591:
588:
517:Kalevala meter
512:
509:
456:Finnic peoples
411:
408:
310:Eastern Europe
298:Finnic peoples
288:
287:
267:
266:
259:
258:
254:
253:
237:Predominantly
234:
233:
229:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
210:
202:
201:
195:
187:
186:
180:
172:
171:
165:
157:
156:
150:
142:
141:
135:
127:
126:
120:
112:
111:
107:
106:
97:
96:
92:
91:
85:
70:
66:Finnic peoples
58:
47:26 August 2024
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2419:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Southern SĂĄmi
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Northern SĂĄmi
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Ingrian Finns
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1935:0-14-026653-4
1931:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1828:0-631-23170-6
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1801:0-910956-34-0
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1585:
1581:
1579:0-521-47299-7
1575:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1514:90-420-0890-3
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
990:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
882:
880:
879:cornuti Finni
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:
807:
805:
801:
797:
789:
786:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
772:
768:
763:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:Celtic fields
735:
726:
721:
711:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
677:
675:
671:
666:
657:
648:
646:
642:
638:
628:
626:
622:
617:
613:
610:
606:
605:Kunda culture
602:
587:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
555:
554:Elias Lönnrot
551:
550:
545:
544:national epic
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
447:mitochondrial
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:nation states
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
260:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
211:
209:
208:
203:
196:
194:
193:
188:
181:
179:
178:
173:
166:
164:
163:
158:
151:
149:
148:
143:
136:
134:
133:
128:
125:6.2â7 million
121:
119:
118:
113:
108:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
67:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
2402:Baltic Finns
2232:
2224:
2216:
2194:Eastern Mari
2097:
2089:
2079:
2062:
2039:Tornedalians
2024:Forest Finns
1993:
1986:Baltic Finns
1985:
1919:
1911:
1892:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1859:
1839:23 September
1837:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
1790:
1770:23 September
1768:. Retrieved
1748:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1670:23 September
1668:. Retrieved
1648:
1641:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1590:23 September
1588:. Retrieved
1568:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1535:
1525:23 September
1523:. Retrieved
1503:
1496:
1472:
1468:Chance, Jane
1462:
1437:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1397:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1304:
1300:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1222:
1218:
1193:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1150:"Population"
1144:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1056:
1053:Baltic Finns
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1008:urbanization
996:
984:
953:
936:
933:Finns proper
928:
883:
878:
874:
872:
867:
865:
856:
846:
838:
826:
820:
818:
796:Finns proper
793:
787:river delta;
785:KokemÀenjoki
775:
764:
755:Roman Empire
748:
731:
714:The Iron Age
683:
662:
635:Around 5300
634:
607:. The Early
598:
581:
575:
574:, including
562:
552:compiled by
547:
546:of Finland,
541:
526:
520:
514:
505:
499:such as the
468:
444:
418:, the proto-
413:
393:
378:
370:Tornedalians
297:
293:
291:
284:Forest Finns
272:Tornedalians
249:); minority
239:Christianity
205:
190:
175:
160:
145:
130:
115:
103:
71:Ethnic group
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
2376: [
2183:Meadow Mari
2171:Volga Finns
2126:Kildin SĂĄmi
1871:27 December
1551:25 December
1438:World Music
1241:23 December
1025:Volga Finns
841:is used by
835:Sami people
676:of Russia.
623:, northern
619:well as in
572:legendarium
497:Volga Finns
440:archaeology
436:craniometry
336:(including
324:(including
243:Lutheranism
140:1.1 million
2396:Categories
2306:Hungarians
2283:Ob-Ugrians
2259:Izhma Komi
2146:Skolt SĂĄmi
2121:Inari SĂĄmi
1367:10062/1252
1195:6 February
1067:References
980:Rus' state
941:Tavastians
853:Viking Age
800:Tavastians
686:Bronze Age
680:Bronze Age
665:Baltic Sea
609:Mesolithic
528:Kalevipoeg
475:Mesolithic
471:Baltic Sea
428:Baltic Sea
312:who speak
304:region in
302:Baltic Sea
2352:Nganasans
2324:Magyarabs
2271:Besermans
2226:Meshchera
2186:Hill Mari
2141:Pite SĂĄmi
2131:Lule SĂĄmi
2064:Livonians
2051:Karelians
2046:Izhorians
2002:Estonians
1995:Bjarmians
1715:0960-9822
1380:8 October
1342:8 October
1231:2242-8828
1219:VirittÀjÀ
1107:"Finland"
1090:3 January
960:Estonians
866:The term
819:The word
804:Karelians
759:jewellery
645:Neolithic
625:Lithuania
558:Arvo PĂ€rt
479:Neolithic
432:genealogy
374:MeÀnkieli
358:Livonians
350:Izhorians
334:Karelians
322:Estonians
220:Languages
192:Livonians
177:Izhorians
147:Karelians
132:Estonians
2362:Kamasins
2334:Samoyeds
2319:Székelys
2246:Permians
2200:Mordvins
2161:Ume SĂĄmi
2156:Ter SĂĄmi
2081:Kreevins
2070:Vepsians
1900:Archived
1865:Archived
1833:Archived
1764:Archived
1733:31080083
1664:Archived
1633:28712569
1584:Archived
1519:Archived
1413:Archived
1371:Archived
1333:Archived
1329:29863635
1321:12037406
1235:Archived
1225:(1): 2.
1189:Archived
1154:Archived
1134:Archived
1116:12 March
1014:See also
989:people.
935:), Yam (
913:Cheremis
771:Tavastia
699:Saaremaa
568:Kalevala
549:Kalevala
522:Kalevala
366:Ingrians
306:Northern
276:Ingrians
241:(either
232:Religion
162:Vepsians
43:reviewed
2357:Selkups
2314:CsĂĄngĂłs
2266:Udmurts
2218:Meryans
2210:Mokshas
1724:6544527
927:, Sum (
925:Pechera
917:Mordvin
893:Japheth
875:Kiriali
831:Tacitus
533:Karelia
424:Siberia
404:Karelia
389:Estonia
385:Finland
200:430-610
2373:Mators
2367:Yurats
2342:Nenets
2291:Khanty
2234:Muroma
2205:Erzyas
1932:
1825:
1798:
1756:
1731:
1721:
1713:
1656:
1631:
1576:
1511:
1484:
1450:
1419:5 July
1405:
1327:
1319:
1270:
1229:
956:Chudes
905:Muroma
868:Aestii
848:Getica
744:N-M231
695:Ridala
621:Latvia
537:Ingria
464:Europe
400:Norway
396:Sweden
356:, and
262:Other
155:43,000
2380:]
2347:Enets
2296:Mansi
2091:Chuds
2075:Votes
2034:Kvens
2019:Finns
2012:VÔros
2007:Setos
1374:(PDF)
1336:(PDF)
1325:S2CID
1297:(PDF)
1160:3 May
1031:Notes
972:Tartu
945:Yugra
929:Suomi
901:Merya
861:Finns
857:Finni
839:Finni
827:Fenni
616:PĂ€rnu
489:Balts
420:Finns
362:Kvens
354:Votes
342:Livvi
338:Ludes
330:Setos
326:VÔros
318:Finns
280:Kvens
207:Votes
185:1,000
170:4,800
117:Finns
2254:Komi
2179:Mari
2113:SĂĄmi
1930:ISBN
1873:2016
1841:2016
1823:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1772:2016
1754:ISBN
1729:PMID
1711:ISSN
1672:2016
1654:ISBN
1629:PMID
1592:2016
1574:ISBN
1553:2013
1527:2016
1509:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1421:2021
1403:ISBN
1382:2008
1344:2008
1317:PMID
1268:ISBN
1243:2023
1227:ISSN
1197:2019
1162:2016
1118:2017
1092:2023
1055:and
1002:and
987:Komi
954:The
947:and
937:HĂ€me
921:Perm
897:Chud
822:Finn
749:The
732:The
701:and
693:and
691:Asva
603:and
580:and
535:and
525:and
501:Mari
449:and
438:and
387:and
346:Veps
340:and
328:and
308:and
292:The
282:and
1719:PMC
1703:doi
1619:doi
1444:160
1363:hdl
1309:doi
1258:by
1223:110
964:Rus
949:Liv
943:),
909:Ves
703:Iru
637:BCE
462:of
344:),
332:),
245:or
215:100
45:on
2398::
2378:ru
2094:â
1928:.
1926:93
1849:^
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1627:.
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1613:.
1609:.
1582:.
1517:.
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1369:.
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1233:.
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398:,
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368:,
364:,
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278:,
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213:c.
198:c.
183:c.
168:c.
153:c.
138:c.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
