79:
writes, he was not only "charged with instruction and education, but all that which is needed to assist the child to become, physically and intellectually, a man". The office brought its holders in close contact with the imperial family, and the bond created between a
92:
in the 10th, rose to be all-powerful chief ministers under their respective wards, while even the others appear to have played an important political role. Basil
Lekapenos in particular received the even more elevated title of
38:
or tutor of imperial princes. Only a handful of holders are known, but due to the office's close proximity to the imperial family, and the ties it created with future emperors, a number of
946:
64:(βαΐον, palm leaf) because the preceptor was charged with supervising the growth of young minds. The term was rarely used, and only in Byzantine times; it is not attested in
550:
is authentic rather than a later interpolation or mistranscription, or whether it refers to the
Byzantine aulic position at all. "Maralda" is probably his father's name.
1380:
1331:
104:
Despite its importance, the office is entirely absent from early and middle
Byzantine handbooks on imperial offices and ceremonies, until the 14th century.
1373:
1317:
939:
313:
1539:
302:
in 789, but when
Constantine VI came to power in 790 he was recalled. He is likely to be identified with the founder of the monastery ta Pikridiou in
257:
908:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
932:
1574:
1546:
218:), he became a powerful chief minister under Theodosius. The title is most likely anachronistic, given to him by 9th-century historians.
195:
85:
84:
and his pupil could lead to significant political influence. It is not a coincidence that two of the handful of holders known,
955:
871:
75:
The term was applied to the tutors and preceptors of imperial princes, who enjoyed a rather extensive authority. As
56:("bearer"), which by the 4th century came to mean "nurse" or "preceptor". Thus in the 12th century the theologian
1625:
1483:
862:
924:
1296:
232:
146:
1532:
1519:
1506:
799:
134:
1553:
1121:
123:
1240:
1191:
1135:
1128:
1184:
1107:
97:(μέγας βαΐουλος, "grand preceptor"), which may thereafter have existed alongside several junior
1282:
1093:
1425:
1310:
1156:
535:
1494:
1149:
972:
902:
569:
505:
385:
8:
476:
371:
113:
69:
1289:
395:), he was one of the most important officials under the early years of Theophilos' son
881:
Laurent, V. (1953). "Ὁ μέγας βαΐουλος. À l'occasion du parakimomène Basile Lékapène".
867:
857:
236:
57:
360:, asking for his aid against the Saracens. He is last attested in a deed concerning
1114:
1028:
1000:
890:
509:
76:
31:
1233:
1465:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1352:
1303:
1275:
1226:
1219:
1205:
1170:
1035:
1007:
543:
501:
462:
334:
299:
271:
247:
204:
166:
89:
72:
offers the equivalent, well-established Greek terms παιδαγωγός and παιδοτρίβης.
1418:
1359:
1142:
1085:
1077:
993:
986:
959:
492:
357:
345:
303:
280:
105:
23:
1619:
1581:
1489:
1478:
1398:
1387:
1366:
1163:
1056:
979:
539:
361:
208:
954:
1254:
1212:
1070:
1021:
152:
65:
671:
1560:
1247:
1198:
1100:
1049:
1042:
906:
407:
396:
328:
157:
122:
and the verse list of
Matthew Blastares, which reflected the usage under
811:
1594:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1411:
1404:
1324:
1261:
1014:
894:
118:
116:, but other contemporary lists of offices, such as the appendix to the
108:, writing after the middle of the 14th century, did not know where the
1268:
1063:
422:
412:
340:
35:
1567:
1471:
1345:
1338:
1177:
513:
349:
920:(in French). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
765:
763:
748:
291:
52:
787:
295:
760:
500:
chief minister for most of the period 947–985, under emperors
775:
719:
707:
353:
905:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
823:
835:
738:
736:
734:
683:
659:
593:
356:, and in 877–879 he was the addressee of four letters by
637:
635:
622:
620:
42:
were among the most important officials of their time.
731:
808:, "Basil the Nothos" (A. Kazhdan, A. Cutler), p. 270.
695:
647:
632:
617:
605:
384:A distinguished military commander under Emperor
246:). The title is used in a Greek translation of a
1617:
866:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
443:Known only through a seal giving his titles as "
170:, but this conjecture was rejected by Laurent.
406:), until he lost out in a power struggle with
250:text, and may hence be anachronistic as well.
940:
410:. A seal of this time records the titles of "
1585:of the cities according to their importance
911:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
496:, and dominated the imperial government as
947:
933:
144:), place him in the 18th place, after the
546:in 1019. It is unclear whether the title
915:
677:
173:
880:
829:
793:
742:
725:
713:
701:
689:
665:
653:
641:
626:
611:
599:
1618:
928:
883:Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινών Σπουδών
50:The term derives from the Latin term
45:
680:, pp. 140, 300, 307, 321, 335.
298:under the regime of Empress-regent
13:
918:Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices
863:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
1637:
956:Order of Byzantine palace offices
901:
841:
817:
781:
769:
754:
856:
820:, Basileios Lakapenos (#20925).
805:
574:
481:
401:
390:
285:
241:
213:
139:
128:
440:late 9th / early 10th century
1:
587:
560:
538:as one of the envoys sent by
526:
467:
376:
318:
262:
177:
1192:Megas droungarios tou stolou
1136:Megas droungarios tes vigles
916:Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966).
207:king as tutor to the future
7:
1297:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
568:Anonymous tutor of Emperor
147:parakoimomenos tou koitonos
68:. The 13th-century scholar
10:
1642:
850:
135:Andronikos III Palaiologos
60:claimed that it came from
967:
475:A bastard son of Emperor
186:
183:
180:
133:) or during the reign of
124:Andronikos II Palaiologos
27:
1241:Logothetes ton oikeiakon
796:, pp. 194–197, 204.
757:, Ioannes (#3110/corr.).
189:
112:was to be ranked in the
1381:Domestikos ton teicheon
1108:Domestikos tes trapezes
348:and fought against the
88:in the 5th century and
1626:Byzantine court titles
1199:Primmikerios tes aules
1185:Domestikos ton scholon
1094:Logothetes tou genikou
504:(his brother-in-law),
1426:Logariastes tes aules
1311:Logothetes ton agelon
1157:Logothetes tou dromou
1036:Megas stratopedarches
903:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
772:, Gregorios (#22357).
536:Lupus Protospatharius
352:: in 876 he captured
235:, the son of Emperor
174:List of known holders
1495:Palace of Blachernae
1332:Krites tou phossatou
1150:Megas chartoullarios
1143:Megas hetaireiarches
728:, pp. 201, 204.
716:, pp. 200, 204.
570:Theodore II Laskaris
516:(his great-nephew).
506:Nikephoros II Phokas
290:). He was tortured,
164:was replaced by the
1339:Archon tou allagiou
832:, pp. 201–202.
784:, Sergios (#27016).
692:, pp. 202–203.
668:, pp. 204–205.
602:, pp. 198–200.
477:Romanos I Lekapenos
372:Manuel the Armenian
114:Byzantine hierarchy
70:Manuel Moschopoulos
1595:Epi tou kanikleiou
1374:Epi ton anamneseon
1318:Megas diermeneutes
1290:Megas adnoumiastes
1043:Megas primmikerios
858:Kazhdan, Alexander
160:proposed that the
46:Origin and history
30:) was used in the
1613:
1612:
1248:Megas logariastes
1234:Praitor tou demou
1050:Megas konostaulos
585:
584:
430:of the emperor".
322: 873/75–885
58:Theodore Balsamon
1633:
1115:Epi tes trapezes
1101:Protovestiarites
1029:Megas logothetes
1001:Panhypersebastos
994:Megas domestikos
949:
942:
935:
926:
925:
921:
912:
898:
877:
845:
844:, Leon (#24659).
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
758:
752:
746:
740:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
630:
624:
615:
609:
603:
597:
578:
577: 1254–1258
576:
565:
562:
534:Known only from
531:
528:
510:John I Tzimiskes
485:
483:
472:
469:
405:
403:
394:
392:
381:
378:
323:
320:
294:, and exiled to
289:
287:
267:
264:
245:
243:
217:
215:
205:Sassanid Persian
178:
143:
142: 1328–1341
141:
132:
131: 1282–1328
130:
77:Vitalien Laurent
32:Byzantine Empire
29:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1540:Megas myrtaïtes
1530:of the western
1517:of the eastern
1466:Stratopedarches
1455:Stratopedarches
1444:Stratopedarches
1433:Stratopedarches
1353:Megas dioiketes
1304:Protoierakarios
1276:Epi ton deeseon
1227:Megas tzaousios
1220:Tatas tes aules
1206:Protospatharios
1171:Epi tou stratou
1008:Protovestiarios
963:
953:
874:
853:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
761:
753:
749:
741:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
648:
640:
633:
625:
618:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
573:
563:
544:Basil Boioannes
529:
523:Leo de Maralda
502:Constantine VII
480:
470:
463:Basil Lekapenos
449:protospatharios
418:protospatharios
400:
389:
379:
335:protospatharios
321:
300:Irene of Athens
284:
272:Protospatharios
265:
240:
212:
176:
167:tatas tes aules
150:and before the
138:
127:
90:Basil Lekapenos
48:
12:
11:
5:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:Megas baïoulos
1598:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1486:
1475:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1429:
1422:
1419:Hetaireiarches
1415:
1408:
1395:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1360:Orphanotrophos
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1086:Parakoimomenos
1082:
1080:tes sphendones
1078:Parakoimomenos
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
968:
965:
964:
960:pseudo-Kodinos
952:
951:
944:
937:
929:
923:
922:
913:
899:
878:
872:
860:, ed. (1991).
852:
849:
847:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
759:
747:
745:, p. 201.
730:
718:
706:
704:, p. 203.
694:
682:
670:
658:
656:, p. 204.
646:
644:, p. 202.
631:
629:, p. 200.
616:
614:, p. 198.
604:
591:
589:
586:
583:
582:
580:
566:
558:
554:
553:
551:
532:
524:
520:
519:
517:
493:parakoimomenos
488:megas baioulos
484: 920–944
473:
465:
459:
458:
456:
441:
438:
434:
433:
431:
404: 842–867
393: 829–842
382:
374:
368:
367:
365:
358:Pope John VIII
346:southern Italy
324:
316:
310:
309:
307:
304:Constantinople
288: 780–797
281:Constantine VI
268:
266: 789–790
260:
258:John Pikridios
254:
253:
251:
244: 582–602
229:
226:
222:
221:
219:
216: 408–450
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
175:
172:
110:megas baioulos
106:Pseudo-Kodinos
95:megas baioulos
47:
44:
34:to refer to a
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:unknown rank
1589:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1582:Prokathemenoi
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:Prokathemenos
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:Prokathemenos
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:Prokathemenos
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:Prokathemenos
1385:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:Protonotarios
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1346:Protallagator
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1164:Protasekretis
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:Protosebastos
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
982:
981:
980:Sebastokrator
977:
975:
974:
970:
969:
966:
961:
957:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
930:
927:
919:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:(in French).
884:
879:
875:
873:0-19-504652-8
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
854:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
783:
778:
771:
766:
764:
756:
751:
744:
739:
737:
735:
727:
722:
715:
710:
703:
698:
691:
686:
679:
678:Verpeaux 1966
674:
667:
662:
655:
650:
643:
638:
636:
628:
623:
621:
613:
608:
601:
596:
592:
581:
571:
567:
559:
556:
555:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
522:
521:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
486:), he became
478:
474:
471: 944/47
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
409:
398:
387:
383:
380: 842/43
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
362:Monte Cassino
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:
332:and imperial
331:
330:
325:
317:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
282:
278:
274:
273:
269:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
238:
234:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
210:
209:Theodosius II
206:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
179:
171:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
154:
149:
148:
136:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
43:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
20:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1488:
1484:Great Palace
1477:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1449:tzangratores
1448:
1442:
1438:monokaballoi
1437:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1255:Protokynegos
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1213:Megas archon
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1122:Megas papias
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1088:tou koitonos
1084:
1076:
1071:Kouropalates
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1022:Protostrator
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
917:
907:
886:
882:
861:
837:
830:Laurent 1953
825:
813:
801:
794:Laurent 1953
789:
777:
750:
743:Laurent 1953
726:Laurent 1953
721:
714:Laurent 1953
709:
702:Laurent 1953
697:
690:Laurent 1953
685:
673:
666:Laurent 1953
661:
654:Laurent 1953
649:
642:Laurent 1953
627:Laurent 1953
612:Laurent 1953
607:
600:Laurent 1953
595:
564: 1230s
547:
497:
491:
487:
452:
448:
444:
427:
421:
417:
411:
339:
333:
327:
276:
270:
203:Sent by the
165:
161:
153:kouropalates
151:
145:
117:
109:
103:
98:
94:
81:
74:
66:Modern Greek
61:
51:
49:
39:
18:
17:
15:
1561:Droungarios
895:11615/16013
889:: 193–205.
530: 1019
447:, imperial
445:primikerios
416:, imperial
408:Theoktistos
397:Michael III
329:primikerios
200:early 400s
158:Ernst Stein
1547:Protokomes
1527:Domestikos
1514:Domestikos
1501:Domestikos
1412:Vestiariou
1405:vestiarion
1325:Akolouthos
1262:Skouterios
1015:Megas doux
588:References
557:Anonymous
490:and later
386:Theophilos
233:Theodosius
228:580s/590s
119:Hexabiblos
1575:Myrtaïtes
1460:mourtatoi
1283:Koiaistor
1269:Ameralios
1064:Pinkernes
423:magistros
413:patrikios
341:strategos
338:, he was
231:Tutor to
196:Antiochus
86:Antiochus
36:preceptor
16:The term
1620:Category
1568:Sebastos
1472:Tzakones
1178:Mystikos
1129:Eparchos
973:Despotes
514:Basil II
498:de facto
453:baioulos
437:Sergios
428:bagoulos
364:in 885.
350:Saracens
292:tonsured
277:baioulos
225:Stephen
162:baioulos
99:baiouloi
82:baioulos
40:baiouloi
28:βαΐουλος
19:baioulos
1533:themata
1520:themata
1507:themata
1504:of the
1493:of the
1482:of the
1469:of the
1458:of the
1447:of the
1436:of the
1402:of the
1391:of the
958:(after
851:Sources
548:baiulus
326:Titled
314:Gregory
237:Maurice
184:Tenure
53:baiulus
1554:Papias
1393:koiton
987:Caesar
870:
512:, and
426:, and
296:Sicily
248:Syriac
187:Notes
887:XXIII
540:Troia
190:Refs
181:Name
62:baïon
24:Greek
868:ISBN
842:PmbZ
818:PmbZ
782:PmbZ
770:PmbZ
755:PmbZ
451:and
354:Bari
275:and
891:hdl
806:ODB
579:).
542:to
455:".
344:in
279:to
1622::
762:^
733:^
634:^
619:^
575:r.
561:c.
527:c.
508:,
482:r.
468:c.
420:,
402:r.
391:r.
377:c.
319:c.
306:.
286:r.
263:c.
242:r.
214:r.
156:.
140:r.
129:r.
101:.
26::
962:)
948:e
941:t
934:v
897:.
893::
876:.
572:(
479:(
399:(
388:(
283:(
239:(
211:(
137:(
126:(
22:(
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