283:; while the babble has no logical meaning, the verbal interaction demonstrates to the child the bidirectional nature of speech, and the importance of verbal feedback. Some experts advise that parents should not talk to young children solely in baby talk, but should integrate some normal adult speech as well. The high-pitched sound of CDS gives it special acoustic qualities which may appeal to the infant. CDS may aid a child in the acquisition and/or comprehension of language-particular rules which are otherwise unpredictable; an example is the reduction or avoidance of pronoun reversal errors. It has been also suggested that motherese is crucial for children to acquire the ability to ask questions.
469:. This is the basis for claims that CDS is a necessary aspect of social development for children. Although found in many cultures, CDS is far from universal in terms of style and amount of use. A factor found to influence the way adults communicate with children is the way the culture views children. For example, if they view children as helpless and unable to understand, adults tend to interact with children less than if they believe that children are capable of learning and understanding. Often, cultures lacking a form of CDS make up for it in other ways, such as involving the children more in everyday activities, though the reverse might also be a valid assessment.
352:. People tend to use sentences of around 11 words when talking to another adult; this is reduced to four words when speaking to a dog. People employ more imperatives or commands to a dog, but ask twice as many questions of the dog as of other humans, even though they do not expect the dog to answer. Recordings show that 90% of pet-talk is spoken mostly in the present tense because people talk to dogs about what is happening now rather than the past or the future, which is twice as much as with humans. Also, people are 20 times more likely to repeat or rephrase themselves to dogs than they do to humans.
91:, slower speech rate and shorter utterances. It can display vowel hyperarticulation (an increase in distance in the formant space of the peripheral vowels e.g., , , and ) and words tend to be shortened and simplified. There is evidence that the exaggerated pitch modifications are similar to the affectionate speech style employed when people speak to their pets (pet-directed speech). However, the hyperarticulation of vowels appears to be related to the propensity for the infant to learn language, as it is not exaggerated in speech to infants with hearing loss or to pets.
486:, whereas Latinate vocabulary is usually reserved for more formal uses such as legal and scientific texts. Child-directed speech, an informal speech register, also tends to use Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. The speech of mothers to young children has a higher percentage of native Anglo-Saxon verb tokens than speech addressed to adults. In particular, in parents’ CDS the clausal core is built in the most part by Anglo-Saxon verbs, namely, almost all tokens of the
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create the link between speech and visual face movements in situations such as these. When fathers who are not depressed are able to provide the stimulation of CDS, infants respond well and are able to compensate from the deficit left by their mothers. This too can inhibit language and speech development. Therefore, this deficit can be especially harmful to infants with depressed mothers and little contact with male caregivers.
406:. While this kind of simplifications could be helpful for, say, foreign tourists, this type of communication is perceived as rude or offensive in some societies, because it may cause the foreigner to feel infantilized. It can also be considered insulting if the foreigner is skilled in the speaker's language. While not considered to be actual parentese, it has aspects which make the two language styles similar.
519:. The vocabulary of made-up words, such as those listed below, may be quite long with terms for a large number of things, rarely or possibly never using proper language, other times quite short, dominated by real words, all nouns. Most words invented by parents have a logical meaning, although the nonverbal sounds are usually completely meaningless and just fit the speech together.
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infants learn the language. Researchers at
Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin found that using basic “baby talk” may support babies in picking up words faster. Infants pay more attention when parents use CDS, which has a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation.
418:, 1992) that CDL exists universally across all cultures and is a species-specific adaptation. Other researchers contend that it is not universal among the world's cultures, and argue that its role in helping children learn grammar has been overestimated, pointing out that in some societies (such as certain
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Through this interaction, infants are able to determine who positive and encouraging caregivers will be in their development. When infants use CDS as a determinant of acceptable caregivers, their cognitive development seems to thrive because they are being encouraged by adults who are invested in the
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CDS may promote processing of word forms, allowing infants to remember words when asked to recall them in the future. As words are repeated through CDS, infants begin to create mental representations of each word. As a result, infants who experience CDS are able to recall words more effectively than
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CDS can also serve as a priming tool for infants to notice the faces of their caregivers. Infants are more sensitive to the pitch and emphasized qualities of this method. Therefore, when caregivers use CDS, they expand the possibility for their infants to observe and process facial expressions. This
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As noted above, baby talk often involves shortening and simplifying words, with the possible addition of slurred words and nonverbal utterances, and can invoke a vocabulary of its own. Some utterances are invented by parents within a particular family unit, or are passed down from parent to parent
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to communicate with others, especially if they have a hearing problem, although this is not always understood by people, as some signs in sign language may be difficult to interpret by some people, especially if gestures have different meanings from place to place, so they may use a baby talk-like
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A significant difference is that CDL contains many more sentences about specific bits of information, such as "This cup is red," because they are intended to teach children about language and the environment. Pet-speech contains perhaps half the sentences of this form, as, rather than instructive,
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Studies have shown that from birth, infants prefer to listen to CDS, which is more effective than regular speech in getting and holding an infant's attention. Some researchers believe that CDS is an important part of the emotional bonding process between the parents and their child, and helps the
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Baby talk, language regardless, usually consists of a muddle of words, including names for family members, names for animals, eating and meals, bodily functions and genitals, sleeping, pain, possibly including important objects such as diaper, blanket, pacifier, bottle, etc., and may be sprinkled
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has been found to influence the development of vocabulary and language skills. Lower-status groups tend to be behind the development of children in higher-status families. This finding is thought to be due to the amount of time parents spend with the child and the ways they interact; mothers from
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mothers, who do not regularly use CDS, display delayed language development. Even when depressed mothers provide their infants with positive faces, infants do not respond to their attempts at CDS, and in turn do not benefit from this important route for language acquisition. Infants are unable to
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A key visual aspect of CDS is the movement of the lips. One characteristic is the wider opening of the mouth present in those using CDS versus adult-directed speech, particularly in vowels. Research suggests that with the larger opening of the lips during CDS, infants are better able to grasp the
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Many people speak to their dogs as if they were another human being. These actions are not providing communication with the dog, but social interactions for the speaker, usually in order to solve some problem. The speaking style people use when talking to dogs is very similar to CDL and has been
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CDS is a clear and simplified strategy for communicating to younger children, used by adults and by older children. The vocabulary is limited, speech is slowed with a greater number of pauses, and the sentences are short and grammatically simplified, often repeated. Although CDS features marked
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subject-verb, verb-direct object and verb-indirect object that young children are presented with, are constructed with native verbs. The Anglo-Saxon verb vocabulary consists of short verbs, but its grammar is relatively complex. Syntactic patterns specific to this sub-vocabulary in present-day
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The extent to which caregivers rely on and use CDS differs based on cultural differences. Mothers in regions that display predominately introverted cultures are less likely to display a great deal of CDS, although it is still used. Further, the personality of each child experiencing CDS from a
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The use of baby talk is not limited to interactions between adults and infants, as it may be used among adults, or by people to animals. In these instances, the outward style of the language may be that of baby talk, but is not considered actual "parentese", as it serves a different linguistic
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CDS aids infants in bonding to caregivers. Although infants have a range of social cues available to them regarding who will provide adequate care, CDS serves as an additional indicator as to which caregivers will provide developmental support. When adults engage in CDS with infants, they are
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Children that learn the fastest are those who receive the most acknowledgement and encouragement of what they say, are given time and attention to speak and share, and who are questioned. Infants are able to apply this to larger words and sentences as they learn to process language.
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The younger the child, the more exaggerated the adult's CDS is. The attention of infants is held more readily by CDS over normal speech, as with adults. The more expressive CDS is, the more likely infants are to respond to this method of communication by adults.
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tribes), adults do not speak to their children at all until the children reach a certain age. Furthermore, even where baby-talk is used, it has many complicated grammatical constructions, and mispronounced or non-standard words.
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sound at the end, usually written and spelled as ‹ie›, ‹y›, or ‹ey›, is a common way to form a diminutive which is often used as part of baby talk. Many languages have their own unique form of diminutive suffix (see
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effect could in part be due to infants associating CDS with positive facial expressions such as smiling, being more likely to respond to CDS if they expect to receive a positive response from their caregiver.
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in which one partner speaks and behaves childishly, while the other acts motherly or fatherly, responding in "parentese". One or both partners might perform the child role. Terms of endearment, such as
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modifications to the interactions between parents and infants. Parents use CDS not only to promote language development but to foster a positive relationship with their infants.
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Kaplan, Peter S.; Dungan, Jessica K.; Zinser, Michael C. (2004). "Infants of
Chronically Depressed Mothers Learn in Response to Male, But Not Female, Infant-Directed Speech".
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English include periphrastic constructions for tense, aspect, questioning and negation, and phrasal lexemes functioning as complex predicates, all of which occur also in CDS.
907:
Lam, C; Kitamura, C (2010). "Maternal interactions with a hearing and hearing impaired twin: similarities in pitch exaggeration but differences in vowel hyperarticulation".
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as it helps teach the child the basic function and structure of language. Studies have found that responding to an infant's babble with meaningless babble aids the infant's
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Kaplan, Peter S.; Jung, Paula C.; Ryther, Jennifer S.; Zarlengo-Strouse, Patricia (1996). "Infant-directed versus adult-directed speech as signals for faces".
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auditory characteristics, other factors aid in development of language. Three types of modifications occur to adult-directed speech in the production of CDS:
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When addressing a listener not skilled in the speaker's language, people may simplify their spoken language in an attempt to improve understanding. Some use
1975:
Lieven, Elena V. M. (1994). "Crosslinguistic and crosscultural aspects of language addressed to children". In
Gallaway, Clare; Richards, Brian J. (eds.).
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Hoff, Erika (October 2003). "The
Specificity of Environmental Influence: Socioeconomic Status Affects Early Vocabulary Development Via Maternal Speech".
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between sexual or romantic partners. In this instance, the baby talk may be an expression of tender intimacy, and may perhaps form part of affectionate
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can also refer to
English spoken in a higher, gentler manner, which is otherwise correct English, as opposed to the non-standard, shortened word forms.
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Grieser, DiAnne L.; Kuhl, Patricia K. (1988). "Maternal speech to infants in a tonal language: Support for universal prosodic features in motherese".
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development of the given infants. Because the process is interactive, caregivers are able to make significant progress through the use of CDS.
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Singh, Leher; Nestor, Sarah; Parikh, Chandni; Yull, Ashley (November 2009). "Influences of Infant-Directed Speech on Early Word
Recognition".
567:) meaning the same thing. While this is understood by English-speaking toddlers, it is not applicable with Dutch toddlers as they learn that
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Goldstein, Michael H.; Schwade, Jennifer A. (May 2008). "Social
Feedback to Infants' Babbling Facilitates Rapid Phonological Learning".
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618:- diminutive shortening of titles such as pet names and reductions of longer words to a single syllables by adding -y or -ie to the end
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its primary purpose is as a social function for humans; whether the dog learns anything does not seem to be a major concern. However,
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McLeod, Peter J. (1993). "What studies of communication with infants ask us about psychology: Baby-talk and other speech registers".
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With respect to
English-speaking parents, it is well-established that Anglo-Saxon or Germanic words tend to predominate in informal
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As well as the raised vocal pitch, pet-speech strongly emphasizes intonations and emotional phrasing. There are diminutives such as
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Cooper, Robin
Panneton; Aslin, Richard N. (October 1990). "Preference for Infant-Directed Speech in the First Month after Birth".
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Kaznatcheev, Artem (27 May 2010). "A Connectionist Study on the
Interplay of Nouns and Pronouns in Personal Pronoun Acquisition".
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Singh, Leher; Morgan, James L.; Best, Catherine T. (1 July 2002). "Infants' Listening Preferences: Baby Talk or Happy Talk?".
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Other evidence suggests that baby talk is not a universal phenomenon: for example Schieffelin & Ochs (1983) describe the
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Ninio, A. (2011). Syntactic development, its input and output. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Introduction accessible at
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Phillips, Juliet R. (March 1973). "Syntax and Vocabulary of Mothers' Speech to Young Children: Age and Sex Comparisons".
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312:, when the aggressor uses baby talk to assert that the victim is weak, cowardly, overemotional, or otherwise inferior.
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Schachner, Adena; Hannon, Erin E. (2011). "Infant-directed speech drives social preferences in 5-month-old infants".
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who do not typically employ CDS. Language acquisition in Kaluli children was not found to be significantly impaired.
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language to communicate, skipping out small words and possibly using demonstratives instead of pronouns, for example
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for bedtime, and are considered standard or traditional words, possibly differing in meaning from place to place.
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higher-status groups are found to say more to their children, use more variety, and speak in longer sentences.
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and responding accordingly, which means that some information can be transmitted when a human talks to a dog.
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Burnham, D; Kitamura, C; Vollmer-Conna, U (2002). "What's New, Pussycat? On Talking to Babies and Animals".
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Green, Jordan R.; Nip, Ignatius S. B.; Wilson, Erin M.; Mefferd, Antje S.; Yunusova, Yana (December 2010).
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that differentiates it from the more monotone style used with other adults e.g., CDS has higher and wider
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Lam, C; Kitamura, C (2012). "Mommy, speak clearly: induced hearing loss shapes vowel hyperarticulation".
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Bryant, Gregory A.; Barrett, H. Clark (6 May 2016). "Recognizing Intentions in Infant-Directed Speech".
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706:"Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period"
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Matychuk, Paul (May 2005). "The role of child-directed speech in language acquisition: a case study".
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developmental psychologists refer to this kind of language to young children as child-directed speech
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140:, because all caregivers use distinct speech patterns and vocabulary when talking to young children.
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is a type of speech associated with an older person speaking to a child or infant. It is also called
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Who Asked the First Question: The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech
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Purposes and benefits of CDS include support the ability of infants to bond with their caregivers.
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Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy; Treiman, Rebecca (26 September 2008). "Doggerel: motherese in a new context".
195:, particularly movements of the face, to more effectively maintain the attention of their infants.
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Moreover, many words can be derived into baby talk following certain rules of transformation. In
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caregiver deeply impacts the extent to which a caregiver will use this method of communication.
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This article is about speech directed at babies. For speech-like sounds produced by babies, see
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over generations, while others are quite widely known and used within most families, such as
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1905:"Language Acquizition and Socialization: Three Developmental Stories and Their Implications"
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Fernald, Anne; Mazzie, Claudia (1991). "Prosody and focus in speech to infants and adults".
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154:) is the term preferred by researchers, psychologists and child development professionals.
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Still other transformations, but not in all languages, include elongated vowels, such as
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Researchers Bryant and Barrett (2007) have suggested (as have others before them, e.g.,
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Baby talk and imitations of it may be used by one non-infant to another as a form of
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providing positive emotion and attention, signaling to infants that they are valued.
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Fernald, Anne (April 1985). "Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese".
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modifications to attention-gaining strategies, providing visual cues through
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1849:"Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals"
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Infants can pick up on the vocal cues of CDS and will often pattern their
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600:– the style of speech used by younger people when talking to older people
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by Naomi S. Baron of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics
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The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture
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Sometimes baby talk words are used in adult vocabulary, for example
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30:"Whoopsie daisy" redirects here. For the song by Terri Walker, see
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Type of speech associated with an older person speaking to a child
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612:– sounds similar to baby talk that are used by some large monkeys
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Herrera, Eisquel; Reissland, Nadja; Shepherd, John (July 2004).
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How to Speak Dog: Mastering the Art of Dog-human Communication
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1851:. In Barkow, Jerome H.; Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John (eds.).
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639:. In KarlĂk, Petr; Nekula, Marek; Pleskalová, Jana (eds.).
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Child-directed speech and its role in language acquisition
1212:"Lip Movement Exaggerations During Infant-Directed Speech"
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message being conveyed due to the heightened visual cues.
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Rethinking the brain: New insights into early development
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972:"Speaking and writing: Distinct patterns of word choice"
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Kathy L. Reschke, Ph.D. (2002), Ohio State University,
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CDS has been observed in languages other than English.
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The Language Instinct: How The Mind Creates Language
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Talking to children: Language input and acquisition
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606:– the early sounds or words commonly used by babies
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Creole language § Foreigner talk and baby talk
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1068:Talking the Talk: Language, Psychology and Science
2120:"Native Language Governs Toddlers' Speech Sounds"
1216:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
909:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
275:Shore and others believe that CDS contributes to
83:CDS is characterized by a "sing song" pattern of
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1594:Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction
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526:for "children's nurse" or "nursery governess".
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2122:. therapytimes.com. 2007-10-23. Archived from
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1414:Waterson, Natalie; Snow, Catherine E. (1978).
358:dogs are capable of recognizing specific words
164:) is also used. The terms are interchangeable.
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2678:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
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1977:Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition
1855:. Oxford University Press. pp. 391–428.
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683:"Gender Differences in Child-Directed Speech"
1903:Ochs, Elinor; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (2009).
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2058:Foley, W. A.; Van Valin, R. D. Jr. (1984).
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1911:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 296–328.
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1788:Pidginization and Creolization of Languages
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1694:"The Real Reason Why Couples Use Baby Talk"
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1021:Lawrence Balter; Robert B. McCall (2000).
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1359:"Baby Talk May Help Infants Learn Faster"
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2062:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1347:. New York: Families and Work Institute.
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1201:
1199:
1197:
653:
341:
315:
2060:Functional syntax and universal grammar
1843:
1698:Psychology Today, Evolution of the Self
795:
634:
441:CDS has been seen in languages such as
286:
184:linguistic modifications, particularly
3658:
2104:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1974:
1356:
1101:
1090:
1063:
1054:
969:
770:
410:Universality and differences by region
340:
2826:
2156:
2066:
2010:The linguist and the English language
2007:
1713:
1194:
1149:
680:
100:The first documented use of the word
2293:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
1543:
641:NovĂ˝ encyklopedickĂ˝ slovnĂk ÄŤeštiny
515:with nonverbal utterances, such as
320:Baby talk may be used as a form of
219:
13:
3645:Parents Against Child Exploitation
300:Patronizing / derogatory baby talk
174:
14:
3687:
3615:Mothers Apart from Their Children
2140:
1909:Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader
1357:Boyles, Salynn (March 16, 2005).
382:
1907:. In Duranti, Alessandro (ed.).
1815:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01970.x
1480:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02117.x
1416:The development of communication
840:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01118.x
589:– toddlers talking to themselves
3473:Management of domestic violence
3319:Corporal punishment in the home
2228:Breastfeeding and mental health
2112:
2051:
2016:
2001:
1968:
1925:
1896:
1837:
1794:
1775:
1685:
1672:
1645:
1610:
1537:
1502:
1459:
1432:
1407:
1350:
1304:
1252:
1228:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0005)
1122:
1014:
996:
970:Phayes, Donald (October 1988).
963:
935:
921:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0126)
900:
798:Infant Behavior and Development
550:
545:list of diminutives by language
3630:National Fatherhood Initiative
2012:. London: Arnold. p. 138.
976:Journal of Memory and Language
789:
775:. Harper Collins. p. 28.
764:
739:
713:Journal of Affective Disorders
697:
681:Berey, Adam (March 18, 2005).
674:
647:
628:
529:
94:
1:
3671:Language varieties and styles
3635:National Parents Organization
3360:Adverse childhood experiences
2852:
2223:Breastfeeding and medications
1782:Ferguson, Charles A. (1971).
1072:. Psychology Press. pp.
810:10.1016/s0163-6383(85)80005-9
668:10.1016/j.langsci.2004.04.004
622:
547:for international examples).
477:
3400:Effects of domestic violence
3042:Social emotional development
2785:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
2406:Infant cognitive development
2303:Neonatal intensive care unit
1985:10.1017/CBO9780511620690.005
1692:Leon F Seltzer Ph.D (2013).
989:10.1016/0749-596X(88)90027-7
943:"Talk to Me...in Parentese!"
271:Aid to cognitive development
120:are more precise terms than
32:L.O.V.E (Terri Walker album)
7:
3216:Identification (psychology)
2709:Supplemental nursing system
1678:Green, Alison (May, 2018)
1418:. Wiley. pp. 199–216.
1262:(Report). 2016. p. 15.
574:
571:reference different words.
10:
3692:
3640:Parent–teacher association
3415:Parental abuse by children
3296:Positive Parenting Program
3246:Parent management training
3241:Normative social influence
2461:Prenatal development table
2401:Irritant diaper dermatitis
1523:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.140
1453:10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.880
1317:November 22, 2006, at the
1143:10.1037/0012-1649.27.2.209
1025:Parenthood in America: A-M
386:
128:professionals. Critics of
29:
25:Baby talk (disambiguation)
18:
3625:National Childbirth Trust
3602:
3511:
3428:
3420:Stress in early childhood
3352:
3304:
3163:
3140:Taking children seriously
3060:
2972:Applied behavior analysis
2955:
2860:
2780:Prenatal cocaine exposure
2737:
2568:Infant care and equipment
2567:
2485:Socialization and Culture
2484:
2396:Infant visual development
2348:
2263:Infant and toddler safety
2191:
1890:10.1037/0012-1649.24.1.14
1753:10.1017/s0305000900003731
1741:Journal of Child Language
1652:Jordania, Joseph (2006).
1631:10.1007/s12559-010-9050-7
1393:10.1080/15250000903263973
1180:10.1207/s15327078in0303_5
950:earlyliteracylearning.org
725:10.1016/j.jad.2003.07.001
107:Oxford English Dictionary
3281:The talk (sex education)
2992:Developmental psychology
2790:Parental child abduction
2313:Oral rehydration therapy
1878:Developmental Psychology
1786:. In Hymes, Dell (ed.).
1592:Goodluck, Helen (1991).
1511:Developmental Psychology
1441:Developmental Psychology
1278:Developmental Psychology
1131:Developmental Psychology
593:Developmental psychology
473:Vocabulary and structure
215:Purpose and implications
3488:Parental responsibility
3448:Cost of raising a child
2795:Parental responsibility
2308:Newborn care and safety
1714:Coren, Stanley (2000).
1568:10.1111/1467-8624.00612
1064:Harley, Trevor (2010).
878:10.1126/science.1069587
771:Pinker, Steven (2010).
635:KubanĂk, Pavel (2017).
62:child-directed language
2539:Grandparent visitation
158:Infant-directed speech
46:infant-directed speech
23:. For other uses, see
3610:Families Need Fathers
3171:After-school activity
3095:Concerted cultivation
3090:Buddha-like parenting
3022:Nature versus nurture
2987:Cognitive development
2298:Infant sleep training
2147:The Uses of Baby Talk
1803:Psychological Science
1619:Cognitive Computation
1468:Psychological Science
1343:Shore, Rima. (1997).
828:Developmental Science
760:on November 27, 2006.
488:grammatical relations
400:Do not cross the road
316:Flirtatious baby talk
148:Child-directed speech
54:child-directed speech
3468:Right to family life
3395:Dysfunctional family
3105:Free-range parenting
3080:Attachment parenting
3070:Achievement ideology
2456:Prenatal development
2356:Attachment parenting
2330:Shaken baby syndrome
1329:(November 22, 2006).
538:, adding a terminal
287:Use with non-infants
264:Socioeconomic status
247:infants who do not.
3483:Parental alienation
3410:Narcissistic parent
3334:Positive discipline
3155:Work at home parent
3135:Strict father model
3120:Nurturant parenting
3027:Parental investment
2862:Kinship terminology
2770:Infant ear piercing
1790:. pp. 141–150.
1327:Library of Congress
1319:Library of Congress
1104:Canadian Psychology
1010:. pp. 109–150.
687:Lawrence University
342:Baby talk with pets
333:(or, indicatively,
130:gender stereotyping
104:, according to the
3529:T. Berry Brazelton
3266:Social integration
3002:Identity formation
2278:Infant food safety
1979:. pp. 56–73.
326:sexual roleplaying
277:mental development
170:is sometimes used.
168:Caregiver language
70:caregiver register
3666:Psycholinguistics
3653:
3652:
3463:Family disruption
3385:Cinderella effect
3365:Child abandonment
3339:Tactical ignoring
3236:Moral development
3115:Helicopter parent
3110:Gatekeeper parent
3075:Atlas personality
3052:Social psychology
2997:Human development
2982:Child development
2967:Attachment theory
2820:
2819:
2680:
2517:Children's rights
2431:Object permanence
2253:Failure to thrive
2025:Child Development
2008:Quirk, R (1974).
1994:978-0-521-43725-7
1934:Child Development
1918:978-1-4051-2633-5
1862:978-0-19-510107-2
1725:978-0-684-86534-8
1665:978-99940-31-81-8
1603:978-0-631-17386-1
1546:Child Development
1425:978-0-471-99628-6
1083:978-1-84169-339-2
1044:978-1-57607-213-4
782:978-0-06-203252-2
656:Language Sciences
126:child development
3683:
3503:Shared parenting
3314:Blanket training
3306:Child discipline
2946:In loco parentis
2925:Shared parenting
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2676:
2361:Baby-led weaning
2177:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2080:. Archived from
2079:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1552:(5): 1368–1378.
1541:
1535:
1534:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1290:10.1037/a0020740
1273:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1222:(6): 1529–1542.
1207:
1192:
1191:
1173:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:10.1037/h0078828
1099:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1028:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
947:
939:
933:
932:
904:
898:
897:
861:
852:
851:
823:
814:
813:
793:
787:
786:
768:
762:
761:
759:
753:. Archived from
752:
743:
737:
736:
710:
701:
695:
694:
689:. Archived from
678:
672:
671:
651:
645:
644:
632:
569:elongated vowels
566:
541:
484:speech registers
459:American English
343:
220:Use with infants
42:caretaker speech
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3598:
3579:Matthew Sanders
3534:Rudolf Dreikurs
3507:
3493:Parents' rights
3453:Deadbeat parent
3430:
3424:
3348:
3300:
3276:The talk (race)
3159:
3150:Tiger parenting
3056:
2951:
2900:Extended family
2856:
2851:
2821:
2816:
2810:Paternity fraud
2760:Closed adoption
2733:
2689:Infant clothing
2664:Haberman Feeder
2634:Car seat safety
2563:
2544:Infant swimming
2522:UN Child rights
2480:
2391:Gestational age
2344:
2187:
2181:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:"Archived copy"
2073:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2037:10.2307/1127699
2021:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1973:
1969:
1946:10.2307/1130766
1930:
1926:
1919:
1901:
1897:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1842:
1838:
1799:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1682:"Ask a Manager"
1677:
1673:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1583:
1559:10.1.1.324.4930
1542:
1538:
1507:
1503:
1464:
1460:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1412:
1408:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1309:
1305:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1208:
1195:
1171:10.1.1.511.8150
1154:
1150:
1127:
1123:
1100:
1091:
1084:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1019:
1015:
1001:
997:
968:
964:
954:
952:
945:
941:
940:
936:
905:
901:
862:
855:
824:
817:
794:
790:
783:
769:
765:
757:
750:
746:Ghada Khattab.
744:
740:
708:
702:
698:
679:
675:
652:
648:
633:
629:
625:
577:
553:
532:
507:for bottle, or
480:
475:
455:British English
430:tribe of Papua
412:
391:
385:
348:referred to as
345:
318:
302:
289:
273:
222:
217:
177:
175:Characteristics
97:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Mothers' Union
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3594:Benjamin Spock
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Penelope Leach
3571:
3569:Annette Lareau
3566:
3561:
3559:Alan E. Kazdin
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:Mary Ainsworth
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3431:social aspects
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Dishabituation
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Slow parenting
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2956:Theories
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2935:Blended family
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Nuclear family
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2800:Parenting plan
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Infant carrier
2681:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Baby transport
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Infant massage
2285:
2283:Infant formula
2280:
2275:
2273:Infant feeding
2270:
2268:Infant bathing
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Bottle feeding
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2186:and their care
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:External links
2139:
2137:
2136:
2111:
2065:
2050:
2031:(1): 182–185.
2015:
2000:
1993:
1967:
1940:(5): 1584–95.
1924:
1917:
1895:
1868:
1861:
1836:
1809:(8): 746–751.
1793:
1774:
1747:(1): 229–237.
1731:
1724:
1718:. Free Press.
1703:
1684:
1671:
1664:
1644:
1625:(4): 280–284.
1609:
1602:
1581:
1536:
1517:(2): 140–148.
1501:
1474:(5): 515–523.
1458:
1447:(5): 880–891.
1431:
1424:
1406:
1387:(6): 654–666.
1368:
1349:
1331:
1321:Web Archives
1303:
1265:
1251:
1193:
1164:(3): 365–394.
1148:
1137:(2): 209–221.
1121:
1110:(3): 282–292.
1089:
1082:
1053:
1043:
1013:
995:
982:(5): 572–585.
962:
934:
899:
872:(5572): 1435.
853:
834:(2): 212–221.
815:
804:(2): 181–195.
788:
781:
763:
738:
696:
693:on 2017-08-08.
673:
662:(3): 301–379.
646:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
590:
584:
576:
573:
563:, (emphasized
552:
549:
531:
528:
479:
476:
474:
471:
411:
408:
387:Main article:
384:
383:Foreigner talk
381:
344:
339:
317:
314:
301:
298:
292:function (see
288:
285:
272:
269:
221:
218:
216:
213:
200:
199:
196:
189:
176:
173:
172:
171:
165:
155:
145:
111:
110:, was in 1836.
96:
93:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:Organizations
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:B. F. Skinner
3587:
3585:
3584:William Sears
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Thomas Gordon
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Child support
3441:
3439:
3438:Child custody
3436:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
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3388:
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3383:
3381:
3380:Child neglect
3378:
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3032:Paternal bond
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3017:Maternal bond
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2775:Open adoption
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2755:Child neglect
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2426:Nursery rhyme
2424:
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2416:Kangaroo care
2414:
2412:
2411:Infant crying
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2125:
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2087:on 2012-11-01
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1323:Archived copy
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3539:David Elkind
3390:Codependency
3375:Child labour
3231:Latchkey kid
3221:Introjection
3084:
3007:Introjection
2957:
2944:
2910:Noncustodial
2738:Other topics
2677:
2644:Cradle board
2639:Cloth diaper
2599:Baby shampoo
2585:Baby monitor
2575:Baby bouncer
2529:Circumcision
2376:Birth defect
2365:
2258:Immunization
2208:Birth weight
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2114:
2089:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2068:
2059:
2053:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1976:
1970:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1908:
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1884:(1): 14–20.
1881:
1877:
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1281:
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1124:
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1103:
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1007:
998:
979:
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953:. Retrieved
949:
937:
912:
908:
902:
869:
865:
831:
827:
801:
797:
791:
772:
766:
755:the original
741:
719:(1): 29–39.
716:
712:
699:
691:the original
676:
659:
655:
649:
640:
630:
560:
556:
554:
551:Duplications
533:
523:
521:
516:
513:
508:
504:
503:for a meal,
500:
496:
493:
481:
440:
436:
425:
413:
403:
399:
392:
376:
372:
368:
364:
362:
354:
349:
346:
334:
330:
319:
306:verbal abuse
303:
290:
274:
257:Children of
256:
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233:
230:
227:
223:
209:
205:
201:
178:
167:
161:
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137:
136:to the term
133:
132:also prefer
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:
3549:Haim Ginott
3524:John Bowlby
3370:Child abuse
3290:educational
3206:Habituation
3191:Co-sleeping
2977:Behaviorism
2905:Foster care
2895:Coparenting
2750:Babywearing
2745:Baby shower
2719:Swim diaper
2609:Baby walker
2594:Baby powder
2534:Foster care
2502:Child abuse
2497:Babysitting
2349:Development
2335:Soy formula
2213:Breast pump
1312:"Baby Talk"
643:(in Czech).
637:"BABY TALK"
530:Diminutives
499:for water,
281:development
95:Terminology
3660:Categories
3564:Truby King
3458:Disownment
3271:Television
3261:Role model
3186:Child care
3164:Techniques
3130:Soccer mom
3100:Enmeshment
3037:Pediatrics
2729:Travel cot
2674:Infant bed
2669:High chair
2659:Baby wipes
2654:Diaper bag
2619:Baby swing
2507:Child care
2492:Attachment
2381:Childbirth
2243:Cradle cap
2194:Pediatrics
2130:2007-11-02
2091:2012-07-15
1033:. p.
623:References
616:Hypocorism
598:Elderspeak
478:Vocabulary
432:New Guinea
322:flirtation
294:pragmatics
254:after it.
85:intonation
3498:Paternity
3429:Legal and
3329:Grounding
3226:Kommune 1
3201:Education
3176:Allowance
3085:Baby talk
2940:Surrogacy
2854:Parenting
2805:Paternity
2714:Swaddling
2580:Baby gate
2559:Wet nurse
2549:Milk bank
2441:Parenting
2366:Baby talk
2318:Pedialyte
2248:Esotropia
2203:Baby food
1658:. Logos.
1596:. Wiley.
1554:CiteSeerX
1166:CiteSeerX
587:Crib talk
509:beddy-bye
402:becoming
259:depressed
142:Motherese
138:motherese
134:parentese
122:baby talk
118:parentese
114:Motherese
102:baby-talk
78:motherese
74:parentese
38:Baby talk
3544:Jo Frost
3478:Marriage
3344:Time-out
2920:Orphaned
2885:Adoptive
2765:Cry room
2704:Stroller
2694:Pacifier
2629:Bassinet
2604:Baby toy
2466:Teething
2446:Peekaboo
2386:Crawling
2371:Babbling
2192:Health (
2100:cite web
1847:(1992).
1831:14371346
1823:17680948
1769:43212598
1639:24218139
1576:14552403
1531:14979756
1496:17373701
1488:18466414
1401:32693515
1315:Archived
1298:20873920
1246:20699342
1188:33451217
1031:ABC-CLIO
955:18 April
929:20220028
894:27313730
886:12029126
848:22356177
733:15183597
581:Babbling
575:See also
561:kiiiitty
451:Mandarin
443:Japanese
350:Doggerel
310:bullying
252:babbling
21:babbling
3676:Infancy
3512:Experts
3288: (
3253: (
3181:Bedtime
3145:Theybie
2724:Teether
2699:Playpen
2476:Weaning
2471:Walking
2184:Infants
2045:1127699
1962:2245748
1954:1130766
1761:7061632
1381:Infancy
1325:at the
1237:3548446
1158:Infancy
866:Science
610:Girneys
536:English
501:num-num
447:Italian
416:Fernald
186:prosody
3405:Incest
3324:Curfew
3062:Styles
2880:Father
2875:Mother
2870:Parent
2649:Diaper
2436:Parent
2421:Mother
2043:
1991:
1960:
1952:
1915:
1859:
1829:
1821:
1767:
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1600:
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846:
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731:
467:German
465:, and
463:French
428:Kaluli
420:Samoan
373:bathie
365:walkie
331:poppet
3353:Abuse
2960:Areas
2554:Nanny
2238:Colic
2085:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2041:JSTOR
1950:JSTOR
1827:S2CID
1765:S2CID
1635:S2CID
1492:S2CID
1363:WebMD
1076:–62.
946:(PDF)
890:S2CID
758:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
557:kitty
524:nanny
505:ba-ba
89:pitch
76:, or
3255:date
3251:Play
3012:Love
2451:Play
2340:SIDS
2106:link
1989:ISBN
1958:PMID
1913:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1819:PMID
1757:PMID
1720:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1572:PMID
1527:PMID
1484:PMID
1420:ISBN
1397:PMID
1294:PMID
1242:PMID
1184:PMID
1078:ISBN
1039:ISBN
957:2023
925:PMID
882:PMID
844:PMID
777:ISBN
729:PMID
559:and
497:wawa
377:bath
375:for
371:and
369:walk
367:for
335:baby
116:and
3286:Toy
2614:Bib
2033:doi
1981:doi
1942:doi
1886:doi
1811:doi
1749:doi
1627:doi
1564:doi
1519:doi
1476:doi
1449:doi
1389:doi
1286:doi
1232:PMC
1224:doi
1176:doi
1139:doi
1112:doi
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874:doi
870:296
836:doi
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162:IDS
152:CDS
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66:CDL
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