1869:. If someone buys something and pays the purchase price in installments, there are two conflicting interests at play: the buyer wants to have the purchased property immediately, whereas the seller wants to secure full payment of the purchase price. Under the abstract system, the BGB has a simple answer: the sales contract obligates the buyer to pay the full price and requires the seller to transfer property upon receipt of the last installment. As the sale obligations and the actual conveyance of ownership are embodied in two separate agreements, it is quite simple to secure both parties' interests. The seller maintains ownership of the property until the last payment, while the buyer merely possesses the property. If the buyer defaults, the seller may repossess the property just like any other owner.
1916:, Pramuan kodmai phaeng) was a major event in Thai legal history. As one of the few independent Asian countries during the second half of the nineteenth century, the Thai government had desired to adopt the western legal system as a part of the country's modernization efforts. The project started in the late nineteenth century and, initially, the Thai Civil Code was based on the French Civil Code. But the advancement of legal science in Germany in the late nineteenth century - which culminated in the enactment of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch - convinced the government that the German code should be the model for Thailand's civil-law codification.
1351:
27:
1466:
110:
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1842:(without legal consideration). From this differentiation it follows that a mere obligationary agreement, such as for the sale of property, does not transfer ownership if and until a separate legal instrument, the conveyance, has been drawn up and goes into effect; conversely, the alienation of property based on an invalid obligationary agreement may give rise to a restitutionary obligation for the transferee to restore the property (e.g.
1267:
1614:
construe and interpret the regulations of the code has changed in many ways, and continues to evolve and develop, due particularly to the high degree of abstraction throughout. In recent years lawmakers have tried to bring some outside legislation "back into the BGB". For example, aspects of tenancy legislation, which had been transferred to separate laws such as the
1566:) were used to interpret the BGB in a Nazi-friendly way. Therefore, the political need to draft a completely new code to match the Nazis' expectations subsided, and instead the many flexible doctrines and principles of the BGB were re-interpreted to meet the (legal) spirit of that time. Especially through the good faith doctrine in § 242 BGB (see above) or the
1854:
is formed, the buyer acquires ownership of the purchased property. Consequently, these two procedures are regulated differently: the contracting parties' obligations are regulated by art. 433, whereas real contracts alienating movable property are provided for under art. 929. The payment of the purchase price (or valuable consideration) is treated likewise.
1857:
In day-to-day business, this differentiation is not needed, because both types of contract would be formed simultaneously by exchanging the property for payment of money. Although the abstract system can be seen as overly technical and contradicting the usual common-sense interpretation of commercial
1853:
alone, for example, would not lead to the buyer acquiring ownership, but merely impose an obligation on the seller to transfer ownership of the sold property. The seller is then contractually obligated to form another, and separate, agreement to transfer the property. Only once this second agreement
1801:
the transfer of ownership. The opposite system, the causal system, is in effect in France and other legal jurisdictions influenced by French law, under which an obligationary agreement is sufficient to transfer ownership; no subsequent conveyance is needed. The German system thus mirrors the
English
1613:
In West and reunited
Germany, the BGB has been amended many times. The most significant changes were made in 2002, when the Law of Obligations, one of the BGB's five main parts, was extensively reformed. Despite its status as a civil code, legal precedent does play a limited role; the way the courts
1621:
The BGB continues to be the centerpiece of the German legal system. Other legislation builds on principles defined in the BGB. The German
Commercial Code, for example, contains only those rules relevant to merchant partnerships and limited partnerships, as the general rules for partnerships in the
1529:
A first draft code, in 1888, did not meet with favour. A second committee of 22 members, comprising not only jurists but also representatives of financial interests and of the various ideological currents of the time, compiled a second draft. After significant revisions, the BGB was passed by the
2001:
as soon as they leave their hive. As wild animals cannot be owned by anyone, the said sections provide for the former owner to keep his claim over that swarm. These sections may be described as the least cited regulations in German law, with not a single decision of any higher court pertaining
1625:
The BGB is typical of 19th century legislation and has been criticized from its very beginnings for its lack of social responsibility. Lawmakers and legal practice have improved the system over the years to adapt the BGB in this respect with more or less success. Recently, the influence of
1837:
that effect that alienation must be treated separately and follow their own rules. Also, under the abstract system, alienation does not depend on the validity of the underlying causa of the obligationary contract; in other words, a conveyance is
1858:
transactions, it is undisputed among the German legal community. The main advantage of the abstract system is its ability to provide a secure legal construction to nearly any financial transaction, however complicated this transaction may be.
1352:
1876:, mistake, or undue influence), this would not affect the seller's ownership, thereby making it unnecessary to resell the property for the sake of transferring ownership back to the original seller. Instead, under the rules of
1526:) transferred this legislative authority to the Reich. Various committees were then formed to draft a bill that was to become a civil law codification for the entire country, replacing the civil law systems of the states.
1796:
agreements (BGB, Book 3), which transfer property rights. In short, the two doctrines state: the owner having an obligation to transfer ownership does not make you the owner, but merely gives you the right to
582:
577:
572:
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1558:" ("people's code"), which was meant to reflect Nazi ideology better than the BGB, but these plans did not become reality. However, some general principles of the BGB such as the doctrine of
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1578:, i.e. against public policy or morals, the Nazis and their willing judges and lawyers were able to direct the law in a way to serve their nationalist ideology.
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In 1923, the
Government of Siam (Thailand) passed the Act establishing the Civil Code of B.E. 2466 (1923) which put into force the first two books of the
1249:
968:
963:
958:
833:
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1940:("Where there is a tree standing on the boundary, the fruits and, if the tree is felled, the tree itself belong to the neighbours in equal shares.")
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1495:) which would systematize and unify the various heterogeneous laws that were in effect in the country. However, such an undertaking during the
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823:
698:
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1997:(law of bees) is found within the property law chapter (sections 961–964). This results from the fact that, in legal terms, bees become
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Steht auf der Grenze ein Baum, so gebühren die Früchte und, wenn der Baum gefällt wird, auch der Baum den
Nachbarn zu gleichen Teilen.
1654:, a chapter containing generally applicable regulations is placed first. Consequently, the BGB contains five main parts (or "books"):
1662:), Sections 1 through 240, comprising regulations that have effect on all the other four parts, such as personhood and civil status,
703:
1646:: like other Roman-influenced codes, it regulates the law of persons, property, family and inheritance, but unlike e.g. the French
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1188:
813:
793:
1152:
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1034:
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Kanamori, Shigenari (1 January 1999). "German influences on
Japanese Pre-War Constitution and Civil Code".
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Another advantage is that should the sales contract be found defective due to some vitiating factor (e.g.
1774:
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1880:, the buyer is obligated to transfer the property back if possible or otherwise pay compensation.
1756:), Sections 1922 through 2385, which regulate what happens to a deceased's estate, as well as the
374:
2564:
2342:
1229:
1049:
165:
138:
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1554:, there were plans to replace the BGB with a new codification that was planned to be entitled "
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in 1804 created in
Germany a similar desire to draft a civil code (despite the opposition of
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1514:) that was composed of those states. An amendment to the constitution passed in 1873 (named
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in 1990, the BGB has again been the codification encompassing the civil law of
Germany.
2053:
1862:
1818:, which came into force on 1 January 1857, also makes this differentiation between the
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by new laws, beginning with a family code in 1966 and ending with a new civil code (
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433:
2107:
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would have been difficult because the appropriate legislative body did not exist.
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The separation doctrine states that obligationary agreements for alienation and
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241:
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in 1896. It was put into effect on 1 January 1900, and has been the central
1955:
Diese
Vorschriften gelten auch | für einen auf der Grenze stehenden Strauch
1834:
1701:
1599:
1595:
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109:
1998:
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1731:
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has been quite strong and the BGB has seen many changes as a result.
1591:
1510:
legislative power was held by the individual states, not the Empire (
267:
1957:("These provisions also apply to a bush standing on the boundary.")
1901:; with post–World War II modifications, the code remains in effect.
1639:
1413:
2086:(article-by-article commentary). Vol. 1. Munich: C.H. Beck.
1539:
1433:
1425:
1382:
1502:
In 1871, most of the various German states were united into the
1480:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1873:
1401:
1773:
One of the BGB's fundamental components is the doctrine of
1692:
1518:
in reference to the amendment's sponsors, representatives
1728:, land charge), and how those rights can be transferred.
1618:("Rental Rate Act") are once again covered by the BGB.
1746:, and other legal relationships among family members
1738:), Sections 1297 through 1921, describing marriage,
1883:
2108:English translation of the BGB (German Civil Code)
2551:
2074:
2023:
1768:
1781:), and its corollary, the separation doctrine (
2084:German Civil Code (BGB) - Books 1-3: §§ 1-1296
1396:The BGB served as a template in several other
2180:
1315:
1897:(民法, Minpō) based on the first draft of the
1606:) in 1976 and a contract act in 1982. Since
1436:. It also had a major influence on the 1907
1586:When Germany was divided into a democratic
1574:), voiding transactions perceived as being
1358:
2187:
2173:
1322:
1308:
2194:
2002:thereto since the BGB entered into force.
1708:), Sections 854 through 1296, describing
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
2035:
1464:
591:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
34:This article includes a list of general
88:This article is part of a series on the
2552:
2168:
2038:European Journal of Law and Economics
1760:and contracts concerning succession (
1581:
1344:
2140:BGB-Informationspflichten-Verordnung
20:
1908:. The enactment of the Civil Code (
13:
2068:
108:
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2591:
2101:
1785:). Derived from the works of the
1884:Template for other jurisdictions
1460:
1346:[ˈbʏʁɡɐlɪçəsɡəˈzɛtsbuːx]
1279:
1265:
25:
1545:
2029:
2016:
1987:
1926:Sec. 923 (1) BGB is a perfect
1826:of property, similarly to the
1716:, other property rights (e.g.
1564:Grundsatz von Treu und Glauben
1184:Politics of the European Union
1:
2009:
1769:Abstract system of alienation
1572:sittenwidriges Rechtsgeschäft
2024:Dannemann & Schulze 2020
1633:
1135:Foreign relations by country
327:Federal Constitutional Court
134:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
1963:
1638:The BGB follows a modified
539:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
10:
2596:
2152:German Ministry of Justice
2120:German Ministry of Justice
1790:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
1674:, formation of contracts,
1489:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
1455:
1410:Republic of China (Taiwan)
1389:most generally-applicably
216:Vice Chancellor of Germany
2499:
2461:
2203:
1920:
1913:
1542:'s civil law ever since.
1400:jurisdictions, including
457:Collective municipality (
2026:, Introduction, para. 10
1980:
1947:Sec. 923 (3) BGB rhymes:
1806:differentiation between
1740:marital property schemes
1670:, declarations of will,
1642:structure, derived from
1594:state in the East after
1590:state in the West and a
1493:Historical School of Law
1448:, and the 1992 reformed
1020:State and local politics
565:East Germany (1949–1960)
2050:10.1023/A:1008688209052
1993:The highly specialised
1899:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
1608:Germany's reunification
1570:doctrine in § 138 BGB (
1337:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
1176:International Relations
166:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
55:more precise citations.
2580:Legal codes of Germany
2246:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1906:Civil Code of Thailand
1889:In 1896 and 1898, the
1476:
1080:North Rhine-Westphalia
1075:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
690:Parliamentary election
531:Presidential elections
113:
2157:Commentary on the BGB
1777:of property (German:
1468:
1446:Portuguese Civil Code
1234:Agrarian Conservatism
304:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
297:Vermittlungsausschuss
190:Chancellor of Germany
112:
16:Civil code of Germany
1506:. In the beginning,
1497:German Confederation
1479:The introduction in
1206:Political ideologies
1085:Rhineland-Palatinate
519:Federal Convention (
158:President of Germany
2462:States with limited
2124:Books 1, 2, & 3
1975:European Civil Code
1891:Japanese government
1779:Abstraktionsprinzip
1775:abstract alienation
1652:Austrian Civil Code
1520:Johannes von Miquel
1469:Publication in the
1286:Politics portal
2148:Civil law overview
2076:Dannemann, Gerhard
1861:A good example is
1816:Chilean Civil Code
1787:pandectist scholar
1744:legal guardianship
1722:security interests
1685:law of obligations
1676:limitation periods
1658:the general part (
1582:Germany after 1945
1576:contra bonos mores
1568:contra bonos mores
1477:
1442:Italian Civil Code
1272:Germany portal
1105:Schleswig-Holstein
950:European elections
415:State Parliament (
410:Minister president
114:
2547:
2546:
2093:978-3-406-70035-4
1970:French Civil Code
1878:unjust enrichment
1849:Under the BGB, a
1844:unjust enrichment
1762:pacta successoria
1697:unjust enrichment
1516:Lex Miquel-Lasker
1475:on 24 August 1896
1472:Reich Law Gazette
1332:
1331:
1212:Political culture
1125:Foreign relations
1035:Baden-Württemberg
521:Bundesversammlung
504:Political parties
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2500:Dependencies and
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2022:The editors, in
2020:
2003:
1991:
1915:
1914:ประมวลกฎหมายแพ่ง
1783:Trennungsprinzip
1660:allgemeiner Teil
1622:BGB also apply.
1450:Dutch Civil Code
1438:Swiss Civil Code
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257:
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235:
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229:
225:
224:Robert Habeck
222:
221:
218:
217:
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196:
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151:Head of State
148:
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140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
128:
123:Constitution
118:
117:
111:
107:
106:
103:
94:
93:
90:
85:
84:
75:
72:
64:
61:November 2013
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2491:Transnistria
2127:(in English)
2083:
2044:(1): 93–95.
2041:
2037:
2031:
2018:
1999:wild animals
1994:
1989:
1954:
1937:
1898:
1871:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1814:rights. The
1811:
1807:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1761:
1758:law of wills
1753:
1735:
1705:
1702:property law
1688:
1664:emancipation
1659:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1600:East Germany
1596:World War II
1585:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:(§ 242 BGB,
1552:Nazi Germany
1549:
1546:Nazi Germany
1536:codification
1528:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1478:
1470:
1395:
1374:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1230:Conservatism
1175:
1134:
1070:Lower Saxony
1025:
1004:
949:
939:
689:
679:
530:
520:
467:
458:
442:
434:
416:
399:
396:
389:Subdivisions
375:Other courts
367:Joint Senate
303:
296:
285:
266:
214:
188:
156:
139:Human rights
98:Politics of
86:
67:
58:
39:
18:
2570:1900 in law
2560:Civil codes
2529:Isle of Man
2464:recognition
2438:Switzerland
2373:Netherlands
2196:Civil codes
2160:(in German)
2143:(in German)
2135:(in German)
2116:(in German)
1995:Bienenrecht
1835:conveyances
1824:acquisition
1812:in personam
1810:rights and
1750:inheritance
1706:Sachenrecht
1689:Schuldrecht
1444:, the 1966
1440:, the 1942
1391:private law
1050:Brandenburg
809:1932 (July)
509:Referendums
424:composition
261:Legislature
203:Olaf Scholz
125:(Basic Law)
53:introducing
2554:Categories
2408:San Marino
2368:Montenegro
2348:Luxembourg
2328:Kazakhstan
2231:Azerbaijan
2113:German BGB
2010:References
1895:civil code
1893:enacted a
1840:sine causa
1804:common law
1794:alienation
1732:family law
1726:rentcharge
1718:servitudes
1710:possession
1672:rescission
1648:Code civil
1640:pandectist
1588:capitalist
1560:good faith
1379:civil code
1245:Liberalism
1216:Federalism
824:1933 (Nov)
819:1933 (Mar)
814:1932 (Nov)
794:1924 (Dec)
789:1924 (May)
704:1867 (Aug)
699:1867 (Feb)
514:Coalitions
441:District (
36:references
2519:Gibraltar
2343:Lithuania
2198:of Europe
1928:hexameter
1863:retention
1828:Roman Law
1714:ownership
1644:Roman law
1634:Structure
1592:socialist
1532:Reichstag
1508:civil law
1398:civil law
1387:codifying
1377:, is the
1240:Far-right
1225:Communism
1110:Thuringia
491:Elections
319:Judiciary
287:Bundesrat
268:Bundestag
183:Executive
2539:Svalbard
2524:Guernsey
2471:Abkhazia
2423:Slovenia
2418:Slovakia
2393:Portugal
2251:Bulgaria
2058:85450010
1964:See also
1754:Erbrecht
1414:Thailand
1194:Passport
1090:Saarland
468:Gemeinde
340:Ordinary
2448:Ukraine
2398:Romania
2358:Moldova
2316:Ireland
2311:Iceland
2306:Hungary
2296:Germany
2291:Georgia
2281:Finland
2276:Estonia
2271:Denmark
2256:Croatia
2241:Belgium
2236:Belarus
2226:Austria
2221:Armenia
2216:Andorra
2211:Albania
2150:by the
2118:by the
1650:or the
1540:Germany
1483:of the
1456:History
1434:Ukraine
1426:Estonia
1383:Germany
1362:
1342:German:
1060:Hamburg
1040:Bavaria
417:Landtag
398:State (
279:members
237:Cabinet
101:Germany
49:improve
2534:Jersey
2476:Kosovo
2443:Turkey
2433:Sweden
2413:Serbia
2403:Russia
2388:Poland
2383:Norway
2363:Monaco
2333:Latvia
2301:Greece
2286:France
2261:Cyprus
2090:
2056:
1921:Trivia
1820:titles
1808:in rem
1799:demand
1680:agency
1678:, and
1481:France
1430:Latvia
1422:Greece
1418:Brazil
1168:Russia
1143:France
1095:Saxony
1055:Bremen
1045:Berlin
360:Social
355:Labour
350:Fiscal
242:Scholz
38:, but
2509:Åland
2428:Spain
2353:Malta
2323:Italy
2054:S2CID
1981:Notes
1874:fraud
1867:title
1752:law (
1693:torts
1512:Reich
1406:Korea
1402:Japan
1163:China
1148:Italy
1065:Hesse
443:Kreis
228:Grüne
2088:ISBN
1910:Thai
1695:and
1522:and
1432:and
1359:lit.
1334:The
1189:Visa
1005:2024
999:2019
994:2014
989:2009
984:2004
979:1999
974:1994
969:1989
964:1984
959:1979
940:Next
934:2021
929:2017
924:2013
919:2009
914:2005
909:2002
904:1998
899:1994
894:1990
889:1987
884:1983
879:1980
874:1976
869:1972
864:1969
859:1965
854:1961
849:1957
844:1953
839:1949
834:1938
829:1936
804:1930
799:1928
784:1920
779:1919
774:1912
769:1907
764:1903
759:1898
754:1893
749:1890
744:1887
739:1884
734:1881
729:1878
724:1877
719:1874
714:1871
709:1868
680:2022
674:2017
669:2012
664:2010
659:2009
654:2004
649:1999
644:1994
639:1989
634:1984
629:1979
624:1974
619:1969
614:1964
609:1959
604:1954
599:1949
583:1957
578:1953
573:1949
557:1932
552:1925
547:1919
475:list
450:list
400:Land
195:list
2046:doi
1865:of
1550:In
1538:of
1491:’s
1381:of
1375:BGB
1158:USA
459:Amt
207:SPD
170:SPD
2556::
2122:,
2078:;
2052:.
2040:.
1912::
1830:.
1764:).
1742:,
1724:,
1720:,
1712:,
1666:,
1452:.
1428:,
1424:,
1420:,
1416:,
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1408:,
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1214:/
1153:UK
2188:e
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2174:v
2096:.
2060:.
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59:(
45:.
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