1021:, or even heredity, were not legally established in Byzantine imperial succession, because in principle the Roman Emperor was selected by common acclamation of the Senate, the People and the Army. This was rooted firmly in the Roman "republican" tradition, whereby hereditary kingship was rejected and the Emperor was nominally the convergence of several offices of the Republic onto one person. Many emperors, anxious to safeguard their firstborn son's right to the throne, had them crowned as co-emperors when they were still children, thus assuring that upon their own death the throne would not be even momentarily vacant. In such a case the need for an imperial selection never arose. In several cases, the new Emperor ascended the throne after marrying the previous Emperor's
3198:— Mainly used during the middle Byzantium (8th to 10th c.), also "First Secretary" but chiefly employed as chief financial and executive officer of either each thema/province, directly under its governor-general, or as imperial secretary in various government ministries in the capital. Charged with the provisioning of the thematic troops ahead of a campaign, the Protonotarios at times resembled a Commissar of the USSR, answering only to the emperor. During the late Byzantine era, the title was only encountered at the Palaiologan court, as the emperor's private secretary. In post-imperial times the title was linked to a higher administrative position with the Orthodox Church authorities.
3073:
42:
1425:
3964:
3952:
3904:
934:
1095:
7533:
595:. Additionally, and more commonly, as the right hand of the emperor in the management of internal and external affairs, they had to provide an efficient management of fast and flexible provincial armies, dispatching them to appease different threats within the borders, or for the management of new successful territorial acquisitions after long-term campaigns, thereby taking key roles as protagonists of any armed offensive headed by the emperor.
183:
428:. In practice, however, the Senate had lost all of its former powers and was mostly reduced to a ceremonial role, filled with relatives or close aristocrats to the Emperor; while the Army practically had a monopoly regarding elections. Emperors usually managed to secure succession for their children through indirect means, such as appointing them as co-emperors, and thus introduced various
1624:. Awarded to both eunuchs and non-eunuchs, it survived until the early 12th century. The term is etymologically connected to the vestiarion, the imperial wardrobe, but despite earlier attempts to connect the vestai and the related title of vestarchēs, the head of the class of the vestai (see above), with the officials of the vestiarion (see below), no such relation appears to have existed.
451:, which meant that no individual or institution through the history of the empire truly owned any land in the face of state supreme ownership. Beneath the emperor, a multitude of officials and court functionaries—all directly chosen by the emperor or by one of his representatives—operated the empire's administrative bureaucracy. State officials acted not as magistrates or elected public
535:. These deputies held extraordinary military and administrative powers accompanied by prestigious new titleholders in an attempt to lessen corruption and simplify the emperor's direct handling over its domains, foreshadowing similar future administrative reforms initiated and endorsed by contemporary divine Orthodox monarchical philosophy in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean.
1344:, it was the official in charge of running the imperial palace. However, the great authority and wealth deriving from this position, as well as the close proximity to the Emperor, meant that it accumulated great prestige. It was awarded to important members of the imperial family, but from the 11th century onwards, it declined, and was usually awarded to the vassal rulers of
3115:
supreme judge of appeal; in cases which were brought before his court from a lower tribunal there was no further appeal to the
Emperor. He could issue, on his own authority, praetorian edicts, but they concerned only matters of detail. The office was abolished in the 7th century as part of wide-ranging civil and military reforms, and evolved into that of the
1768:) – a blend word of the titles spatharios and kandidatos, both of which were types of palace guards in the 4th–6th centuries. The earliest references to the title occur in early 8th century and the title is clearly attested only from the early 9th century on. Its distinctive badge (brabeion) was a golden chain (maniakion) worn around the chest.
3677:
907:, keeping the governance of the state tightly controlled by a limited number of intermarrying aristocratic families; for instance in the 11th and 12th century, only 80 civil and 64 military noble families have been identified, a very small number for so large a state. Finally, in the Palaiologan system as reported by
3617:
mainly shows the agreement of
Christian and pagan morality, while his political theory centers on the establishment and maintenance of a Christian empire under a Christian emperor who is a philosopher-king. His view represents one of the fundamental political options in ancient Christianity, one that
696:
During the "classic" or middle period of the
Byzantine state (8th-late 11th centuries), a new, court-centered system emerged. In this, dignities of a certain level were awarded with new titles derived from older, now obsolete, public offices. A senatorial class remained in place, which incorporated a
3484:
also participated in court life, typically serving as attendants to noble women or assisting the emperor when he took part in religious ceremonies or removed his crown. Eunuchs in the early
Byzantine Empire were usually foreigners, and they were often seen as having a low status. This changed in the
3114:
into a civil office, whereby a handful of
Prefects each acted for the Emperor with responsibility for a cluster of dioceses and provinces. Each received regular reports on administration from the provincial governors, had treasuries of his own, and paid and supplied the army with food. He was also a
3088:
Byzantine administrative nature was characterized by its versatility and unfixed duties in constant role change depending on a specific situation. The vast
Byzantine bureaucracy had many titles, more varied than aristocratic and military titles. In Constantinople there were normally hundreds, if not
692:
focussed in Asia Minor. The duties of said governors were largely limited to the collection of the various maritime taxes of their governorships; the management of the various large urban centers such as Athens, Corinth or Thebes; and a basic level of protection for its provinces against pirates and
578:
or governorships, all being appointed by the sovereign directly. These governors, being the direct representatives of the monarch himself all through the provinces, enjoyed an omnipotence of their own, accompanied by the divine attributes for being deputies of the emperor himself in their respective
876:
landowners, who would become responsible for both their fiscal obligations as monastic institutions, or as individuals, and for the fiscal obligations of the various towns and villages in their domain. This trend culminated in the eventual disappearance of the fiscal individuality that each commune
3469:
describing in enormous detail the annual round of the Court. Special forms of dress for many classes of people on particular occasions are set down; at the name-day dinner for the
Emperor or Empress various groups of high officials performed ceremonial "dances", one group wearing "a blue and white
1583:
was one of the most senior officials, but as his duties were gradually relegated to other officials, by the 8th century, only the title was left. It remained a high honour, and only rarely awarded until the 10th century. By the early 10th century, there were 12, the first in precedence among them
865:
or village tax, as its new purpose was the collection of the various taxes regardless of whether collection was by an institution, individual or the village itself, essentially offering it to the highest bidder. Although a simplification, it was not an improvement, as it pushed a great variety of
1820:
halted the practice due to the extraordinary expenditure it involved. It too became a purely honorific title. The title continued to be occasionally assumed by emperors on accession until the end of the 7th century. Honorary consuls however continued to be named, as attested by seals bearing the
3460:
At the peaceful height of Middle
Byzantium, court life "passed in a sort of ballet", with precise ceremonies prescribed for every occasion, to show that "Imperial power could be exercised in harmony and order", and "the Empire could thus reflect the motion of the Universe as it was made by the
3474:". The second group do just the same, but wearing "a garment of green and red, split, with gold bands". These colours were the marks of the old chariot-racing factions, the four now merged to just the Blues and the Greens, and incorporated into the official hierarchy. As in the Versailles of
516:
innovations; in the years 535 and 536 Justinian's administrative reforms were formalized. This eliminated the administrative diocese system hierarchy established in previous centuries and with it the strict military and civic divisions within the empire, replacing it with various provincial
2495:– Usually a minor relative of the emperor who took care of the emperor's personal wardrobe, especially on military campaigns. He was also sometimes responsible for other members of the imperial household, and the emperor's personal finances. The older term, from before the time of
798:, the system underwent various changes in which, due to the desperate state of the empire and the urgent need for income to finance its military campaigns and strengthen its borders, several simplifications and concessions were made. The theme system established under the
894:
The 10th and 11th centuries saw a rise in importance of the aristocracy, and an increased number of new families entering it. The catastrophic losses in the latter 11th century again prompted a reorganization of the imperial administrative system, at the hands of the new
703:(literally "first sword-bearer"; originally the head of the Emperor's bodyguards) was considered a member of it. During this period, many families remained important for several centuries, and several Emperors rose from the aristocracy. Two groups can be distinguished: a
455:, but as representatives, deputies, and viceroys of the monarch in his different domains throughout the empire. In addition to those officials, a large number of honorific titles existed, which the emperor awarded to prominent subjects or to friendly foreign rulers.
1604:), "head of the vestai" — Adopted in the latter half of the 10th century for high-ranking eunuchs, it began being awarded to "bearded" senior military officers and judicial officials of Constantinople around 1050, before disappearing in the early 12th century.
1043:" — Derived from Hellenistic bureaucracy, emperors wanting to emphasize the legitimacy of their ascent to the throne appended this title to their names, meaning they were born to a reigning emperor in the delivery room of the imperial palace (called the
1394:
s children, and senior foreign dignitaries. However, the parallel processes of proliferation and devaluation of titles during the 12th century resulted in the creation of a bewildering array of often ridiculously large variations, by using the prefixes
1228:), "Caesar" — Originally, as in the late Roman Empire, it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and was first among the "awarded" dignities. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I created
3496:
occupation it virtually vanished. A French visitor was shocked to see the
Empress going to church far less well attended than the Queen of France would have been. The Imperial family largely abandoned the Great Palace for the relatively compact
899:: the older offices and titles fell gradually into disuse, while an array of new honorifics emerged, which signified primarily the closeness of their recipient's familial relationship to the Emperor. The Komnenian-led Empire, and later their
1514:), which were offices of the state and were conferred by imperial pronouncement. The former were further divided into three subcategories, depending on who was eligible for them: different sets of titles existed for the "Bearded Ones" (
2049:) – Adopted in the latter half of the 10th century for high-ranking eunuchs, it was awarded to "bearded" senior military officers and judicial officials of Constantinople from ca. 1050 on. It disappeared in the early 12th century.
2593:
were governors of remote parts of the empire such as Italy or Africa. They enjoyed a greater degree of independence than other provincial governors, combining both civil and military authority, practically acting as
458:
Over the more than a thousand years of the empire's existence, the
Imperial administrative system evolved in its adoption of historic titles. At first, the various titles of the empire were the same as those of the
2646:. This was a very prestigious title, and by the late 9th century, its holder functioned as commander in chief of the army. In ca. 959, the post was divided, with one domestic for the East and one for the West.
850:
they were appointed either by the monarch or the Doux himself, with the primary task of the collection of taxes and a second role in the maintenance of basic order, administration and justice in his district.
432:. The absence of codified succession laws and procedures, as well as the militarized state of the Empire, led to numerous coups and revolts, leading to several disastrous results, such as the 1071 defeat at
3222:, "one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates" (literally "one who sets the word") — A secretary in the extensive bureaucracy, who did various jobs depending on the exact position. In the middle and late
911:, one can discern the accumulated nomenclature of centuries, with formerly high ranks having been devalued and others taking their place, and the old distinction between office and dignity having vanished.
885:. Becoming one of several towns within the estates of the different institutions and individuals of the time was an unbearable phenomenon for many communes due to the various fiscal tolerances that the
3969:
3967:
7572:
284:—and his power was immeasurable and divine in origin insofar as he channeled God's divine grace, maintaining what is good. He was the ultimate benefactor, caretaker, and saviour of the people:
791:, which had kept its own former fixed fiscal system, proving this measure to be an indirect consequence of the multiple wars and invasions that Byzantium had to deal throughout its history.
684:
was accommodated and repurposed solely for the income and maintenance of the Byzantine navy, fulfilling a tax supporting role largely in contrast from the more active and military themas of
5702:
806:, differing in few key aspects from its administrative predecessors; it highlighted a greater centralization of power. The various Themes had been divided into smaller districts called
579:
districts. Their primary tasks were jointly working with the various provincial subordinates of the capital bureaus for the effective collection of taxes from the different communities
3394:, Latin for "Man who goes before; first man." — One of the oldest of Roman titles, predating the Roman Republic, the title's use morphed considerably through the years. By the time of
340:
highlighted the divinity of the ruler and became standardized and very often mandatory. In practice, imperial power was exercised as administration—simplified and centralized through
4934:
3352:— Responsible for maintenance of roads, monuments, and buildings in Constantinople (which were the responsibility of the Aedile, not the Tribunes in earlier Latin speaking times.)
772:
being made up of the later. These were the main source of a constant and rapid revenue that ultimately derived from the earlier Hellenistic fiscal and administrative principle of
707:
civil nobility and a provincial military one, the latter remaining regionally based and having large land-holdings, but apparently no military forces of their own, in contrast to
3386:, "treasurer; purse-bearer" — Under Heraclius, an honorary supervisor of the other palace administrators, logothetes, etc. Later, the chief financial comptroller of the Empire.
6412:
7610:
1134:, and was an honorific address for the sons of reigning emperors. Hellenistic rulers had used it extensively, and during Byzantine times often featured in coins, in lieu of
546:
military system whose functions had been simplified and specialized in the rapid creation of provincial armies. Influenced by Orthodox kingship and Hellenistic theocratic
7565:
1432:
with an aura flanked by personifications of Truth and Justice, and by his senior court dignitaries, from an illuminated manuscript dating to the 1070s. From left: the
328:(commonwealth), with sole power over the state, the land, and his subjects, which he had achieved through God's appointment of him as king. This opened a new stage of
5368:
3133:
was not the emperor's actual father, and the title did not necessarily denote any familial relationship at all, both awardees were the father-in-law of the emperor:
1816:" or "The supreme one" — As in the Roman Republic and Empire, the title was initially given each year to two distinguished citizens (the "ordinary consuls"), until
1244:. However, it remained an office of great importance, and was awarded to a few high-ranking and distinguished officials, and was only rarely awarded to foreigners.
1188:
was Alexios' brother Isaakios. It was essentially a meaningless title, which signified only a close relationship with the Emperor, but ranked immediately after the
2859:— Greek version of "Admiral", introduced via Sicilian practice; an office founded in the late Palaiologan era for Western mercenary leaders and rarely held, the
857:
fiscal reforms allowed an institution or individual to catalog and group their land domains and, through it, their fiscal obligations, in a document referred as
1561:), "president" — Originally reserved for eunuchs (see below), it was opened up in the mid-11th century to "Bearded Ones" as well, especially military officials.
7558:
5319:
3310:
Logothetes originally had some influence on the emperor, but the posts eventually became honorary. In the later empire the Grand Logothete was replaced by the
2555:– The keeper of the imperial inkstand, one of the senior officials of the imperial chancery. In the Komnenian and Palaiologan period, some of its holders were
925:
These were the highest titles, usually limited to members of the imperial family or to a few very select foreign rulers whose friendship the Emperor desired.
6645:
891:
offered the different monastic institutions and their estates, further accelerating the disappearance of the fiscal individuality of the villages and towns.
654:
were neither fixed nor dogmatic, as they are shown assisting in various military campaigns or, on occasions, replacing the Strategos in his military duties.
210:
Christian-Eastern concepts had gained power in the eastern Greek-speaking Mediterranean due to the intervention of important religious figures there such as
2232:" — This title, reserved for women, was given to the empress' ladies of honour, and, according to Philotheos, ranked very high in hierarchy, above even the
5361:
5305:
4927:
5527:
2740:– Commander of all infantry in a large army. The title first appeared in the mid-10th century, when the infantry was reorganized and gained in importance.
7730:
3655:
7765:
2895:
headed a fleet, either the central imperial fleet or one of the thematic fleets; in the army he headed a Droungos, a roughly battalion-sized grouping.
2244:. The title is known from the early 9th century, and disappeared in the 11th century. Otherwise women bore the female forms of their husbands' titles.
7760:
5625:
1370:, which was sometimes used by the emperors. As a separate title, it appeared in the latter half of the 11th century, and was extensively awarded by
1150:, signifying that Hungary was considered a Byzantine tributary state. In later times, a despot could be the holder of a despotate; for example, the
500:
In the early Byzantine period (4th to late 6th century), the administrative structure of the empire was a conglomeration of the late Roman Empire's
965:" — Originally referred to any king in the Hellenistic period or in any Greek-speaking area of the Roman Empire. It also referred to the Shahs of
7627:
7622:
4920:
3874:
7521:
5875:
5776:
5562:
4135:
Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", 1985, George Philip, London, p180, using Kazhdan A.P. , 1974 (in Russian)
2654:, Domestic of the Themes – The commander and organizer of the military themes; there was one for the European themes and one for Asian themes.
7209:
5786:
5719:
3398:(379-395) it meant the leading municipal magistrate (like a modern Mayor) but from late 10th century until 1204, a civil governor of a theme.
5734:
5729:
5534:
4801:
1111:
488:), many of the positions were either new or drastically changed. However, from that time on, they remained essentially the same until the
7831:
7683:
6810:
5796:
5771:
1675:
799:
169:
7161:
7144:
5801:
5781:
3149:, before he raised himself to co-emperor. It ranked first among the "decreed" offices, and entailed wide-ranging administrative duties.
2161:), "sword-chamberlain" — A ceremonial sword-carrier assigned to the personal guard of the emperor. It later became a simple court rank.
2481:
who slept in the Emperor's bedchamber. Usually a eunuch, during the 9th–10th centuries the holders of this office often functioned as
1508:), which were purely honorific court titles and were conferred by the award of a symbol of rank, and the "dignities by proclamation" (
7725:
7678:
7603:
6860:
6706:
6678:
6322:
6314:
5791:
5724:
3485:
10th century, when the social status of eunuchs increased and members of the educated Byzantine upper class began to become eunuchs.
1973:— These two titles are listed as equal by Philotheos. Both were still high dignities in the 6th century, but were devalued afterward.
547:
4026:
Ziche, Hartmut (2017-01-01), "Historians and the Economy: Zosimos and Prokopios on Fifth- and Sixth- Century Economie Development",
7056:
6417:
2569:(ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης), "the one in charge of the table" — Official responsible for attending to the imperial table during banquets.
1029:. Several emperors were also deposed because of perceived inadequacy, for example after a military defeat, and some were murdered.
7803:
7753:
7705:
6905:
3093:, often including huge hats. These are some of the more common ones, including non-nobles who also directly served the emperor.
1796:
is a kind of sword). They performed specific duties inside the imperial palace. The title survived until the early 12th century.
7718:
7698:
7385:
6910:
4899:
1115:
3740:
7836:
7713:
7655:
7309:
6062:
5618:
4855:
4746:
4641:
4534:
4466:
4354:
4161:
3884:
3492:, with the Emperor away on military campaigns for much of the time, this way of life had changed considerably, and after the
3478:, elaborate dress and court ritual probably were at least partly an attempt to smother and distract from political tensions.
3227:
630:. These deputies, or any deputy or representative of the Strategos, or of any other military governor, were generally called
4813:
4599:
3827:
Charanis, Peter (July 1969). "Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Background. Francis Dvornik".
7795:
7770:
7061:
6920:
6208:
621:
3248:, Grand Logothete — the head of the logothetes, personally responsible for the legal system and treasury, somewhat like a
1927:) — Originally a group of courtiers responsible for the maintenance of order (including respectful silence) in the palace.
1654:
was created in the 11th century to counter its decline in importance, but both disappeared by the end of the 12th century.
6052:
3089:
thousands, of bureaucrats at any time. Like members of the Church and the military, they wore elaborately differentiated
17:
2029:. The title was widely awarded in the 11th century, when it was opened up to non-eunuchs, prompting the creation of the
7841:
7390:
6803:
3055:, "place-holder" or "lieutenant" — Found at various levels of the hierarchy, as deputies to commanders of the imperial
138:
4788:] (in Greek). Translated by Dimitris Tsoungarakis. Athens: Educational Institution of the National Bank of Greece.
1528:) and women. State officials usually combined titles from both main categories, so that a high official would be both
7491:
6057:
4883:
4767:
4725:
4701:
4665:
4585:]. Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten 35 (in French). Berlin and Amsterdam: Akademie-Verlag & Adolf M. Hakkert.
4564:
4507:
4444:
4140:
4043:
3944:
3572:
1678:, awarded to high-ranking officials, including eunuchs, and foreign rulers. The spouses of patricians bore the title
3129:(βασιλεοπάτωρ), "Father of the Emperor" — An exceptional title, granted only twice in Byzantine history. Although a
2847:, when he combined the remnants of the imperial and thematic fleets into a single imperial fleet. By the end of the
7615:
6554:
5611:
1714:
bore this title. It later became one of the most common high court titles, awarded to senior officials such as the
983:" among Christian rulers exclusively for the emperor in Constantinople, and referred to Western European kings as
783:
for the simple income and rapid collection of taxes by deputies towards various rural communities in the war-time
620:). The main provincial governors and their deputies held equal military and administrative duties within the main
538:
Following the transformation of the Byzantine state during the 7th century due to massive territorial loss to the
7693:
7581:
7526:
7348:
5880:
5648:
3470:
garment, with short sleeves, and gold bands, and rings on their ankles. In their hands they hold what are called
162:
4482:
The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
7598:
7496:
7486:
7358:
7279:
7097:
6965:
6537:
6481:
6402:
6269:
5471:
4716:
744:
was made up of several individuals and institutions, such as the various lands that the many monasteries owned
78:
3643:
2716:, under the Komnenian and Palaiologan emperors the term was used for the second-ranking commander of the army.
7788:
7353:
7343:
7258:
7013:
6798:
2201:
was tasked with holding a gold, gem-encrusted water basin and assisting the emperor in performing the ritual
252:
6233:
1322:
was created in its stead, until it too started to decline, only to be replaced by a further augmented form:
7427:
7395:
7299:
7008:
6980:
6788:
6327:
4912:
3203:
3163:, responsible for keeping official government records and head of the class of senior secretaries known as
1493:
1588:. Thereafter the number of its holders was inflated, and the office vanished sometime in the 12th century.
969:. Heraclius adopted it in 629, and it became the Greek word for "emperor." Heraclius also used the titles
7632:
7151:
6793:
6640:
6397:
6148:
5284:
3462:
3299:
2686:. The term is basically equivalent to "general" or "admiral", as it was used in both branches of service.
2267:), "one who executes authority" — It was a style applied in the empire to some sovereign foreign rulers.
1869:, so named because of their white tunics. They were originally a select group of guards, drawn from the
7471:
7417:
7156:
7028:
7018:
6718:
6598:
6476:
6407:
6295:
6264:
6107:
6047:
5520:
5507:
5494:
3776:
Alexander, Suzanne Spain (April 1977). "Heraclius, Byzantine Imperial Ideology, and the David Plates".
3403:
2964:"count of the stable" and various European feudal titles such as English "constable"; the chief of the
741:
720:
573:
559:
543:
417:
384:
373:
362:
155:
3890:
3340:— Originally an accountant or auditor, the office eventually became a judicial one for Constantinople.
1415:. Few of them actually survived past the 12th century, and all of them rapidly declined in importance.
834:, who was positioned by the emperor directly, commonly a relative of his or a close aristocrat to the
7810:
7331:
6855:
6711:
6496:
6387:
6274:
5541:
5109:
4875:
2530:
1310:("most noble") — Originally a title given to close relatives of the Emperor, subordinate only to the
1281:
3372:, "maistor" in Greek) — An old Roman term, master of offices and master of the army; by the time of
1544:
The "by award" titles for the "Bearded Ones" (non-eunuchs) were, in descending order of precedence:
1382:("First Venerable One") was created for Hadrianos, Alexios' second brother, and awarded also to the
6630:
6382:
5869:
5748:
5228:
5179:
5123:
5116:
4907:
3555:
Barnes, T. D. (1989-11-24), "Panegyric, history and hagiography in Eusebius' Life of Constantine",
3515:
3324:
3275:
2872:
2535:– Concierge of the imperial palaces, responsible for opening and closing the palace gates each day.
1326:. By the late Palaiologan era, the former had vanished, while the latter was a provincial official.
1217:
1162:, referred to a female despot or the wife of a despot, but it was also used to address the Empress.
203:
3587:
Lewis, V. Bradley (2017-04-04). "Eusebius of Caesarea's Un-Platonic Platonic Political Theology".
3408:, "head" — The governor of a small province, usually a town and its surrounding territory, in the
379:
Such concentrations of power proved to be both a great internal weakness and the cause of various
7650:
7536:
6960:
6686:
6506:
6392:
5172:
5095:
3072:
2754:– Commanders of a smaller division of the army in the field. The name was derived from the Latin
2419:
1209:
429:
267:
247:
By the 6th century, such ideas had already influenced the definitive power of the monarch as the
41:
7550:
1496:, below the imperial titles, the Byzantines distinguished two distinct categories of dignities (
1081:) – A combination of titles reserved for the senior of several ruling co-emperors (συμβασιλεῖς,
439:
Applying Orthodox-Hellenistic political schemes, the monarch's household was the sacred kingdom
307:) in all of his divine, pious, loving orthodox attributes to all by being his earthly presence.
7461:
7051:
6893:
6337:
6143:
6117:
6112:
5885:
5861:
5857:
5824:
5270:
5081:
4005:
The land and taxation in the reign of Alexios I Komnenos: the evidence of Theophylakt of Ochrid
3336:
3289:
2631:
2150:
1424:
803:
715:
539:
489:
275:
68:
2033:
to distinguish the most senior amongst its holders. It disappeared in the latter 12th century.
387:, would often challenge imperial power with claims of their own. In this way emperors such as
7179:
7033:
6223:
6133:
6097:
5982:
5712:
5707:
5413:
5298:
5144:
3257:
3231:
2319:
1671:
1318:, the title was awarded to officials and foreign dignitaries, diluting its status. The title
1289:
1107:
1099:
646:
were responsible for the judicial matters inside a Theme. Although the range of tasks of the
509:
4058:
Frankopan, P. (2007-02-01). "Kinship and the Distribution of Power in Komnenian Byzantium".
2891:– The title existed both in the army and the navy. In the navy of the 8th–11th centuries, a
2826:
1829:("former consul"). The title was often conferred to the rulers of south Italian city-states.
1118:. John, as his father's heir and co-emperor, wears an exact replica of his imperial costume.
7783:
7660:
7422:
7405:
7226:
6985:
6950:
6833:
6770:
6765:
6300:
6243:
5482:
5137:
4960:
4809:
4793:
4527:
HISTORY OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE: from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian
4500:
History of the later Roman Empire: from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian
3498:
3373:
3077:
2478:
2000:
1277:
388:
303:
anointed with all power, upholding the divine laws since he ought to emulate Christ first (
271:
123:
1644:" — Originally the highest rank for provincial governors, it survived the creation of the
372:
who enjoyed the same omnipotence and the emperor's God given divinity in their respective
8:
6332:
6248:
6238:
6102:
5865:
5853:
5740:
4480:
3362:
3294:, General Logothete — responsible for taxation. Also acted as a secretary in later cases.
3142:
3081:
2667:
2202:
1579:
1362:(σεβαστός), "August One" — This title is the literal Greek translation of the Latin term
1147:
1006:
433:
98:
4759:
The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century
2726:, Master of the Camp – In charge of making sure the army was stocked with food and arms.
2680:– A military and later also civil commander of a theme, who often also had the title of
1142:
made it a separate title, the highest "awarded" title after the emperor. The first such
7642:
7410:
7400:
7274:
6945:
6828:
6745:
6608:
5960:
5940:
5920:
5910:
5676:
5277:
4118:
3852:
3809:
3801:
3697:
3409:
3235:
3134:
3103:
2844:
2813:
2616:. In the Byzantine period, they were among the highest military offices, and included:
2326:
1880:
1757:
1733:
1440:
1371:
1349:
1273:
1173:
1151:
1048:
1040:
920:
854:
795:
784:
478:
128:
73:
2612:
were originally imperial guards, who later functioned as senior staff officers in the
1865:
1752:), "twice consul" — A very rare dignity, which originated possibly in the 8th century.
1201:
7532:
7466:
7371:
7304:
7284:
7252:
7184:
7171:
7092:
7087:
6838:
6603:
6453:
5972:
5925:
5915:
5905:
4879:
4851:
4763:
4742:
4721:
4711:
4697:
4680:
4661:
4637:
4586:
4574:
4560:
4540:
4530:
4513:
4503:
4486:
4462:
4440:
4350:
4157:
4136:
4110:
4075:
4039:
4008:
3940:
3880:
3844:
3813:
3793:
3732:
3701:
3604:
3568:
2840:
2357:
2336:
1871:
1482:
1472:
1387:
1139:
938:
143:
113:
108:
88:
83:
3618:
influenced later Byzantine political theology, but was largely rejected in the west.
2877:— Initially the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy; after the creation of the
380:
7748:
7673:
7336:
7129:
7077:
7023:
6990:
6940:
6733:
6723:
6501:
6189:
6081:
6004:
5987:
5965:
5950:
5935:
5849:
5634:
5102:
5016:
4988:
4865:
4825:
4611:
4102:
4067:
4031:
3932:
3836:
3785:
3716:
3689:
3596:
3560:
3449:
3368:
3243:
3223:
2851:
dynasty the megaduke was head of the government and bureaucracy, not just the navy.
2643:
2621:
2564:
2298:
1945:
1720:
1621:
1412:
1315:
1034:
896:
602:, or any military governor, was assisted by several deputies, chief among them the
421:
256:
33:
5221:
4454:
1706:" — As its name signifies, it originally was the title borne by the leader of the
1103:
7481:
7314:
7294:
7289:
7244:
7234:
7194:
7189:
7139:
7134:
6915:
6521:
6438:
6433:
6173:
6163:
5999:
5993:
5977:
5955:
5945:
5930:
5453:
5442:
5431:
5420:
5340:
5291:
5263:
5214:
5207:
5193:
5158:
5023:
4995:
4869:
4845:
4757:
4736:
4655:
4631:
4344:
3936:
3564:
3146:
3138:
3090:
2721:
2613:
2490:
2380:
2366:
2346:
2100:
2004:
1691:
1648:, until, in the 9th century, it too became a purely honorific title. The variant
1452:
1261:
904:
708:
699:
280:
248:
133:
103:
93:
2011:. The holder of this dignity was also the president of the Senate, and the term
787:, after having been adopted and adapted from the late Roman and early Byzantine
517:
circumscriptions directly governed by deputies of the emperor, variously called
7775:
7738:
7319:
7199:
6932:
6691:
6585:
6571:
6370:
6074:
5829:
5406:
5347:
5130:
5073:
5065:
4981:
4974:
4947:
4847:
The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium
4552:
3520:
3510:
2976:
2472:
2433:
2293:
2283:
2217:
2166:
1982:
By descending order of precedence, the "by award" titles for the eunuchs were:
1846:
1429:
1383:
966:
958:
908:
658:
460:
425:
413:
383:
and rebellions in which viceroys with provincial armies and, sometimes, entire
241:
191:
58:
4684:
4544:
4490:
4093:
Kazhdan, Alexander (1993). "State, Feudal, and Private Economy in Byzantium".
4035:
3693:
3600:
1158:, was held by the heir to the Byzantine throne after 1261. The feminine form,
7825:
7239:
7116:
7082:
6820:
6755:
6728:
6613:
6228:
6168:
5569:
5477:
5466:
5386:
5375:
5354:
5151:
5044:
4967:
4590:
4114:
4079:
4012:
3923:
Barnes, T. D. (1989-11-24), "Panegyric, history and hagiography in Eusebius'
3848:
3797:
3736:
3608:
3329:
3304:, Military Logothete — a civilian, in charge of distributing pay to the army.
3193:
3171:
3154:
2961:
2713:
2675:
2413:
2288:
2186:
2025:
1710:("swordbearers," the Emperor's bodyguards). For instance, in the 6th century
1488:
1446:
1379:
1285:
1167:
1018:
933:
802:
would remain the administrative basis of the Byzantine state until its final
501:
118:
63:
4942:
4829:
4615:
4517:
3160:
2772:
of the army. Usually, each army was divided into two to three such commands.
7000:
6975:
6955:
6760:
6738:
6593:
5841:
5836:
5670:
5242:
5200:
5058:
5009:
4600:"Les Logothètes: Etudes sur l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin"
3489:
3395:
3124:
2707:
2666:– The governor of a greater area combining two or more themes, such as the
2371:
2308:
1916:
1813:
1645:
1301:
1245:
839:
807:
718:) was the joint tax liability system of the different communities inside a
463:
292:
5603:
3212:) — Responsible for minting gold and silver coins and equipping the fleet.
1674:, it remained one of the highest dignities until its disappearance in the
7501:
7476:
6970:
6780:
6547:
6153:
6138:
5548:
5235:
5186:
5088:
5037:
5030:
4777:
4651:
4071:
3525:
3381:
3050:
3032:
2955:
2886:
2848:
2691:
2501:
2496:
2424:
2331:
2256:
2123:
2110:
2080:
1999:), "president" — This was an entirely new rank introduced in the 960s by
1932:
1817:
1408:
1341:
1331:
1131:
989:
900:
882:
788:
632:
616:
604:
519:
513:
337:
333:
329:
240:) who had been key to developing the constant Christianized worldview of
1390:. During the 12th century, it remained in use for the Emperor's and the
1094:
1025:, or indeed after forcing the previous Emperor to abdicate and become a
661:, by the 12th century most of these came to be governed directly by the
6775:
6635:
6625:
6458:
6448:
6158:
5582:
5514:
5501:
5488:
5399:
5392:
5312:
5249:
5002:
4476:
4122:
3856:
3805:
3644:"Dvornik (Francis), Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy"
3535:
3249:
3209:
3111:
3018:
2941:
2834:
2603:
2550:
2399:
2385:
2303:
2038:
1773:
1741:
1732:
also signified admittance to the Senate. The office survived until the
1629:
1593:
1130:(δεσπότης), "Lord" — Used by the emperors themselves since the time of
1056:
704:
662:
590:
505:
286:
2513:(curator), an earlier official responsible for financial matters. The
1208:, who was given the title in 1191. A Bulgarian aristocrat by the name
7324:
7204:
6696:
6564:
6511:
6443:
5256:
5051:
3475:
3263:
3217:
3165:
3024:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2968:
2786:
2763:
2755:
2545:– Originally the emperor's cupbearer, later a senior honorific title.
2540:
2341:
2132:
2054:
1659:
1641:
1566:
1063:
870:
of either the adjoining monasteries or of the various well-resourced
697:
large part of the upper officialdom; every official from the rank of
610:
599:
551:
525:
467:
447:
441:
399:
368:
263:
207:
4106:
3840:
3789:
3762:
1480:
In the 8th–11th centuries, according to information provided by the
657:
Due to the lack of action or large-scale battles in the thematas of
7590:
6850:
6750:
6701:
6559:
6491:
6279:
5589:
5555:
5459:
5333:
5326:
5165:
4176:
The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society; Shaun Tougher; page 22
3107:
2777:
2661:
2446:
2404:
1988:
1896:
1550:
1434:
1374:
to his brothers and relations. The female version of the title was
1357:
1125:
952:
887:
878:
835:
780:
731:
555:
356:
318:
316:(subjects). He was the sole administrator and lawgiver of the holy
312:
260:
211:
199:
187:
4300:
3110:
as the command of the imperial Guard in Rome. It was developed by
1051:), and were therefore legitimate beyond any claim to the contrary.
725:
duties which were carried out by provincial officials such as the
7580:
7216:
7102:
7043:
6542:
6516:
6194:
4633:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
3530:
3493:
3390:
3376:, these had become honorary titles and were eventually discarded.
3349:
3312:
2924:
2638:
2595:
2390:
2352:
1834:
1801:
1670:), "patrician" — Established as the highest title of nobility by
1462:
1345:
1253:
998:
962:
872:
826:
759:
642:
567:
531:
452:
341:
324:
4902:
of Byzantium-related technical terms including official titles;
1276:
and then into Russian, Serbian etc.). Title was also awarded to
714:
The backbone of Byzantine administration and economy (until the
412:
There were no codified laws on the imperial succession, and the
6845:
6620:
6486:
3481:
3424:
3208:, literally "keeper of documents for the Public Wardrobe" (see
2965:
2910:
2698:
2590:
2064:
1785:
1711:
1609:
1249:
1205:
1155:
1085:), and denoted the person who held substantive political power.
975:
679:
626:
563:
346:
226:
4370:
Bartusis, Mark C. (Apr 1988). "The Kavallarioi of Byzantium".
2839:, Megaduke or Grand Duke — The basic equivalent of the modern
1419:
1236:
became third in importance, and fourth after Manuel I created
1047:
because it was paneled with slabs of the reddish-purple stone
182:
2262:
2223:
2205:
before he exited the imperial palace or performed ceremonies.
2192:
2172:
2156:
2116:
2086:
2070:
2044:
1994:
1963:
1956:
1938:
1922:
1902:
1886:
1858:
1840:
1807:
1779:
1763:
1747:
1697:
1665:
1635:
1615:
1599:
1572:
1556:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1269:
1223:
1076:
1022:
861:. The new reform essentially broke from the integrity of the
842:
inside the Theme were ruled by a deputy of the Doux called a
812:
which in turn were made up of the various towns and villages
298:
4677:
Warfare, state, and society in the Byzantine world, 565-1204
3037:— A category of palace guards, armed with sword and cudgel (
550:, power was relegated to military leaders, with the various
7124:
4814:"La chancellerie impériale de Byzance du 13e au 15e siècle"
4657:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
3267:
3159:, "First Secretary" — an earlier title for the head of the
1265:
1026:
866:
villages and towns to eventually be added to the different
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4184:
4182:
3419:— In charge of distributing food from the state granaries.
1539:
477:), many of the titles had become obsolete. By the time of
4288:
3986:
3984:
3982:
2682:
1340:, "charge of the palace" — First attested in the time of
4798:
Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles
4324:
4237:
4218:
4206:
4179:
3623:
3979:
3876:
Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century
3868:
3866:
3589:
Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought
1736:, but had declined to the 35th place of the hierarchy.
1061:(αὐτοκράτωρ), "self-ruler" — Originally equivalent to
881:
had fought and delayed with special taxes such as the
4254:
4252:
2626:, Grand Domestic – The overall commander of the army.
1792:
were initially a special corps of imperial guards (a
1089:
979:(κύριος – "Lord"). The Byzantines reserved the term "
194:
and royal power handed down by Christ and the angels.
4694:
The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome
4579:
Recherches sur les institutions byzantines (2 vols.)
2812:, it originally meant a cavalry soldier. During the
1456:(a eunuch, since he is beardless), the emperor, the
542:, this early structuring came to be replaced by the
4437:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453
4312:
3863:
1620:) – A senior honorific title, first attested under
877:or town had enjoyed, something which emperors like
4382:
4276:
4264:
4249:
4194:
416:was never formally abolished. Theoretically, each
4154:The portrait in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
3714:
3284:— the exact functions of this office are unclear.
2636:, Domestic of the Schools – The commander of the
445:, and he was its Christ-loving owner and manager
7823:
4720:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2881:his lieutenant, in charge of the naval officers.
2477:(literally, "one who sleeps nearby") — The High
1875:. The title disappeared in the Komnenian period.
1172:(σεβαστοκράτωρ), "Venerable Ruler" — Created by
4557:The Byzantine Aristocracy: IX to XIII Centuries
3931:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 94–123,
3559:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 94–123,
2642:, originally a number of guards units, later a
5994:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
2279:ranks the order of command below the emperor:
2197:), from Greek νίπτειν, "to wash hands") — The
928:
7566:
5619:
4928:
4762:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies.
3872:
2525:performed the same functions for the empress.
1907:) — Officers of the imperial wardrobe (Latin
278:. The monarch was the incarnation of the law—
163:
4871:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
4850:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
4420:(3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press.
3675:
3238:. Different offices of Logothetes included:
1017:(the female form of "despotes", see below).
973:(αὐτοκράτωρ – "autocrat," "self-ruler") and
5633:
5573:of the cities according to their importance
4808:
4792:
4151:
3678:"Byzantine Philanthropy and Social Welfare"
2317:
1420:Court titles from the 8th to 11th centuries
7573:
7559:
5626:
5612:
4935:
4921:
4755:
2015:was often used to denote precedence, e.g.
1260:in 705; the title then developed into the
170:
156:
4864:
4691:
4415:
4057:
3879:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
3775:
3067:
779:had served as an accessible tool for the
4843:
4597:
4573:
4434:
4400:
4369:
4306:
3826:
3071:
2933:
2248:
1788:-bearer" — As their name signifies, the
1492:of Philotheos (899) and the writings of
1423:
1093:
932:
903:successors, were based primarily on the
181:
6882:
4710:
4453:
4330:
4243:
4231:
4212:
4188:
4092:
3990:
2670:, a title developed in the 9th century.
583:from the different land owners estates
409:) achieved royal power for themselves.
14:
7824:
4674:
4650:
4629:
4551:
4002:
3973:
3922:
3873:Heather, Peter; Moncur, David (2001).
3676:Constantelos, Demetrios (April 1970).
3641:
3554:
1577:) – In the early Byzantine state, the
987:, a Hellenized form of the Latin word
310:The people in turn were the monarch's
266:adopting, following, and applying the
251:and of his kingdom as an imitation of
7554:
7450:
6881:
6666:
6358:
6025:
5646:
5607:
4916:
4786:Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome
4776:
4734:
4583:Studies on the Byzantine Institutions
4459:Les institutions de l'empire byzantin
4342:
4025:
3682:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
3629:
3586:
3176:in charge of imperial documents; the
3027:Guard from the Komnenian era onwards.
2997:. Initially subdivided into Greater (
2792:– Commander of an infantry regiment (
1977:
614:(to a lesser degree also referred as
495:
6667:
4904:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
4524:
4497:
4475:
4439:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
4388:
4318:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4200:
3958:
3910:
3448:, among others, were members of the
2702:, a military unit of battalion size.
2271:
190:in triumphal garb, exemplifying the
6369:
4485:. London: Oxford University Press.
3760:
3725:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
3461:Creator", according to the Emperor
2573:
2209:
2075:) – Same as for the "Bearded Ones".
1728:in charge of a theme. The title of
1196:. The first foreigner to be called
830:grants. The Themes were ruled by a
673:of the various coastal cities. The
24:
7832:Government of the Byzantine Empire
7582:Royal and noble titles and honours
4717:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
4461:(in French). Paris: Albin Michel.
4418:A Short History of the Middle Ages
3169:. Other subordinates included the
2827:Byzantine navy § Organization
2808:– A title borrowed from the Latin
2457:Stratopedarches of the crossbowmen
1522:, i.e. not eunuchs), the eunuchs (
1106:(right), and three of their sons,
1090:Titles used by the imperial family
914:
420:was formally elected, by both the
27:Government of the Byzantine Empire
25:
7853:
7492:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
4944:Order of Byzantine palace offices
4893:
3180:a chamberlain in the palace; the
2909:– The commander of a squadron of
2509:in Greek). This was derived from
2464:
2105:– Same as for the "Bearded Ones".
2059:– Same as for the "Bearded Ones".
1943:), Greek equivalent of the Latin
1891:), "imperial or royal messenger".
1718:, the commanders of the imperial
768:, with most of a village or town
332:in which Hellenistic and Eastern
7531:
4403:Byzantine Style and Civilization
3763:"The basileus as Christomimetes"
3715:Patrick Henry III (1967-12-30).
3262:, Drome Logothete — the head of
2816:, it became a minor court title.
2517:was a subordinate official. The
2442:Stratopedarches of the Mourtatoi
40:
5881:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
5703:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
4409:
4394:
4363:
4343:Heath, Ian (13 November 1995).
4336:
4170:
4145:
4129:
4086:
4051:
4019:
3996:
3916:
3761:Roy, Christian (January 2003).
3743:from the original on 2023-01-24
3658:from the original on 2019-05-25
3319:Other administrators included:
3080:flanked by courtiers. From the
3023:, "Acolyte" — The chief of the
1336:(κουροπαλάτης), from the Latin
1306:(νωβελίσσιμος), from the Latin
1067:, and was used by the emperors.
483:
472:
404:
393:
6966:Great Palace of Constantinople
6707:Patriarchate of Constantinople
6026:
4636:. Cambridge University Press.
4156:. Brill Archive. p. 110.
4152:Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976).
3820:
3769:
3754:
3708:
3669:
3635:
3580:
3548:
3440:, prefect, praetor, quaestor,
2950:, commander of foreign troops.
2559:chief ministers of the Empire.
2485:chief ministers of the Empire.
1001:. Empresses were addressed as
748:, the soldiers' farming lands
249:representative of God on earth
198:Throughout the fifth century,
13:
1:
4844:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003).
4800:(in French). Paris: Éditions
4782:Η Αυτοκρατορία της Νέας Ρώμης
4738:Ruling the later Roman Empire
4060:The English Historical Review
3717:"A Mirror for Justinian: the
3541:
3488:However, even by the time of
3455:
3226:, it rose to become a senior
3184:a private secretary; and the
1540:Titles for the "bearded ones"
1502:): the "dignities by award" (
820:, the estates of the dynatoi
272:Hellenistic political systems
230:
215:
200:Hellenistic political systems
7837:Byzantine titles and offices
7428:University of Constantinople
7009:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
6359:
6159:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
5848:Byzantine successor states (
5180:Megas droungarios tou stolou
5124:Megas droungarios tes vigles
4741:. Harvard University Press.
4696:. Harvard University Press.
4559:. BAR International Series.
3937:10.1017/cbo9780511555350.007
3642:Walter, Christopher (1968).
3565:10.1017/cbo9780511555350.007
3204:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2843:. The office was created by
1494:Constantine Porphyrogennetos
1407:("first"): examples include
993:("king"). The feminine form
740:of the different bureaus. A
490:fall of the Byzantine Empire
7:
7098:Saint Catherine's Monastery
6154:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
6149:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
5647:
5285:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
4818:Revue des études byzantines
4756:Krsmanović, Bojana (2008).
4735:Kelly, Christopher (2004).
4692:Kaldellis, Anthony (2015).
4604:Revue des études byzantines
4598:Guilland, Rodolphe (1971).
4416:Rosenwein, Barbara (2009).
4346:Byzantine Armies, 1118–1461
4030:, BRILL, pp. 462–474,
3648:Revue des études byzantines
3504:
3463:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
3300:Logothetēs tou stratiotikou
2318:
1969:), equivalent of the Latin
929:Titles used by the emperors
709:contemporary Western Europe
53:Aristocracy and bureaucracy
10:
7858:
7487:Neo-Byzantine architecture
7451:
6108:Comes sacrarum largitionum
4435:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
4428:
3041:). Under the command of a
2824:
2768:– Commander of a division
2712:– Initially the Emperor's
2263:
2224:
2193:
2173:
2157:
2117:
2087:
2071:
2045:
1995:
1964:
1957:
1939:
1923:
1903:
1887:
1859:
1841:
1808:
1780:
1764:
1748:
1698:
1666:
1636:
1616:
1600:
1573:
1557:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1324:Prōtonobelissimohypertatos
1224:
1146:was actually a foreigner,
1077:
918:
7842:Bureaucratic organization
7641:
7589:
7514:
7457:
7446:
7367:
7267:
7225:
7170:
7115:
7070:
7057:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
7042:
6999:
6931:
6901:
6892:
6888:
6877:
6819:
6677:
6673:
6662:
6584:
6530:
6469:
6426:
6378:
6365:
6354:
6313:
6288:
6257:
6216:
6207:
6182:
6126:
6090:
6043:
6036:
6032:
6021:
5894:
5810:
5757:
5688:
5659:
5655:
5642:
4955:
4876:Stanford University Press
4529:. Charles River Editors.
4401:Runciman, Steven (1975).
4349:. Osprey. pp. 18–9.
4309:, p. 234 (Note #86).
4036:10.1163/9789004344877_036
3694:10.1017/S0022046900048703
3601:10.1163/20512996-12340119
3230:, equivalent to a modern
1682:(not to be confused with
1536:(a "proclaimed" office).
1532:(an "awarded" title) and
1282:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1102:with his family: empress
1009:"), and were also called
937:The back of this coin by
677:, now made up of several
466:. However, by the era of
6631:Droungarios of the Fleet
5229:Logothetes ton oikeiakon
4874:. Stanford, California:
4781:
4675:Haldon, John F. (2004).
4630:Haldon, John F. (1997).
3516:Byzantine battle tactics
3325:Eparch of Constantinople
3276:Logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn
2929:– The captain of a ship.
1240:. The feminine form was
1192:. The feminine form was
7145:Early Byzantine mosaics
6507:Domestic of the Schools
5369:Domestikos ton teicheon
5096:Domestikos tes trapezes
4830:10.3406/rebyz.1985.2171
4616:10.3406/rebyz.1971.1441
3929:The Making of Orthodoxy
3557:The Making of Orthodoxy
3348:, translation of Latin
2820:
2651:Domestikos tōn thematōn
2578:
2445:Stratopedarches of the
1184:(see below). The first
1138:. In the 12th century,
816:, the monastic estates
7462:Byzantine commonwealth
6224:Praetorian prefectures
6144:Logothetes tou genikou
6118:Quaestor sacri palatii
6113:Comes rerum privatarum
5886:Fall of Constantinople
5825:Sack of Constantinople
5187:Primmikerios tes aules
5173:Domestikos ton scholon
5082:Logothetes tou genikou
3290:Logothetēs tou genikou
3145:briefly as regent for
3085:
3068:Administrative offices
2960:— Greek form of Latin
2863:was the deputy of the
2632:Domestikos tōn scholōn
2151:Spatharokoubikoularios
2145:, "doorkeeper, usher".
2127:, "first in the list".
1477:
1119:
946:
716:fall of Constantinople
195:
7162:Komnenian renaissance
7157:Macedonian period art
7062:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
7034:Walls of Thessaloniki
6134:Logothetes tou dromou
5749:Twenty Years' Anarchy
5713:Valentinianic dynasty
5708:Constantinian dynasty
5414:Logariastes tes aules
5299:Logothetes ton agelon
5145:Logothetes tou dromou
5024:Megas stratopedarches
4908:King's College London
4660:. London: UCL Press.
4297:, pp. 21, 23–24.
4095:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
4003:Harvey, Alan (1993).
3721:of Agapetus Diaconus"
3258:Logothetēs tou dromou
3104:Praetorian prefecture
3075:
2934:Other military titles
2825:Further information:
2696:– The commander of a
2453:one-horse cavalry men
2320:Megas stratopedarches
2249:Titles for foreigners
2158:σπαθαροκουβικουλάριος
2003:and first awarded to
1672:Constantine the Great
1584:bearing the title of
1534:logothetēs tou dromou
1427:
1290:Catalan Grand Company
1100:Manuel II Palaiologos
1097:
936:
794:After the reforms of
636:, second to them the
587:and from monasteries
185:
7761:Poland and Lithuania
7359:Units of measurement
7093:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
6986:Pammakaristos Church
6834:Corpus Juris Civilis
6785:Missionary activity
6244:Exarchate of Ravenna
6070:Imperial bureaucracy
5483:Palace of Blachernae
5320:Krites tou phossatou
5138:Megas chartoullarios
5131:Megas hetaireiarches
4810:Oikonomides, Nicolas
4794:Oikonomides, Nicolas
3499:Palace of Blachernae
3228:administrative title
3188:a treasury official.
2001:Nikephoros II Phokas
1378:. The special title
1278:George II of Georgia
1212:also used the title.
1176:as a combination of
1039:(πορφυρογέννητος), "
1003:eusebestatē avgousta
781:Hellenistic kingdoms
570:in their respective
424:(Synkletos) and the
389:Nikephoros II Phokas
227:Origen of Alexandria
212:Eusebius of Caesarea
186:Painting of Emperor
7599:Commonwealth realms
6883:Culture and society
6746:Ecumenical councils
6249:Exarchate of Africa
6239:Quaestura exercitus
6103:Magister officiorum
6098:Praetorian prefects
5741:Byzantine Dark Ages
5327:Archon tou allagiou
4525:Bury, J.B. (2018).
4498:Bury, J.B. (2016).
4028:Byzantine Narrative
3925:Life of Constantine
3632:, pp. 259–260.
3363:magister officiorum
3280:, Logothete of the
3143:Romanos I Lekapenos
3082:Skylitzes Chronicle
2991:, successor to the
2981:— The chief of the
2451:Stratopedarches of
2438:megas hetairearches
2405:Arkhon tou Allagion
2342:Megas hetairearches
2240:and just below the
2177:) – From the Latin
2141:) – From the Latin
2121:) – From the Latin
2091:) – From the Latin
1863:) – From the Latin
1580:magister officiorum
1148:Bela III of Hungary
1078:βασιλεύς αὐτοκράτωρ
1072:Basileus Autokratōr
756:of the land owners
693:any other parties.
581:("Chora", "Komai"),
336:ceremonies such as
259:was a multi-ethnic
18:Byzantine hierarchy
7300:Flags and insignia
6946:Baths of Zeuxippus
6829:Codex Theodosianus
6719:Oriental Orthodoxy
5677:Later Roman Empire
5583:Epi tou kanikleiou
5362:Epi ton anamneseon
5306:Megas diermeneutes
5278:Megas adnoumiastes
5031:Megas primmikerios
4712:Kazhdan, Alexander
4575:Guilland, Rodolphe
4405:. London: Penguin.
4072:10.1093/ehr/cel378
3467:Book of Ceremonies
3410:Palaiologan period
3332:of Constantinople.
3252:in western Europe.
3236:secretary of state
3135:Stylianos Zaoutzes
3099:Praetorian prefect
3086:
2845:Alexios I Komnenos
2814:Palaiologan period
2376:megas primmikerios
2327:Megas primmikerios
2095:, "placed before".
1978:Titles for eunuchs
1888:βασιλικὸς μανδάτωρ
1881:Basilikos mandatōr
1758:Spatharokandidatos
1734:Palaiologan period
1505:διὰ βραβείων ἀξίαι
1478:
1441:epi tou kanikleiou
1372:Alexios I Komnenos
1174:Alexios I Komnenos
1152:Despotate of Morea
1120:
1041:born in the purple
947:
921:Byzantine emperors
905:landed aristocracy
824:, and the various
785:Hellenistic period
624:inside a thema, a
496:Background history
196:
7819:
7818:
7643:Former monarchies
7548:
7547:
7510:
7509:
7467:Byzantine studies
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7253:Alexander Romance
7111:
7110:
7088:Nea Moni of Chios
6951:Blachernae Palace
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6839:Code of Justinian
6687:Eastern Orthodoxy
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6580:
6579:
6454:Scholae Palatinae
6350:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6315:Foreign relations
6309:
6308:
6203:
6202:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
5816:(1204–1453)
5601:
5600:
5236:Megas logariastes
5222:Praitor tou demou
5038:Megas konostaulos
4866:Treadgold, Warren
4857:978-0-226-72015-9
4748:978-0-674-01564-7
4643:978-0-521-31917-1
4536:978-1-61430-462-3
4468:978-2-226-04722-9
4356:978-1-85532-347-6
4163:978-90-04-04783-9
3886:978-0-85323-106-6
3613:For Eusebius the
2985:mercenaries, the
2873:Megas droungarios
2841:Lord High Admiral
2395:megas droungarios
2358:Megas droungarios
2337:Megas droungarios
2332:Megas konostablos
2272:14th–15th century
1872:Scholae Palatinae
1765:σπαθαροκανδιδᾶτος
1483:Taktikon Uspensky
1473:megas primikērios
1388:Sultan of Iconium
1320:Prōtonobelissimos
1194:sebastokratorissa
1140:Manuel I Komnenos
941:bears his title,
939:Manuel I Comnenus
789:province of Egypt
764:and the peasants
180:
179:
34:Byzantine culture
16:(Redirected from
7849:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7552:
7551:
7535:
7448:
7447:
7391:Imperial Library
7337:Byzantine Greeks
7078:Daphni Monastery
7029:Panagia Chalkeon
7024:Hagios Demetrios
6991:Prison of Anemas
6941:Basilica Cistern
6899:
6898:
6890:
6889:
6879:
6878:
6734:West Syriac Rite
6724:Alexandrian Rite
6675:
6674:
6668:Religion and law
6664:
6663:
6599:Maritime themata
6555:Palaiologan army
6408:Military manuals
6376:
6375:
6367:
6366:
6356:
6355:
6214:
6213:
6190:Megas logothetes
6041:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6023:
6022:
5896:By modern region
5817:
5764:
5763:(717–1204)
5695:
5657:
5656:
5644:
5643:
5635:Byzantine Empire
5628:
5621:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5103:Epi tes trapezes
5089:Protovestiarites
5017:Megas logothetes
4989:Panhypersebastos
4982:Megas domestikos
4937:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4889:
4861:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4805:
4789:
4773:
4752:
4731:
4707:
4688:
4671:
4647:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4594:
4570:
4548:
4521:
4494:
4472:
4450:
4422:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4149:
4143:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3889:. Archived from
3870:
3861:
3860:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3552:
3369:magister militum
3244:Megas logothetēs
3224:Byzantine Empire
3043:Prōtomanglavitēs
2668:Catepan of Italy
2622:Megas domestikos
2574:Military offices
2565:Epi tes trapezes
2400:Megas akolouthos
2351:Domestic of the
2323:
2313:megas domestikos
2299:Megas domestikos
2266:
2265:
2227:
2226:
2210:Titles for women
2196:
2195:
2181:, "chamberlain".
2176:
2175:
2160:
2159:
2120:
2119:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2048:
2047:
1998:
1997:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1946:magister militum
1942:
1941:
1926:
1925:
1906:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1862:
1861:
1844:
1843:
1811:
1810:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1701:
1700:
1676:Komnenian period
1669:
1668:
1639:
1638:
1622:John I Tzimiskes
1619:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1527:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1413:Panhypersebastos
1316:Komnenian period
1288:, leader of the
1227:
1226:
1080:
1079:
1035:Porphyrogennētos
957:(βασιλεύς), the
943:porphyrogennetos
897:Komnenos dynasty
770:(chora or komai)
665:, under him the
540:Muslim conquests
487:
486: 1082–1118
485:
476:
474:
408:
406:
397:
395:
257:Byzantine Empire
253:God's holy realm
239:
235:
232:
224:
220:
217:
172:
165:
158:
55:
44:
30:
29:
21:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7815:
7656:Austria-Hungary
7637:
7585:
7579:
7549:
7544:
7541:
7506:
7482:Cyrillic script
7453:
7434:
7379:
7363:
7263:
7245:Digenes Akritas
7221:
7166:
7107:
7071:Other locations
7066:
7038:
6995:
6927:
6916:Cross-in-square
6884:
6865:
6815:
6669:
6650:
6576:
6526:
6522:Varangian Guard
6465:
6439:East Roman army
6434:Late Roman army
6422:
6361:
6342:
6305:
6284:
6253:
6199:
6178:
6174:Epi ton deeseon
6164:Epi tou eidikou
6122:
6086:
6028:
6009:
5996:
5899:
5897:
5890:
5876:Palaiologan era
5818:
5815:
5806:
5777:Nikephorian era
5765:
5762:
5753:
5696:
5694:(330–717)
5693:
5684:
5664:
5651:
5638:
5632:
5602:
5597:
5528:Megas myrtaïtes
5518:of the western
5505:of the eastern
5454:Stratopedarches
5443:Stratopedarches
5432:Stratopedarches
5421:Stratopedarches
5341:Megas dioiketes
5292:Protoierakarios
5264:Epi ton deeseon
5215:Megas tzaousios
5208:Tatas tes aules
5194:Protospatharios
5159:Epi tou stratou
4996:Protovestiarios
4951:
4941:
4896:
4886:
4858:
4834:
4832:
4783:
4778:Mango, Cyril A.
4770:
4749:
4728:
4704:
4668:
4644:
4620:
4618:
4567:
4553:Angold, Michael
4537:
4510:
4469:
4447:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4414:
4410:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4333:, p. 2231.
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4307:Ringrose (2003)
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4246:, p. 1600.
4242:
4238:
4234:, p. 2162.
4230:
4219:
4215:, p. 1267.
4211:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4191:, p. 1727.
4187:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4150:
4146:
4134:
4130:
4107:10.2307/1291672
4091:
4087:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4024:
4020:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3980:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3887:
3871:
3864:
3841:10.2307/2855514
3825:
3821:
3790:10.2307/2850511
3774:
3770:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3713:
3709:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3507:
3458:
3147:Constantine VII
3139:Leo VI the Wise
3070:
2936:
2829:
2823:
2745:Prōtokentarchos
2722:Stratopedarchēs
2614:Late Roman army
2581:
2576:
2491:Protovestiarios
2467:
2381:Megas tzaousios
2367:Protospatharios
2347:Epi tou stratou
2277:Book of Offices
2274:
2251:
2212:
2101:Prōtospatharios
2005:Basil Lekapenos
1980:
1730:prōtospatharios
1692:Prōtospatharios
1542:
1511:διὰ λόγου ἀξίαι
1453:prōtovestiarios
1422:
1202:Stefan Nemanjić
1092:
997:referred to an
931:
923:
917:
915:Imperial titles
700:protospatharios
659:mainland Greece
585:("proasteion"),
566:each acting as
498:
482:
471:
403:
392:
281:nomos empsychos
237:
233:
222:
218:
176:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7855:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7708:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7555:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7529:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7237:
7231:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7014:Byzantine Bath
7011:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6933:Constantinople
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6886:
6885:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6692:Byzantine Rite
6683:
6681:
6671:
6670:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6572:Grand domestic
6569:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6538:Komnenian army
6534:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6413:Military units
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6383:Battle tactics
6379:
6373:
6363:
6362:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6075:Medieval Greek
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6044:
6038:
6030:
6029:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5830:Fourth Crusade
5821:
5819:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Macedonian era
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Theodosian era
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5699:
5697:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5667:
5665:
5660:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5590:Megas baïoulos
5586:
5575:
5574:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5511:
5498:
5485:
5474:
5463:
5450:
5439:
5428:
5417:
5410:
5407:Hetaireiarches
5403:
5396:
5383:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5348:Orphanotrophos
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5074:Parakoimomenos
5070:
5068:tes sphendones
5066:Parakoimomenos
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4948:pseudo-Kodinos
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4895:
4894:External links
4892:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4862:
4856:
4841:
4806:
4790:
4774:
4768:
4753:
4747:
4732:
4726:
4714:, ed. (1991).
4708:
4702:
4689:
4672:
4666:
4648:
4642:
4627:
4595:
4571:
4565:
4549:
4535:
4522:
4508:
4495:
4473:
4467:
4455:Bréhier, Louis
4451:
4445:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4408:
4393:
4381:
4362:
4355:
4335:
4331:Kazhdan (1991)
4323:
4321:, p. 121.
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4248:
4244:Kazhdan (1991)
4236:
4232:Kazhdan (1991)
4217:
4213:Kazhdan (1991)
4205:
4193:
4189:Kazhdan (1991)
4178:
4169:
4162:
4144:
4128:
4085:
4050:
4044:
4018:
3995:
3993:, p. 623.
3991:Kazhdan (1991)
3978:
3963:
3951:
3945:
3915:
3903:
3885:
3862:
3835:(3): 459–460.
3819:
3784:(2): 217–237.
3768:
3753:
3731:(4): 281–308.
3707:
3688:(2): 173–174.
3668:
3654:(1): 373–376.
3634:
3622:
3579:
3573:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Byzantine army
3518:
3513:
3511:Byzantine Navy
3506:
3503:
3465:, who wrote a
3457:
3454:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3412:
3399:
3387:
3377:
3353:
3341:
3333:
3316:("mediator").
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3271:
3268:postal service
3253:
3213:
3199:
3189:
3150:
3120:
3106:was set up by
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:, deputy to a
3046:
3028:
3014:
3005:) and Little (
2977:Hetaireiarchēs
2972:
2951:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2914:
2906:droungarokomēs
2896:
2882:
2868:
2852:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2801:
2800:) in the army.
2773:
2759:
2741:
2727:
2717:
2703:
2687:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2627:
2599:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2519:protovestiaria
2486:
2473:Parakoimomenos
2466:
2465:Palace offices
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:Hetaireiarches
2431:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2225:ζωστὴ πατρικία
2218:Zōstē patrikia
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2182:
2174:κουβικουλάριος
2167:Koubikoularios
2162:
2146:
2128:
2106:
2096:
2076:
2060:
2050:
2034:
2009:parakoimōmenos
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1928:
1912:
1892:
1876:
1850:
1847:Groom (horses)
1830:
1797:
1769:
1753:
1737:
1699:πρωτοσπαθάριος
1687:
1684:zōstē patrikia
1655:
1651:prōtanthypatos
1625:
1605:
1589:
1586:prōtomagistros
1562:
1541:
1538:
1430:Nikephoros III
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1392:sebastokratōr'
1384:Doge of Venice
1353:
1327:
1297:
1268:or czar (from
1252:, khan of the
1213:
1163:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1068:
1052:
1030:
930:
927:
916:
913:
909:pseudo-Kodinos
502:diocese system
497:
494:
475: 610–641
414:Roman Republic
407: 610–641
396: 963–969
305:christomimetes
242:late antiquity
192:imperial crown
178:
177:
175:
174:
167:
160:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7854:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7571:
7569:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7449:
7445:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Encyclopedias
7384:
7383:
7381:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7310:Hellenization
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:Everyday life
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:Acritic songs
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7083:Hosios Loukas
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6876:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Monophysitism
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6729:Armenian Rite
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6661:
6647:
6646:Naval battles
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6353:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:Protasekretis
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6020:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:Komnenian era
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5735:Heraclian era
5733:
5731:
5730:Justinian era
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5578:unknown rank
5577:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5570:Prokathemenoi
5567:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5478:Prokathemenos
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5467:Prokathemenos
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:Prokathemenos
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5376:Prokathemenos
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5355:Protonotarios
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5334:Protallagator
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:Protasekretis
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5045:Protosebastos
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4968:Sebastokrator
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4885:0-8047-2630-2
4881:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4820:(in French).
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4769:9789603710608
4765:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4727:0-19-504652-8
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:9780674365407
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:. Routledge.
4678:
4673:
4669:
4667:1-85728-495-X
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:(in French).
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4566:0-86054-283-1
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4509:0-486-20398-0
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4446:0-8122-1620-2
4442:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4397:
4391:, p. 32.
4390:
4385:
4378:(2): 343–350.
4377:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4285:, p. 25.
4284:
4279:
4273:, p. 26.
4272:
4267:
4261:, p. 27.
4260:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4203:, p. 21.
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4173:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4141:0-540-01085-5
4138:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:(495): 1–34.
4065:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4045:9789004344877
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3974:Haldon (2004)
3970:
3968:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3946:9780521351881
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3893:on 2022-08-31
3892:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:(1): 94–114.
3594:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3574:9780521351881
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:protasekretis
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:urban prefect
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:Protonotarios
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:chartoularios
3168:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:Protasekretis
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:Comes stabuli
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2714:stable master
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:Protallagator
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Sebastokrator
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2199:nipsistiarios
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:Nipsistiarios
2183:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2031:prōtoproedros
2028:
2027:
2026:prōtonotarios
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:, the eunuch
2006:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1971:ex praefectis
1968:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1686:, see below).
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1517:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:Klētorologion
1485:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:prōtoproedros
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Protosebastos
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:. During the
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Roger de Flor
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:sebastokratōr
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:sebastokratōr
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:sebastokratōr
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:Sebastokratōr
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:, centred at
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Helena Dragaš
1101:
1096:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Primogeniture
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:("Most Pious
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
986:
982:
978:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
954:
949:
948:
944:
940:
935:
926:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
889:
884:
880:
875:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:
809:"Katepanakia"
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
761:
755:
751:
750:(stratiotai),
747:
743:
739:
735:
733:
728:
724:
722:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
694:
691:
687:
683:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
596:
594:
592:
586:
582:
577:
575:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
521:
515:
511:
507:
503:
493:
491:
480:
469:
465:
462:
456:
454:
450:
449:
444:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
401:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:governorships
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
320:
315:
314:
308:
306:
302:
300:
295:
294:
293:Philanthrōpía
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
228:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
189:
188:Basil II
184:
173:
168:
166:
161:
159:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
54:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
7665:
7251:
7019:Hagia Sophia
7001:Thessalonica
6976:Hagia Sophia
6956:Chora Church
6894:Architecture
6771:Great Schism
6761:Paulicianism
6739:Miaphysitism
6594:Karabisianoi
6069:
5898:or territory
5858:Thessalonica
5842:Latin Empire
5837:Frankokratia
5812:
5772:Isaurian era
5759:
5690:
5675:
5671:Roman Empire
5661:
5588:
5581:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5493:
5487:
5476:
5472:Great Palace
5465:
5458:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5437:tzangratores
5436:
5430:
5426:monokaballoi
5425:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5243:Protokynegos
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5201:Megas archon
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5110:Megas papias
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5076:tou koitonos
5072:
5064:
5059:Kouropalates
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5010:Protostrator
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4943:
4903:
4870:
4846:
4833:. Retrieved
4821:
4817:
4797:
4785:
4758:
4737:
4715:
4693:
4676:
4656:
4652:Haldon, John
4632:
4619:. Retrieved
4607:
4603:
4582:
4578:
4556:
4526:
4499:
4481:
4458:
4436:
4417:
4411:
4402:
4396:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4345:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4239:
4208:
4196:
4172:
4153:
4147:
4131:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4027:
4021:
4004:
3998:
3954:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3891:the original
3875:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3756:
3745:. Retrieved
3728:
3724:
3718:
3710:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3660:. Retrieved
3651:
3647:
3637:
3630:Mango (2007)
3625:
3614:
3612:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3556:
3550:
3490:Anna Comnena
3487:
3480:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3396:Theodosius I
3389:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3216:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3178:kastrensios,
3177:
3170:
3164:
3153:
3152:
3131:basileopatōr
3130:
3125:Basileopatōr
3123:
3122:
3116:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2833:
2832:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2731:Hoplitarchēs
2730:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2708:Prōtostratōr
2706:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:kouropalates
2506:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2437:
2436:, deputy of
2428:
2427:, deputy of
2418:Domestic of
2409:megas arkhon
2408:
2407:, deputy of
2394:
2393:, deputy of
2375:
2374:, deputy of
2372:Megas arkhon
2361:
2360:, deputy of
2312:
2311:, deputy of
2309:Protostrator
2276:
2275:
2255:
2254:
2242:kouropalates
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2198:
2194:νιψιστιάριος
2185:
2184:
2179:cubicularius
2178:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1970:
1962:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1924:σιλεντιάριος
1917:Silentiarios
1915:
1914:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1646:Theme system
1628:
1627:
1608:
1607:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1515:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1338:cura palatii
1337:
1332:Kouropalatēs
1330:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1308:Nobilissimus
1307:
1302:Nobelissimos
1300:
1299:
1293:
1257:
1246:Justinian II
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1143:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1014:
1013:("Lady") or
1010:
1002:
994:
988:
984:
980:
974:
970:
951:
950:
942:
924:
893:
886:
871:
867:
862:
858:
853:
847:
843:
831:
825:
822:(proasteion)
821:
818:(episkpesis)
817:
813:
808:
804:fall in 1453
793:
776:
773:
769:
765:
757:
754:(proasteion)
753:
752:the estates
749:
746:(episkepsis)
745:
737:
730:
726:
719:
713:
705:metropolitan
698:
695:
689:
685:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
651:
647:
641:
637:
631:
625:
622:sub-division
615:
609:
603:
597:
588:
584:
580:
571:
548:philosophies
537:
530:
524:
518:
504:, set up by
499:
464:Roman Empire
457:
446:
440:
438:
411:
378:
367:
361:
355:
351:
345:
344:such as the
323:
317:
311:
309:
304:
297:
291:
285:
279:
276:philosophies
246:
204:philosophies
197:
69:Architecture
52:
7502:Megali Idea
7477:Byzantinism
7180:Agriculture
6971:Hagia Irene
6804:Kievan Rus'
6781:Mount Athos
6604:Cibyrrhaeot
6548:Vestiaritai
6403:Mercenaries
6280:Catepanates
6139:Sakellarios
6058:Family tree
5983:Mesopotamia
5802:Angelid era
5782:Amorian era
5549:Droungarios
4824:: 167–195.
4477:Bury, J. B.
4389:Bury (1911)
4319:Bury (1911)
4295:Bury (1911)
4283:Bury (1911)
4271:Bury (1911)
4259:Bury (1911)
4201:Bury (1911)
3976:, p. .
3961:, p. .
3959:Bury (2016)
3913:, p. .
3911:Bury (2018)
3526:Byzantinism
3446:sakellarios
3382:Sakellarios
3051:Topotērētēs
3033:Manglavitai
3001:), Middle (
2969:mercenaries
2956:Konostaulos
2893:droungarios
2887:Droungarios
2849:Palaiologos
2810:caballarius
2805:Kavallarios
2798:chiliarchia
2692:Tourmarchēs
2497:Justinian I
2479:Chamberlain
2264:εξουσιαστής
2257:Exousiastes
2228:), "Girded
2124:primicerius
2118:πριμικήριος
2111:Primikērios
2093:praepositus
2088:πραιπόσιτος
2081:Praipositos
1965:ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων
1952:apoeparchōn
1940:στρατηλάτης
1933:Stratēlatēs
1827:apo hypatōn
1818:Justinian I
1518:from Latin
1409:Pansebastos
1403:("above"),
1342:Justinian I
1284:also named
1132:Justinian I
1083:symbasileis
901:Palaiologan
883:allelengyon
840:Katepanakia
680:Archontates
633:Ek prosopou
617:topotērētēs
605:tourmarchēs
520:Stratalates
514:Justinian's
510:Constantine
338:proskynesis
330:deification
7826:Categories
7591:Monarchies
7584:by country
7497:Third Rome
7423:University
7406:Philosophy
7396:Inventions
7259:Historians
7227:Literature
7210:Varangians
7052:San Vitale
6981:Hippodrome
6961:City Walls
6861:Mutilation
6856:Hexabiblos
6776:Bogomilism
6766:Iconoclasm
6636:Megas doux
6626:Greek fire
6609:Aegean Sea
6482:Kleisourai
6459:Excubitors
6449:Bucellarii
6301:Despotates
6270:Kleisourai
6209:Provincial
6053:Coronation
6027:Governance
5792:Doukid era
5725:Leonid era
5535:Protokomes
5515:Domestikos
5502:Domestikos
5489:Domestikos
5400:Vestiariou
5393:vestiarion
5313:Akolouthos
5250:Skouterios
5003:Megas doux
4685:1039560193
4545:1193333944
4491:1046639111
4101:: 83–100.
4007:. PERSEE.
3897:2022-04-25
3747:2023-01-24
3662:2022-02-28
3542:References
3536:Eupatridae
3456:Court life
3438:logothetes
3416:Horeiarios
3250:chancellor
3218:Logothetēs
3210:Vestiarion
3117:domestikos
3112:Diocletian
3078:Theophilos
3061:drungarios
3039:manglavion
3019:Akolouthos
2942:Ethnarchēs
2918:Kentarchos
2879:megas doux
2865:megas doux
2835:Megas doux
2794:taxiarchia
2751:kentarchos
2737:archēgētēs
2610:domestikoi
2604:Domestikos
2551:Kanikleios
2515:vestiarios
2502:curopalata
2460:Protokomes
2425:Vestiarios
2386:Skouterios
2362:megas doux
2304:Megas doux
2039:Vestarches
1958:ἀποεπάρχων
1909:vestiarium
1866:candidatus
1860:κανδιδᾶτος
1854:Kandidatos
1790:spatharioi
1774:Spatharios
1742:Dishypatos
1716:logothetai
1708:spatharioi
1704:spatharios
1702:), "first
1630:Anthypatos
1594:Vestarches
1466:, and the
1242:kaisarissa
1178:autokratōr
1112:Andronikos
1057:Autokratōr
971:autokrator
961:word for "
919:See also:
868:episkpesis
848:"Energon",
774:"epibole".
766:(geōrgikē)
663:Megas doux
591:episkepsis
506:Diocletian
238: 253
236: – c.
234: 185
223: 339
221: – c.
219: 260
208:theocratic
124:Literature
7666:Byzantium
7325:Octoechos
7205:Silk Road
6697:Hesychasm
6565:Paramonai
6512:Hetaireia
6444:Foederati
6333:Diplomacy
6328:Diplomats
6234:Provinces
6063:Empresses
5866:Trebizond
5662:Preceding
5563:Myrtaïtes
5448:mourtatoi
5271:Koiaistor
5257:Ameralios
5052:Pinkernes
4906:Project,
4780:(2007).
4610:: 5–115.
4591:878894516
4502:. Dover.
4457:(2000) .
4115:0070-7546
4080:0013-8266
4013:754219713
3849:0038-7134
3814:161886591
3798:0038-7134
3737:2159-3159
3702:162224826
3609:0142-257X
3476:Louis XIV
3345:Tribounos
3282:oikeiakoi
3264:diplomacy
3182:mystikos,
3166:asekretis
3025:Varangian
3011:Hetaireia
2994:Foederati
2988:Hetaireia
2983:barbarian
2925:nauarchos
2787:chiliarch
2764:Merarchēs
2756:centurion
2676:Stratēgos
2541:Pinkernes
2523:vestiaria
2429:amyriales
2420:the Walls
2391:Amyriales
2234:magistros
2203:ablutions
2143:ostiarius
2139:ὀστιάριος
2133:Ostiarios
2055:Patrikios
2046:βεστάρχης
1781:σπαθάριος
1749:δισύπατος
1726:strategoi
1724:, or the
1667:πατρίκιος
1660:Patrikios
1642:proconsul
1637:ἀνθύπατος
1601:βεστάρχης
1574:μάγιστρος
1567:Magistros
1530:magistros
1399:("all"),
1368:Augoustos
1274:Bulgarian
1064:imperator
995:basilissa
963:sovereign
859:praktikon
844:"Praktor"
796:Alexios I
738:praktores
690:Katepanos
686:Strategos
611:merarchēs
600:Strategos
552:Strategoi
526:Strategoi
512:, and of
492:in 1453.
479:Alexios I
468:Heraclius
448:Oikonomos
442:Oikonomia
434:Manzikert
430:dynasties
400:Heraclius
369:Strategoi
325:Oikoumene
287:Evergétis
264:theocracy
261:monarchic
99:Diplomacy
7766:Portugal
7706:Ethiopia
7633:Thailand
7418:Scholars
7411:Rhetoric
7401:Medicine
7376:Learning
7275:Calendar
7152:Painters
6851:Basilika
6789:Bulgaria
6751:Arianism
6702:Hayhurum
6679:Religion
6641:Admirals
6560:Allagion
6492:Droungos
6398:Generals
6360:Military
6323:Treaties
6229:Dioceses
6048:Emperors
5961:Sardinia
5941:Dalmatia
5921:Bulgaria
5911:Anatolia
5870:Theodoro
5864: /
5860: /
5852: /
5556:Sebastos
5460:Tzakones
5166:Mystikos
5117:Eparchos
4961:Despotes
4900:Glossary
4868:(1997).
4812:(1985).
4796:(1972).
4654:(1999).
4577:(1967).
4555:(1984).
4518:59201731
4479:(1911).
4372:Speculum
3829:Speculum
3778:Speculum
3741:Archived
3719:Ekthesis
3656:Archived
3505:See also
3494:Crusader
3442:magister
3357:Magister
3337:Quaestor
3266:and the
3232:minister
3186:eidikos,
3161:chancery
3108:Augustus
3076:Emperor
2966:Frankish
2948:ethnarch
2861:amirales
2856:Amirales
2778:Taxiarch
2662:Katepanō
2596:viceroys
2586:Exarchos
2557:de facto
2511:kourator
2483:de facto
2447:Tzakones
2238:proedros
2230:patrikia
2023:for the
2021:notarioi
2017:proedros
2013:proedros
1996:πρόεδρος
1989:Proedros
1904:βεστήτωρ
1897:Vestētōr
1680:patrikia
1558:πρόεδρος
1551:Proedros
1525:ἐκτομίαι
1516:βαρβάτοι
1468:proedros
1458:proedros
1435:proedros
1428:Emperor
1386:and the
1364:Augustus
1358:Sebastos
1296:in 1304.
1272:through
1238:despotēs
1190:despotēs
1182:sebastos
1160:despoina
1144:despotēs
1136:Basileus
1126:Despotēs
1116:Theodore
1098:Emperor
1049:porphyry
1045:Porphyra
1015:despoina
981:basileus
953:Basileus
888:basileus
879:Basil II
836:Basileus
800:Komnenoi
732:exisotes
568:viceroys
560:Kephalai
558:, Douk,
544:thematic
366:and the
363:Kephalai
357:Katepánō
347:Exarchos
342:viceroys
319:Basileia
313:paroikoi
268:Orthodox
129:Medicine
74:Calendar
7804:Ottoman
7800:Turkey
7796:Somalia
7780:Serbia
7771:Romania
7739:Maratha
7731:Germany
7726:Georgia
7714:Kingdom
7710:France
7694:Ancient
7684:Taiping
7616:Ancient
7527:Outline
7472:Museums
7372:Science
7349:Slavery
7305:Gardens
7285:Cuisine
7217:Dynatoi
7185:Coinage
7172:Economy
7140:Mosaics
7103:Mystras
7044:Ravenna
6906:Secular
6794:Moravia
6543:Pronoia
6517:Akritai
6502:Tagmata
6477:Themata
6418:Revolts
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6265:Themata
6195:Mesazon
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5916:Armenia
5906:Albania
5649:History
5521:themata
5508:themata
5495:themata
5492:of the
5481:of the
5470:of the
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5435:of the
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3806:2850511
3531:Aristoi
3482:Eunuchs
3472:phengia
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3350:tribune
3313:mesazōn
3057:tagmata
2911:dromons
2770:(meros)
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2591:exarchs
2353:Scholae
2019:of the
1842:στράτωρ
1835:Stratōr
1823:hypatos
1821:titles
1802:Hypatos
1721:tagmata
1520:barbati
1463:dekanos
1376:sebastē
1350:Georgia
1346:Armenia
1254:Bulgars
1210:Kaloyan
1007:Augusta
999:empress
873:dynatoi
863:"chora"
855:Alexios
827:pronoia
814:(chora)
777:Epibole
760:dynatoi
727:epoptes
671:Archons
652:Praitor
643:Praitor
574:thémata
556:Katepan
532:Harmost
453:legates
418:emperor
144:Science
114:Gardens
109:Economy
89:Cuisine
84:Coinage
7776:Russia
7754:Joseon
7745:Korea
7735:India
7719:Empire
7699:Mamluk
7690:Egypt
7670:China
7628:Sweden
7537:Portal
7452:Impact
7332:People
7280:Cities
7130:Enamel
6911:Sacred
6846:Ecloga
6712:Saints
6621:Dromon
6497:Bandon
6487:Tourma
6470:Middle
6393:Beacon
6275:Bandon
6258:Middle
6127:Middle
6082:Senate
6005:Thrace
5988:Serbia
5966:Sicily
5951:Greece
5936:Cyprus
5854:Epirus
5850:Nicaea
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7623:Spain
7611:Japan
7522:Index
7354:Death
7344:Women
7315:Music
7295:Dress
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7235:Novel
7195:Trade
7190:Mints
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6799:Serbs
6614:Samos
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3853:JSTOR
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2644:Tagma
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1401:hyper
1270:Latin
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381:coups
334:court
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7200:silk
6811:Jews
6586:Navy
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6289:Late
6183:Late
5813:Late
4880:ISBN
4852:ISBN
4837:2011
4802:CNRS
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