Axis naval activity in Australian waters

2517: 2284: 2557: 409:. Ansons were the main type available during the first years of the war, but were not well suited to this task due to their short range and modest weapon-carrying capacity. The introduction of Beauforts and Hudsons considerably improved the RAAF's maritime patrol and anti-submarine capacities. A network of airfields along the Australian coastline was established over the course of the war to support the RAAF's maritime patrol operations. Anti-submarine work required intensive efforts by the RAAF aircrew. For instance, aircraft needed to sweep the entrance to harbours before convoys departed and then constantly patrol over them while they were at sea. 444: 2525:

did not sink many ships and only operated in Australian waters for a few short periods. The effectiveness of the Japanese submarine campaign against Australia was limited by the inadequate numbers of submarines committed and flaws in Japan's submarine doctrine. The submarines were, however, successful in forcing the Allies to devote considerable resources to protecting shipping in Australian waters between 1942 and late 1943. The institution of coastal convoys between 1942 and 1943 may have also significantly reduced the efficiency of the Australian shipping industry during this period.

576: 2439: 1172: 2091: 370: 1614: 1845:, were redirected to the central Solomon Islands shortly before they would have arrived off Australia in July. The Australian naval authorities were concerned about a resumption of attacks and maintained the coastal convoy system until late 1943 when it was clear that the threat had passed. Coastal convoys in waters south of Newcastle ceased on 7 December and convoys off the north-east coast and between Australia and New Guinea were abolished in February and March 1944 respectively. 1313: 277: 1949: 1547: 420:(USN) patrol aircraft. Following the initial Japanese submarine attacks, a convoy system was instituted between Australian ports, and by the end of the war the RAAF and RAN had escorted over 1,100 convoys along the Australian coastline. As the battlefront moved to the north and attacks in Australian waters became less frequent, the number of ships and aircraft assigned to shipping protection duties within the Australia Station was considerably reduced. 1720:

until June, and the five Japanese submarines sank nine ships and damaged several others. In contrast to 1942, five of the ships sunk off the Australian east coast were travelling in escorted convoys at the time they were attacked. The convoy escorts did not detect any submarines before they launched their attacks or succeed in counter-attacking these submarines. The last attack by a Japanese submarine off the east coast of Australia was made by

2653: 1461: 998: 1538:(14 mph; 22 km/h) were required to sail in convoy when travelling between cities on the east coast. The Japanese submarine force left Australian waters in late June 1942 having sunk a further two merchant ships. The small number of sinkings achieved by the five Japanese submarines sent against the Australian east coast in May and June represented a poor return for the commitment of so many submarines. 1755: 2509:, they were still "the most comprehensive and widespread series of offensive operations ever conducted by an enemy against Australia". Due to the limited size of the Australian shipping industry and the importance of sea transport to the Australian economy and Allied military in the South West Pacific, even modest shipping losses had the potential to seriously damage the Allied war effort in the 2211:. The Australian Chiefs of Staff Committee reported to the Government on 8 March that there was a possibility that these ships could have entered the Indian Ocean to attack Fremantle. In response to this report, all ground and naval defences at Fremantle were fully activated, all shipping was ordered to leave Fremantle and several RAAF squadrons were redeployed to bases in Western Australia. 2569:

any published works providing a comprehensive single-volume history of the topic. The Australian official history series cover the campaigns from the viewpoint of each service separately, with the naval volumes providing an account of each of the sinkings in Australian waters throughout the war. The official history does not cover the experiences of the

767:, though the lack of availability of warships allowed only limited response to threats to the isolated islands. Some warships were redeployed, and it was decided to install six-inch naval guns on the islands despite provisions of the mandate prohibiting fortifications. Due to shortages of these guns the intended defences were reduced to two 1534:. These bombardments did not cause any casualties or serious damage, but generated concern over further attacks against the east coast. Following the attacks on shipping in the Sydney region, the RAN instituted convoys between Brisbane and Adelaide. All ships of over 1,200 long tons (1,200 t) and with speeds of less than 12 22: 2573:, however. A large number of specialist Australian works discuss various aspects of the operations, and the history of the Seamen's Union of Australia covers the experiences of civilian mariners. Coverage of the Japanese submarine campaign against Australia in Japanese-language works is also limited. 2581:

marches from the mid-1970s. The surviving members of the Merchant Navy received the same access to military pensions as former service personnel in 1994. As of 2012, three major memorials had been erected to Australian merchant seamen who were killed in Australian waters during World War II. In 1950

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The naval operations in Australian waters during World War II were not publicised during the war, and have received relatively little attention from historians. This forms part of broader limitations in the literature on the defence of the Australian mainland during the war, which includes a lack of

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Despite the vulnerability of the Australian shipping industry, the Axis attacks did not seriously affect the Australian or Allied war effort. While the German surface raiders which operated against Australia caused considerable disruption to merchant shipping and tied down Allied naval vessels, they

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once she reached Australian waters were continually hampered by a lack of suitable ships and aircraft and a lack of personnel trained and experienced in anti-submarine warfare. As southern Australia was thousands of kilometres behind the active combat front in South-East Asia and had not been raided

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Due to the difficulty of maintaining German submarines in Japanese bases, the boats were not ready to depart from their bases in Penang and Batavia until early October. By this time, the Allies had intercepted and decoded German and Japanese messages describing the operation and were able to vector

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for each island. The most serious effect of the raid was the fall in phosphate output, though decisions made as early as 1938 to increase stockpiles of raw rock in Australia mitigated the decline. Another consequence was the institution of the first Trans-Tasman commercial convoys, with Convoy VK.1

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or the Australian economy. Nevertheless, by forcing ships sailing along the east coast to travel in convoy the Japanese submarines reduced the efficiency of Australian coastal shipping. This translated into between 7.5% and 22% less tonnage being transported between Australian ports each month (no

468:

While the naval and air forces available for the protection of shipping in Australian waters were never adequate to defeat a heavy or coordinated attack, they proved sufficient to mount defensive patrols against the sporadic and generally cautious attacks mounted by the Axis navies during the war.

259:

Due to the episodic nature of the Axis attacks and the relatively small number of ships and submarines committed, Germany and Japan were not successful in disrupting Australian shipping. While the Allies were forced to deploy substantial assets to defend shipping in Australian waters, this did not

251:

threat to Australia developed gradually and until 1942 was limited to sporadic attacks by German armed merchantmen. The level of Axis naval activity peaked in the first half of 1942 when Japanese submarines conducted anti-shipping patrols off Australia's coast, and Japanese naval aviation attacked

1719:

As the Japanese force was too small to cut off all traffic between Australia and New Guinea, the squadron commander widely dispersed his submarines between the Torres Strait and Wilson's Promontory with the goal of tying down as many Allied ships and aircraft as possible. This offensive continued

464:

found that merchant mariners were exposed to greater risks than many members of the RAN as they more frequently operated in dangerous waters and their ships were not designed to survive attacks. The support provided to civilian mariners who survived the loss of their ship during the war was also

2355:

in May 1944 and reached Penang on 9 September, sinking five merchantmen on the way. It departed Batavia on 18 November 1944, and arrived off the south west tip of Western Australia on 26 November. The submarine had great difficulty finding targets as the Australian naval authorities, warned of

2547:

conditions in the waters surrounding Australia. Nevertheless, "success in anti-submarine warfare cannot be measured simply by the total of sinkings achieved" and the Australian defenders may have successfully reduced the threat to shipping in Australian waters by making it harder for Japanese

2528:

The performance of the Australian and Allied forces committed to the defence of shipping on the Australia station was mixed. While the threat to Australia from Axis raiders was "anticipated and addressed", only a small proportion of the Axis ships and submarines which attacked Australia were

459:

personnel provided by the RAN and members of the ship's crew. Merchant seaman received war risk bonuses that were increased over the course of the war as a result of advocacy from unions. This led to them receiving approximately equal pay and allowances to members of the RAN. A 1989 inquiry

435:

and infantry. The Army's coastal defences were considerably expanded as the threat to Australia increased between 1940 and 1942, and reached their peak in 1944. The RAN was responsible for developing and manning harbour defences in Australia's main ports. These defences consisted of fixed

2542:

in 1941. While the Australian authorities were quick to implement convoys in 1942 and no convoyed ship was sunk during that year, the escorts of the convoys that were attacked in 1943 were not successful in either detecting any submarines before they launched their attack or successfully

256:. The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia was renewed in the first half of 1943 but was broken off as the Allies pushed the Japanese onto the defensive. Few Axis naval vessels operated in Australian waters in 1944 and 1945, and those that did had only a limited impact. 2543:

counter-attacking these submarines. Factors explaining the relatively poor performance of Australian anti-submarine forces include their typically low levels of experience and training, shortages of anti-submarine warfare assets, problems with co-ordinating searches and the poor

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The numbers of casualties resulting from German and Japanese attacks in Australian waters differ between sources. An unknown number of deaths and injuries were also caused by war-related accidents such as collisions between ships sailing together in convoys. The

2595:

in Sydney. A number of small memorials to seamen killed in the war are located across Australia. Since 2008, Merchant Navy Day has been commemorated annually on 3 September and Battle for Australia Day has been observed on the first Wednesday of each September.

1214:

and the destruction of 20 Allied military aircraft. Allied casualties were 236 killed and between 300 and 400 wounded, the majority of whom were non-Australian Allied sailors. Four Japanese aircraft were confirmed to have been destroyed by Darwin's defenders.

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of Australia's role in World War II states that a total of 654 people were killed on board the vessels sunk by submarines, including approximately 200 Australian merchant seamen. It does not identify the number of people wounded in these attacks. The

1244:

in May 1942—had the secondary role of attacking Allied bases in northern Queensland once Port Moresby was secured. These attacks did not occur, however, as the landings at Port Moresby were cancelled when the Japanese carrier force was mauled in the

1005:

The naval threat to Australia increased dramatically following the outbreak of war in the Pacific. During the first half of 1942, the Japanese mounted a sustained campaign in Australian waters, with Japanese submarines attacking shipping and

1210:. The carriers were escorted by four cruisers and nine destroyers. The naval aircraft inflicted heavy damage on Darwin and sank nine ships. A raid conducted by 54 land-based bombers later the same day caused further damage to the town and 2226:

which were covering the return of the surface raiding force from the central Indian Ocean. The alert was lifted at Fremantle on 13 March and the RAAF squadrons began returning to their bases in eastern and northern Australia on 20 March.

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of 150,984 gross register tons (427,540 m). Nine other ships were damaged by Japanese submarines. German surface raiders sank seven ships in Australian waters and captured another. Another merchant vessel was damaged by a mine.

365:

were not instituted in Australian waters until June 1942. The Australian naval authorities did, however, close ports to shipping at various times following real or suspected sightings of enemy warships or mines prior to June 1942.

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established a memorial to the seamen killed on board the ships it operated. This has since been moved to the banks of the Hunter River in central Newcastle. The national Merchant Seaman Memorial at the Australian War Memorial in

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successfully located or engaged. Several German raiders operated undetected within Australian waters in 1940 as the number of Allied warships and aircraft available were not sufficient to patrol these waters and the loss of

1650:

arrived off New South Wales just over a week later. It operated along the east coast until late February, sinking six ships. This was the most successful submarine patrol conducted in Australian waters during World War II.

4422: 4875: 1046:, from the Imperial Japanese Navy's (IJN's) Submarine Squadron 6. Acting in support of the Japanese conquest of the Netherlands East Indies, these boats laid minefields in the approaches to Darwin and in the 2576:

There was little official recognition of the role played by the Merchant Navy in the years after the war. Merchant seaman were eventually issued with Merchant Navy War Service medals and were permitted to join

2195:

Haruo Mayazumi, was sentenced to seven years imprisonment. This sortie was the last raid by Axis surface ships against the Allied lines of communication in the Indian Ocean, or elsewhere, during World War II.

1926:, Allied naval authorities only learned of the attack when Torisu's battle report radio signal was intercepted and decoded a week later. As a result, the attack did not divert attention away from Guadalcanal. 1085:

near Darwin. This is the only full-sized submarine that was confirmed to have been sunk by the RAN in Australian waters during World War II. Being the first accessible ocean-going IJN submarine lost after the

455:. These sailors endured considerable risks in the course of their employment. Most of the cargo ships were unarmed, though some were fitted with guns. The guns on the ships that were armed were operated by 1278:

Japanese naval aircraft operating from land bases also harassed coastal shipping in Australia's northern waters during 1942 and 1943. On 15 December 1942, four sailors were killed when the merchant ship

2496:

David Joseph Wilson estimated that at least 104 members of the RAAF were killed during maritime patrol and anti-submarine operations off the Australian coast, with at least 23 aircraft being destroyed.

1600:

accurate figures are available and the estimated figure varied between months). The convoys were effective with no ship travelling as part of a convoy being sunk in Australian waters during 1942.

1001:

The Allied shipping lines between the U.S. and Australia and New Zealand in July 1942. The Australian end of these shipping lines was targeted by Japanese submarines between May and August 1942.

936:

was the only Axis ship to conduct attacks in Australian waters during 1941 and the last Axis surface raider to enter Australian waters until 1943. There is no evidence to support claims that a

1922:

at the town. The shells appear to have completely missed Port Gregory and did not result in any damage or casualties and the raid initially went unnoticed. While gunfire was sighted by nearby

1506:. All of the Japanese midget submarines were lost. Midget No. 22 and Midget No. 27 were destroyed by the Australian defenders and Midget A was scuttled by her crew after leaving the harbour. 836:

sailed east through the southern extreme of the Australia Station in August. Until November, the only casualties from Axis ships on the Australia Station in 1941 were caused by mines laid by

451:

The cargo ships that operated in Australian waters during World War II were mostly crewed by civilians, with the Australian vessels and their crews being organised loosely as the Australian

440:

and mines supported by small patrol craft, and were also greatly expanded as the threat to Australia increased. The RAN also laid defensive minefields in Australian waters from August 1941.

2119:. The appearance of a powerful Japanese force at Singapore concerned the Allies, as it was feared that it could potentially conduct raids in the Indian Ocean and against Western Australia. 69: 2001:

sailed well to the south of Australia and New Zealand and stayed in high latitudes until she was off the coast of Chile. On 11 September, she sank the 9,549-long-ton (9,702 t) tanker

1053:

After completing their mine laying missions the four submarines took station off Darwin to provide the Japanese fleet with warning of Allied naval movements. On 20 January the Australian

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Japanese submarines sank 17 ships in Australian waters in 1942, 14 of which were near the Australian coast. This offensive did not have a serious impact on the Allied war effort in the

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s status, making her sinking a tragic accident. Nakagawa had a poor record as a submarine captain and was later convicted of machine gunning the survivors of a British merchant ship,

4026: 2425:

While Allied naval authorities were aware of the approach of the German strike force and were successful in sinking two of the four submarines dispatched, efforts to locate and sink

2700: 402: 1592:, though it did not sink any ships in this area. Following the withdrawal of this force in August, no further submarine attacks were made against Australia until January 1943. 385:(RAAF) was also responsible for the protection of shipping within the Australia Station. Throughout the war, RAAF aircraft escorted convoys and conducted reconnaissance and 1936:

conducted another reconnaissance patrol off north western Australian between 31 May and 5 July 1944. This was the last time a Japanese submarine entered Australian waters.

2406:

did not find any worthwhile targets off New Zealand, the submarine's commander planned to return to Australian waters in January 1945 and operate to the north of Sydney.

2023: 423:

In addition to the air and naval forces assigned to protect shipping in Australian waters, fixed defences were constructed to protect the major Australian ports. The

4779: 779: 412:

The Allied naval forces assigned to the Australia Station were considerably increased following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941 and the beginning of the

62: 2516: 221: 5276: 1973:, on her second raiding cruise on 21 May 1943 and entered the Indian Ocean in June. On 15 June she sank the 7,715-long-ton (7,839 t) Norwegian tanker 55: 5266: 2207:

escorted by destroyers had left Singapore in the direction of Surabaya and an American submarine made radar contact with two large Japanese ships in the

2410:

was ordered to break off her mission in mid-January, however, and return to Batavia. On its return voyage, the submarine sank another U.S. Liberty ship—

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in honour of the sunken ferry), and the RAN has hosted memorial services for the Japanese sailors killed in the raid on Sydney Harbour. A memorial for

4322: 2256:

into Australian waters with the objective of tying down Allied anti-submarine assets in a secondary theatre. The U-boats involved were drawn from the

2026:, a single reconnaissance landing was made on the Australian mainland. Between 17 and 20 January 1944, members of a Japanese intelligence unit named 428: 353:

were available to protect shipping in the Australia Station at all times. These escorts were supported by a small number of larger warships, such as

261: 2070:

missions on the Australian mainland. They reportedly explored onshore for about two hours, and some members of the mission filmed the area using an

486:

operated in the western Indian Ocean in 1939 and early 1940, and began to enter Australian waters in second half of 1940. The German surface raider

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off the South Australian coast on 9 December, with bad weather spoiling both the attack and subsequent Australian efforts to locate the submarine.

560:

on 2 September and departed to the south-west after being spotted by an Australian aircraft the next day. After unsuccessfully patrolling in the

1918:

a former whaling, lead and salt port. At around midnight on 28 January, the submarine's crew fired 10 rounds from her 100 mm (3.9 in)

1576:) from Submarine Squadron 3 commenced operations off the East Coast. These submarines sank five ships (including the small fishing trawler 461: 4374: 2171:

on 9 March. Following this attack the squadron broke off its mission and returned to Batavia as it was feared that Allied ships responding to

1788:

sank in less than three minutes with the loss of 268 lives. While hospital ships were legally protected against attack under the terms of the

1435:

was assessed, the three submarines were ordered on 24 May to attack Sydney. The three submarines of the Eastern Detachment rendezvoused with

2442:

An Australian propaganda poster from 1942. The caption and design deliberately exaggerate the threat Japanese submarines posed to Australia.

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on 19 February 1942, was the heaviest single attack by the IJN against mainland Australia. On 19 February, four Japanese aircraft carriers (

2082:. The Japanese did not sight any people or signs of recent human activity and little of military significance was learnt from the mission. 1833:

The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia was broken off in July when the submarines were redeployed to counter Allied offensives

1336:

and New Caledonia. This plan was frustrated by the Japanese defeat in the Battle of the Coral Sea and was postponed indefinitely after the

1097:

Following the conquest of the western Pacific the Japanese made a number of reconnaissance patrols into Australian waters. The submarines (

5147:"DEMS? What's DEMS?": The Story of the Men of the Royal Australian Navy Who Manned Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships During World War II 2505:

While the scale of the Axis naval offensive directed against Australia was small compared to other naval campaigns of the war such as the

903:

was unable to prove her identity and avoid a battle she had little hope of surviving, the raider was able to use all her weaponry against

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during 1942 and 1943. Land-based IJN aircraft took part in many of the 63 raids on Darwin which followed the initial attack. The town of

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during the early hours of 18 June, but the cause of this submarine's loss during a patrol off eastern Australia has not been confirmed.

826:

sailed for the Indian Ocean, passing through the Southern Ocean well to the south of Australia in February and March 1941 respectively.

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McCarthy, M., (1990). "Japanese Submarine I 124". Report, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum, No 43

2510: 2200: 265: 2050:

and included another three Japanese army personnel, six Japanese naval personnel and ten young men from Timor. Their orders, from the

2666: 493: 4396: 416:

build-up in Australia. These naval forces were supported by a large increase in the RAAF's maritime patrol force and the arrival of

2183:, 82 of these prisoners were murdered after the cruiser arrived in Batavia on 16 March. Following the war Sakonju was executed for 1767:

The single greatest loss of life resulting from a submarine attack in Australian waters occurred in the early hours of 14 May when

2480:

Evidence on military casualties is fragmentary. Fatalities on RAN ships from enemy action in Australian waters include 645 men on

1450:

s floatplane conducted a reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour that confirmed the concentration of Allied shipping sighted by

201:

entered Australian waters between 1940 and 1945 and attacked ships, ports and other targets. Among the best-known attacks are the

2810: 1859:

Only a single Japanese submarine was dispatched against the Australian west coast during the first half of 1943. On 21 January,

431:

to protect ports from attacks by enemy surface raiders. These defences commonly consisted of a number of fixed guns defended by

5281: 4902: 4605: 4579: 2031: 1179: 361:, for protection against surface raiders. Important military shipping movements were escorted from the start of the war, but 349:'s (RAN) main concern throughout the war. Although RAN ships frequently served outside Australian waters, escort vessels and 4245: 2422:

arrived in Batavia in mid-February 1945 and is the only Axis ship known to have operated in Australian waters during 1945.

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on 22 January 1943 with the loss of nine sailors and civilians. Another civilian sailor was killed when the merchant ship

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This alert proved to be a false alarm. The Japanese ships detected in the Lombok Strait were actually the light cruisers

1166: 1014:. In response to these attacks the Allies increased the resources allocated to protecting shipping in Australian waters. 1690:

returned to Rabaul after laying her mines, the Japanese submarine force in Australian waters was expanded in April when

2630: 1977:

about 1,800 miles (1,600 nmi; 2,900 km) west-north-west of Fremantle while she was sailing from that port to

1932:

returned twice to Australian waters. In September 1943, she made an uneventful reconnaissance of the north west coast.

1402:

in Fiji and Auckland in New Zealand in late May and did not find worthwhile concentrations of shipping in either port.

1219: 456: 1405:

On 18 May, the Eastern Detachment of the Second Special Attack Flotilla left Truk Lagoon under the command of Captain

1195: 5135: 5059: 4975: 4921: 4864: 4845: 4787: 4752: 4730: 4708: 4689: 4649: 4559: 4540: 4521: 4458: 2538: 2314:

on 10 November near the northern end of the Lombok Strait. Due to the priority accorded to the Australian operation,

2152: 1472:. Two of the submarines (Midget No. 22 and Midget A, also known as Midget 24) successfully penetrated the incomplete 1235: 937: 867: 831: 241: 233: 209: 5009: 2030:("Pine Tree Organisation") made a reconnaissance mission to a sparsely populated area on the far north coast of the 844:

was sunk with the loss of seven lives after striking a mine off the New South Wales coast on 26 March 1941, and two

586: 5090:"The Japanese Navy's operations against Australia in the Second World War, with a commentary on Japanese sources" 4270: 2135: 2095: 1985:

followed up this success two days later by sinking a second Norwegian tanker, the 9,940-long-ton (10,100 t)

1960: 1915: 1808:

and was fully illuminated, but the light conditions at the time may have resulted in Nakagawa not being aware of

1629: 1183: 1558:

The Australian authorities received only a brief break in the submarine threat. In July 1942, three submarines (

5154: 5078: 4482: 2470: 1416: 1410: 1371:, designated the Eastern Detachment of the Second Special Attack Flotilla, which was available in the Pacific. 1189: 735: 487: 4348: 4823:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Vol. Series 3 – Air. Volume II. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4763: 2078:

personnel spent the night on the boat and reconnoitred the area again the following day, before returning to

1739:

off the New South Wales north coast. The historian Geoff Crowhurst believes that RAAF aircraft searching for

1676:

laid nine German-supplied acoustic mines in the approaches to Brisbane. This minefield was discovered by the

4627:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Vol. Series 3 – Air. Volume I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2430:

for several years, there were few anti-submarine assets available in this area in late 1944 and early 1945.

1716:. This force sought to attack reinforcement and supply convoys travelling between Australia and New Guinea. 763:

The raid on Nauru led to serious concerns in Australia about the supply of phosphates from there and nearby

5199: 2658: 2599:

There are also several memorials to the military personnel killed in Australian waters. A memorial to HMAS

2455:

sank 30 ships in the area covered by the Australia Station during World War II. These ships had a combined

2129: 1129:

conducted a reconnaissance patrol down the Australian east coast in February and March. During this patrol

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party were killed while attempting to defuse a mine which had washed ashore in South Australia on 14 July.

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in Sydney commemorates Australian service and Merchant Navy personnel killed Australian waters below the

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While the Japanese raid into the Indian Ocean was not successful, associated Japanese shipping movements

1509:

Following this raid, the Japanese submarine force operated off Sydney and Newcastle and sank the coaster

863: 760:

plant and dock facilities. This was the last Axis naval attack in Australian waters until November 1941.

2388:. The submarine achieved its first success on this patrol when it attacked the United States-registered 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 2619: 1476:. Only Midget A actually attacked Allied shipping in the harbour, firing two torpedoes at the American 1011: 636: 382: 4964:

A Critical Vulnerability: The Impact of the Submarine Threat on Australia's Maritime Defence 1915–1954

512:(140 mi; 220 km) north-east of Brisbane on 11 August. She then headed east and operated off 2384:

continued east along the Australian coastline, and entered the Pacific after passing to the south of

1781: 1257: 960: 691:

were not detected during their operations off Australia's eastern and southern coasts. Mines laid by

557: 4962: 2414:—approximately 820 nmi (940 mi; 1,520 km) southwest of Fremantle on 6 February 1945. 5166:

Inquiry into the needs of Australian Mariners, Commonwealth and Allied Veterans and Allied Mariners

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disappeared in the Sunda Strait some time after departing from Penang on 30 November. The cause of

2293: 2250: 1886: 1860: 1854: 1805: 1747: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1618: 1571: 1565: 1511: 1307: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1023: 339: 213: 155: 137: 120: 39: 4296: 3717: 3092: 1468:

On the night of 31 May, three midget submarines were launched from the Japanese force outside the

443: 298:

prior to the outbreak of war. This vast area consisted of the waters around Australia and eastern

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post-war history put the number of Australian merchant seaman killed at 386, and research by the

2104: 2051: 1892: 1834: 1667: 1637: 1596: 1583: 1577: 1559: 1473: 1422: 1350: 1344: 1246: 1124: 1054: 930:

s crew being either killed in the battle or dying before they could be rescued by passing ships.

741: 579: 281: 130: 98: 2556: 2395:

off the southern coast of New South Wales on 24 December 1944. The ship sank the following day.

1826:

was due to either Nakagawa's incompetence or indifference to the laws of warfare. The attack on

1390:

s floatplane overflew Sydney on 23 May 1942, finding a large number of major Allied warships in

2506: 2380: 2315: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2063: 2047: 1661: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1087: 908: 656: 545: 413: 386: 358: 217: 202: 191: 161: 103: 2221: 4986: 4433: 2399:

evaded an intensive search by Australian aircraft and warships and departed for New Zealand.

2215: 2123: 1741: 1523: 785: 773: 432: 346: 125: 1588:

conducted a patrol off the southern coast of Australia while en route from New Caledonia to

4771: 2492:. Several escort vessels also suffered fatalities that resulted from accidents. In his PhD 1874: 1494: 953: 664: 575: 8: 3258: 2638: 1816: 1646:

sailed from Rabaul on 7 January to reconnoitre the Nouméa and Sydney areas respectively.

1480: 1443:

35 mi (30 nmi; 56 km) off Sydney on 29 May. In the early hours of 30 May,

1283:

was attacked off Cape Wessel in the Northern Territory. The small general purpose vessel

1175:

A sunken ship and burnt-out wharf in Darwin Harbour following the first Japanese air raid

1076: 702: 696: 335: 307: 2344: 1324:

In March 1942, the Japanese military adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the

4718: 4509: 1837:. The last two Japanese submarines to be dispatched against the Australian east coast, 1789: 1253: 437: 417: 350: 315: 253: 47: 4747:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Publishing Service. 2629:

is located in Darwin. The people killed in the campaign are buried or commemorated at

2159:

and Fremantle. The only Allied ship this squadron encountered was the British steamer

2046:

and posed as a fishing crew. The mission was led by Lieutenant Susuhiko Mizuno of the

639:

on the night of 28 October, with the two vessels then departing for Tasmanian waters.

591:

was the next raider to enter Australian waters. She entered the Indian Ocean from the

330:

was an Australian colonial possession during the Second World War and fell within the

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Caption to the copy of this poster on display in the Second World War gallery of the

3093:"The action between HMAS Sydney and the auxiliary cruiser Kormoran, 19 November 1941" 2814: 2634: 2438: 1729: 1658:

s floatplane conducted a successful reconnaissance of Sydney Harbour on 19 February.

1427:. Each submarine was carrying a midget submarine. After the intelligence gathered by 1284: 1263:

by IJN fighters on 3 March 1942, in which at least 88 people were killed. Long-range

975: 856: 596: 483: 331: 295: 225: 115: 93: 2418:

was the last Allied ship to be sunk by the Axis in the Indian Ocean during the war.

683:

in the first week of November. The two ships then sailed west for the Indian Ocean.

5023: 5015: 4668: 4552:

Japan's Southward Advance and Australia. From the Sixteenth Century to World War II

2465: 2335:

s loss is unknown, and was likely due to either an accident or a mechanical fault.

1368: 1360: 1337: 1260: 1211: 1050:

between 12 and 18 January 1942. The mines did not sink or damage any Allied ships.

1007: 569: 398: 4818: 4599: 4573: 1160: 748:

where they unloaded the prisoners. After an unsuccessful attempt to lay mines off

4622: 4297:"Commemorating the Crews of HMAS Sydney (II) and HSK Kormoran at Home and Abroad" 2230: 2192: 2144: 2090: 2067: 1970: 1877:

Kennosuke Torisu – was tasked with creating a diversion to assist

1680: 1527: 1268: 945: 740:

arrived off the Australian protectorate of Nauru. During the next 48 hours, they

718: 680: 628: 424: 406: 390: 374: 237: 4881:. Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales Government. Archived from 2610:

s crew erected a memorial to their ship while being held as prisoners of war at

1965:

was the final German surface raider to enter Australian waters and the Pacific.

1375:

entered Australian waters in May and made an unsuccessful attack on the neutral

492:

was the first Axis warship to operate in Australian waters during World War II.

287: 4672: 4595: 4569: 2287:

Two Type IX submarines similar to those dispatched to operate against Australia

1391: 1291: 1149:(26 February) and Hobart (1 March). Following these reconnaissance operations, 1063: 804: 592: 561: 5019: 2633:

cemeteries and a large number of civil cemeteries in Australia. A memorial at

2246: 1906:

on 27 January. Torisu sighted what he believed were lights from aircraft or a

1171: 290:. This class of ship was commonly used to escort convoys in Australian waters. 5225: 5214: 5190: 5173: 5101: 5035: 5000: 4953: 4814: 4806: 4632: 4587: 4501: 2570: 2348: 2258: 2240: 2208: 2187:

which included the killing of these prisoners, while the former commander of

2055: 2006: 1923: 1772: 1477: 1406: 1325: 1138: 1070: 1047: 849: 801: 791: 764: 745: 744:. Heavily loaded with survivors from their victims, the raiders departed for 513: 509: 452: 311: 30: 5011:

The Eagle and the Albatross: Australian Aerial Maritime Operations 1921–1971

4723:

A War at Home: A Comprehensive Guide to the first Japanese Attacks on Darwin

2618:

is commemorated by a memorial at the RAN's main base in Sydney (also named

1328:, which involved capturing Port Moresby in New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, 369: 5181:

Stevens, David (1993). "I-174: The last Japanese submarine off Australia".

4914:

U-boat Far from Home: The Epic Voyage of U 862 to Australia and New Zealand

4828: 4642:

The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945: Its Organization, Defence and Operation

4608:. Vol. Series 2 – Navy. Volume II. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4582:. Vol. Series 2 – Navy. Volume II. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4351:. Australian Japanese Association of the Northern Territory. Archived from 4094: 2520:

Survivors from a merchant ship sunk off the coast of Queensland in May 1943

2389: 2304: 2148: 2141: 2108: 2058:, were to verify reports that the USN was building a base in the area. The 1994: 1978: 1878: 1677: 1622: 1469: 1376: 1241: 1130: 1115:) operated off Western Australia in March 1942, sinking the merchant ships 845: 672: 652: 319: 187: 179: 2062:

personnel were also ordered to collect information which would assist any

1613: 1017: 944:. The only German ship to enter the Australia Station during 1942 was the 4613: 3596: 2530: 1882: 1775: 1758: 1736: 1535: 1367:. The goal of these patrols was to find a suitable target for a force of 1356: 497: 248: 150: 142: 33: 5027: 4876:"World War Two Shipwrecks and Submarine Attacks in NSW Waters 1940–1944" 1541: 1500:, killing 21 seamen on board, and seriously damaged the Dutch submarine 1312: 884:

and demanded that she prove her assumed identity as the Dutch freighter

723:

was also damaged after striking a mine at the entrance to Spencer Gulf.

447:

Two merchant navy seamen standing in front of a gun fitted to their ship

5110: 4740: 2338:

The only surviving submarine of the force assigned to attack Australia—

2204: 2085: 2039: 1873:, destined for Western Australia. The submarine – under 1491: 1272: 1154: 1142: 830:

re-entered the Australia Station in April en route to New Zealand, and

727:

sank another three merchant ships in the Indian Ocean during November.

660: 612: 553: 517: 394: 327: 303: 299: 276: 229: 26: 2363:

s approach, had directed shipping away from the routes normally used.

2175:

distress signal posed an unacceptable risk. While 102 survivors from

1948: 1546: 872:, approximately 150 mi (130 nmi; 240 km) south west of 756:

made a second attack on Nauru on 27 December and shelled the island's

240:

three Australian ports and submarine-based aircraft flew over several

21: 4470:"Raiders and the Defence of Trade: The Royal Australian Navy in 1941" 2578: 2184: 2168: 2116: 2071: 1907: 1903: 1793: 1264: 1252:

Japanese aircraft made almost 100 raids, most of them small, against

1207: 1146: 768: 757: 712: 707:

off Cape Otway on 8 and 9 November, and the mines laid off Sydney by

505: 198: 183: 4745:

The Six Years War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War

2477:

had by 1989 identified 520 Australian merchant seaman who had died.

1460: 4352: 3840: 2588: 2385: 1919: 1891: – had undertaken a diversionary bombardment of the 1866: 1712:

of Submarine Squadron 3 arrived off the east coast and joined

1636:

Japanese submarine operations against Australia in 1943 began when

1608: 1060: 797: 676: 541: 4995:. Wellington: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. 2042:, used a converted 35-long-ton (36 t) civilian vessel called 1582:) and damaged several others during July and August. In addition, 1301: 29:

poster calling on Australians to avenge the sinking of Australian

5128:

A Parting Shot: Shelling of Australia by Japanese Submarines 1942

2456: 1885:

following their defeat there. Another submarine –

1501: 1457:

s floatplane was still present and remained a worthwhile target.

1364: 971: 389:

from bases around Australia. The main types of aircraft used for

354: 323: 194: 5168:. Woden, Australian Capital Territory: Repatriation Commission. 4897:(Paperback ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 2262:("Monsoon Group"), and the two selected for this operation were 997: 647:

on 31 October and 1 November, and over the period 29–31 October

4993:

Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45

4776:

Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942

4682:

Battle Surface: Japan's Submarine War Against Australia 1942–44

2778: 2611: 2493: 2253: 2164: 2079: 2035: 1589: 1161:

Japanese naval aviation attacks (February 1942 – November 1943)

979: 749: 644: 632: 608: 525: 362: 4451:

Defending New Zealand: Ramparts on the Sea 1840–1950s (Part I)

2754: 2231:

The German submarine offensive (September 1944 – January 1945)

1754: 1022:

The first Japanese submarines to enter Australian waters were

2544: 2203:. In early March 1944, Allied intelligence reported that two 2112: 1822:, in the Indian Ocean, so it is probable that the sinking of 1333: 603:

captured the 8,998 long tons (9,142 t) Norwegian tanker

334:, the Japanese operations in these waters formed part of the 5111:"Monsun boats: U-boats in the Indian Ocean and the Far East" 4838:

The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901–2001

4797:

Nichols, Robert (2006). "The Night the War Came to Sydney".

4701:

U-Boats Destroyed: German Submarine Losses in the World Wars

1464:

A Japanese midget submarine being raised from Sydney Harbour

271: 4933:"Japanese submarine operations against Australia 1942–1944" 4854: 4424:

A Slim Barrier: The Defence of Mainland Australia 1939–1945

4100: 3992: 2352: 2156: 1870: 1399: 1329: 4684:. Milsons Point, New South Wales: Random House Australia. 4533:

No Pleasure Cruise: The Story of the Royal Australian Navy

4138: 4136: 4123: 4121: 3927: 3903: 3674: 3647: 3611: 3576: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3468: 3393: 3381: 3357: 3333: 3273: 3215: 3179: 3158: 2947: 2853: 2591:

was dedicated in 1990. Another memorial is located at the

2017: 1848: 1206:) launched a total of 188 aircraft from a position in the 1094:

in order to obtain its code books, but were unsuccessful.

4780:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

4659:

Horner, David (May 1993). "Defending Australia in 1942".

3792: 3768: 3422: 3420: 3191: 3136: 3134: 2583: 2122:

On 1 March, a Japanese squadron led by the heavy cruiser

1363:

to conduct reconnaissance patrols of Allied ports in the

1010:

conducting a devastating attack on the strategic port of

294:

The maritime approaches to Australia were designated the

4444:(2). Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. 4184: 4041: 4021: 4019: 3915: 3623: 3405: 3239: 2865: 2766: 465:

generally inferior to that provided to naval personnel.

77: 5125: 5052:

Australia Under Siege: Japanese Submarine Raiders, 1942

4857:

The Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations

4172: 4133: 4118: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3980: 3804: 3780: 3744: 3594: 3564: 3552: 3285: 3119: 3073: 3034: 2995: 2983: 1018:

Initial Japanese submarine patrols (January–March 1942)

4201: 4199: 4148: 4053: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3939: 3891: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3828: 3816: 3686: 3664: 3662: 3635: 3480: 3456: 3444: 3417: 3369: 3345: 3321: 3227: 3146: 3131: 3051: 3049: 3024: 3022: 2877: 2841: 2790: 2488:, 7 on board ships attacked at Darwin and 5 killed on 2303:

on 6 October near Surabaya and the American submarine

1240:—which escorted the invasion force dispatched against 5071:

The Seamen's Union of Australia, 1872–1972: A History

5014:(PhD thesis). Sydney: University of New South Wales. 4766:. New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage. 4016: 3432: 3297: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2829: 1686:

and neutralised before any ships were sunk. Although

1542:

Further Japanese submarine patrols (July–August 1942)

4916:. St. Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 4160: 4065: 3309: 3107: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2732: 2730: 2678: 2648: 2086:

Japanese operations in the Indian Ocean (March 1944)

1153:

sailed for New Zealand and conducted overflights of

923:

sinking with the loss of all her 645 crew and 78 of

4944:Stevens, David (Autumn 2002). "Forgotten assault". 4196: 4106: 3951: 3879: 3852: 3756: 3732: 3698: 3659: 3203: 3061: 3046: 3019: 3007: 2971: 2959: 2889: 1939: 1804:was a hospital ship. She was clearly marked with a 1222:attacks against targets in Australia. The carriers 989:crew survived the sinking and were taken prisoner. 4782:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 4535:. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 4453:. Wellington: Defence of New Zealand Study Group. 3718:"Australia under attack: The battle for Australia" 2930: 2742: 2695: 2693: 2280:—was added to this force at the end of September. 1554:after she was torpedoed off Newcastle in July 1942 855:On 19 November 1941, the Australian light cruiser 5068: 3597:"IJN Submarine I-178: Tabular Record of Movement" 2901: 2727: 2715: 813: 477: 5223: 4434:"An Issue of Neglect (Merchant Marine Memorial)" 3259:"Battle of the Coral Sea, 4–8 May 1942: Summary" 2701:"Enemy Action on the Australian Station 1939–45" 1830:sparked widespread public outrage in Australia. 1724:on 16 June 1943 when she sank the merchant ship 1609:East coast submarine patrols (January–June 1943) 895:s captain brought his ship dangerously close to 322:, and from north to south it stretched from the 4027:"Ship Engagements in Australian Waters 1940–45" 2690: 1515:near Sydney on 3 June. On the night of 8 June, 1302:Attacks on Sydney and Newcastle (May–June 1942) 4644:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4294: 1298:was attacked by a floatplane during May 1943. 655:off the north-east corner of Tasmania and off 5277:Military history of Japan during World War II 5069:Fitzpatrick, Brian; Cahill, Rowan J. (1981). 2603:was dedicated at Geraldton in November 2001. 1157:and Auckland on 8 and 13 March respectively. 345:The defence of the Australia Station was the 63: 4427:(PhD thesis). University of New South Wales. 2367:unsuccessfully attacked the Greek freighter 2022:While the Japanese government never adopted 1530:at Newcastle returned fire, but did not hit 1519:bombarded the eastern suburbs of Sydney and 1218:The bombing of Darwin was the first of many 1123:on 1 and 3 March respectively. In addition, 508:in August 1940 and reached a point 120 326:to the Antarctic. While the eastern half of 210:bombing of Darwin by Japanese naval aircraft 2235:On 14 September 1944, the commander of the 1290:was sunk by a Japanese floatplane near the 1271:made a number of small attacks on towns in 528:on 16 August and the British merchant ship 427:was responsible for developing and manning 16:Enemy activity in Australian waters in WWII 5267:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 5049: 4349:"I-124 Japanese Submarine Memorial Plaque" 4219:"Service marks merchant navy contribution" 186:being remote from the main battlefronts. 70: 56: 5198:Stevens, David (September–October 1993). 5185:(22). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 5126:Jones, Terry; Carruthers, Steven (2013). 4554:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. 4480: 4474:Remembering 1941: 2001 History Conference 4246:"'Battle for Australia' Day in September" 3582: 2667:Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters 866:—encountered the disguised German raider 862:—which had been highly successful in the 623:. The two ships then sailed to the east. 572:to refuel, arriving there on 10 October. 272:Australia Station and Australian defences 214:midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour 208:by a German raider in November 1941, the 5108: 4970:. Canberra: Sea Power Centre Australia. 4892: 4859:. Canberra: Defence Publishing Service. 4620: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2555: 2515: 2437: 2282: 2089: 1947: 1910:near the town and broke off his attack. 1753: 1612: 1545: 1459: 1311: 1170: 996: 701:off Wilsons Promontory and the American 574: 442: 368: 275: 222:damaged or sunk off the Australian coast 176:Axis naval activity in Australian waters 20: 5200:"The War Cruise of the 1–6, March 1943" 5197: 5180: 5130:. Narrabeen, NSW: Casper Publications. 5073:. Sydney: Seamen's Union of Australia. 4960: 4943: 4930: 4911: 4835: 4796: 4770: 4679: 4243: 4142: 4127: 4088: 4076: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3945: 3933: 3909: 3897: 3873: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3653: 3641: 3617: 3595:Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2001). 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3426: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3279: 3245: 3221: 3185: 3164: 3152: 3140: 2953: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2813:. Royal Australian Navy. Archived from 2018:Landing in the Kimberley (January 1944) 1849:Shelling of Port Gregory (January 1943) 1784:. After being hit by a single torpedo, 952:, which was sunk by the light cruisers 730:On 7 December 1940, the German raiders 619:and mines were transferred to her from 306:. From east to west, it stretched from 5224: 5183:Journal of the Australian War Memorial 5163: 5144: 5094:Journal of the Australian War Memorial 5087: 5007: 4984: 4840:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 4813: 4764:"War casualties and the Merchant Navy" 4658: 4467: 4431: 4420: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4059: 3798: 3774: 3315: 3303: 3197: 2941: 2835: 2736: 2292:submarines onto the German boats. The 1355:left the major Japanese naval base at 544:, and operated without success in the 4873: 4761: 4717: 4639: 4624:Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942 4530: 4508: 4448: 4205: 3921: 3629: 3233: 3209: 3113: 2924: 2748: 2128:and consisting of the heavy cruisers 2032:Kimberley region of Western Australia 81:Axis naval attacks against Australia 51: 4855:Seapower Centre – Australia (2005). 4739: 4698: 4594: 4568: 4549: 4399:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission 4295:Döbler, Tim; Perryman, John (2021). 4112: 4047: 3962: 3885: 3861: 3810: 3786: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3704: 3570: 3558: 3438: 3291: 3125: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3040: 3028: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2895: 2808: 2760: 2721: 2684: 2536:was a high price to pay for sinking 1672:entered Australian waters in March. 940:participated in the sinking of HMAS 796:leaving Sydney 30 December 1940 for 494:After operating off the northern tip 342:and were not directed at Australia. 4703:. London: Arms & Armour Press. 4432:Cahill, Rowan (March–August 1991). 2593:Australian National Maritime Museum 2147: – sortied from the 568:sailed for the Japanese-controlled 532:in the Tasman Sea four days later. 212:in February 1942, and the Japanese 13: 5262:Military attacks against Australia 5043: 4516:. Sydney: Hodder & Stoughton. 2631:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2155:sailing on the main route between 1993:was sailing from Esperance to the 1898:After a six-day voyage southward, 1771:torpedoed and sank the Australian 1628:sinking after being attacked near 457:Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship 373:A troop convoy escorted by a RAAF 264:or American-led operations in the 14: 5293: 4606:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 4580:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 4514:HMAS Sydney: Loss and Controversy 4377:. Department of Veterans' Affairs 4029:. Department of Veterans' Affairs 2703:. Department of Veterans' Affairs 2548:submarines to carry out attacks. 2249:—approved a proposal to send two 1879:the evacuation of Japanese forces 1359:in the Japanese territory of the 1343:On 27 April 1942, the submarines 580:German attacks in Western Pacific 516:before proceeding south into the 504:entered Australian waters in the 260:have a significant impact on the 5207:Australian Defence Force Journal 4937:Australia-Japan Research Project 4820:Air War Against Japan, 1943–1945 4601:Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945 4575:Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942 4389: 4367: 4341: 4315: 4288: 4263: 4237: 4211: 4101:Seapower Centre – Australia 2005 4004: 2651: 2201:provoked a major Allied response 2163:, which was sunk midway between 1261:experienced a devastating attack 1090:, USN divers attempted to enter 536:sailed south-west after sinking 4948:(18). Australian War Memorial. 4801:(33). Australian War Memorial. 3710: 3588: 3251: 3170: 3085: 2802: 1550:Damage to the merchant ship SS 1167:Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 595:in August 1940 and arrived off 582:, December 1940 to January 1941 5050:Carruthers, Steven L. (1982). 4895:The Royal Australian Air Force 2551: 2433: 1320:following the attack on Sydney 966:on 26 November, shortly after 818:Following the raids on Nauru, 814:German surface raiders in 1941 478:German surface raiders in 1940 1: 5088:Hiromi, Tanaka (April 1997). 5008:Wilson, David Joseph (2003). 4414: 4271:"H.M.A.S. Sydney II Memorial" 4244:Blenkin, Max (26 June 2008). 2811:"RAN in the Second World War" 2500: 2471:Seamen's Union of Australia's 2446: 2024:proposals to invade Australia 3849:, pp. 262–263, 266–267. 2659:Military of Australia portal 2012: 1267:operating from bases in the 874:Carnarvon, Western Australia 520:, sinking the merchant ship 472: 7: 4329:. Heritage NSW. 28 May 2020 2763:, pp. 69–70, 259, 277. 2644: 2094:The Japanese heavy cruiser 2034:. The unit, operating from 1997:. Following these sinkings 1735:as they were travelling in 1409:. Sasaki's force comprised 1145:over Sydney (17 February), 888:. During the interception, 864:Battle of the Mediterranean 840:in 1940. The small trawler 671:also laid further mines in 10: 5298: 4988:The Royal New Zealand Navy 4985:Waters, Sydney D. (1956). 4939:. Australian War Memorial. 4673:10.1179/072924793791198886 4621:Gillison, Douglas (1962). 4476:. Australian War Memorial. 2274:. An additional submarine— 2107:withdrew from its base at 1852: 1305: 1164: 403:Consolidated PBY Catalinas 383:Royal Australian Air Force 302:, and stretching south to 5282:Australia–Japan relations 4481:Crowhurst, Geoff (2013). 4468:Cooper, Alistair (2001). 4375:"Cemeteries in Australia" 4250:The Sydney Morning Herald 3720:. Australian War Memorial 3261:. Australian War Memorial 3095:. Australian War Memorial 2641:who have no known grave. 1914:instead headed north for 1782:Point Lookout, Queensland 1486:. These torpedoes missed 1383:off Newcastle on 16 May. 1258:Broome, Western Australia 974:in the Japanese-occupied 919:were both crippled, with 711:sank the coastal steamer 599:in October. On 7 October 558:Albany, Western Australia 340:Solomon Islands campaigns 242:Australian capital cities 89: 5164:McGirr, Jocelyn (1989). 4836:Palazzo, Albert (2001). 4762:Miles, Patricia (2012). 4725:. Darwin: Tall Stories. 4421:Arnold, Anthony (2013). 2787:, pp. 125, 527–530. 2672: 2564:II Memorial in Geraldton 2451:Japanese submarines and 2374:Following her attack on 2140: – under 2111:and was divided between 1855:Shelling of Port Gregory 1835:elsewhere in the Pacific 1792:, it is unclear whether 1308:Attack on Sydney Harbour 742:sank four merchant ships 643:laid two minefields off 5149:. Brisbane: Boolarong. 5054:. Sydney: Solus Books. 5020:10.26190/unsworks/17992 4961:Stevens, David (2005). 4931:Stevens, David (2001). 4912:Stevens, David (1997). 4893:Stephens, Alan (2006). 4680:Jenkins, David (1992). 4550:Frei, Henry P. (1991). 4303:. Royal Australian Navy 4012:Australian War Memorial 2475:Australian War Memorial 2320:was ordered to replace 2105:Japanese Combined Fleet 1893:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1603: 1474:Sydney Harbour defences 1247:Battle of the Coral Sea 1220:Japanese naval aviation 992: 909:In the resulting battle 611:to Melbourne. A German 607:which was sailing from 500:and the South Pacific, 462:Repatriation Commission 359:armed merchant cruisers 266:South West Pacific Area 174:There was considerable 5109:Jedrzejewski, Marcin. 4640:Hague, Arnold (2000). 2565: 2521: 2507:Battle of the Atlantic 2443: 2288: 2153:attack Allied shipping 2103:In February 1944, the 2100: 1957: 1764: 1633: 1555: 1465: 1321: 1176: 1088:attack on Pearl Harbor 1002: 717:. The British steamer 583: 546:Great Australian Bight 448: 414:United States military 387:anti-submarine patrols 378: 291: 216:in May 1942. About 40 94:German surface raiders 45: 38:by Japanese submarine 5145:Marcus, Alex (1986). 4772:Morison, Samuel Eliot 4449:Cooke, Peter (2000). 2559: 2519: 2441: 2286: 2093: 2064:covert reconnaissance 1951: 1895:on 25 December 1942. 1869:in Japanese-occupied 1757: 1616: 1549: 1463: 1315: 1306:Further information: 1180:The bombing of Darwin 1174: 1165:Further information: 1000: 578: 446: 372: 347:Royal Australian Navy 279: 262:Australian war effort 24: 4327:M24 Midget Submarine 1989:, in the same area. 1875:Lieutenant Commander 899:. As a result, when 695:sank the cargo ship 548:in early September. 438:anti-submarine booms 220:merchant ships were 4888:on 9 February 2022. 4874:Smith, Tim (2012). 4699:Kemp, Paul (1997). 4531:Frame, Tom (2004). 4050:, pp. 711–713. 4001:, pp. 164–165. 3936:, pp. 148–173. 3924:, pp. 426–428. 3912:, pp. 147–151. 3813:, pp. 390–391. 3801:, pp. 136–139. 3789:, pp. 388–390. 3777:, pp. 134–135. 3753:, pp. 173–174. 3683:, pp. 266–267. 3656:, pp. 246–248. 3632:, pp. 186–187. 3620:, pp. 277–285. 3599:. combinedfleet.com 3573:, pp. 261–262. 3561:, pp. 253–262. 3549:, pp. 230–231. 3537:, pp. 272–273. 3525:, pp. 223–224. 3513:, pp. 268–272. 3501:, pp. 218–220. 3477:, pp. 206–207. 3402:, pp. 185–193. 3390:, pp. 174–175. 3366:, pp. 163–164. 3342:, pp. 191–192. 3294:, pp. 264–266. 3282:, pp. 261–262. 3224:, pp. 118–120. 3200:, pp. 214–215. 3188:, pp. 185–186. 3167:, pp. 183–184. 3128:, pp. 197–198. 3082:, pp. 446–447. 3043:, pp. 282–283. 3004:, pp. 276–279. 2992:, pp. 270–276. 2956:, pp. 330–332. 2862:, pp. 155–157. 2817:on 21 November 2008 2639:20th parallel south 2614:. The loss of HMAS 1956:docked at Fremantle 1796:Hajime Nakagawa of 1632:on 10 February 1943 963:Jacob van Heemskerk 657:Wilson's Promontory 627:laid mines off the 540:, passing south of 234:Japanese submarines 5272:1940s in Australia 4275:Monument Australia 4225:. 3 September 2008 2566: 2522: 2511:South West Pacific 2444: 2289: 2101: 1958: 1790:Geneva Conventions 1765: 1634: 1597:South West Pacific 1556: 1466: 1322: 1254:northern Australia 1177: 1003: 938:Japanese submarine 584: 460:undertaken by the 449: 433:anti-aircraft guns 418:United States Navy 379: 292: 254:northern Australia 46: 5257:Conflicts in 1945 5252:Conflicts in 1944 5247:Conflicts in 1943 5242:Conflicts in 1942 5237:Conflicts in 1941 5232:Conflicts in 1940 4904:978-0-19555-541-7 4661:War & Society 4483:"Who Sank I-178?" 4397:"Sydney Memorial" 4193:, pp. 11–14. 3585:, pp. 29–30. 3441:, pp. 77–78. 3414:, pp. 26–29. 3248:, pp. 12–13. 3236:, pp. 63–71. 2874:, pp. 95–97. 2775:, pp. 93–94. 2687:, pp. 52–53. 2635:Rookwood Cemetery 1952:Norwegian tanker 1865:left her base at 1730:Landing Ship Tank 1728:and damaged U.S. 1524:shelled Newcastle 1369:midget submarines 1008:aircraft carriers 976:Dutch East Indies 787:Empress of Russia 597:Western Australia 399:Bristol Beauforts 332:Australia Station 296:Australia Station 252:several towns in 228:, submarines and 171: 170: 156:Indian Ocean raid 5289: 5218: 5204: 5194: 5177: 5160: 5141: 5118: 5105: 5084: 5065: 5039: 5004: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4940: 4927: 4908: 4889: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4851: 4832: 4810: 4793: 4767: 4758: 4736: 4714: 4695: 4676: 4655: 4636: 4617: 4591: 4565: 4546: 4527: 4505: 4487: 4477: 4464: 4445: 4428: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4181:, pp. 6–11. 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2928: 2922: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2697: 2688: 2682: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2609: 2466:official history 2393:Robert J. Walker 2362: 2345:Korvettenkapitän 2334: 2294:Dutch submarine 2245:(Grand Admiral) 2179:were rescued by 2054:headquarters at 1975:Høegh Silverdawn 1819:British Chivalry 1814: 1657: 1456: 1449: 1389: 1361:Caroline Islands 1338:Battle of Midway 1212:RAAF Base Darwin 988: 948:and supply ship 929: 894: 800:escorted by the 752:on 24 December, 704:City of Rayville 570:Marshall Islands 552:laid four dummy 429:coastal defences 407:Lockheed Hudsons 203:sinking of HMAS 180:Second World War 84: 82: 72: 65: 58: 49: 48: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5222: 5221: 5202: 5157: 5138: 5081: 5062: 5046: 5044:Further reading 4978: 4967: 4924: 4905: 4885: 4878: 4867: 4848: 4790: 4755: 4733: 4711: 4692: 4652: 4562: 4543: 4524: 4485: 4461: 4417: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306:, pp. 4–5. 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2931: 2923: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809:Straczek, J.H. 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2607: 2554: 2503: 2449: 2436: 2416:Peter Silvester 2412:Peter Silvester 2360: 2332: 2233: 2145:Naomasa Sakonju 2088: 2020: 2015: 1971:Yokohama, Japan 1946: 1857: 1851: 1812: 1800:was aware that 1655: 1611: 1606: 1544: 1528:Fort Scratchley 1454: 1447: 1387: 1310: 1304: 1269:Solomon Islands 1169: 1163: 1020: 995: 986: 946:blockade runner 927: 892: 816: 681:South Australia 629:New South Wales 484:surface raiders 480: 475: 425:Australian Army 391:maritime patrol 375:Lockheed Hudson 274: 226:surface raiders 172: 167: 85: 80: 78: 76: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5295: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5220: 5219: 5195: 5178: 5161: 5155: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5119: 5106: 5085: 5079: 5066: 5060: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5005: 4982: 4976: 4958: 4941: 4928: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4890: 4871: 4865: 4852: 4846: 4833: 4815:Odgers, George 4811: 4794: 4788: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4709: 4696: 4690: 4677: 4656: 4650: 4637: 4618: 4596:Gill, G Herman 4592: 4570:Gill, G Herman 4566: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4478: 4465: 4459: 4446: 4429: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4388: 4366: 4355:on 20 May 2022 4340: 4314: 4287: 4262: 4236: 4210: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4157:, p. 153. 4147: 4145:, p. 281. 4132: 4130:, p. 331. 4117: 4105: 4103:, p. 179. 4093: 4091:, p. 334. 4081: 4064: 4062:, p. 120. 4052: 4040: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3989:, p. 258. 3979: 3977:, p. 222. 3967: 3965:, p. 557. 3950: 3948:, p. 278. 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3900:, p. 140. 3890: 3888:, p. 225. 3878: 3876:, p. 124. 3866: 3864:, p. 221. 3851: 3839: 3837:, p. 119. 3827: 3825:, p. 262. 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3765:, p. 174. 3755: 3743: 3741:, p. 171. 3731: 3709: 3707:, p. 297. 3697: 3695:, p. 286. 3685: 3673: 3658: 3646: 3644:, p. 246. 3634: 3622: 3610: 3587: 3583:Crowhurst 2013 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3489:, p. 205. 3479: 3467: 3465:, p. 201. 3455: 3453:, p. 291. 3443: 3431: 3429:, p. 195. 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3378:, p. 171. 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 165. 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 163. 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 183. 3145: 3143:, p. 330. 3130: 3118: 3116:, p. 177. 3106: 3084: 3072: 3070:, p. 283. 3060: 3058:, p. 284. 3045: 3033: 3031:, p. 410. 3018: 3016:, p. 281. 3006: 2994: 2982: 2980:, p. 262. 2970: 2968:, p. 261. 2958: 2946: 2929: 2900: 2898:, p. 420. 2888: 2886:, p. 173. 2876: 2864: 2852: 2850:, p. 136. 2840: 2838:, p. 349. 2828: 2801: 2799:, p. 146. 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2726: 2714: 2689: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2646: 2643: 2553: 2550: 2502: 2499: 2448: 2445: 2435: 2432: 2232: 2229: 2087: 2084: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 1969:departed from 1945: 1940:German raider 1938: 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1745:probably sank 1630:Port Macquarie 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1543: 1540: 1512:Iron Chieftain 1392:Sydney Harbour 1303: 1300: 1292:Wessel Islands 1162: 1159: 1019: 1016: 994: 991: 886:Straat Malakka 815: 812: 651:laid mines in 631:coast between 593:South Atlantic 562:Southern Ocean 524:south-west of 479: 476: 474: 471: 273: 270: 169: 168: 166: 165: 158: 153: 148: 140: 135: 128: 123: 118: 113: 101: 96: 90: 87: 86: 75: 74: 67: 60: 52: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5294: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5137:9780977506347 5133: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5061:0-9593614-0-5 5057: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4977:0-642-29625-1 4973: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4923:1-86448-267-2 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4866:0-642-29615-4 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4847:0-19-551506-4 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4789:0-252-06995-1 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4754:0-642-99375-0 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4732:0-9577351-0-3 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4710:1-85409-321-5 4706: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4691:0-09-182638-1 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4651:1-55750-019-3 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4561:0-522-84392-1 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4542:1-74114-233-4 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4523:0-340-58468-8 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4460:0-473-06833-8 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4398: 4392: 4376: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4115:, p. 33. 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3318:, p. 10. 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3212:, p. 16. 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2797:Stephens 2006 2793: 2786: 2785:Gillison 1962 2781: 2774: 2773:Gillison 1962 2769: 2762: 2757: 2751:, p. 42. 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2724:, p. 51. 2723: 2718: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2649: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2571:Merchant Navy 2563: 2558: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2440: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2349:Heinrich Timm 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2259:Monsun Gruppe 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2209:Lombok Strait 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:Japanese Army 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2010: 2008: 2007:Easter Island 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1924:coastwatchers 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1773:hospital ship 1770: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1490:but sank the 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1478:heavy cruiser 1475: 1471: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407:Hankyu Sasaki 1403: 1401: 1398:reconnoitred 1397: 1393: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:South Pacific 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:United States 1319: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Yokosuka E14Y 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1048:Torres Strait 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1015: 1013: 1009: 999: 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964: 958: 957: 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All of 793:Maunganui 758:phosphate 698:Cambridge 665:Victorian 637:Newcastle 506:Coral Sea 473:1939–1941 308:170° east 184:Australia 132:Dureenbee 126:Newcastle 4743:(1973). 4721:(2003). 4598:(1968). 4572:(1957). 4512:(1993). 4490:The Navy 4223:ABC News 2645:See also 2622:Kuttabul 2616:Kuttabul 2605:Kormoran 2589:Canberra 2539:Kormoran 2486:Kuttabul 2386:Tasmania 2342:, under 2307:Flounder 2251:Type IXD 2005:west of 1920:deck gun 1902:reached 1867:Surabaya 1817:SS 1497:Kuttabul 1318:Kuttabul 1296:Islander 1072:Katoomba 1056:Bathurst 956:Adelaide 934:Kormoran 925:Kormoran 913:Kormoran 901:Kormoran 897:Kormoran 882:Kormoran 869:Kormoran 833:Atlantis 807:Achilles 798:Auckland 720:Hertford 693:Storstad 689:Storstad 677:Adelaide 649:Storstad 617:Storstad 605:Storstad 542:Tasmania 538:Turakina 530:Turakina 377:aircraft 355:cruisers 316:80° east 288:corvette 283:Bathurst 195:warships 192:Japanese 110:Kormoran 5209:(102). 4946:Wartime 4829:1990609 4799:Wartime 2457:tonnage 2376:Ilissos 2369:Ilissos 2254:U-Boats 2193:Captain 2173:Behar's 2137:Chikuma 2097:Chikuma 2068:raiding 1828:Centaur 1824:Centaur 1810:Centaur 1802:Centaur 1786:Centaur 1777:Centaur 1761:Centaur 1733:LST-469 1726:Portmar 1488:Chicago 1483:Chicago 1237:Zuikaku 1231:Shōkaku 1137:flew a 1121:Siantar 1078:Lithgow 972:Batavia 848:from a 846:ratings 838:Pinguin 725:Pinguin 709:Pinguin 685:Pinguin 669:Pinguin 667:coast. 663:on the 641:Pinguin 625:Pinguin 621:Pinguin 601:Pinguin 588:Pinguin 482:German 363:convoys 324:Equator 318:in the 310:in the 238:shelled 145:Centaur 35:Centaur 5213: 5189: 5172: 5153: 5134: 5100: 5096:(30). 5077: 5058: 5034: 4999: 4974: 4952: 4920: 4901: 4863: 4844: 4827: 4805: 4786: 4751: 4729: 4707: 4688: 4648: 4631: 4612: 4586: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4500: 4457: 2612:Tatura 2601:Sydney 2562:Sydney 2533:Sydney 2494:thesis 2482:Sydney 2165:Ceylon 2080:Kupang 2074:. The 2036:Kupang 1999:Michel 1983:Michel 1967:Michel 1962:Michel 1942:Michel 1590:Penang 1552:Allara 1381:Wellen 1377:Soviet 1281:Period 1117:Parigi 1058:-class 1012:Darwin 984:Ramses 980:France 968:Ramses 961:HNLMS 950:Ramses 942:Sydney 921:Sydney 917:Sydney 905:Sydney 890:Sydney 878:Sydney 859:Sydney 790:, and 750:Rabaul 714:Nimbin 645:Hobart 633:Sydney 609:Borneo 526:Noumea 285:-class 218:Allied 205:Sydney 188:German 121:Sydney 116:Darwin 106:Sydney 5203:(PDF) 4968:(PDF) 4886:(PDF) 4879:(PDF) 4614:65475 4486:(PDF) 2673:Notes 2627:I-124 2620:HMAS 2608:' 2545:sonar 2531:HMAS 2453:U-862 2427:U-862 2420:U-862 2408:U-862 2404:U-862 2397:U-862 2381:U-862 2365:U-862 2361:' 2358:U-862 2340:U-862 2333:' 2330:U-196 2326:U-196 2322:U-168 2317:U-196 2312:U-537 2310:sank 2301:U-168 2299:sank 2277:U-537 2271:U-862 2265:U-168 2177:Behar 2161:Behar 2113:Palau 2056:Ambon 2003:India 1934:I-165 1930:I-165 1912:I-165 1900:I-165 1888:I-166 1881:from 1862:I-165 1843:I-180 1839:I-177 1813:' 1798:I-177 1769:I-177 1748:I-178 1742:I-174 1722:I-174 1709:I-180 1703:I-178 1697:I-177 1678:sloop 1656:' 1573:I-175 1567:I-174 1455:' 1448:' 1388:' 1334:Samoa 1316:HMAS 1225:Shōhō 1203:Sōryū 1197:Hiryū 1185:Akagi 1092:I-124 1083:I-124 1081:sank 1043:I-124 1037:I-123 1031:I-122 1025:I-121 987:' 970:left 928:' 893:' 828:Komet 824:Orion 820:Komet 754:Komet 737:Komet 732:Orion 566:Orion 554:mines 550:Orion 534:Orion 522:Notou 502:Orion 489:Orion 393:were 236:also 230:mines 162:U-862 104:HMAS 99:Nauru 41:I-177 5211:ISSN 5187:ISSN 5170:OCLC 5151:ISBN 5132:ISBN 5098:ISSN 5075:ISBN 5056:ISBN 5032:OCLC 4997:OCLC 4972:ISBN 4950:ISSN 4918:ISBN 4899:ISBN 4861:ISBN 4842:ISBN 4825:OCLC 4803:ISSN 4784:ISBN 4749:ISBN 4727:ISBN 4705:ISBN 4686:ISBN 4646:ISBN 4629:OCLC 4610:OCLC 4584:OCLC 4556:ISBN 4537:ISBN 4518:ISBN 4498:ISSN 4455:ISBN 4405:2022 4383:2022 4361:2022 4335:2022 4309:2022 4282:2022 4257:2022 4231:2022 4035:2022 3726:2022 3605:2012 3267:2022 3101:2022 2823:2008 2709:2022 2353:Kiel 2268:and 2220:and 2217:Kinu 2189:Tone 2181:Tone 2167:and 2157:Aden 2134:and 2131:Tone 2125:Aoba 2115:and 2109:Truk 1871:Java 1841:and 1780:off 1714:I-26 1706:and 1692:I-11 1683:Swan 1669:I-26 1666:and 1653:I-21 1648:I-21 1644:I-21 1642:and 1639:I-10 1619:U.S. 1617:The 1604:1943 1585:I-32 1570:and 1561:I-11 1532:I-21 1521:I-21 1517:I-24 1503:K IX 1452:I-29 1445:I-21 1441:I-29 1439:and 1437:I-21 1433:I-29 1431:and 1429:I-21 1424:I-27 1421:and 1418:I-24 1412:I-22 1400:Suva 1396:I-21 1385:I-29 1373:I-29 1352:I-29 1349:and 1346:I-21 1330:Fiji 1234:and 1200:and 1191:Kaga 1151:I-25 1135:I-25 1126:I-25 1119:and 1109:and 1075:and 1040:and 993:1942 959:and 915:and 822:and 734:and 687:and 675:off 659:and 635:and 556:off 405:and 381:The 357:and 338:and 249:Axis 247:The 197:and 190:and 143:AHS 5024:hdl 5016:doi 4669:doi 2584:BHP 2402:As 2151:to 2066:or 1688:I-6 1674:I-6 1663:I-6 1112:I-3 1106:I-2 1100:I-1 679:in 510:nmi 496:of 314:to 224:by 5228:: 5205:. 5113:. 5092:. 5030:. 5022:. 4991:. 4935:. 4778:. 4665:11 4663:. 4604:. 4578:. 4494:75 4492:. 4488:. 4472:. 4442:31 4440:. 4436:. 4325:. 4299:. 4273:. 4248:. 4221:. 4198:^ 4135:^ 4120:^ 4067:^ 4018:^ 3953:^ 3854:^ 3661:^ 3419:^ 3133:^ 3048:^ 3021:^ 2932:^ 2903:^ 2729:^ 2692:^ 2513:. 2378:, 2324:. 2223:Ōi 2191:, 2038:, 2009:. 1981:. 1700:, 1694:, 1564:, 1536:kn 1526:. 1415:, 1394:. 1340:. 1332:, 1275:. 1249:. 1228:, 1194:, 1188:, 1141:1 1103:, 1069:, 1034:, 1028:, 911:, 907:. 876:. 810:. 784:, 778:, 564:, 401:, 397:, 280:A 268:. 244:. 232:. 25:A 5217:. 5193:. 5176:. 5159:. 5140:. 5117:. 5104:. 5083:. 5064:. 5038:. 5026:: 5018:: 5003:. 4980:. 4956:. 4926:. 4907:. 4869:. 4850:. 4831:. 4809:. 4792:. 4757:. 4735:. 4713:. 4694:. 4675:. 4671:: 4654:. 4635:. 4616:. 4590:. 4564:. 4545:. 4526:. 4504:. 4463:. 4407:. 4385:. 4363:. 4337:. 4311:. 4284:. 4259:. 4233:. 4079:. 4037:. 3728:. 3671:. 3607:. 3269:. 3103:. 2944:. 2927:. 2825:. 2739:. 2711:. 2239:— 108:– 71:e 64:t 57:v

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Axis naval activity in Australian waters

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