686:
330:
615:
790:
894:
886:
678:) â at the time probably the most detailed census in Norway. It not only included men, but also women and children of the Forest Finn population. The 1686 census still exists and provides valuable information about the extent of the immigration to Norway at that time, and a total of 1,225 people (including 160 of mixed Finnish-Norwegian descent) were accounted for. Furthermore, most of them were in fact second or third generation descendants of immigrants from
631:
79:
107:
119:
563:
715:
769:âfrom the Finn Forests on both sides of the Swedish-Norwegian border, with great economic and political independence. The tax border would have been removed and land ownership by Swedes and Norwegians would have been restricted. He would have closed the iron factories. He himself wanted to become the vicar of his planned Finnish parish. All these plans failed and Gottlund himself was exiled from
758:. He collected folklore and other ethnographic data as well as genealogical information, the latter partly because he wanted to improve the social circumstances of the Forest Finns and to prevent Sweden from taking ownership of their land. He estimated that in the beginning of the 19th century there were about 40,000 Finns in Central
607:. The Forest Finns with their demanding slash-and-burn agriculture were suddenly considered an economic threat by increasing the cost of charcoal by burning off now valuable timber. The burning of the forests was officially forbidden in 1647 and the Finns were obliged to support the iron factories by providing charcoal at an
901:
The cultural flag of the Forest Finns was adopted on 29 December 2022 and designed by the
Norwegian couple Frédéric M. Lindboe and Bettina Gullhagen. The flag was designed as part of a flag design competition to adopt an official cultural flag for the Forest Finns. The competition was held during the
697:
During the next centuries, the opportunities for their traditional slash-and-burn method declined. Societal advances including a changing emphasis on pasture based agricultural models, improvements in education and communications altered the foundations on which Forest Finn's lifestyle depended. Over
705:
Dependence upon the slash-and-burn method slowly declined in the 19th century because of the new economic realities. The building of an education system and the development of communication sped this decline. Long-term pressure to adapt, and the influence of intermixing with the extant
Scandinavian
662:
were allegedly in favor of the de facto immigration and their slash-and-burn agriculture due to the relatively high yields of rye production, compared to traditional
Norwegian staples. However, from the middle of the 17th century the locals communicated their dissatisfaction with the newcomers, and
595:
1611â32). They did so in order to make the vast border areas of the North, East and West of the kingdom inhabited. Among attractions offered for the migrating
Finnish farmers in Sweden were seven years total exemption of all taxation and the prospect of ownership of large fertile plots of land.
1535:
A History of the Origin of the
Apellation Keystone State as Applied to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: Together with Extracts from Many Authorities Relative to the Adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress, 4 July 1776; To Which is Appended the New Constitution of
807:
Today, the Forest Finns are fully assimilated into the
Norwegian and Swedish societies and their language is extinct. The last known Forest Finns of Sweden to have spoken Finnish fluently were Johannes Johansson-Oinoinen (a.k.a. Niittahon Jussi, died 1965) and Karl Persson (died 1969).
780:
In spite of this total political failure, Gottlund had positive cultural influence on the Forest Finns. Among his accomplishments, Gottlund founded three congregations for the Forest Finns. Gottlund himself became a legendary, heroic character in the Forest Finns.
382:
to harsh conditions living in frontier lands during war times. The fact that slash-and-burn itself requires a relatively low human population density or a continuing supply of new "frontier" lands, also caused overpopulation and by the late 16th century
626:
into the
Swedish mainstream population. During the previous two centuries, various laws and regulations had been passed to speed up the "Swedification" process to the Forest Finns, including total banning of the use of Finnish language.
545:
in what was called "Tolvmannamarsjen" (English: The march of the twelve men). They brought a petition with 600 signatures demanding their own common church congregation (Kirkesogn) with a
Finnish speaking priest right on the
650:
Hundred assembly in 1646 called for the killing and the burning of houses of all those Finns who did not want to learn
Swedish. Reading books written in Finnish led in some cases to imprisonment still in the 18th century.
251:
agriculture, a method used for turning forests into farmlands. By the late 18th century, the Forest Finns had become largely assimilated into the
Swedish and Norwegian cultures, and their language, a variety of
1356:
811:
However, the culture of the Forest Finns lives to a various degree in Norway and Sweden, and a number of place names commemorate the Finnish origins of various areas they settled, including in the
728:(1796â1875) was one of the central Finnish national awakeners, who is commonly attributed with saving the folklore of the Forest Finns, and he also tried to act as a national awakener among them.
940:
tree, the yellow represents the rye from slash-and-burn farming and the black represents the soot of slash-and-burn. The color scheme is also meant to match the flags of the Finnish regions of
538:(literally "Finn Forest"). In this rather remote region the Forest Finns were able to move back and forth between the two countries â the border itself was not properly established until 1751.
794:
Olle Gunnar Westling (on the left) is a descendant of the Forest Finns and associated with Finnskogarna.com promoting tourism based on the Forest Finns culture in Sweden. He is the father of
1313:
735:
ideas in Finland and Carl Axel was raised in the spirit of the Enlightenment, and the basic structure of his thinking represented rationalistic Enlightenment ideals. The family had lived in
1011:â Olle Westling (5.53â6.00min) «Hver femte svensk seijs ju hĂ€rstamma frĂ„n den skogfinska innflytningen» â one of each five Swedes are said to descend from the Forestfinn immigration.
268:
The use of the term "Forest Finns" is first reported in sanctions issued by the Dano-Norwegian king in 1648, although they (at least locally in Norway) more commonly were known as
921:
shape derived from a traditional Forest Finn symbol for fertility, which is found on old Forest Finn settlements. The proportions and placement of the cross is the same as the
349:
and later Russia, constantly challenged the Swedish sovereignty of the often sparsely populated provinces of Eastern Finland. To secure their realm, the Swedish kings, notably
1558:
1348:
698:
time, keeping livestock and other domesticated animals for food gradually became an important part of the Forest Finns' livelihood. As the value of timber increased,
1509:
1287:
1479:
743:, since 1805. The language of the family was Swedish because of his Swedish-speaking mother, but in the Finnish-speaking neighbourhood the young Carl Axel became
520:. The largest concentration of settlements, however, was in the forest-rich eastern part of Hedmark, close to the border of Sweden, in what today is denoted as
1417:
1042:
1157:
1578:
1264:
260:), is today extinct, although it survived among a tiny minority until the 20th century. Descendants of the Forest Finns still live in Sweden and Norway.
1764:
1741:
1305:
1773:
854:
The Forest Finns, who are defined as a national minority in Norway today, are a distinct group from the other Finnish groups in Scandinavia: the
371:
1560â1568), encouraged farmers to settle these vast wilderness regions, which in turn were used to the traditionally slash-and-burn agriculture.
1448:
674:
Despite new legislation by 1673, immigration continued, and by 1686 the authorities responded by arranging the Forest Finn Census (Norwegian:
685:
573:
In Sweden, the migration of the Forest Finns was not only well accepted at first, but also masterminded and encouraged by the kings, notably
1201:
964:
836:
795:
329:
765:
His social and political activity for the benefit of the Forest Finns was idealistic. He wanted to create an autonomous areaânamed
1014:
902:
summer of 2021 and received hundreds of proposals. When the original draft of the current flag was chosen, it lacked the red
824:
1091:
1471:
731:
Gottlund was born into the family of a Finnish clergyman, Mattias Gottlund, one of the most outstanding representatives of
614:
1501:
500:
Eventually, from the 1620s on, the Forest Finns began settling to Norway. There, they settled in the Eastern counties of
1934:
1889:
1284:
411:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1085:
820:
799:
706:
populations in concert with economic and societal change led to the eventual loss of their identity as Forest Finns.
1409:
1034:
671:), an ultimatum which provided they either return to Sweden or accept the same taxation as the native Norwegians.
1608:
1145:
1261:
1008:
985:
945:
400:
232:
941:
740:
679:
388:
228:
1884:
1387:
450:) (part of Sweden at the time, now part of Russia). However, an estimated 10â15% went westbound across the
341:
The origin of the Forest Finns lies in border skirmishes since the 13th century. The powers to the east of
622:
By the end of the 18th century, a large part of the descendants of the Forest Finns had become culturally
257:
658:(Norway was then part of a union), the situation was somewhat similar. The Dano-Norwegian authorities in
585:
1879:
1769:
1122:
643:
1929:
1899:
1894:
1440:
951:
The flag was officially for the first time hoisted at a governmental flag pole on 4 May 2023, at the
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1229:
1799:
1573:
664:
1852:
1245:
1924:
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623:
1831:
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between the yellow and green, which was later added by the flag committee before adoption.
828:
816:
732:
574:
566:
547:
374:
These settlements faced several problems, from conflicts with the original populations of
8:
1847:
1601:
832:
789:
1217:
1071:
725:
718:
655:
527:
494:
361:
147:
53:
1785:
893:
1718:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1656:
1081:
253:
141:
1349:"Initial report: The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"
702:
as a trade of its own became profitable to both the Forest Finns and others alike.
334:
1681:
1618:
937:
925:. The relative thickness of the red and yellow on the cross is 1:2 and matches the
551:
535:
392:
384:
216:
192:
151:
137:
67:
39:
541:
In April 1823, six Swedish and six Norwegian Forest Finns traveled to the capital
1661:
1291:
1268:
1249:
1075:
989:
885:
812:
481:
and continued through the early 17th century on crown lands in the provinces of
470:
247:
during the late 16th and early-to-mid-17th centuries, and traditionally pursued
1808:
1794:
1666:
1631:
1594:
952:
933:
926:
922:
248:
843:
and descended from Martti Marttinen (anglicized to Morton), an immigrant from
474:
466:
1918:
1780:
1671:
1067:
975:
744:
608:
600:
458:
240:
493:âamong othersâ, to occupy the areas immediately adjacent to the border with
1824:
1815:
1646:
910:
871:
855:
848:
180:
163:
1563:
603:
was growing in the beginning of the 17th century, smelting was powered by
1757:
914:
903:
819:, Delaware County in Pennsylvania, is named for Sketchley Morton, son of
759:
375:
350:
167:
1148:[The Long Journey of the Forest Finns from Savonia to Delaware]
755:
630:
486:
1651:
1441:"HÀr Àr skogsfinska flaggan: En ny symbol för samhörighet och ursprung"
1340:
932:
The green represents the importance of the forest for the Forest Finns
844:
659:
562:
522:
451:
955:. Marking the 200 year anniversary of the "Tolvmannamarsjen" of 1823.
690:
618:
Forest Finn from Sweden or Norway in the beginning of the 19th century
889:
The unofficial flag of the Forest Finns which was introduced in 1978.
770:
542:
379:
278:
1077:
Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800â1500
982:
200:
78:
1723:
1711:
867:
699:
647:
604:
517:
509:
490:
478:
462:
346:
1346:
750:
Gottlund made two trips to the Forest Finns, the first in 1817 to
1789:
1549:
Norsk Skogfinsk museum â Museum for Forest Finn Culture in Norway
1548:
918:
877:
Descendants of the Forest Finns still live in Norway and Sweden.
774:
751:
505:
501:
482:
454:
in search of largely uninhabited lands best fit for their needs.
431:
342:
236:
208:
1502:"Historisk da flagget til skogfinnene ble heist for fĂžrste gang"
1379:
1184:("Forest Finns in Sweden"). Wallin VÀinö. Otava, Helsinki, 1898.
1005:("Forest Finns in Sweden"). Wallin VÀinö. Otava, Helsinki, 1898.
1553:
714:
443:
419:
244:
124:
112:
1622:
1306:"How Finnish immigrants battled racism to help build America"
863:
859:
224:
1616:
1114:
929:. Representing the Forest Finns in both Norway and Sweden.
477:
in the 1580s and â90s. Another migration route started from
1337:â by Frank Noel Stagg, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. 1956.
958:
736:
513:
599:
The situation would change as an emerging, but primitive,
1571:
1559:
Finnbygden.se Highlights of Research on Forest Finns.pdf
1538:. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1874.
292:
1347:
Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet (22 September 2015).
1242:
874:. However, all these groups share a Finnish ethnicity.
851:, over a quarter of the place names are still Finnish.
839:, and being chairman of the committee that wrote the
1579:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
550:. The twelve men were given an audience before King
1554:
Finnskogdagene â Finnforestdays, Norwegian Festival
917:. The centre of the cross is deformed with a black
870:, and the Finns who have moved to Sweden following
667:issued a "decree on the Forest Finns" (Norwegian:
1146:"MetsÀsuomalaisten pitkÀ matka Savosta Delawaren"
1112:
410:The main part of the Forest Finns moved north to
1916:
1469:
45:
1371:
936:culture, the red represents fire and the holy
1635:
1602:
1193:
436:
424:
311:
309:). The people themselves often used the term
299:
284:
270:
59:
31:
1566:â Finnskogen Travel Association (Norwegian).
1066:
948:, of which the Forest Finns originate from.
1143:
762:, of which about 14,000 were in VĂ€rmland.
1609:
1595:
1536:Pennsylvania with an Alphabetical Contents
1252:â a portal pertaining to the Forest Finns.
754:and the second, longer, one in 1820â21 to
557:
77:
1416:(in Norwegian BokmÄl). 29 December 2022.
1156:(in Finnish). SverigefinlÀndarnas Arkiv.
1041:(in Norwegian BokmÄl). 29 December 2022.
999:â Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1928.
965:Category:People of Forest Finnish descent
1377:
1294:â "Olle will be the father of a prince."
1062:
1060:
959:Notable people of Forest Finnish descent
892:
884:
827:due to his efforts as a delegate to the
788:
713:
684:
629:
613:
561:
328:
981:Pulkkinen, Risto: Carl Axel Gottlund. (
457:The first Forest Finns' settlements in
1917:
1451:from the original on 11 September 2023
1304:Harris, Kathleen (27 September 2015).
1303:
862:in the Northern Norwegian counties of
858:along the Swedish-Finnish border, the
1590:
1420:from the original on 29 December 2022
1359:from the original on 15 February 2023
1057:
709:
1482:from the original on 2 February 2023
1378:Bohmelin, IngMarie (29 April 2021).
1328:
997:Ruotsin suomalaismetsiÀ samoilemassa
825:Founding Father of the United States
796:Prince Daniel, Duke of VÀstergötland
297:) from their major crop, or notably
99:Regions with significant populations
1508:(in Norwegian BokmÄl). 4 May 2023.
1438:
1410:"Skogfinner har nÄ fÄtt eget flagg"
1204:from the original on 1 January 2020
1125:from the original on 19 August 2017
1035:"Skogfinner har nÄ fÄtt eget flagg"
880:
83:Official cultural flag (since 2022)
13:
1527:
1390:from the original on 20 April 2023
1316:from the original on 28 March 2023
1094:from the original on 20 April 2023
1045:from the original on 20 April 2023
913:design on a green canvas with red
847:, Finland. In the municipality of
784:
14:
1961:
1542:
1080:. University of Minnesota Press.
800:Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden
1275:Association of the Forest Finns.
1163:from the original on 2 July 2022
1017:â the Center of Finnish Culture.
117:
105:
1512:from the original on 4 May 2023
1494:
1463:
1432:
1402:
1297:
897:Construction sheet of the flag.
693:during harvest season in 1931.
590:
579:
366:
355:
319:People from the forest of Finns
239:who settled in forest areas of
1278:
1271:â Olle Gunnar Westling is the
1255:
1236:
1187:
1175:
1137:
1106:
1027:
16:Subgroup of the Finnish people
1:
1021:
1574:"Forest Finns (id: M001017)"
1564:Finnskogen-turistforening.no
1335:East Norway and its Frontier
1194:HÀmÀlÀinen Albert, kuvaaja.
263:
7:
837:Declaration of Independence
815:of the United States where
634:A Forest Finn backpack, or
10:
1966:
1182:MetsÀsuomalaiset Ruotsissa
1144:PentikÀinen, Juha (2016).
1003:MetsÀsuomalaiset Ruotsissa
983:Finnish National Biography
969:
962:
644:Christina, Queen of Sweden
324:
1935:Social history of Finland
1890:People of Finnish descent
1872:
1865:
1840:
1734:
1689:
1680:
1630:Traditional subgroups or
1629:
841:Articles of Confederation
430:), east towards northern
258:VĂ€rmland Savonian dialect
179:
174:
162:
157:
135:
130:
103:
98:
93:
88:
76:
29:
1950:Finnish-American history
1945:Social history of Sweden
1940:Social history of Norway
1572:United States Congress.
1290:26 December 2014 at the
689:Forest Finns in Purala,
669:Forordning om skogfinner
646:, a proclamation by the
1439:SVT (25 January 2023).
1113:Store Norske Leksikon.
558:Contemporary acceptance
47:Skogfinner / Skogfinnar
1636:
1476:skogfinneforeningen.no
1267:1 January 2015 at the
898:
890:
804:
722:
694:
639:
619:
609:artificially low price
570:
465:, in the provinces of
437:
425:
396:
338:
337:showing forest burning
312:
300:
285:
271:
220:
196:
60:
46:
32:
1470:Skogfinneforeningen.
1248:30 April 2012 at the
1015:Finnkulturcentrum.com
963:Further information:
909:The flag is a yellow
896:
888:
792:
717:
688:
633:
617:
565:
442:), and south towards
387:by Forest Finns from
332:
175:Related ethnic groups
1472:"Skogfinnenes flagg"
829:Continental Congress
823:. John Morton was a
642:During the reign of
548:Norway-Sweden border
461:were established in
307:Slash-and-burn Finns
988:12 May 2017 at the
835:, signatory to the
833:American Revolution
26:
1197:heinÀnkorjuumiehet
976:Carl Axel Gottlund
899:
891:
805:
726:Carl Axel Gottlund
723:
719:Carl Axel Gottlund
710:Carl Axel Gottlund
695:
640:
620:
571:
339:
24:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1861:
1860:
798:, the husband of
586:Gustavus Adolphus
209:Norwegian nynorsk
186:
185:
142:Savonian dialects
1957:
1930:Finnish diaspora
1870:
1869:
1777:
1750:
1687:
1686:
1639:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1533:Morton, John S.
1522:
1521:
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1517:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:(in Norwegian).
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1273:Finnskogarna.com
1262:Sverigesradio.se
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1141:
1135:
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1132:
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1121:(in Norwegian).
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1103:
1101:
1099:
1072:Sawyer, Peter H.
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1031:
1009:Sverigesradio.se
995:C. A. Gottlund:
881:Forest Finn flag
803:
594:
592:
583:
581:
552:Charles XIV John
440:
428:
385:forced migration
370:
368:
359:
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288:
274:
254:Savonian Finnish
201:Norwegian bokmÄl
197:MetsÀsuomalaiset
123:
121:
120:
111:
109:
108:
89:Total population
81:
71:
63:
57:
49:
43:
35:
33:MetsÀsuomalaiset
27:
23:
1965:
1964:
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1959:
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1857:
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1528:Further reading
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1298:
1292:Wayback Machine
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1269:Wayback Machine
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1250:Wayback Machine
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990:Wayback Machine
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967:
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883:
813:Delaware Valley
793:
787:
785:Situation today
712:
676:Finnemanntallet
589:
578:
560:
399:) and Northern
365:
360:1523â1560) and
354:
327:
266:
145:
118:
116:
106:
104:
84:
72:
65:
58:
51:
44:
37:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
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1902:
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1842:
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1829:
1828:
1827:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:Murmansk Finns
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:Siberian Finns
1792:
1762:
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1738:
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1727:
1726:
1716:
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1704:
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1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
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1669:
1667:Ostrobothnians
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1623:Finnish people
1617:Subgroups and
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1569:
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1445:SVT Nyheter
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1154:arkisto.org
1098:28 February
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915:fimbriation
904:fimbriation
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467:GĂ€strikland
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61:Skogsfinnar
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1022:References
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660:Copenhagen
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567:Charles IX
554:on 4 May.
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1800:Korlaks
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325:History
237:Finland
229:Savonia
225:Finnish
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152:Swedish
138:Finnish
94:Unknown
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