2817:
292:. A glottochronological study estimates the age of the common ancestor of existing languages to a little more than 1000 years. However, Mikko Heikkilä dates the beginning of the diversification (with South Estonian as the first split) rather precisely to about 150 AD, based on loanword evidence (and previous estimates tend to be even older, like Pekka Sammallahti's of 1000–600 BC). There is now wide agreement that Proto-Finnic was probably spoken at the coasts of the Gulf of Finland.
152:
1275:. The Western Finnic group consists of the West Finnish dialects, originally spoken on the western coast of Finland, and within which the oldest division is that into Southwestern, Tavastian and Southern Ostrobothnian dialects. Among these, at least the Southwestern dialects have later come under Estonian influence.
529:. There are 16 diphthongs in Finnish and 25 in Estonian; at the same time the frequency of diphthong use is greater in Finnish than in Estonian due to certain historical long vowels having diphthongised in Finnish but not in Estonian. On a global scale the Finnic languages have a high number of vowels.
948:
The division between South
Estonian and the remaining Finnic varieties has isoglosses that must be very old. For the most part, these features have been known for long. Their position as very early in the relative chronology of Finnic, in part representing archaisms in South Estonian, has been shown
1180:
Viitso (2000) surveys 59 isoglosses separating the family into 58 dialect areas (finer division is possible), finding that an unambiguous perimeter can be set up only for South
Estonian, Livonian, Votic, and Veps. In particular, no isogloss exactly coincides with the geographical division
1073:
have formed. In particular, South
Estonian and Livonian show many similarities with the Central Finnic group that must be attributed to later contact, due to the influence of literary North Estonian. Thus, contemporary "Southern Finnic" is a sprachbund that includes these languages, while
249:
In addition, since the 1990s, several Finnic-speaking minority groups have emerged to seek recognition for their languages as distinct from the ones they have been considered dialects of in the past. Some of these groups have established their own orthographies and standardised languages.
1193:
The
Southern Finnic languages consist of North and South Estonian (excluding the Coastal Estonian dialect group), Livonian and Votic (except the highly Ingrian-influenced Kukkuzi Votic). These languages are not closely related genetically, as noted above; it is a
1263:
in these languages as an innovation rather than a retention has been proposed, and recently resurrected. Germanic loanwords found throughout
Northern Finnic but absent in Southern are also abundant, and even several Baltic examples of this are known.
1568:
Superstrate influence of the neighboring Indo-European language groups (Baltic and
Germanic) has been proposed as an explanation for a majority of these changes, though for most of the phonetical details the case is not particularly strong.
493:(strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian) has, in some cases, left a phonemic status to the phonological variation in the stem (variation caused by the now historical morphological elements), which results in three
285:. The last native speaker of Livonian died in 2013, and only about a dozen native speakers of Votic remain. Regardless, even for these languages, the shaping of a standard language and education in it continues.
1683:
The element *-s- in the first series has parallels across the other more western Uralic languages, sometimes resulting in formally identical case endings (e.g. an elative ending *-stē ← *-s-tA is found in the
1239:
by Kallio (2014)), though the evidence is weak: almost all innovations shared by
Estonian and Votic have also spread to South Estonian and/or Livonian. A possible defining innovation is the loss of
544:
A broad twofold conventional division of the Finnic varieties recognizes the
Southern Finnic and Northern Finnic groups (though the position of some varieties within this division is uncertain):
1255:
The
Northern Finnic group has more evidence for being an actual historical/genetic subgroup. Phonetical innovations would include two changes in unstressed syllables: *ej > *ij, and *o >
1522:
The development of an alternation between word-final *i and word-internal *e, from a Proto-Uralic second syllable vowel variously reconstructed as *i (as used in this article), *e or *ə.
1198:
grouping, consisting of all Finnic languages except the
Northern Finnic languages. The languages nevertheless share a number of features, such as the presence of a ninth vowel phoneme
258:, which are spoken in southeastern Estonia and in some parts of Russia, are considered dialects of Estonian by some linguists, while other linguists consider them separate languages.
278:
with it. Additionally, the Karelian language was not officially recognised as its own language in Finland until 2009, despite there being no linguistic confusion about its status.
2948:
1278:
Numerous new dialects have also arisen through contacts of the old dialects: these include e.g. the more northern Finnish dialects (a mixture of West and East Finnish), and the
2165:
864:
of sound changes within varieties, which provides a rather different view. The following grouping follows among others Sammallahti (1977), Viitso (1998), and Kallio (2014):
1497:*ŋ was vocalized everywhere except before *k, leading to its elimination as a phoneme. Depending on the position, the results included semivowels (e.g. *joŋsi 'bow' >
510:
was lost in proto-Finnic, but most of the diverging dialects reacquired it. Palatalization is a part of the Estonian literary language and is an essential feature in
3174:
3160:
274:
respectively and have the legal status of independent minority languages separate from Finnish. They were earlier considered dialects of Finnish and are
2571:
522:, and other eastern Finnic languages. It is also found in East Finnish dialects, and is only missing from West Finnish dialects and Standard Finnish.
2939:
2368:
489:(Finnish: "pasture", "ability", "intellect"). The specifics of consonants gradation vary by language (see the separate article for more details).
1619:
The shift of the proto-Uralic locative *-nA and the ablative *-tA into new, cross-linguistically uncommon functions: the former becoming the
1475:), but only the Finnic branch clearly preserves these as such. Later, the same process occurred also between vowels (e.g. *mëxi 'land' >
1985:
700:
2096:
1888:
2606:
1482:
Semivowels *j, *w were usually lost when a root ended in *i and contained a preceding front (in the case of *j, e.g. *täji 'tick' >
310:, has long been assumed, though many of the similarities (particularly lexical ones) can be shown to result from common influence from
2154:
306:
The Finnic languages are located at the western end of the Uralic language family. A close affinity to their northern neighbors, the
2070:
1958:
433:(Finnish: "cup"). For simple consonants, the process complicates immensely and the results vary by the environment. For example,
2265:
541:
with few clear-cut boundaries. Innovations have often spread through a variety of areas, even after variety-specific changes.
379:
and more. The number of grammatical cases tends to be high while the number of verb infinitive forms varies more by language.
2415:
1919:
2214:
1181:
into 'Estonian' south of the Gulf of Finland and 'Finnish' north of it. Despite this, standard Finnish and Estonian are not
2300:
2292:
1528:
Elimination of the affricate *č, merging with *š or *t, and the spirant *δ, merging with *t (e.g. *muδ́a 'earth' >
2208:
1882:
288:
The geographic centre of the maximum divergence between the languages is located east of the Gulf of Finland around
202:, the official languages of their respective nation states. The other Finnic languages in the Baltic Sea region are
2461:
Kallio, Petri (2000). "Posti's superstrate theory at the threshold of a new millennium". In Laakso, Johanna (ed.).
2407:
2507:
Laakso, Johanna (2001). "The Finnic languages: Typology and contact". In Dahl, Ö.; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. (eds.).
1271:
dialects as well as Ingrian, Karelian and Veps; the proto-language of these was likely spoken in the vicinity of
2599:
2131:
1203:
194:
Traditionally, eight Finnic languages have been recognized. The major modern representatives of the family are
1231:(North) Estonian-Votic has been suggested to possibly constitute an actual genetic subgroup (called varyingly
1069:
However, due to the strong areal nature of many later innovations, this tree structure has been distorted and
2659:
1647:, the "inner locative" series marked by an element *-s-, and the "outer locative" marked by an element *-l-.
1210:
680:
2435:. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I: Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. Tartu.
2402:
Kallio, Petri (2014). "The Diversification of Proto-Finnic". In Frog; Ahola, Joonas; Tolley, Clive (eds.).
1658:*-llA were based on the original Uralic locative *-nA, with the *n assimilated to the preceding consonant.
1544:
1536:
1468:
1213:
1206:
984:
970:
398:
394:
390:
1796:"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"
710:
503:
is also characteristic of the Finnic languages, despite having been lost in Livonian, Estonian and Veps.
2357:
2020:
1289:
Salminen (2003) present the following list of Finnic languages and their respective number of speakers.
2985:
715:
507:
1993:
371:
suffixes, verb tempus, mood and person markers (singular and plural, the Finnic languages do not have
3330:
3169:
2592:
2516:
Laakso, Johanna, ed. (2000). "Facing Finnic: Some challenges to historical and contact linguistics".
1716:
372:
1267:
Northern Finnic in turn divides into two main groups. The most Eastern Finnic group consists of the
3281:
3064:
3059:
2753:
2624:
1699:
of the root *ülä- "above, upper" (cf. the prepositions *üllä ← *ül-nä "above", *ültä "from above").
1225:
405:, in which the consonant is changed into a "weaker" form. This occurs in some (but not all) of the
3101:
3069:
2770:
1279:
747:
494:
367:
affects its production) is complex. Morphological elements found in the Finnic languages include
2155:"Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws"
705:
3194:
3189:
3087:
2653:
1794:
Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (8 June 2022).
1755:
1182:
1077:
The genetic classification of the Finnic dialects that can be extracted from Viitso (1998) is:
275:
172:
20:
3276:
2847:
1982:
1525:
Elimination of all Proto-Uralic palatalization contrasts: *ć, *δ́, *ń, *ś > *c, *δ, *n, *s.
3307:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3013:
2552:"Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies"
2107:
1870:
1711:
1435:
386:. Two kinds of gradation occur: radical gradation and suffix gradation. They both affect the
301:
180:
97:
44:
2124:
Kallio, Petri (2014). "The Diversification of Proto-Finnic". In Ahola, Joonas; Frog (eds.).
2980:
1807:
1594:
339:
8:
3118:
3008:
2926:
1771:
1689:
1558:
861:
383:
319:
282:
68:
1811:
356:
in any of the Finnic languages, nor are there articles or definite or indefinite forms.
3237:
3046:
3036:
2975:
2641:
1830:
1795:
1696:
720:
353:
311:
2047:
1939:
142:
3244:
3201:
2816:
2798:
2782:
2765:
2760:
2647:
2411:
2257:
2204:
2062:
1950:
1915:
1878:
1835:
1399:
1341:
1306:
1154:
928:
789:
742:
656:
626:
559:
538:
519:
227:
219:
199:
127:
116:
2825:
2484:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia, Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut.
2242:
1914:. Routledge language family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 91.
1763:
1685:
1564:
A development *š > h, which, however, postdated the separation of South Estonian.
307:
3184:
3054:
2995:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2721:
2615:
1825:
1815:
1759:
1464:
1386:
1370:
755:
694:
368:
343:
331:
315:
289:
203:
195:
110:
80:
2907:
2897:
2674:
1321:
1286:
varieties (probably originally Veps dialects but heavily influenced by Karelian).
619:
511:
251:
3212:
3206:
3076:
3028:
3018:
2957:
2804:
2704:
2296:
2198:
1989:
1852:
Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021).
1820:
1635:
1467:" *x posited on some reconstructions yielded long vowels at an early stage (e.g.
1100:
890:
770:
584:
360:
347:
335:
215:
75:
3301:
3230:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3081:
2934:
2792:
2775:
2691:
2679:
2664:
1624:
1535:
Assibilation of *t (from any source) to *c before *i. This later developed to
1357:
1283:
1165:
1094:
933:
874:
813:
794:
642:
579:
231:
207:
122:
2866:
2853:
2841:
322:, and in recent times Finnic, Sámi and Moksha are sometimes grouped together.
19:
This article is about the Baltic Finnic languages. For the higher branch, see
3324:
3094:
3003:
2967:
2787:
2731:
2711:
2697:
2684:
2551:
2261:
2127:
Fibula, Fabula, Fact: The Viking Age in Finland (Studia Fennica Historica 18)
2066:
1954:
1767:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1415:
826:
730:
611:
600:
592:
515:
500:
263:
235:
2871:
2289:
1448:
Sound changes shared by the various Finnic languages include the following:
375:) as well as participles and several infinitive forms, possessive suffixes,
2944:
2669:
2498:
Kettunen, Lauri (1960). "Suomen lähisukukielten luonteenomaiset piirteet".
1839:
1662:
1453:
1325:
1268:
1195:
1088:
884:
737:
406:
255:
223:
56:
2902:
2892:
2860:
2736:
725:
259:
1857:
1620:
1494:
1272:
243:
156:
Distribution of the Finnic languages at the beginning of the 20th century
2912:
2876:
1440:
These features distinguish Finnic languages from other Uralic families:
860:
A more-or-less genetic subdivision can be also determined, based on the
1947:
Sanoista Kirjakieliin. Juhlakirja Kaisa Häkkiselle 17. Marraskuuta 2010
1070:
239:
176:
1695:
The *-l- in the 2nd series likely originates by way of affixation and
1616:
A tense system with present, preterite, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
2564:
1457:
526:
136:
2576:
2463:
Facing Finnic: Some Challenges to Historical and Contact Linguistics
2125:
413:, the process is simple to describe: they become simple stops, e.g.
2584:
1631:
410:
402:
364:
1945:. In Saarinen, Sirkka; Siitonen, Kirsti; Vaittinen, Tanja (eds.).
151:
2200:
The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences
1561:, most often for stops, but also found for some other consonants.
1407:
1379:
1350:
1333:
525:
A special characteristic of the languages is the large number of
490:
387:
188:
184:
60:
2565:"Lexicon of Early Indo-European loanwords preserved in Finnish"
2534:
Viitso, Tiit-Rein (1998). "Fennic". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.).
2009:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Taylor & Francis.
1486:) or rounded vowel (in the case of *w, e.g. *suwi 'mouth' >
1314:
376:
271:
267:
211:
183:. There are around 7 million speakers, who live mainly in
64:
1910:
Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa, eds. (2023).
2446:
Posti, Lauri (1953). "From Pre-Finnic to Late Proto-Finnic".
1793:
1460:
from loss of word-medial consonants such as *x, *j, *w, *ŋ.
2511:. Vol. I: Past and Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1669:*-ltA similarly continue the original Uralic ablative *-tA.
1578:
Agreement of the attributes with the noun, e.g. in Finnish
1539:
widely: hence e.g. *weti 'water' > Estonian and Finnish
1949:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 259.
1754:
has also been used as a synonym of the extensive group of
382:
One of the more important processes is the characteristic
2021:"Meänkieli, yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä – Kielikello"
2336:
2334:
2332:
2130:. Helsinki, Finland: Finno-Ugric Society. p. 163f.
2329:
2317:
2305:
318:. Innovations are also shared between Finnic and the
2406:. Studia Fennica Historica. Vol. 18. Helsinki:
2048:"The reforming of the Southern Finnic language area"
854:
850:
779:
773:
761:
659:
648:
635:
603:
595:
587:
2493:(in German). Translated by Laanest. Hamburg: Buske.
1774:languages. This branch is now considered obsolete.
2430:
1909:
3322:
2351:
2349:
2004:
1940:"Itämerensuomen seuraava etymologinen sanakirja"
1875:A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification
2404:Fibula, Fabula, Fact. The Viking Age in Finland
1505:) and full vocalization (e.g. *jäŋi 'ice' >
2520:. Vol. 59. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto.
2600:
2529:. Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura.
2346:
1854:Geographical database of the Uralic languages
1634:contrast of the object, which must be in the
1429:
1074:diachronically they are not closely related.
2445:
1933:
1931:
2524:
2491:Einführung in die ostseefinnischen Sprachen
2465:. Castrenianumin toimitteita. Vol. 59.
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2355:
1692:), though its original function is unclear.
1532:). See above, however, on treatment of *čk.
2607:
2593:
325:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2152:
1928:
1877:. Stanford University Press. p. 69.
1862:
1829:
1819:
1259:after front-harmonic vowels. The lack of
2497:
2386:
2045:
1937:
701:Mid- and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects
3045:
2562:
2500:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia
2488:
2479:
1547:in the partitive *wet-tä > Estonian
363:(the way the grammatical function of a
3323:
2533:
2515:
2506:
2460:
2401:
2358:"Suomalaisten esihistorian kysymyksiä"
2340:
2323:
2311:
2250:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
2240:
2229:
2123:
2076:from the original on 24 September 2015
2055:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
1868:
1858:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
1572:
16:Language family of Northeastern Europe
2588:
2482:Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse
2374:from the original on 24 November 2020
2290:Feature 2A: Vowel Quality Inventories
2196:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2146:
1297:
2614:
2549:
2439:
2283:
2162:Fenno-Ugrica Suecana Nova Series. 15
537:The Finnic languages form a complex
1998:
1846:
1787:
1734:Other variants of the name include
401:, and involve the process known as
13:
3306:Languages between parentheses are
2301:World Atlas of Language Structures
2243:"Kantasuomen konsonanttihistoriaa"
2217:from the original on 19 April 2023
2183:
1891:from the original on 19 April 2023
1250:
1188:
14:
3342:
2572:Swadesh list for Finnic languages
2543:
2271:from the original on 20 July 2018
2094:
1976:
1964:from the original on 4 March 2016
1630:This resulted in the rise of the
1509:, *müŋä 'backside' > Estonian
1216:in Livonian), as well as loss of
295:
2815:
2408:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura
2171:from the original on 20 May 2022
2134:from the original on 3 June 2022
1463:Before a consonant, the Uralic "
1443:
150:
2527:Yhteissuomalainen äännehistoria
2454:
2424:
2117:
2088:
2039:
1758:, including the Baltic Finnic,
1590:is added also to the adjective.
711:Southern Ostrobothnian dialects
226:. Spoken farther northeast are
3310:of the language on their left.
2448:Finnische-Ugrische Forschungen
2013:
2005:Abondolo, Daniel, ed. (1998).
1903:
1728:
1643:The rise of two new series of
778:Oredezhi (Upper Luga) dialect
532:
1:
2473:
1124:Northeastern coastal Estonian
681:Northeastern coastal Estonian
2153:Piispanen, Peter S. (2016).
1821:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648
1780:
7:
2525:Setälä, E. N. (1891–1937).
2509:The Circum-Baltic languages
2356:Sammallahti, Pekka (1977).
1705:
1688:, and *-stə ← *s-tA in the
991:3rd person singular marker
693:Western Finnish (including
171:constitute a branch of the
36:Baltic Finnic, Balto-Finnic
10:
3347:
2518:Castrenianumin toimitteita
2431:Viitso, Tiit-Rein (2000).
1938:Junttila, Santeri (2010).
1433:
1430:List of Finnic innovations
1235:by Viitso (1998, 2000) or
670:
558:North Estonian (including
549:
329:
299:
281:The smaller languages are
18:
3292:
3254:
3222:
3117:
3027:
2994:
2966:
2925:
2885:
2833:
2824:
2813:
2631:
2622:
2225:– via Google Books.
1717:Birch bark letter no. 292
803:Northern Karelian (Viena)
314:and, to a lesser extent,
238:, in the region of Lakes
222:, once spoken around the
149:
135:
117:(North/Standard) Estonian
103:
93:
76:Linguistic classification
74:
50:
40:
35:
30:
2754:Siberian Ingrian Finnish
2625:List of Uralic languages
1988:7 September 2008 at the
1869:Ruhlen, Merritt (1991).
1722:
1582:"to old men" the plural
1226:compensatory lengthening
1204:close-mid back unrounded
949:by Kallio (2007, 2014).
2577:"Swadesh-list appendix"
2046:Pajusalu, Karl (2009).
1994:Encyclopædia Britannica
1748:Baltic Fennic languages
1211:close central unrounded
326:General characteristics
266:are spoken in northern
169:Baltic Finnic languages
2489:Laanest, Arvo (1982).
2480:Laanest, Arvo (1975).
2241:Kallio, Petri (2007).
1756:Finno-Permic languages
1580:vanho·i·lle mieh·i·lle
857:) = moribund variety.
173:Uralic language family
21:Finno-Permic languages
2197:Sinor, Denis (1988).
1712:Proto-Finnic language
1501:, *suŋi 'summer'>
1436:Proto-Finnic language
1311:210 (second language)
1183:mutually intelligible
831:Northern (Onega) Veps
748:Southeastern dialects
716:Southwestern dialects
302:Finno-Samic languages
276:mutually intelligible
181:Baltic Finnic peoples
2660:Northeastern coastal
2550:Salminen, Tapani A.
2295:21 June 2019 at the
2007:The Uralic Languages
1912:The Uralic languages
1680:*-len is less clear.
1159:East Central Finnic
853:= extinct variety; (
706:Peräpohjola dialects
506:The original Uralic
497:in these languages.
45:Balto-Finnic peoples
2574:(from Wiktionary's
2563:Schalin, J. (ed.).
2097:"Uralic migrations"
1812:2022PLoSO..1769648R
1690:Mordvinic languages
1573:Grammatical changes
1559:Consonant gradation
1298:Number of speakers
862:relative chronology
384:consonant gradation
320:Mordvinic languages
69:Northwestern Russia
2642:Bjarmian languages
2579:. 22 January 2022.
1697:grammaticalization
1672:The origin of the
1638:or partitive case.
1301:Geographical area
797:(Olonets Karelian)
766:Lower Luga dialect
750:(Karelian Finnish)
721:Tavastian dialects
354:grammatical gender
312:Germanic languages
175:spoken around the
3318:
3317:
3302:extinct languages
3113:
3112:
2986:Northwestern Mari
2921:
2920:
2417:978-952-222-603-7
2025:www.kielikello.fi
1921:978-1-138-65084-8
1871:"Uralic-Yukaghir"
1856:(v1.0) . Zenodo.
1623:, the latter the
1427:
1426:
1243:after sonorants (
1153:(North/Standard)
1140:Southern Karelian
1121:Northern Karelian
1067:
1066:
988:
974:
927:(North/Standard)
848:
847:
806:Southern Karelian
743:Savonian dialects
685:Alutaguse dialect
631:Courland Livonian
560:Standard Estonian
539:dialect continuum
340:Meänkieli grammar
161:
160:
121:Eastern Estonian–
109:Northern Finnic (
3338:
3331:Finnic languages
3178:
3164:
3043:
3042:
2952:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2742:Siberian Finnish
2688:
2616:Uralic languages
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2568:
2559:
2539:
2536:Uralic languages
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2502:. Vol. 119.
2494:
2485:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2247:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2106:. Archived from
2104:www.phil.muni.cz
2101:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1866:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1791:
1775:
1752:Finnic languages
1732:
1546:
1538:
1470:
1292:
1291:
1215:
1208:
1162:Eastern Estonian
1143:Livvi–Ludic–Veps
1106:Northern Finnic
986:
982:
972:
968:
952:
951:
896:Northern Finnic
856:
852:
800:Karelian proper
784:Soikkola dialect
781:
775:
763:
695:Standard Finnish
661:
650:
637:
634:Salaca Livonian
605:
597:
589:
574:Western Estonian
571:Insular Estonian
568:Eastern Estonian
565:Central Estonian
547:
546:
495:phonemic lengths
400:
396:
392:
369:grammatical case
344:Livonian grammar
332:Estonian grammar
316:Baltic languages
290:Saint Petersburg
154:
145:
28:
27:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3288:
3282:Proto-Samoyedic
3250:
3218:
3172:
3158:
3109:
3065:Southern Khanty
3060:Northern Khanty
3041:
3023:
2990:
2962:
2942:
2940:Shoksha dialect
2917:
2881:
2820:
2811:
2766:Karelian proper
2682:
2627:
2618:
2613:
2575:
2546:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2450:. Vol. 31.
2444:
2440:
2433:Finnic Affinity
2429:
2425:
2418:
2400:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2297:Wayback Machine
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2195:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2122:
2118:
2113:on 13 May 2019.
2110:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1990:Wayback Machine
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1885:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1806:(6): e0269648.
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1708:
1636:accusative case
1575:
1452:Development of
1446:
1438:
1432:
1253:
1251:Northern Finnic
1191:
1189:Southern Finnic
1178:
1150:Central Finnic
1132:Kukkuzi dialect
1118:Eastern Finnish
1115:Eastern Finnic
1112:Western Finnish
1101:Gulf of Finland
1097:(Inland Finnic)
1031:Coastal Finnic
996:South Estonian
981:
967:
946:
924:Central Finnic
905:Eastern Finnish
902:Eastern Finnic
899:Western Finnish
891:Gulf of Finland
880:Coastal Finnic
877:(Inland Finnic)
844:
760:Hevaha dialect
738:Eastern Finnish
688:Coastal dialect
675:Northern Finnic
668:
554:Southern Finnic
535:
361:morphophonology
350:
348:Ingrian grammar
336:Finnish grammar
328:
304:
298:
216:Gulf of Finland
157:
141:
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3166:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:Southern Mansi
3098:
3091:
3084:
3082:Northern Mansi
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:Eastern Khanty
3067:
3062:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2677:
2672:
2665:South Estonian
2662:
2657:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2569:
2560:
2545:
2544:External links
2542:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2453:
2438:
2423:
2416:
2385:
2345:
2343:, p. 101.
2328:
2326:, p. 180.
2316:
2314:, p. 207.
2304:
2282:
2252:(in Finnish).
2228:
2209:
2182:
2145:
2116:
2087:
2038:
2012:
1997:
1983:Finnic Peoples
1975:
1927:
1920:
1902:
1883:
1861:
1845:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1686:Sámi languages
1681:
1676:*-sen and the
1670:
1665:*-stA and the
1659:
1654:*-ssA and the
1645:locative cases
1641:
1640:
1639:
1625:partitive case
1617:
1614:
1591:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1543:(cf. retained
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1491:
1480:
1445:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1252:
1249:
1237:Central Finnic
1190:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1095:South Estonian
1092:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
993:
992:
989:
975:
961:
955:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
931:
922:
921:
920:
919:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
900:
888:
878:
875:South Estonian
866:
846:
845:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
835:
832:
824:
823:
822:
819:
811:
810:
809:
808:
807:
804:
798:
787:
786:
785:
782:
776:
767:
764:
753:
752:
751:
745:
735:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
691:
690:
689:
686:
671:
669:
667:
666:
665:
664:
663:
662:
654:
651:
647:Eastern Votic
640:
639:
638:
632:
624:
623:
622:
617:
614:
609:
606:
598:
590:
580:South Estonian
577:
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
550:
534:
531:
508:palatalization
327:
324:
308:Sámi languages
300:Main article:
297:
296:Classification
294:
159:
158:
155:
147:
146:
139:
133:
132:
131:
130:
125:
119:
114:
105:
101:
100:
95:
94:Proto-language
91:
90:
89:
88:
78:
72:
71:
54:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:Reconstructed
3253:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:Tundra Nenets
3193:
3191:
3190:Forest Nenets
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:Eastern Mansi
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:Western Mansi
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:Laiuse Romani
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2210:90-04-07741-3
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1884:0-8047-1894-6
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:and the case
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:Sound changes
1441:
1437:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
980:
976:
966:
962:
960:
956:
954:
953:
950:
935:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
894:
892:
889:
886:
882:
881:
879:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:
858:
837:Southern Veps
836:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
821:Kuuďärv Ludic
820:
818:Central Ludic
817:
816:
815:
812:
805:
802:
801:
799:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
783:
777:
772:
768:
765:
759:
758:
757:
754:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
692:
687:
684:
683:
682:
678:
677:
676:
673:
672:
658:
655:
653:Western Votic
652:
646:
645:
644:
641:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
602:
599:
594:
591:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
561:
557:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
514:, as well as
513:
509:
504:
502:
501:Vowel harmony
498:
496:
492:
488:
486:
480:
476:
474:
468:
466:
460:
456:
454:
448:
444:
440:
438:
432:
430:
424:
420:
418:
412:
408:
404:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
153:
148:
144:
140:
138:
134:
129:
126:
124:
120:
118:
115:
112:
108:
107:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3297:
3272:Proto-Finnic
3262:Proto-Uralic
3243:
3236:
3229:
3211:
3168:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3131:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3014:Komi-Permyak
2886:Western Sámi
2859:
2852:
2840:
2834:Eastern Sámi
2797:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2652:
2640:
2632:
2555:
2538:. Routledge.
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2403:
2376:. Retrieved
2364:
2319:
2307:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2253:
2249:
2219:. Retrieved
2199:
2173:. Retrieved
2161:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2126:
2119:
2108:the original
2103:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2058:
2054:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2027:(in Finnish)
2024:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1946:
1911:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1853:
1848:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1751:
1747:
1744:Balto-Fennic
1743:
1739:
1736:Balto-Finnic
1735:
1730:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1529:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1471:'wind' >
1456:and various
1447:
1439:
1288:
1277:
1269:East Finnish
1266:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1202:, usually a
1199:
1196:paraphyletic
1192:
1179:
1137:East Ladoga
1109:West Ladoga
1089:Gulf of Riga
1082:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
978:
964:
958:
947:
885:Gulf of Riga
869:
859:
849:
834:Central Veps
674:
553:
543:
536:
524:
505:
499:
484:
482:
478:
472:
470:
464:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
436:
434:
428:
426:
422:
416:
414:
407:oblique case
381:
358:
352:There is no
351:
305:
287:
280:
248:
224:Gulf of Riga
210:, spoken in
193:
168:
164:
162:
104:Subdivisions
98:Proto-Finnic
85:
57:Fennoscandia
53:distribution
25:
3238:Meshcherian
3173: [
3159: [
2981:Meadow Mari
2943: [
2683: [
2367:: 119–136.
2341:Viitso 1998
2324:Laakso 2001
2312:Laakso 2001
2256:: 229–250.
2221:13 December
2138:27 December
2031:10 December
1895:13 December
1750:. The term
1621:essive case
1495:velar nasal
1454:long vowels
1273:Lake Ladoga
1071:sprachbunds
1026:endingless
533:Subgrouping
409:forms. For
3277:Proto-Sámi
3009:Komi-Yazva
2474:References
2061:: 95–107.
1968:17 October
1597:verb like
1551:, Finnish
1513:, Finnish
1458:diphthongs
1434:See also:
1245:*n, *l, *r
1087:Livonian (
883:Livonian (
527:diphthongs
330:See also:
283:endangered
177:Baltic Sea
51:Geographic
3308:varieties
3300:indicate
3119:Samoyedic
3037:Hungarian
2976:Hill Mari
2927:Mordvinic
2799:Krevinian
2737:Meänkieli
2727:Fingelska
2365:Virittäjä
2262:0355-0230
2203:. BRILL.
2067:0355-0230
1955:0355-0230
1781:Citations
1609:"the man
1593:Use of a
1465:laryngeal
1410:, Russia
1375:5,000,000
1346:1,000,000
1336:, Russia
1295:Language
963:Clusters
957:Clusters
726:Meänkieli
657:Krevinian
411:geminates
260:Meänkieli
137:Glottolog
41:Ethnicity
3325:Category
3267:homeland
3245:Muromian
3202:Nganasan
3047:Ob-Ugric
2908:Southern
2898:Northern
2783:Livonian
2761:Karelian
2648:Estonian
2556:Helsinki
2378:25 March
2369:Archived
2293:Archived
2266:Archived
2215:Archived
2166:Archived
2132:Archived
2071:Archived
1986:Archived
1959:Archived
1889:Archived
1840:35675367
1800:PLOS ONE
1706:See also
1678:allative
1674:illative
1667:ablative
1656:adessive
1652:inessive
1632:telicity
1400:Karelian
1342:Estonian
1307:Livonian
1155:Estonian
1048:*ks, *ps
1044:*kc, *pc
1035:*kt, *pt
1009:*kc, *pc
1000:*kt, *pt
977:Cluster
965:*kc, *pc
959:*kt, *pt
929:Estonian
911:Karelian
790:Karelian
627:Livonian
520:Karelian
403:lenition
388:plosives
365:morpheme
228:Karelian
220:Livonian
200:Estonian
143:finn1317
128:Livonian
3298:Italics
3170:Karagas
2805:Kukkuzi
2749:Ingrian
2722:Finnish
2705:Kraasna
2095:Jazyk.
2080:3 March
1831:9176854
1808:Bibcode
1772:Mordvin
1663:elative
1601:, e.g.
1423:Russia
1408:Finland
1394:Russia
1387:Ingrian
1380:Finland
1378:Mainly
1371:Finnish
1365:Russia
1351:Estonia
1349:Mainly
1334:Estonia
1220:before
1209:(but a
1129:Ingrian
1103:Finnic
1091:Finnic)
908:Ingrian
893:Finnic
887:Finnic)
771:Kukkuzi
756:Ingrian
585:Kraasna
491:Apocope
377:clitics
214:by the
204:Ingrian
196:Finnish
189:Estonia
185:Finland
179:by the
111:Finnish
61:Estonia
3223:Others
3213:Yurats
3207:Selkup
3185:Nenets
3140:Koibal
3055:Khanty
3019:Udmurt
2996:Permic
2958:Moksha
2867:Kildin
2854:Kainuu
2842:Akkala
2633:Finnic
2414:
2275:28 May
2260:
2207:
2175:16 May
2164:: 12.
2065:
1953:
1918:
1881:
1838:
1828:
1760:Permic
1740:Fennic
1595:copula
1469:*tuxli
1404:36,000
1330:50,000
1315:Latvia
1083:Finnic
983:(IPA:
969:(IPA:
870:Finnic
346:, and
272:Norway
268:Sweden
244:Ladoga
234:, and
218:, and
212:Ingria
165:Finnic
86:Finnic
81:Uralic
65:Latvia
31:Finnic
3231:Merya
3177:]
3163:]
3156:Taygi
3149:Mator
3133:Kamas
3127:Enets
3077:Mansi
3029:Ugric
2951:]
2935:Erzya
2872:Skolt
2848:Inari
2793:Votic
2776:Ludic
2771:Livvi
2712:Leivu
2698:Ludza
2692:Tartu
2687:]
2680:Mulgi
2372:(PDF)
2361:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2169:(PDF)
2158:(PDF)
2111:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
2074:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1723:Notes
1613:old".
1607:vanha
1603:mies
1553:vettä
1499:jousi
1473:tuuli
1420:5,000
1358:Votic
1284:Ludic
1280:Livvi
1224:with
1166:Votic
1055:>
1046:>
1037:>
1020:>
1011:>
1002:>
934:Votic
914:Ludic
814:Ludic
795:Livvi
643:Votic
616:Tartu
608:Mulgi
601:Lutsi
593:Leivu
240:Onega
232:Ludic
208:Votic
123:Votic
3004:Komi
2968:Mari
2903:Pite
2893:Lule
2861:Kemi
2826:Sámi
2788:Veps
2732:Kven
2675:Võro
2670:Seto
2412:ISBN
2380:2015
2277:2009
2258:ISSN
2223:2015
2205:ISBN
2177:2022
2140:2019
2082:2015
2063:ISSN
2033:2019
1970:2015
1951:ISSN
1916:ISBN
1897:2015
1879:ISBN
1836:PMID
1770:and
1768:Mari
1764:Sámi
1746:and
1661:The
1650:The
1588:-lle
1549:vett
1541:vesi
1530:muta
1515:myö-
1511:möö-
1503:suvi
1493:The
1416:Veps
1326:Seto
1322:Võro
1282:and
1062:*-pi
917:Veps
827:Veps
731:Kven
620:Võro
612:Seto
516:Veps
512:Võro
447:haan
397:and
373:dual
359:The
270:and
264:Kven
262:and
256:Seto
254:and
252:Võro
242:and
236:Veps
206:and
198:and
187:and
163:The
2913:Ume
2877:Ter
2299:at
2254:253
2059:258
1992:at
1826:PMC
1816:doi
1584:-i-
1545:/t/
1537:/s/
1507:jää
1488:suu
1484:täi
1477:maa
1391:200
1247:).
1233:Maa
1214:/ɨ/
1207:/ɤ/
1057:*tk
1053:*čk
1039:*ht
1022:tsk
1018:*čk
979:*čk
971:*,*
483:jär
471:jär
399:/p/
395:/t/
391:/k/
167:or
67:,
3327::
3175:ru
3161:ru
2949:ru
2947:;
2945:de
2685:et
2554:.
2410:.
2388:^
2363:.
2348:^
2331:^
2264:.
2248:.
2231:^
2213:.
2185:^
2160:.
2102:.
2069:.
2057:.
2053:.
2023:.
1957:.
1930:^
1887:.
1873:.
1834:.
1824:.
1814:.
1804:17
1802:.
1798:.
1766:,
1762:,
1742:,
1738:,
1627:.
1611:is
1605:on
1599:on
1555:).
1517:).
1490:).
1479:).
1241:*h
1228:.
1222:*s
1218:*n
1185:.
1013:ts
1004:tt
769:?
697:)
679:?
562:)
518:,
487:en
481:→
479:-n
477:+
469:,
467:yn
463:ky
461:→
459:-n
457:+
451:ky
449:,
445:→
443:-n
441:+
435:ha
431:in
427:ku
425:→
423:-n
421:+
417:pp
415:ku
393:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
246:.
230:,
191:.
63:,
59:,
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2581:)
2567:.
2558:.
2420:.
2382:.
2279:.
2179:.
2142:.
2084:.
2035:.
1972:.
1924:.
1899:.
1842:.
1818::
1810::
1362:4
1324:-
1261:õ
1257:ö
1200:õ
987:)
985:*
973:)
855:†
851:†
780:†
774:†
762:†
660:†
649:†
636:†
604:†
596:†
588:†
485:j
475:i
473:k
465:v
455:y
453:k
439:a
437:k
429:p
419:i
113:)
23:.
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