747:
report for military duty, to be examined for medical fitness, and then go into training camp. Exemption courts could grant a leave to individuals based on specified criteria such as ill-fitness, employment in certain industries, or conscientious objection. The
Governor-General approved the declaration, and the call-up was announced, with all eligible men compelled to report. One significant aspect of this measure was the compulsory fingerprinting of all those called up for enlistment. The reason was valid enough – there were problems with exemption certificates being fraudulently produced, or valid certificates being sold or reused by other individuals and fingerprinting was thought to be a solution to this problem. However, there was significant public backlash from this "October Surprise". The use of fingerprinting was almost solely associated with criminal activity and investigation, and was unnecessarily heavy-handed. Many resented this pre-emptive measure by Hughes, viewing it as an arrogant assumption about the result of the forthcoming vote.
779:. However, Hughes tabled a proposal to authorise returning officers on polling day to ask voters who were men between ages 21 and 35 whether they had evaded the call-up and if they were in fact authorised to vote. If their answer was not satisfactory, their votes would be put aside for future consideration as to whether they should be counted. The proclamation of this new regulation was to be delayed until the very last possible moment before the poll. Hughes seems to have been completely unaware of how high-handed such an edict appeared to his fellow Cabinet members, and to the public in general. The Executive Council rejected the proposal on that occasion. On 27 October, Hughes reconvened the Council, with the Governor-General present, as well as Jensen and Webster, but not the three previous attendees. This time the Council approved the motion, although the Governor-General was not told about the rejection of the same proposal two days earlier. The edict was published in the
1150:
been called up and whom had reported would be free to return home upon a month of training; men who had been sentenced by the exemption courts had their sentences annulled. In their analysis of the failure of the poll, Hughes and Pearce calculated that, assuming a consistent bloc of support from the
Commonwealth Liberal Party, about half of the Labor movement had stuck with Hughes at the polls, and half had defected to defeat the referendum, in concert with other narrower demographic groups such as farmers, pacifists and the Irish. Through the operations of his colleagues during the two-week interlude between the failure of the vote and the break-up of the party, Hughes was aware that the Labor Party was conspiring to rid themselves of him at the first opportune moment, presumably after the settlement of the coalminers' industrial dispute.
330:
months at sustaining a steady flow of new troops to the front. Hughes had left for Great
Britain (where conscription had just been introduced) in January 1916 to take part in the planning of the Allied war effort. Whilst abroad he went on extended tours on the front lines, and formed a strong personal bond with the soldiers that he visited, particularly those recovering in English and French hospitals. It became unthinkable to him that Australia should let these men down, and the strategic situation convinced him that conscription would be necessary to maintain Australia's war effort. Upon his return to Australia, he found that the domestic situation had shifted significantly, and the state of recruitment was dire. Hughes received word from Deputy Prime Minister
230:
422:
overseas conscription would be passed in the House, with the
Opposition making up the deficit from Labor defectors, but not in the Senate. Conscription was thus deemed impossible to enact, given the political landscape in late 1916. However, a majority did exist in both houses to hold a public vote on the question. No such vote was strictly necessary, as the Commonwealth government already possessed the powers to enact conscription without amending the Constitution. The poll would thus actually be to gain symbolic, rather than legal, approval for the introduction of conscription.
494:. "For an hour, he addressed members, trying by every one of his many oratorical, logical and political tricks to convert all, or at least some, of the Executive members to support his referendum campaign". Arguing on points of morale and maintaining Australian honour, Hughes concluded that he "was going to fight for a "Yes" vote as though he were fighting for his very life". Holloway and his supporters were unconvinced, and were not moved by the speech. Hughes would have a similar lack of success at other state Labor organisations. Days later he spoke before the
2200:
636:"The clause provides that this measure may be cited as 'Military Service Referendum act', and I am of the opinion that its objects and purpose should be stated in more explicit language in that title. I therefore move that the words 'Military Service' be left out, with a view to insert in lieu thereof the words 'Coloured Labour'....one of the advantages to be anticipated from the carrying of the proposed referendum is the advance of our industries by the sending out of the country 200,000 to 300,000 of our men, and replacing them by coloured labourers."
38:
410:
575:
1130:
related to the actions of Hughes and his mistakes in the exercise of government power. The heavy-handed tactics, the arrogance displayed, and eventually the dirty fighting, created more detractors than supporters; these faults, and additionally Hughes' inability to appeal, either directly or indirectly, to many ordinary voters, were major problems that hampered the 'yes' campaign. The call-up, and the collapse of cabinet, were the two events that dealt the prospects for 'yes' a death blow in the final weeks of the campaign.
1123:
210:
109:
1134:
months). However, it soon returned to its lowest numbers. The fallout from the failure to secure conscription at the ballot box was significant. Despite the numerous political post-mortems and attempts at reconciliation, it was now clear to most people that Hughes could no longer command the respect or service of his Labor Party colleagues. The government was revealed to be a shell, consisting of Hughes, Pearce and just two other ministers.
598:
This had been an issue within the Labor Party for some time – in
Australia in 1916, the wealth census revealed that 80% of the assets and wealth tabulated in the nation were held by just 15% of the population. The issue never got off the ground in a coherent way, and many counter-argued that taxation was exactly a form of wealth conscription, and that fixed assets could hardly be mobilised with sufficient liquidity to help the war effort.
125:
718:
566:, opposed the bill at every stage on the grounds that it was a question of conscience on which no majority, no matter how large, had a right to impose its will on the minority. Hughes stared down his enemies within the party and committed himself fully to the campaign: "For myself, I say that I am going into this referendum campaign as if it were the only thing for which I lived."
714:, and (after Tudor's resignation), Minister for Customs. Hughes' efforts made him the focal point and central figure of the entire campaign. "The campaign for conscription was almost becoming a battle over Mr. Hughes and his statements." Indeed, the outcome of the referendum depended a great deal on his own personal actions, particularly in the last four weeks of the campaign.
674:
No-Conscription
Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity". An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people.
1119:
governments on its side. Supporters of the referendum were circumspect in their analysis of the result, noting that only a few percentage points and fewer than 75,000 voters had separated the results. The support for the vote in
Victoria was surprising to many, given that it had often been the locus of anti-conscription rhetoric.
546:, Cook had opposed almost no government measures throughout 1916, and Hughes and his faction were becoming increasingly distant from the bulk of the ALP and aligning much more with the conservative opposition. When the second reading of the Military Service Referendum bill was moved, it carried 46 to 10 in the
1118:
The defeat of the proposal came as a great surprise to most commentators; few had predicted that it would fail. The Labor movement, and the 'anti' cause in general, had fought under many disadvantages, and the 'yes' campaign had most of the media, many major public institutions, and many of the state
755:
becoming the general organiser and director of the Anti-Conscription campaign. Catts took a much more moderate position than many others in the "anti" campaign, and was a significant boost to its credibility. He favoured conscription for home defence, which was an acceptable compromise for those with
746:
Anticipating that the referendum would pass, and desiring that as many men as possible be readied for service following its passage, Hughes issued a directive that severely undermined his popularity. Using pre-existing powers under the
Defence Act, Hughes ordered all eligible men between 21 and 35 to
734:
he had represented since 1894. Hughes purportedly brushed those moves aside, but it is clear that his campaign left him personally isolated from those with whom he been involved during his earlier career. He missed no opportunity to speak to working-class or disaffected groups, but was largely denied
459:. At least one close associate felt that the prospect of a referendum on the issue also appealed to Hughes‘ self-perception of his popular status. "Hughes revelled in his own success as a charismatic leader, and it appealed strongly to his romantic nature to be able to talk directly with the people".
274:
for males aged 12 to 26 had been implemented in 1911. The use of conscripted troops to fight outside
Australia was contentious, although the Australian government had sufficient powers to do so. Due to the controversial nature of the measure, and a lack of clear parliamentary support, Hughes took the
795:
having quit. The publicity about Hughes' peremptory move and its consequences was a disaster, coming on the eve of the poll, and the veneer of a unified and strong government under Hughes was destroyed. Hughes, distraught and overwrought, called the
Governor-General at midnight, saying he had no one
640:
Much of the propaganda against conscription sought to play upon the fears of several sections of the community – women would lose their sons and spouses, farmers' fields would fall fallow without sufficient labour, and workers would be replaced by cheap foreign labour in their absence. However, just
478:
was winning the war just about everywhere. Furthermore, if the government could not take the steps necessary to win the war, then the public would elect an opposition who could. He claimed, amongst other things, that 80% of the population wanted conscription, and that the opposition that had emerged
661:
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia; large meetings were held, both for and against. The women's vote was seen as important; there were large women's meetings, and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters. The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes
377:
in service. Such a request from the British Government was unheard of – something which Hughes made considerable beef of during the eventual campaign. The origin of the cable is subject to continuing questions; however, it appears that its timing and nature were not entirely coincidental. The cable
1149:
Hughes accepted the decision of the voters, despite calls from some newspapers and supporters to push ahead with the introduction of conscription regardless of the result. On 23 November 1916 it was announced that the government would revoke the September conscription proclamation. The men who had
730:(which Hughes had founded) expelled him on 27 September, and the Trolley, Draymen and Carters’ Union (which he had also founded) followed suit six days later. Finally, on 26 October, Labor's West Sydney electoral council voted for his expulsion as well, ending his endorsement to stand for Labor in
620:
put this popular Labor Party platform thus: "Society may say to the individual: 'you must love this; you must hate that'. But unless the individual feels love or hatred springing from his own convictions and his own feelings, society commands him in vain. He cannot love to order. He cannot hate to
537:
addressed parliament in support of conscription: "There are some that do not believe in the compulsion of men, who say that Australia has done enough ... I hope there are few men in the parliament who believe that ... We are proud of what the Empire has done, and our contribution must be adequate,
1137:
Immediately following the poll, another event – which would be the last straw for the Labor Party – emerged. A general strike amongst the coalminers had been brewing throughout October, and by November it had boiled over. Within weeks the Labor Party split, Hughes and his followers walking out to
605:
being perhaps the best known, fully agreed about the danger threatening Australia if the war was lost, and with the consequent necessity of carrying on the war with the utmost power that could be developed. However, they believed that the best effort that could be mustered would be as a result of
597:
published an analysis of the situation on 13 April and came to the conclusion that "if a vote were taken of the rank and file of the entire movement, there would be an undoubted demand for conscription". Some Labor supporters did so only on the proviso of an accompanying 'conscription of wealth'.
329:
However, despite some calls from leading politicians, the issue was divisive within Hughes' Labor Party, and he hoped conscription could be avoided through sufficient volunteerism. A mass campaign to mobilise new recruits was started in November 1915, and proved to be successful over the next six
1129:
There were many reasons why the poll was unsuccessful. World War I itself was seen as a "right versus might" conflict, and conscription seemed to fly in the face of that. Most, though, consider the deciding factor between the initial enthusiasm for the 'yes' vote and the eventual 'no' vote to be
725:
Everywhere Hughes went, his meetings were well attended and his speeches enthusiastically received. However, as commentators later noted, the crowds were overwhelmingly middle-class and conservative in their make-up. The numerous anti-conscription meetings went largely unreported, and Hughes had
750:
Several contemporary observers felt that this action was the turning point in the campaign. Until that point, all indications seemed to favour a victory for the "Yes" vote, but thereafter, the momentum swung steadily towards "No". Huge meetings were taking place all over Australia. Although the
1133:
Hughes' gamble had not paid off, and he was forced to dramatically reappraise the position of Australia in the war. Recruitment was temporarily helped by the small surge caused by the general call-up just before the vote (enough at least to maintain the lower estimates of troop needs for a few
590:
announced in mid-1916 that "he needs of war can no longer be met by voluntary service ... this association pledges itself to support the Government to utilise the services of every citizen." Yet the branches of the ANA were split in response to the executive's announcement, with some branches
482:
Over the next three days, constant debate and fighting saw a gradual watering-down of Hughes' proposal, with conscription only to be implemented to make up the deficit in voluntary recruitment, with the general call-up being postponed until October, and should the numbers needed be reached by
421:
was obvious by mid-1916. Although Hughes was eager for conscription to be enacted immediately after returning from England, he bided his time in July and August to politically organise before putting the motion before Parliament. It became clear that support for a bill to introduce compulsory
673:
Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's
786:
The fallout was swift. Gardiner, Higgs and Russell resigned from Cabinet and issued a press statement giving their views on the situation, which cleared the usually pro-government censors because Higgs temporarily held the Defence portfolio, due to George Pearce's absence in
726:
little opportunity to address the Labor and working class audiences which he had traditionally identified with. Hughes was essentially isolated from the movement with which he had built his career. He was expelled from the NSW Political Labor League in mid-September. The
805:
Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the
77:
Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the
446:
if the parliament could not pass it. However, Hughes quickly realised that the issue could destroy the party, especially if taken to a general election, and that there were few options except to take the question directly to the people. This route was advised by
483:
volunteerism by October, the proposal would be scrapped. The possible exemptions were also expanded as part of the ability to compromise and bring more people into the supporting side. With these modifications, a bare pass in Caucus was achieved on 28 August.
321:
was eager to maintain, if not intensify, this effort. He was fervently jingoistic in his rhetoric and actions, desiring that Australia prove itself in the conflict through bravery and sacrifice. He had long supported compulsory military service even before
313:(AIF) had fallen to the lowest level yet. High casualty rates, a longer-than-expected conflict, and a fall in enthusiasm for the war combined to create a potential policy problem for the government in sustaining the war effort. Upon assuming office as
479:
would be carried for the proposal by the end of the campaign. He ended his argument with the statement: "Don't leave the boys in the trenches. Don't see them butchered. Don't leave them below their strength or you cover Australia with shame".
751:
political leadership had largely decided in favour of conscription, the rank and file were showing themselves to be acting independently of their leadership. These forces consolidated more solidly in the first week of October, with
606:
voluntary efforts only, and the effort to introduce conscription to a nation that did not feel directly threatened would only cause infighting and actually hamper the war effort. The other group of opponents, led by default by
614:, argued that whilst it may be justifiable to compel men to do many things, compelling them to take life and risk their own came in a different category. Under no circumstances was it just to force a man to kill another man.
735:
access to them, although he very frequently spoke to assemblages of women. A strategy he used to help convince the working classes was to secure the support of foreign labor-aligned political officials, largely from the
796:
else to talk to, and the two men conversed in the wee-hours of the morning, with Lord Novar offering sympathy and support to his old colleague, but ultimately both understood that the cause was probably lost.
502:. No records are kept of those meetings; however, motions were passed at their conclusion reaffirming opposition to conscription. Some prominent Labor politicians, though, including New South Wales Premier
437:
government in England and was influential behind the scenes in pushing for conscription to aid the Empire's war effort. Realising the impasse, Munro Ferguson promised Hughes upon his return that he would
1928:
1653:
1507:
1426:
401:. Because it was not an amendment to the Constitution, (1) it had no legal force, (2) it did not require approval in a majority of states, and (3) residents of federal territories were able to vote.
2572:
621:
order. These passions must find their source within his soul ... the man who is forced to fight is a vilely outraged as the woman who is forced to fondle." Similar sentiments were echoed by the
295:
was held late that year, about the same issue. The government had softened the conscription conditions and simplified the wording of the conscription proposal, but it was also rejected.
645:, the newspapers, and many jurists. Upon the announcement of the campaign and the vote, most media outlets quickly took up the cause, brandishing stirring rhetoric and powerful images.
373:
cabled the Australian government notifying it of the heavy losses in France and warning that as many as 69,500 reinforcements would be needed within the next three months to keep the
586:
The debate over whether to introduce conscription had risen in profile with the public, and many sectors of the population were heavily divided on the issue. The highly influential
591:
declaring against conscription (such as Coburn) and others rallying to support (Collingwood). Coming into the conscription debate, organised labour's opposition was not unanimous.
641:
about every influential public man in Australia otherwise supported the conscription campaign. All non-Catholic church heads published in support of the movement, as well as the
554:. In neither house did any member of the opposition vote against the bill — the opposing vote came entirely from Labor detractors. Upon the second moving of the Referendum Bill,
369:, requested that Australia send 20,000 men at once and an additional 15,000 over three months to rebuild the Australian divisions to full strength. In late August, the British
526:
did not take a position, and supported the principle of the referendum for the people to decide. Hughes had been unsuccessful in taking the bulk of his party along with him.
2166:
394:. The figures were seen by some as a gross exaggeration – estimates by others, including those commanding the Australian divisions at the front, were much lower.
1920:
1643:
1497:
1416:
279:
1916. The referendum sparked a divisive debate that split the nation and resulted in a close but clear rejection of the measure. It directly resulted in the
2504:
2587:
2188:
2196:
763:, Hughes decided to issue another decree. The meeting was poorly attended, with mostly anti-conscription members of the cabinet present –
2632:
2582:
2522:
17:
1305:
791:, so Hughes was unable to prevent its publication. The government was threatened with collapse, with four of the nine members of the
430:
1866:
1240:
2673:
1335:
1094:
Including 133,813 votes by members of the Australian Imperial Force, of which 72,399 were for, 58,894 against, and 2,520 informal.
397:
All of the historical documentation refers to the ballot as a "referendum", even though it did not involve a proposal to amend the
2547:
2488:
1159:
292:
1191:
2562:
764:
628:
Trade unionists feared that the bill would open the door for foreign labour to immigrate and take jobs from the fighting men.
2627:
760:
358:
304:
271:
2653:
2218:
543:
383:
280:
2622:
547:
370:
215:
2668:
2181:
1924:
587:
2683:
2678:
2663:
2094:
1461:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
499:
288:
2693:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2326:
1164:
579:
310:
275:
issue to a public vote to obtain symbolic, rather than legal, sanction for the move. It was conducted under the
2139:
2070:
2053:
2027:
1309:
1143:
2064:
2174:
2003:
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 Vol. III, The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1916
518:, New South Wales, and Victoria declared themselves against the proposal in state caucuses. South Australia,
463:
426:
284:
666:, where he outlined the Government's proposals. This was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the
2688:
326:, and his affection and camaraderie with troops would eventually earn him the moniker "The Little Digger".
1334:
People in the territories were not able to vote at a referendum to alter the Constitution until after the
1493:
727:
314:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2086:
776:
707:
559:
530:
342:
653:
produced some of the most powerful images of the war with their posters in support of the 'yes' vote.
2658:
622:
398:
257:
334:
that troop replacements would be insufficient by December 1916 even at the most generous estimates.
2514:
2209:
772:
740:
374:
249:
2159:
2007:
1862:
1236:
731:
448:
323:
229:
2205:
1412:
650:
418:
346:
1716:. Victoria, Australia. 21 September 1916. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1696:. Victoria, Australia. 22 September 1916. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
1676:. Victoria, Australia. 19 September 1916. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
1453:
682:
Hughes' campaign over the next months involved traveling great distances. From the opening in
1608:
1540:
792:
616:
471:
467:
1776:. Victoria, Australia. 23 October 1916. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1756:. Victoria, Australia. 23 October 1916. p. 9 – via National Library of Australia.
1736:. Victoria, Australia. 16 October 1916. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1441:
338:
2045:
1796:. Victoria, Australia. 5 October 1916. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
1688:"Conscription. The campaign meeting in Victoria. A huge meeting. Great speech by Mr Hughes"
1139:
736:
625:, which opposed the bill because it would prevent the expression of freedom of conscience.
487:
1564:. Victoria, Australia. 13 April 1916. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
1544:. Victoria, Australia. 23 March 1916. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
1313:
1122:
8:
2108:
2037:
1856:
1230:
667:
350:
2155:
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: Vol. XI, Australia During the War
601:
Opponents to the bill stood largely behind two different principles. Some of them, with
1639:
1599:
1142:
that would eventually merge with the opposition Commonwealth Liberal Party to form the
780:
443:
434:
341:
intensified demands for conscription. The AIF lost almost 28,000 men in actions on the
248:
soldiers could be deployed, was held on 28 October 1916. It was the first non-binding
2135:
2090:
2049:
2023:
1457:
1442:
1183:
788:
558:
resigned from Hughes' cabinet. A group of 15 representatives and 12 senators, led by
551:
519:
283:, the expulsion of Hughes and his supporters from the ALP, and the creation of a new
574:
1858:
Letters from George Pearce to William Morris Hughes, July 14th & July 18th 1916
1612:. New South Wales, Australia. p. 19 – via National Library of Australia.
1449:
711:
710:
on 25 October, and Sydney again on 26 October. Throughout the campaign, he was PM,
663:
511:
409:
354:
2001:
353:. Only 7,000 Australians were available in Great Britain to replace them. General
2153:
768:
507:
495:
456:
366:
253:
2015:
646:
642:
563:
503:
474:
was on the verge of collapse, Imperial forces were stretched to the limit, and
362:
234:
1787:
1767:
1747:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1667:
1603:
1555:
539:
209:
2647:
2104:
602:
491:
475:
470:. He pulled out all the stops in the advocacy of his proposal, claiming that
452:
391:
331:
1535:
2149:
2078:
1997:
1652:. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 8741–8742.
1635:
1506:. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 8421–8427.
1489:
1425:. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 8485–8490.
632:
proclaimed on the floor of parliament during the introduction of the bill:
629:
439:
318:
261:
1408:
752:
607:
555:
534:
379:
265:
611:
515:
490:
Political Executive of the Labor Party, chaired by Executive President
386:, keen to assist in the conscription campaign, working in concert with
378:
was initially spurred by Hughes' own Australian representative in the
2199:
717:
687:
387:
245:
1708:"Anti-conscription. Demonstration in Melbourne. Attack on Mr Hughes"
721:
Artist Norman Lindsay produced a number of posters for the campaign.
695:
691:
523:
260:
question), and contained one proposition, which was Prime Minister
1232:
Letter from George Pearce to William Morris Hughes, June 31st 1916
2042:
The Little Digger: A Political Biography of William Morris Hughes
1792:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1712:
1692:
1672:
1648:
1560:
1502:
1421:
593:
264:' proposal to allow conscripted troops to serve overseas during
1960:
1812:
703:
699:
683:
1890:
1888:
1389:
1274:
1146:
and maintain Hughes as prime minister for another six years.
1668:"Conscription. The referendum campaign. Mr Hughes in Sydney"
1921:"Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Plebiscite results"
1900:
1885:
1836:
1522:
Report of Proceedings of the Australian Natives Association
1365:
1341:
498:
Labor executive and then a special meeting convened of the
1983:. Melbourne: Victorian Historical Association. p. 13.
1948:
1306:"Conscription referendums, 1916 and 1917 – Fact sheet 161"
1210:
1680:
1262:
1252:
1250:
514:, backed Hughes and rejected the party line. Ultimately,
433:, was a stern imperialist who openly associated with the
1824:
578:
A poster for the anti-conscription "No" campaign by the
1740:
1873:
1800:
1780:
1247:
1198:
542:
now would be a national sin, a national calamity." As
1377:
1353:
1936:
1580:
1568:
1470:
686:, he traversed the country, reaching major stops in
2110:
The Australian Victory over Conscription in 1916–17
1788:"The anti-conscriptionists. Five unions cease work"
1286:
223:
Note: Saturation of colour denotes strength of vote
1981:The Conscription Plebiscites in Australia, 1916–17
1616:
2645:
1190:. Commonwealth of Australia. 28 September 1916.
2020:The Great Professional: A Study of W. M. Hughes
1482:
2132:Conscription: The Australian Debate, 1901–1970
702:on 12 October, Melbourne again on 15 October,
538:and in every way worthy of that effort ... To
2182:
1556:"Labor and conscription. Majority in support"
1103:Obtained an overall minority of 72 476 votes.
2062:
2036:
1966:
1906:
1894:
1842:
1818:
1634:
1488:
1395:
1371:
1347:
1280:
1268:
1216:
1439:
1407:
2189:
2175:
1768:"Anti-conscription Women's demonstration"
756:concerns about Australia's own security.
431:Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar
2103:
1912:
1440:Kemp, Rod & Stanton, Marion (2004).
1383:
1121:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
716:
573:
500:New South Wales Trades and Labor Council
408:
228:
2120:
1954:
1918:Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014)
1879:
1806:
1160:1917 Australian conscription referendum
743:. Several were forthcoming in October.
309:In mid-1916, enlistment levels for the
291:resulted in the re-election of Hughes,
30:1916 Australian conscription referendum
14:
2646:
2123:The Story of Conscription in Australia
2116:. Anti-Conscription Jubilee Committee.
2063:Forward, Roy & Reece, Bob (1968).
2014:
1865:, Canberra: George Pearce Collection.
1359:
1239:, Canberra: George Pearce Collection.
2170:
2148:
1978:
1942:
1869:from the original on 16 January 2017.
1830:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1510:from the original on 2 December 2015.
1476:
1292:
1243:from the original on 16 January 2017.
1194:from the original on 16 January 2017.
413:Poster encouraging enlistments, 1915.
359:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
305:World War I conscription in Australia
2134:. Stanmore, NSW: Cassell Australia.
2129:
2077:
1996:
1622:
1256:
1204:
281:Australian Labor Party split of 1916
1931:from the original on 15 April 2018.
1656:from the original on 15 April 2018.
1429:from the original on 15 April 2018.
759:On 25 October, at a meeting of the
371:Secretary of State for the Colonies
24:
1925:Parliamentary Library of Australia
1854:
1524:. Warragul: ANA. 1916. p. 23.
1228:
662:at a huge overflow meeting at the
656:
417:That conscription could split the
25:
2705:
1644:"Military Service Referendum Act"
2198:
2085:(3rd ed.). Port Melbourne:
569:
462:Hughes put the full proposal to
208:
123:
107:
36:
2674:1916 in international relations
2083:A Military History of Australia
1990:
1972:
1848:
1760:
1720:
1700:
1660:
1649:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1628:
1592:
1548:
1528:
1514:
1503:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1433:
1422:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1401:
1328:
1186:Military Service Referendum Act
694:on 25 October, Sydney and then
588:Australian Natives' Association
580:Industrial Workers of the World
277:Military Service Referendum Act
2071:University of Queensland Press
1310:National Archives of Australia
1298:
1222:
1176:
761:Commonwealth Executive Council
442:for conscription, and grant a
13:
1:
1170:
529:In September, Opposition and
298:
256:because it did not involve a
1536:"Conscription. ANA Approval"
1113:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1004:
1001:
998:
990:
987:
984:
976:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
948:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
920:
917:
914:
906:
903:
900:
892:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
862:
857:
852:
847:
345:, most notably at Pozières,
7:
2654:1916 elections in Australia
1728:"Large crowd at Yarra-bank"
1153:
677:
404:
18:Australian plebiscite, 1916
10:
2710:
2087:Cambridge University Press
799:
775:(Navy), and the Treasurer
531:Commonwealth Liberal Party
302:
242:1916 Australian referendum
233:The New Southern Cross by
2669:Conscription in Australia
2513:
2498:Constitutional Convention
2497:
2217:
2066:Conscription in Australia
1165:Conscription in Australia
1101:
1093:
815:
623:Australian Freedom League
399:Constitution of Australia
311:Australian Imperial Force
287:led by Hughes. After the
222:
207:
198:
183:Registered voters/turnout
101:
98:
89:
84:
74:
50:
34:
2684:Conscription referendums
2679:Australia in World War I
2664:Plebiscites in Australia
2121:Jauncey, Leslie (1968).
1498:"Ministerial War Policy"
1417:"Ministerial War Policy"
1269:Forward & Reece 1968
357:, then Commander of the
252:(often referred to as a
2160:Australian War Memorial
2125:. Melbourne: Macmillan.
2008:Australian War Memorial
1863:Australian War Memorial
1237:Australian War Memorial
154:Invalid or blank votes
2694:1916 in Australian law
1444:Speaking for Australia
1126:
767:(Assistant Minister),
741:French Socialist Party
722:
638:
583:
414:
324:Australia's Federation
272:Mandatory conscription
237:
2046:Angus & Robertson
1642:(20 September 1916).
1609:The Australian Worker
1415:(13 September 1916).
1413:Member for Parramatta
1125:
793:First Hughes Ministry
720:
634:
617:The Australian Worker
577:
412:
303:Further information:
250:Australian referendum
232:
1979:Smith, F.B. (1965).
1748:"Sunday's gathering"
1604:"The vital argument"
1602:(7 September 1916).
1496:(1 September 1916).
1140:National Labor Party
1038:Federal Territories
737:British Labour Party
486:Hughes met with the
382:, Brigadier General
365:, Brigadier General
2689:October 1916 events
2130:Main, J.M. (1970).
1969:, pp. 216–217.
1957:, pp. 220–229.
1833:, pp. 350–352.
1821:, pp. 197–198.
1283:, pp. 183–184.
1207:, pp. 111–112.
812:
668:Melbourne Town Hall
550:and 19 to 9 in the
380:British War Cabinet
293:a second referendum
31:
2038:Fitzhardinge, L.F.
1398:, pp. 189–90.
1259:, p. 862-867.
1127:
982:Western Australia
810:
781:Government Gazette
728:Sydney Wharf Union
723:
584:
444:double dissolution
435:David Lloyd George
415:
339:Battle of Pozières
337:In late July, the
238:
29:
2641:
2640:
2219:Federal elections
1967:Fitzhardinge 1979
1907:Fitzhardinge 1979
1895:Fitzhardinge 1979
1843:Fitzhardinge 1979
1819:Fitzhardinge 1979
1640:Member for Bourke
1450:Allen & Unwin
1396:Fitzhardinge 1979
1372:Fitzhardinge 1979
1348:Fitzhardinge 1979
1281:Fitzhardinge 1979
1217:Fitzhardinge 1979
1111:
1110:
789:Western Australia
690:on 21 September,
670:on 21 September.
544:opposition leader
520:Western Australia
317:in October 1915,
285:Nationalist Party
244:, concerning how
227:
226:
194:
193:
65:
64:
16:(Redirected from
2701:
2659:1916 referendums
2203:
2202:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2145:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2074:
2059:
2033:
2011:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1855:Pearce, George.
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1312:. Archived from
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1229:Pearce, George.
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1180:
954:South Australia
870:New South Wales
813:
809:
712:Attorney-General
664:Sydney Town Hall
512:Crawford Vaughan
508:South Australian
427:Governor-General
375:AIF 3rd Division
355:William Birdwood
212:
203:
202:
184:
127:
126:
111:
110:
91:
90:
70:
69:
52:
51:
46:
45:
41:
40:
39:
32:
28:
21:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2509:
2493:
2213:
2197:
2195:
2142:
2113:
2097:
2056:
2030:
2022:. McGraw-Hill.
2016:Booker, Malcolm
1993:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1438:
1434:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1336:1977 referendum
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1156:
1116:
811:Results
802:
769:Albert Gardiner
706:on 23 October,
680:
659:
657:Public meetings
572:
496:New South Wales
457:Samuel Griffith
407:
384:Robert Anderson
367:Brudenell White
307:
301:
218:
201:
200:
199:
182:
124:
108:
96:
80:
68:
67:
66:
58:28 October 1916
44:
43:
42:
37:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2140:
2127:
2118:
2105:Holloway, E.J.
2101:
2095:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2012:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1945:, p. 355.
1935:
1911:
1909:, p. 212.
1899:
1897:, p. 211.
1884:
1882:, p. 196.
1872:
1847:
1845:, p. 201.
1835:
1823:
1811:
1809:, p. 191.
1799:
1779:
1759:
1739:
1719:
1699:
1679:
1659:
1627:
1615:
1591:
1589:, p. 343.
1579:
1577:, p. 336.
1567:
1547:
1527:
1513:
1494:Prime Minister
1481:
1479:, p. 341.
1469:
1462:
1448:. Crows Nest:
1432:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1374:, p. 186.
1364:
1362:, p. 195.
1352:
1350:, p. 179.
1340:
1327:
1316:on 5 July 2016
1297:
1295:, p. 360.
1285:
1273:
1261:
1246:
1221:
1219:, p. 173.
1209:
1197:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
827:Ballots issued
824:
822:Electoral roll
819:
801:
798:
783:that evening.
765:Edward Russell
732:the electorate
698:on 1 October,
679:
676:
658:
655:
647:Norman Lindsay
643:Salvation Army
571:
568:
564:Myles Ferricks
504:William Holman
492:E. J. Holloway
406:
403:
363:chief of staff
315:Prime Minister
300:
297:
258:constitutional
235:Claude Marquet
225:
224:
220:
219:
213:
205:
204:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
179:
178:
173:
168:
162:
161:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
120:
119:
116:
113:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
87:
86:
82:
81:
75:
72:
71:
63:
62:
60:
55:
48:
47:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2706:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:Scott, Ernest
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:9780521697910
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Grey, Jeffrey
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1625:, p. 67.
1624:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1463:9781741144307
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1384:Holloway 1966
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1271:, p. 33.
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1065:
1064:
1052:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1008:
996:
993:
981:
980:
974:
971:
953:
952:
946:
943:
925:
924:
912:
909:
897:
896:
890:
887:
869:
868:
865:
860:
855:
850:
846:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
814:
808:
807:
806:Commonwealth?
797:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
777:William Higgs
774:
771:(Treasurer),
770:
766:
762:
757:
754:
748:
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
719:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
675:
671:
669:
665:
654:
652:
648:
644:
637:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
613:
609:
604:
603:Andrew Fisher
599:
596:
595:
589:
581:
576:
570:Public debate
567:
565:
561:
560:Frank Brennan
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
453:Edmund Barton
450:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
423:
420:
411:
402:
400:
395:
393:
392:Keith Murdoch
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
332:George Pearce
327:
325:
320:
316:
312:
306:
296:
294:
290:
289:1917 election
286:
282:
278:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
236:
231:
221:
217:
211:
206:
197:
189:
186:
181:
180:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
122:
121:
117:
114:
106:
105:
93:
92:
88:
83:
79:
78:Commonwealth?
73:
61:
59:
56:
54:
53:
49:
33:
27:
19:
2542:
2489:by-elections
2482:
2212:in Australia
2158:– via
2154:
2131:
2122:
2109:
2082:
2069:. Brisbane:
2065:
2041:
2019:
2006:– via
2002:
1998:Bean, C.E.W.
1991:Bibliography
1980:
1974:
1962:
1955:Jauncey 1968
1950:
1938:
1914:
1902:
1880:Jauncey 1968
1875:
1857:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1807:Jauncey 1968
1802:
1791:
1782:
1771:
1762:
1751:
1742:
1731:
1722:
1711:
1702:
1691:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1647:
1636:Frank Anstey
1630:
1618:
1607:
1600:Boote, Henry
1594:
1582:
1570:
1559:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1501:
1490:Billy Hughes
1484:
1472:
1443:
1435:
1420:
1403:
1391:
1386:, p. 5.
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1231:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1185:
1178:
1148:
1144:Nationalists
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1084:
1050:
1022:
994:
972:
944:
910:
888:
863:
858:
853:
848:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
804:
803:
785:
758:
749:
745:
724:
681:
672:
660:
639:
635:
630:Frank Anstey
627:
615:
600:
592:
585:
528:
485:
481:
461:
424:
416:
396:
347:Mouquet Farm
336:
328:
319:Billy Hughes
308:
276:
270:
262:Billy Hughes
241:
239:
175:
170:
165:
143:Valid votes
136:
131:
76:
57:
26:
2515:Referendums
2210:referendums
2162:, Canberra.
2010:, Canberra.
1452:. pp.
1409:Joseph Cook
1360:Booker 1980
1320:12 December
1138:form a new
1106:Not carried
926:Queensland
773:Jens Jensen
608:Frank Tudor
556:Frank Tudor
535:Joseph Cook
440:sign a bill
419:Labor Party
266:World War I
246:conscripted
214:Results by
166:Total votes
2648:Categories
2141:0726954578
2055:0207132453
2044:. Sydney:
2029:0070729360
1943:Scott 1941
1831:Scott 1941
1587:Scott 1941
1575:Scott 1941
1477:Scott 1941
1293:Scott 1941
1171:References
1081:1,160,033
1075:1,087,557
1072:2,308,603
1069:2,789,830
873:1,055,986
753:J.H. Catts
612:T. J. Ryan
516:Queensland
449:High Court
299:Background
254:plebiscite
187:2,789,830
146:2,247,590
115:1,087,557
2206:elections
1623:Main 1970
1541:The Argus
1257:Bean 1941
1205:Grey 2008
1114:Aftermath
1010:Tasmania
898:Victoria
708:Newcastle
688:Melbourne
651:David Low
488:Victorian
451:Justices
388:Bonar Law
351:Fromelles
171:2,308,603
132:1,160,033
2204:Federal
2152:(1941).
2107:(1966).
2081:(2008).
2040:(1979).
2018:(1980).
2000:(1941).
1929:Archived
1867:Archived
1654:Archived
1508:Archived
1427:Archived
1241:Archived
1192:Archived
1154:See also
1099:Results
1013:107,875
988:140,648
985:167,602
969:119,236
960:211,252
957:262,781
941:158,051
935:144,200
932:309,921
929:366,042
915:328,216
907:353,930
904:696,684
901:824,972
885:474,544
879:356,805
876:858,399
842:Informal
739:and the
696:Brisbane
692:Adelaide
678:Campaign
524:Tasmania
510:Premier
405:Proposal
361:and his
1793:The Age
1773:The Age
1753:The Age
1733:The Age
1713:The Age
1693:The Age
1673:The Age
1638:,
1561:The Age
1492:,
1411:,
1089:61,013
1027:37,833
1019:48,493
1016:88,231
999:40,884
991:94,069
963:87,924
921:14,538
893:27,050
837:Against
800:Results
594:The Age
533:leader
476:Germany
468:Cabinet
190:82.75%
176:100.00%
157:61,013
149:97.36%
118:48.39%
85:Results
2138:
2093:
2052:
2026:
1460:
1078:48.39
1066:Total
1058:37.27
1055:1,269
1047:2,136
1044:3,468
1041:4,572
1033:1,905
1030:43.83
1005:5,695
1002:30.29
977:4,092
966:42.44
949:7,670
938:47.71
918:48.12
882:42.92
704:Albury
700:Hobart
684:Sydney
582:, 1916
552:Senate
540:palter
472:France
464:Caucus
160:2.64%
137:51.61%
99:Votes
95:Choice
2114:(PDF)
1456:–53.
1188:1916"
1085:51.61
1051:62.73
1023:56.17
995:69.71
973:57.56
945:52.29
911:51.88
889:57.08
817:State
548:House
343:Somme
216:state
2633:2023
2628:2017
2623:1999
2618:1988
2613:1984
2608:1977
2603:1974
2598:1973
2593:1967
2588:1951
2583:1948
2578:1946
2573:1944
2568:1937
2563:1928
2558:1926
2553:1919
2548:1917
2543:1916
2538:1913
2533:1911
2528:1910
2523:1906
2505:1997
2483:Next
2477:2022
2472:2019
2467:2016
2462:2013
2457:2010
2452:2007
2447:2004
2442:2001
2437:1998
2432:1996
2427:1993
2422:1990
2417:1987
2412:1984
2407:1983
2402:1980
2397:1977
2392:1975
2387:1974
2382:1972
2377:1970
2372:1969
2367:1967
2362:1966
2357:1964
2352:1963
2347:1961
2342:1958
2337:1955
2332:1954
2327:1953
2322:1951
2317:1949
2312:1946
2307:1943
2302:1940
2297:1937
2292:1934
2287:1931
2282:1929
2277:1928
2272:1925
2267:1922
2262:1919
2257:1917
2252:1914
2247:1913
2242:1910
2237:1906
2232:1903
2227:1901
2208:and
2136:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1322:2016
859:Vote
849:Vote
649:and
610:and
562:and
522:and
506:and
466:and
455:and
425:The
390:and
349:and
240:The
112:Yes
1061:63
832:For
128:No
2650::
2089:.
2048:.
1927:.
1923:.
1887:^
1861:.
1790:.
1770:.
1750:.
1730:.
1710:.
1690:.
1670:.
1646:.
1606:.
1558:.
1538:.
1500:.
1454:50
1419:.
1308:.
1249:^
1235:.
429:,
268:.
102:%
2190:e
2183:t
2176:v
2144:.
2099:.
2073:.
2058:.
2032:.
1933:.
1466:.
1338:.
1324:.
1184:"
864:%
854:%
20:)
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