132:
486:). A person attacked on his own grounds may take the law into his own hands, when the delay caused by going to a proper court of law would involve great loss. Whenever the whole value of the damaged object is paid, the payment is considered as compensation ("mamona"); when only half the value or a certain fixed amount is paid, the payment is considered a fine ("kenasa"). The judges in Babylonia had no right to impose a fine for any offense; the case had to be tried by qualified judges in Palestine.
447:). If the things taken by robbery have undergone a change, he pays according to the value the things had at the time of the robbery (chapter 9). The last chapter considers cases in which the things taken are no longer in the hands of the robber, and concludes with the warning not to buy things suspected to be stolen. With the exception of chapter 7:7 (on certain restrictions with regard to the rearing of cattle or poultry in the Land of Israel), there are neither
759:
498:
agreement A drew water on a day that was not his. B noticed it and drove him away with his spade. Nachman's verdict was that B might with impunity have hit A a hundred times with the spade, as any delay would have involved a great loss to B. It is noteworthy that two codes of law are mentioned: the legal one (
545:
rebuked him, saying, "Why do you throw these things from a place that is not yours into a place that is yours?" The man laughed; but he soon learned the true meaning of the question. For he had to sell his property, and one day, walking in the street, he met with an accident through these very stones
497:
how much the offender had to pay. The latter replied that no fine could be imposed in the
Babylonian courts, but that he desired to know the facts of the case. He ascertained that A and B had together a well, each of them with the right of drawing water on certain fixed days alone. Contrary to the
382:
passes through a street, and the flax catches fire from a candle that is inside a shop so that the whole shop is thereby set on fire, the owner of the camel is held responsible for the damage; if, however, the candle is outside the shop, the owner of the shop is responsible. The exemption to this
345:
applies to the four kinds of damage done by animals or agents in their normal condition. In addition to these the
Mishnah (1:4) enumerates the following: man, and wild beasts owned by a man—such as the wolf, the lion, the bear, and the leopard; also the serpent. Of man it is said, "Man is always
233:
Two types of damages are dealt with: (1) damage caused by agents in their normal condition; (2) damage caused by agents in their abnormal condition. An instance of the first class of agents is an ox treading upon things that are in his way and thus damaging them, or eating things that are in his
611:
to be instructed in the Jewish law. When they had finished the study they declared to
Gamaliel that the laws (referring probably to the civil code of laws) were all just and praiseworthy, with the exception of two that make a distinction between Jew and heathen. The rabbi thereupon ordered the
291:
The law concerning the compensation in these cases is expressed in the
Mishnah (1:1) thus: "These four agents have in common the circumstance that they usually cause damage; that the owner has the duty to prevent the damage; and that if he fails to do so, on damage being done he must pay full
369:
given in the beginning of the tractate, the damage caused by a pit is discussed in the second part of the fifth chapter; and the sixth chapter is devoted to the remaining two causes of damage, grazing (1–3) and burning (4–6). Of the last section the following law is noteworthy:
440:, however, opposed this principle, and desired to have one measure for all. A practical case decided by Rabbi Akiva is then cited (8:7). In addition to all the compensation paid, the offender must beg the injured man's pardon.
436:"). The scale of compensation for an insult, as given in the Mishnah, seems to indicate the maximum compensation, for the Mishnah adds, "The principle is that the amount depends on the injured man's station in life."
296:). Before, however, giving the detailed regulations for these four kinds of damage, the Mishnah proceeds to the discussion of the second class of damages, those caused by agents in an abnormal condition.
474:: Property concerning which there is a doubt whether it belongs to A or to B, is divided between A and B without either being compelled to confirm his claim by oath. The sages (
328:), the owner has to compensate for half the damage, unless half the damage exceeds the whole value of the animal causing the damage. In a case where the owner has been warned (
352:), whether he cause damage intentionally or unintentionally, whether awake or asleep" (2:6). This rule is illustrated by various instances given in the third chapter (1–7).
564:(80b—81a). Natural springs were to be used for drinking and laundry by all tribes, although the tribe to which the water course fell had the first rights. Prickly burnet (
467:
while the other is in the
Babylonian. The two Gemaras, as usual, discuss the laws of the Mishnah; the Jerusalem Talmud rather briefly, the Babylonian Talmud more fully.
560:, made the tribes agree to ten conditions, the most important of which are the common use of the forests as pasture for cattle, and the common right of fishing in the
355:
The remaining part of the third chapter, the fourth, and part of the fifth (1–4), contain regulations concerning the compensation for damage caused by a goring ox.
213:
Bava Kamma consists of ten chapters which may be grouped as follows: damage caused without criminality (chaps. 1-6); damage caused by a criminal act (chaps. 7-10).
406:(2) The compensation for injuries as the result of violence is discussed in chapter viii. Such compensation includes five items: for the permanent loss ("
207:. The principle that underlies the legislation in this respect is expressed by the sentence, "He that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution".
618:
used to give to his servant part of everything he was eating or drinking, saying, "Is not his
Creator also my Creator?" (Job 31:15; Yerushalmi 8 6c).
443:(3) He who has robbed his neighbor, and desires to make restitution, pays the full value of the thing taken and a fine of one-fifth of its value. (
396:
There are three types of damages caused by a criminal act: (1) by theft (chapter 7); (2) by violence (chapter 8); (3) by robbery (chapters 9-10).
399:(1) "If a man steal an ox or a lamb and slaughter the same or sell it, five cattle shall he pay for the ox and four sheep for the lamb" (
136:
655:("slow to anger," Exodus 34:6) is interpreted "long-suffering to both the righteous and the wicked", on account of the dual form.
193:, each "Bava" meaning "part" or "subdivision." Bava Kamma discusses various forms of damage and the compensation owed for them.
1287:
146:
510:, literally, "judgments of heaven"). In some cases the former absolves man of an obligation, and the latter does not.
806:
234:
path. An instance of the second class is the case of a Goring Ox, as under normal circumstances an ox does not gore.
324:"). The law of compensation in these two cases is as follows: In the case of an animal previously reputed harmless (
664:(when thou art kind, thou shalt not be called bad); then the question is raised, "Is it written so?" and the verse
703:
332:), he must give full compensation for the damage, without regard to the value of the damaging animal (compare
517:) listed in the Mishnah, the Babylonian Talmud asserts that in fact there are at least 26 heads of damages.
784:
539:(pious man) noticed a man throwing stones and rubbish from his own garden into the public thoroughfare. The
17:
1007:
403:). The regulations as to how to apply this law under various circumstances are contained in 7:1–6.
777:
79:
931:
926:
772:
566:
799:
629:
was laid on the bier, with the words, "This fulfilled what is written in this " (Bavli 17a).
576:) could be freely collected as firewood by any member of any tribe, in any tribal territory.
1094:
471:
227:
8:
1012:
987:
982:
961:
911:
615:
164:
199:
dealing with the cases discussed in Bava Kamma are contained in the following passages:
1216:
1068:
1043:
951:
647:) are quoted as meaning "as the tooth destroyeth" (A. V. "as a man sweepeth the dung").
115:
658:
A Biblical verse is quoted according to its sense and not literally, as, for example,
480:) hold that he who claims what is in the possession of another, must prove his claim (
1017:
489:
The following incident will illustrate the last two rules: A man was charged before
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The following are a few of the principles enunciated in the Gemara: According to
268:(meaning either damages caused by man, or those caused by an animal's feeding),
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in
Babylonia with having struck a fellow man with his spade. Chisda asked
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762: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
189:('The Last Gate'): originally all three formed a single tractate called
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The
Mishnah (1:1) identifies four of the heads or agents of damage ("
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177:("Damages") that deal with civil matters such as damages and
169:'The First Gate') is the first of a series of three
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inequality to be removed (Bavli 38a, and
Yerushalmi 4 4b).
304:
The principal distinction in the second class is between
600:), on Monday and on Thursday, and the holding of court (
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compensation, with the best of his property" (compare
276:). These four agents correspond to those mentioned in
607:
Two officers were once sent by the Roman governor to
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540:
534:
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504:, literally, "judgments of man") and the moral one (
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There are two versions of Bava Kamma: One is in the
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633:Noteworthy explanations of Biblical texts include:
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135:A plaque about garlic referencing Bava Kamma 82a,
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412:"), if any, in earning capacity; loss of time ("
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604:) sittings on Mondays and Thursdays (82a).
714:Mishnah 6:4; Gemara 29a, 56a, and passim
513:Commenting on the four heads of damage (
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387:lights, as per Rabbi Yehuda's opinion".
181:. The other two of these tractates are
14:
1270:
788:
226:For post-Talmudic developments, see
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137:Museum of the History of Polish Jews
750:Bavli, 81b; compare Bava Metzia 76a
520:
248:", literally, fathers of damages):
24:
359:Damage by pit, grazing, or burning
300:Agents in their abnormal condition
25:
1299:
771:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
222:Damage caused without criminality
781:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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459:Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds
238:Agents in their normal condition
744:
735:
726:
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708:
697:
688:
679:
455:digressions in this tractate.
392:Damage caused by criminal acts
13:
1:
672:
732:Bavli 3a; see Rashi, ad loc.
483:hamotzi machavaro aluv haria
383:liability is in the case of
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1288:Jewish courts and civil law
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821:שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה
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147:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
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640:ka'asher yeba'er hagalal
185:('The Middle Gate') and
778:The Jewish Encyclopedia
621:At the funeral of King
525:Noteworthy elements of
424:"); cost of the cure ("
173:tractates in the order
815:The Six Orders of the
661:mihyot tov al tikra ra
592:on Shabbat afternoon (
582:introduced ten rules (
570:) and the camelthorn (
567:Sarcopoterium spinosum
139:
27:Tractate of the Talmud
134:
472:Symmachus ben Joseph
228:Damages (Jewish law)
616:Johanan bar Nappaha
346:fully responsible (
34:
588:), among them the
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32:
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430:"); and insult ("
205:Exodus 21:24–22:5
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80:Babylonian Talmud
16:(Redirected from
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773:"Baba Kamma"
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652:Erekh apayim
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556:amongst the
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1085:Bava Metzia
1023:Mo'ed Katan
627:sefer Torah
495:Rav Nachman
445:Lev 5:21–24
438:Rabbi Akiva
418:"); pain ("
378:laden with
339:The law of
294:Exodus 22:4
278:Exodus 22:4
209:Exodus 22:5
183:Bava Metzia
121:Bava Metzia
1272:Categories
1232:Makhshirin
1090:Bava Batra
1080:Bava Kamma
897:(Purities)
849:(Festival)
741:Bavli, 50b
673:References
637:The words
529:include:
501:dinei adam
491:Rav Chisda
187:Bava Batra
159:Bāḇā Qammā
143:Bava Kamma
59:Number of
33:Bava Kamma
18:Baba Kamma
1242:Tevul Yom
1095:Sanhedrin
1069:Kiddushin
942:Ma'aserot
889:קָדָשִׁים
877:נְזִיקִין
873:(Damages)
668:is cited.
116:Kiddushin
104:chapters:
71:Chapters:
1222:Mikva'ot
1151:Bekhorot
1141:Menachot
1136:Zevachim
1105:Shevu'ot
1018:Megillah
988:Shekalim
962:Bikkurim
932:Shevi'it
927:Kil'ayim
912:Berakhot
903:)
901:טָהֳרוֹת
891:)
885:(Holies)
883:Kodashim
879:)
867:)
855:)
843:)
841:זְרָעִים
823:)
623:Hezekiah
609:Gamaliel
602:beth din
477:hakhamim
449:halakhic
385:Hanukkah
306:harmless
171:Talmudic
61:Mishnahs
39:Tractate
1278:Mishnah
1247:Yadayim
1217:Tohorot
1207:Nega'im
1171:Me'ilah
1166:Keritot
1161:Temurah
1156:Arakhin
1125:Horayot
1049:Nedarim
1044:Ketubot
1039:Yevamot
1028:Hagigah
1013:Ta'anit
983:Pesahim
973:Shabbat
952:Challah
937:Terumot
895:Tohorot
871:Nezikin
865:נָשִׁים
861:(Women)
837:(Seeds)
817:Mishnah
766::
585:takanot
527:aggadah
453:aggadic
314:") and
270:Burning
191:Nezikin
175:Nezikin
167:
102:Tosefta
53:Nezikin
41:of the
1283:Talmud
1252:Uktzim
1227:Niddah
1202:Oholot
1197:Keilim
1186:Kinnim
1181:Middot
1146:Hullin
1110:Eduyot
1100:Makkot
1064:Gittin
1003:Beitza
998:Sukkah
978:Eruvin
859:Nashim
853:מוֹעֵד
835:Zeraim
596:mincha
554:Canaan
550:Joshua
546:(50b).
433:boshet
427:rippuy
421:tza'ar
415:shevet
374:"If a
316:warned
274:hev'er
266:Mav'eh
217:Mishna
203:, and
93:pages:
82:pages:
49:Seder:
43:Talmud
1237:Zavim
1212:Parah
1176:Tamid
1059:Sotah
1054:Nazir
957:Orlah
922:Demai
917:Pe'ah
542:hasid
536:hasid
409:nezek
376:camel
349:mu'ad
342:mu'ad
330:mu'ad
321:mu'ad
179:torts
1120:Avot
993:Yoma
847:Moed
625:, a
580:Ezra
451:nor
380:flax
254:shor
165:lit.
336:).
326:tam
311:tam
264:),
262:bor
258:Pit
256:),
85:119
1274::
775:.
533:A
318:("
308:("
288:.
284:,
280:,
250:Ox
162:,
153:,
149::
107:11
96:44
74:10
66:79
899:(
887:(
875:(
863:(
851:(
839:(
819:(
808:e
801:t
794:v
643:(
272:(
260:(
252:(
230:.
145:(
63::
20:)
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