Australian nationality law

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for New Zealand citizens on 1 September 1994; all New Zealand citizens already in the country on that date were automatically granted this visa and it is issued on arrival to New Zealanders after that date. A child born in Australia between 1 September 1994 and 26 February 2001 to a New Zealand parent with an SCV or permanent visa is an Australian citizen by birth. Between 27 February 2001 and 30 June 2022, children born to New Zealand citizens in Australia only received Australian citizenship at birth if at least one parent held an SCV issued before 27 February 2001, a permanent Australian visa, or dual Australian-New Zealand citizenship. Since 1 July 2022, children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens are automatically Australian citizens by birth.

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wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage.

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military of another country at war with Australia. Children of former citizens may also be stripped of citizenship, except in cases where another parent remains an Australian citizen or deprivation would cause statelessness. Dual citizens who are engaged in terrorist activities, part of a known terror group, or have been convicted of terrorism offences for imprisonment sentences totaling at least three years may also be stripped of their citizenship at the discretion of the Minister.

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Former Australian citizens born in Papua before independence seeking to resume citizenship cannot reacquire that status by descent. Because Papua fell within the definition of "Australia" before 1975, applicants cannot claim citizenship through their birth overseas. Since 2007, Papua New Guinean citizens who lost Australian citizenship on independence but have a parent born on the Australian mainland can apply for a special resumption of citizenship.

7302: 501:; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality. There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution of her marriage. 689:

concerns over an influx of unintended immigration and the perceived exploitation of nationality law by illegal migrants to gain residence in Australia created the impetus for ending unrestricted birthright citizenship in 1986. Children born in the country since then are only granted citizenship by birth if at least one parent is a citizen or permanent resident. Naturalisation candidates have been required since 1993 to recite a

436:

aliens". Asian and African applicants seeking to become subjects were required to have lived in the colony for three years, and be married and living together with their wives. Chinese migrants were specifically targeted in colonial legislation that charged fees for entry to or residence in the colonies, and banned them from naturalising as British subjects. In 1889, entrance fees for Chinese in each of the

959:

citizenship by conferral without a further term of residence. Any New Zealand citizen who already held this type of visa before 2023 is also considered to have their permanent residence backdated. Children born between 1 January 2022 and 30 June 2023 to SCV holders who are later granted the subclass 189 visa between those dates retroactively acquire Australian citizenship by birth.

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of citizenship they held previously; a person who had acquired citizenship by descent, relinquishes it, then resumes citizenship would regain citizenship by descent. Citizens of Papua New Guinea who lost Australian citizenship on independence in 1975 but have a parent born on the Australian mainland have been able to apply for a special resumption of citizenship since 2007.

458:, a federation of the six Australian colonies. The status of Australians as British subjects (including Indigenous Australians) remained unchanged despite the creation of this union. Commonwealth nationality legislation enacted in 1903 superseded laws of the new states; naturalisation in one of the states became automatically valid in all of them. 416:

marital denaturalisation for British subject women who married non-British men in 1870, New South Wales adapted its rules to match this in 1875. The other Australian colonies did not adopt this in legislation but in practice, women who married foreign men were automatically stripped of British subject status throughout Australia.

604:'s exit from the Commonwealth in 1949. All Commonwealth citizens were eligible to become Australian citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in Australia for at least five of the preceding seven years. Commonwealth citizens who became Australian citizens by registration were not required to swear an 668:. While British subjects could not have been considered foreign at the time of federation, the severing of constitutional ties with the United Kingdom created a definitive separation between the two countries; British citizens have since been considered subjects of a foreign power and are ineligible to serve in the 771:. When Australian citizenship was created in 1949, Papuans automatically became Australian citizens while New Guinea and Nauru residents became "Australian protected persons". Despite their status as British subjects/Australian citizens, Papuans of indigenous descent did not have an automatic right to reside in 637:

Commonwealth countries and restrictions on migrants of non-European descent were abolished in a further 1973 amendment. The name of the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 itself changed to the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 in 1973 as well; the anniversary of this event has been celebrated since 2001 as

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Children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens between the end of unrestricted birthright citizenship on 20 August 1986 and 31 August 1994 were "exempt non-citizens" and considered to have been permanent residents for any time spent living in the country during this period. The SCV was introduced

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All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 automatically received citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a citizen or permanent resident. Children

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and Christmas Island for its phosphate. Sovereignty over the Cocos Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955. Island residents became Australian citizens at time of transfer while retaining UK citizenship. Christmas Island was transferred to Australia in 1958 under largely the same terms. Citizens

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were no longer labelled with the phrase "British passport" beginning in 1967. Legislative changes in 1969 meant that Australian citizens technically ceased to be British subjects in that year, but retained "the status of British subjects" instead. Preferences that were afforded to citizens from other

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Australian citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, although this may be denied at the discretion of the Minister for Home Affairs. Citizenship may be involuntarily deprived from individuals who fraudulently acquired it, or from dual citizens who actively serve in the

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Almost all provisions to revoke citizenship from naturalised individuals were repealed in 1958. On the other hand, Australian citizens who acquired a foreign citizenship other than through marriage were automatically denaturalised and lost their Australian citizenship under this Act. Individuals who

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Former citizens may subsequently apply for nationality restoration, provided that they would have been subject to hardship had they not renounced Australian citizenship, or were automatically deprived of their Australian citizenship before 2002. Individuals resuming citizenship regain the same type

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and fall under unique regulations. Any New Zealander who settled in Australia on or before 26 February 2001 is automatically considered a permanent resident for nationality purposes, while those who arrive after that date were required to first obtain permanent residency before they may naturalise.

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after legally residing in the country for more than four years and holding permanent residency for at least 12 months. Applicants must not have been outside of Australia for longer than 12 months in the preceding four years, with absences totaling less than 90 days in the final year. Candidates who

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Further reforms in 1984 fully abolished British subject status in Australian law and removed remaining gender imbalances in nationality regulations. Voting eligibility rules were changed to require Australian citizenship instead of British subject status, but any British subject without citizenship

572:

All other noncitizens could acquire citizenship by naturalisation after fulfilling a general residence requirement. Candidates must have resided in Australia (including Papua) or New Guinea for at least four of the previous eight years, with one year of continuous residence immediately preceding an

504:

Australia's version of the common code regulations contained extensive measures for revoking British subject status from naturalised persons. Individuals who showed disloyalty to the monarch, were sentenced to imprisonment for at least one year or received a fine of more than £100 within five years

435:

Regulations regarding non-European migrants varied by colony but clearly favoured immigrants of European descent over members of any other ethnic groups. Queensland created two different sets of requirements in 1867 for naturalisation of "Asiatic and African aliens" and "European and North American

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Until 4 April 2002, Australians who became citizens of another country automatically lost Australian citizenship. This restriction did not apply to those who acquired a foreign citizenship by marriage, and did not require naturalisation candidates to relinquish their former nationalities. Children

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became effective throughout the Empire on 1 January 1949. All British subjects who were born, naturalised, or resident for at least five years in Australia automatically acquired Australian citizenship on that date. British subjects born to a father who himself was born or naturalised in Australia

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All British subjects under the reformed system initially held an automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of

535:

Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and

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formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalising in colonies were

958:

Since 1 January 2023, New Zealand citizens holding an SCV who are granted the Skilled Independent (subclass 189) permanent resident visa under the New Zealand stream are considered to have been permanent residents in Australia since 1 January 2022, making them immediately eligible for Australian

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from New Zealand technically fell under the exclusion criteria of this Act, representations made by the New Zealand government pressured the Commonwealth government into exceptionally relaxing restrictions for Māori. The Naturalization Act 1903 explicitly prohibited naturalisation of anyone with

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Married women generally followed the nationality status of their husbands. Beginning with New South Wales in 1848, each colony enacted legislation that automatically naturalised foreign women who married British subjects, mirroring regulations enacted in the UK in 1844. After Britain established

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became independent in 1975. Indigenous residents born in Papua or New Guinea with two grandparents also born in either territory or surrounding area, who did not have right of residence in mainland Australia, and did not hold foreign nationality automatically became citizens of the new country.

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The general residence requirement for acquiring citizenship was relaxed in 1984. Naturalisation candidates were required to have lived in Australia for two of the five years preceding an application, while holding permanent residency for at least one year during that aggregate period. However,

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A person born outside Australia to an Australian citizen parent is eligible to acquire Australian citizenship by descent through application. If the parent acquired citizenship by descent or adoption, the parent must have resided in Australia for at least two years at the time of application.

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Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time and location of adoption; those adopted in Australia automatically receive citizenship, while those adopted overseas are eligible to apply. Children who are born in Australia but did not acquire

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The Australian Parliament did not pass similar legislation addressing this event, leaving only common law to apply. Australian common law at the time dictated that only Burmese resident in Burma at the time of independence lost British nationality, while every Burmese person who left Burma

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The Nationality and Citizenship (Burmese) Act 1950 addressed this discrepancy, removing British subject status from persons connected with Burma. Individuals who lost subject status through this Act but had become Australian citizens in 1949 could retain their citizenship by making formal

644:

By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened. The UK itself updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the

238:

All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 were automatically citizens at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country after that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Australian citizen or

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Government powers for citizenship deprivation were greatly expanded in 2015. Australians holding another nationality and engaged in terrorist activities were subject to automatic loss of citizenship. These measures were amended in 2020 to require an explicit revocation order from the

822:

from these territories did not have automatic right of residence on the Australian mainland, as was the case with citizens from Papua, until this restriction was repealed in 1984. No Australian citizen has been required to obtain an entry permit to enter the country since that year.

512:. It instead allowed the government to deny naturalisation to any person without cause. Only 45 people of Asian descent were naturalised between 1904 and 1953. Migrants of non-European ancestry were effectively barred from permanent residency and naturalisation until 1957. 842:

permanently before its independence or "within a reasonable time thereafter" retained British subject status. This created an anomalous situation where Burmese living in Australia ceased to be British subjects under UK law, but continued that status in Australian law.

556:

in 1947, comprehensive nationality law reform was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system. The Dominion governments agreed on the principle of equal standing for women in a reformed nationality system at the

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application. This was reduced to two of the previous eight years in 1973. Non-Europeans were allowed to apply for residency and naturalisation from 1957, if they were legally admitted and living in Australia for 15 years (reduced to five years in 1966).

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in 1903. Christmas Island was similarly incorporated into Singapore in 1900. Following the Second World War, the Australian government expressed its interest in acquiring both territories for strategic and commercial reasons; the Cocos Islands for its

1104: 740:, Britain claimed Papua in 1884 and formally annexed it in 1888. After Australian federation in 1901, Britain ceded administrative control of the territory to the Commonwealth government in 1902, which was accepted by Australia in 1905. 247:

since 1 July 2022 also receive Australian citizenship at birth. Foreign nationals may be granted citizenship after living in the country for at least four years, holding permanent residency for one year, and showing proficiency in the

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until 1844, when a more streamlined administrative process was introduced. The Australian colonies emulated this system in their own naturalisation legislation, which was enacted in all local legislatures by 1871. In 1847, the

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is defined in this Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. Irish citizens were treated as if they were British subjects, despite

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By the end of the First World War, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the

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or Ireland. Britain somewhat relaxed these measures in 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens.

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rules in the United Kingdom were applicable in other parts of the Empire. Each colony had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for admitting foreign settlers as subjects. New South Wales and

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By 15 August 2023, over 15,000 New Zealand citizens residing in Australia had applied for Australian citizenship under the new criteria, with 500 passing the Australian citizenship test at the time of publication.

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to remove British subject status from all individuals who held that status solely through their connection with Burma. Burmese resident in the UK or its colonies could make formal claims to retain subject status.

649:, which redefined British subject to no longer also mean Commonwealth citizen. Australian citizens remain Commonwealth citizens in British law and are still eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK. 404:

said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in New South Wales was a British subject there, but not in

505:

of naturalising, had been deemed to be "not of good character" when subject status was granted, or lived outside of the British Empire for more than seven years were liable to have their naturalisation revoked.

912:, deemed to be engaged in activities for Australia's benefit, or employed in a position that requires regular travel abroad can be considered to have fulfilled special residence requirements. Members of the 299:

and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of that polity; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. Despite this distinction, the

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already enrolled to vote before 26 January 1984 had the right to continue participating in elections. Noncitizen British subjects could no longer apply for Australian passports beginning in that year.

423:, created in 1885, was a first attempt at forming a unified governing body in the region and consisted of four Australian colonies (Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia), along with 3848: 3295: 923:

in which they demonstrate basic competency in the English language as well as sufficient knowledge of the country and citizenship. Successful candidates aged 16 and older are required to make a

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Rubenstein, Kim (2005). "'From this Time Forward... I Pledge My Loyalty to Australia': Loyalty, Citizenship and Constitutional Law in Australia". In Mason, Victoria; Nile, Richard (eds.).

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created the legal basis for administering dictation tests in any European language as determined by an immigration officer. Any person who failed was denied entry into Australia. While

427:. Legislation passed by the Federal Council in 1897 allowed British subjects who had naturalised in a colony under its authority to be considered as naturalised in other such colonies. 2496: 1029: 3799: 6914: 2466: 1062: 931:

at citizenship ceremonies that take place about six months after approval. Between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021, over 140,000 people obtained Australian citizenship by conferral.

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Diverging developments in Dominion nationality laws, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the

335:

in 1788. Over the course of the 19th century, the British presence expanded throughout the continent. By 1890, there were six separate self-governing territories in Australia.

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citizenship at birth may otherwise automatically acquire citizenship if they are ordinarily resident in the country for the 10-year period immediately following their birth.

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that adopted this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation. Australia adopted the common code in 1920.

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under Australian control while Nauru's mandate was split between Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. In practice, Australia held sole governing authority over Nauru.

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were respectively annexed into the Empire in 1857 and 1888. The Cocos Islands were first directly administered by the UK until 1878, when it was transferred to

4337: 4151: 2634: 6931: 3538: 3208: 4018: 4815: 4075: 2996: 976:

born to individuals who lost their citizenship under this provision for automatic loss before 2002 are eligible for a special conferral of citizenship.

7337: 4466: 3836: 3276: 2885: 3435:

Foster, Michelle; McAdam, Jane; Wadley, Davina (2017). "Part Two: The Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness in Australia — An Ongoing Challenge".

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While residents of Papua became British subjects, that status was not extended to those from the mandated territories under the recommendation of the

564:

Australia enacted the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 to create its own citizenship, which came into force on 26 January 1949, shortly after the

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Castles, Stephen; Zappalà, Gianni (2001). "The Rights and Obligations of Immigrant Citizens and Non-Citizens in Australia". In Kondo, Atushi (ed.).

2976: 2667: 924: 690: 5019: 2919: 558: 951:(SCV) who have been resident in Australia for at least four years will no longer be required to obtain permanent residency before naturalisation. 275:. Although Australian citizens have no longer been British subjects since 1984, they continue to hold favoured status when residing in the UK. As 6812: 4881: 524:

with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the

569:

and British subject women who were married to someone qualifying as an Australian citizen also automatically acquired citizenship on that date.

5325: 387:, a process that partially granted foreign citizens the rights of British subjects, most notably property rights. Denizens were not considered 3680:

Irving, Helen (2004). "Citizenship and Subject-Hood in Twentieth-Century Australia". In Boyer, Pierre; Cardinal, Linda; Headon, David (eds.).

6817: 2488: 1018: 7082: 6069: 1100: 6065: 673: 3775: 2458: 1054: 482:

The Imperial Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the

104: 6338: 5370: 4929: 4759: 4385: 3157: 412:. Nevertheless, locally naturalised British subjects were still entitled to imperial protection when travelling outside of the Empire. 3559: 6585: 4138: 994: 893: 5379: 4349: 3790: 3550: 3220: 2328: 2526: 612:

colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the

295:

is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a

7342: 4261: 1848: 6859: 6669: 6477: 6391: 5911: 5355: 5257: 5184: 4694: 4509: 4459: 4071: 3062:"Reading Down Section 44(i) of the Australian Constitution as a Method of Affirming Australian Citizenship in the 21st Century" 2663: 2630: 2552: 2522: 2492: 1852: 1025: 97: 4092: 624:

arrangement, but moved to mirror Britain's restriction in 1962 by limiting this ability only to people born on the islands of

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A Federation in These Seas: An account of the acquisition by Australia of its external territories, with selected documents

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British nationality law during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on

162: 2819:

Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act".

7322: 7258: 7202: 7097: 6603: 6437: 6351: 5224: 3763: 3321: 3042: 913: 791: 232: 7265: 6396: 6376: 5941: 5610: 5297: 4099: 3030: 391:, but could not pass subject status to their children by descent and were barred from Crown service and public office. 322: 3589:

Goudy, John M.; McDaniel, Carl N. (May 1999). "The Physical Destruction of Nauru: An Example of Weak Sustainability".

2292: 2290: 2288: 7332: 7327: 6807: 6708: 6608: 6528: 6462: 6117: 6036: 5707: 4684: 4452: 3722: 3230: 723: 255:

Australia is composed of several former British colonies founded in the 18th and 19th centuries whose residents were

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and were required to apply for that separately. Persons with non-indigenous ancestry held that right automatically.

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into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreign national was also assumed to be intent to

6535: 6472: 6457: 2872: 2623: 2285: 916:

and holders of distinguished talent visas have also been eligible for special residence considerations since 2021.

617: 548:, unilaterally breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of 466: 400: 4132: 4059: 6976: 6775: 6765: 6701: 6442: 6416: 6164: 6046: 5805: 5159: 4999: 4855: 4729: 3965: 3437: 3204: 943: 818: 3999: 3520: 3192: 620:. Ireland had continued to allow all British subjects free movement despite independence in 1922 as part of the 7062: 6961: 6681: 6659: 6565: 6371: 6331: 5194: 5174: 5074: 4922: 4719: 3897: 693:

in which they commit their loyalty to the country of Australia, rather than swear an oath of allegiance to the

605: 545: 420: 7212: 7129: 7005: 6854: 6847: 6718: 6664: 6467: 6447: 6061: 5625: 5510: 5375: 5189: 5034: 4891: 4840: 4734: 4358: 4037:

McKay, James (2008). "The Passage of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, a Case-Study of Backbench Power".

4014: 3598: 3099:

Bloom, Tendayi (2011). "Contradictions in Formal Commonwealth Citizenship Rights in Commonwealth Countries".

928: 764: 676:. The eligibility of 10 sitting legislators was questioned under this section of the Constitution during the 595:

The 1948 Act redefined the term British subject as any citizen of Australia or another Commonwealth country.

461:

The federal government continued and extended restrictions on persons of non-European descent as part of its

240: 5931: 131: 7197: 6991: 6728: 6691: 6570: 6560: 6432: 6282: 5635: 5595: 5360: 4994: 4876: 4699: 3385: 646: 565: 141: 121: 3521:"A Doctrinal and Feminist Analysis of the Constitutionality of the Australian Citizenship Revocation Laws" 860:

born in Australia to New Zealand citizens since 1 July 2022 also receive Australian citizenship at birth.

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naturalised as Australian citizens conversely were not required to renounce their previous nationalities.

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in 1883, though this was met with disapproval from imperial authorities. Following the establishment of

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were introduced in 2007 and the general residence requirement was increased back to four years as well.

7292: 6936: 6790: 6745: 6649: 6102: 6079: 6016: 5956: 5840: 5815: 5810: 5640: 5615: 5520: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5365: 5350: 5345: 5320: 5302: 5234: 5164: 5134: 5024: 4830: 4789: 4779: 4739: 4704: 4654: 4619: 3685: 3243: 2830: 2821: 2801: 880: 638: 2660:"Expedited citizenship pathway for New Zealand stream Skilled Independent (subclass 189) visa holders" 7152: 7109: 7057: 6956: 6802: 6770: 6686: 6676: 6644: 6324: 5971: 5855: 5830: 5785: 5780: 5730: 5655: 5605: 5580: 5575: 5545: 5500: 5490: 5450: 5420: 5410: 5400: 5315: 5292: 5267: 5204: 5124: 5049: 5014: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4915: 4744: 4679: 4649: 4639: 4634: 4594: 4564: 4539: 4529: 4421: 3101: 757: 508:

Unlike the 1903 Act, the common code enacted in 1920 did not explicitly bar migrants on the basis of

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Nation and Citizenship from the Late Nineteenth Century Onwards: A Comparative European Perspective

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in which they commit their loyalty to the country of Australia; these are usually administered by

833:

gained independence from the United Kingdom on 4 January 1948. The British Parliament enacted the

732:

Queensland attempted to preemptively counter German colonial interests in the Pacific by annexing

697:. Automatic denaturalisation of Australians acquiring foreign nationalities was repealed in 2002. 227:. The primary law governing nationality regulations is the Australian Citizenship Act 2007, which 7217: 7092: 7072: 7047: 7027: 6780: 6750: 6575: 6452: 6381: 6031: 6011: 5976: 5966: 5961: 5951: 5921: 5865: 5860: 5820: 5800: 5795: 5760: 5740: 5725: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5585: 5560: 5535: 5525: 5505: 5415: 5340: 5229: 5219: 5154: 5089: 5079: 5069: 5059: 5004: 4964: 4784: 4774: 4769: 4689: 4664: 4644: 4624: 4584: 4559: 4483: 4411: 4147: 3974: 3906: 3844: 3634: 3471: 3442: 1058: 872:

children born in the country are entitled to citizenship without further residence requirements.

797: 741: 669: 661: 525: 449: 360: 336: 271:

in 1901, Australia was granted more autonomy over time and gradually became independent from the

260: 35: 3402: 3191: 2296: 7124: 7102: 7077: 7042: 7022: 6986: 6824: 6795: 6785: 6760: 6723: 6654: 6491: 6386: 6269: 6051: 6041: 6006: 5906: 5850: 5835: 5770: 5765: 5750: 5645: 5620: 5590: 5515: 5475: 5307: 5179: 5114: 5099: 5084: 4754: 4709: 4614: 4604: 4574: 4437: 3534: 2332: 749: 462: 454:

The Federal Council of Australasia was abolished in 1900 and replaced on 1 January 1901 by the

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Chesterman, John (2005). "Natural-Born Subjects? Race and British Subjecthood in Australia".

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Equal subjects, unequal rights: Indigenous peoples in British settler colonies, 1830–1910

3110: 1233: 809: 633: 601: 409: 7274: 7232: 7207: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7134: 7037: 6941: 6545: 6540: 6122: 4389: 4253: 3986: 3951: 3918: 3869: 3699: 3610: 3372: 3368: 3139: 3122: 3087: 3038: 2948: 2858: 2842: 2518: 772: 733: 657: 621: 380: 4226: 2788:"Missing Links: Data Stories from the Archive of British Settler Colonial Citizenship" 7162: 6904: 6264: 6216: 4333: 4291: 4241: 4213: 4182: 4103: 3881: 3809: 3767: 3718: 3689: 3625:(1999). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act". 3475: 3454: 3406: 3360: 3325: 3285: 3247: 3174: 3126: 3091: 3048: 3011: 2952: 2940: 2889: 2850: 737: 549: 486:. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. 440:

colonies were standardised at £10; the exception was Queensland, which required £30.

279:, Australians are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there. 228: 200: 68: 7306: 7279: 6713: 6147: 4896: 4860: 4362: 4245: 4046: 3978: 3943: 3910: 3873: 3638: 3602: 3505: 3446: 3398: 3364: 3178: 3170: 3143: 3114: 3077: 2932: 2862: 2834: 2805: 801: 778: 561:

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Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs

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became British subjects as the colonies were settled throughout the continent.

348: 340: 296: 272: 268: 3837:"Australian Citizenship: A Chronology of Major Developments in Policy and Law" 3771: 3703: 3510: 3493: 3251: 2936: 7316: 6289: 6238: 6170: 5712: 4107: 3963:

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3041:(1765). "Of the People, Whether Aliens, Denizens, or Natives". 2164: 2162: 1431: 331:

established its first colony in Australia with the founding of

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The Administration of the Immigration and Citizenship Programs

903:

Noncitizens over the age of 18 may become Australian citizens

4174:

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Beginning on 1 July 2023, all New Zealand citizens holding a

942:

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854: 745: 727: 632:

As a sign of Australia's changing relationship with Britain,

474:

ancestry from Africa, Asia, or Oceania (except New Zealand).

2159: 2132: 2108: 1630: 1628: 767:. Residents of New Guinea and Nauru were instead treated as 4409: 2752: 2210: 1934: 1756: 1754: 1739: 383:

respectively enacted legislation in 1828 and 1834 enabling

2722: 2710: 2431: 2395: 2297:"Commonwealth", University of Western Australia Law Review 2222: 2144: 2084: 1876: 1874: 1640: 1615: 1613: 1535: 1499: 1407: 1257: 394:

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3383: 2734: 2174: 2002: 2000: 1975: 1973: 1819: 1817: 1790: 1625: 1600: 1598: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1380: 1356: 1221: 1194: 919:

Applicants between the ages of 18 and 59 must complete a

4378:

Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law

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Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland

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Discriminatory policies against non-European migrants

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declarations within two years of the Act's passage.

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British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

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2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis

343:. Australians and all other imperial citizens were 4322:"Australian Citizenship: Past, Present and Future" 4131: 3434: 3229: 2886:Australian and New Zealand Law and History Society 2871: 2459:"Increased flexibility for citizenship applicants" 2425: 1676: 1652: 1559: 1317: 347:; any person born in the Australian colonies, the 3834: 3236:Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation 2319: 2317: 1928: 1712: 899:with a new citizen at a 2011 citizenship ceremony 608:because they were already subjects of the Crown. 539: 484:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 287:The distinction between the meaning of the terms 7314: 4438:Citizenship pathways, Department of Home Affairs 4090: 3651:Historical background information on nationality 3504:(65). 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"Immigration Act 1971". 2168: 2138: 2114: 559:1946 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 6070:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 4474: 2689:Hurst, Daniel; Karp, Paul (13 August 2023). 4386:Cambridge University Press & Assessment 4093:Voters and the Franchise: the Federal Story 1097:"Right to a name and acquire a nationality" 785: 674:section 44 of the Constitution of Australia 443: 6339: 6325: 4930: 4916: 4467: 4453: 4207: 3843:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: 3557: 3274: 3197:University of Western Australia Law Review 3158:Australian Journal of Politics and History 3154: 3037: 2740: 2624:"Fact Sheet - New Zealanders in Australia" 1940: 1796: 1227: 1176: 855:Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption 154:1 March 2007 (agreed to Senate amendments) 55:An Act relating to Australian citizenship 26: 7338:Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations 4366: 4139:The British Yearbook of International Law 3997: 3509: 3403:10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.001.0001 3182: 3081: 2809: 2688: 2279: 2231: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2153: 2126: 2102: 2090: 1619: 995:Visa requirements for Australian citizens 894:Department of Immigration and Citizenship 312: 4356: 4350:Australasian Legal Information Institute 4279: 3962: 3791:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3710: 3551:Australasian Legal Information Institute 3465: 3221:Australasian Legal Information Institute 2959: 2916: 2764: 2716: 2577: 2437: 2413: 2401: 2357: 2180: 2018: 2006: 1979: 1835: 1694: 1670: 1634: 1604: 1589: 1577: 1529: 1481: 1469: 1452: 1401: 1386: 1374: 1362: 1338: 1287: 1251: 1200: 1188: 1149: 1137: 879: 875: 546:creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946 231:on 1 July 2007 and is applicable in all 4316: 2962:"Indigenous voting rights in Australia" 2869: 2818: 2589: 2323: 1916: 1823: 1646: 1541: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1437: 1413: 1263: 1164: 825: 477: 307: 7315: 6346: 4072:Royal Historical Society of Queensland 4039:Observatoire de la Société Britannique 3679: 3621: 3518: 3488: 3313: 3231:"Immigration Restriction in Australia" 2728: 2469:from the original on 15 September 2021 2054: 2042: 2030: 1808: 1745: 1706: 1350: 1125: 712: 304:uses these two terms interchangeably. 6320: 4911: 4887:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 4811:British nationality law and Hong Kong 4448: 4195:from the original on 26 December 2019 4057: 4036: 3929: 3863: 3731:from the original on 25 December 2019 3667:from the original on 29 December 2018 3350: 3301:from the original on 12 February 2021 3227: 3098: 3059: 2994: 2786:Bagnall, Kate; Sherratt, Tim (2021). 2078: 2066: 1991: 1964: 1952: 1904: 1892: 1772: 1760: 1718: 1107:from the original on 20 November 2022 1083: 4937: 4821:British Overseas Territories citizen 4375: 4340:from the original on 16 October 2021 4304:from the original on 16 October 2021 4224: 4170: 4154:from the original on 16 October 2021 4117:from the original on 8 February 2023 3822:from the original on 16 October 2021 3797: 3743: 3558:Gosewinkel, Dieter (15 April 2008). 3541:from the original on 25 October 2021 3422:from the original on 8 February 2023 3338:from the original on 16 October 2021 3258:from the original on 16 October 2021 3211:from the original on 16 October 2021 2900:from the original on 16 October 2021 2670:from the original on 2 February 2023 2640:from the original on 19 October 2021 2559:from the original on 21 October 2021 2529:from the original on 21 October 2021 2489:"Learn about the interview and test" 2267: 2255: 2243: 1880: 1859:from the original on 24 October 2021 1784: 1733: 1682: 1658: 1565: 1323: 1275: 1035:from the original on 25 October 2021 3894: 3322:University of New South Wales Press 3044:Commentaries on the Laws of England 2549:"Australian citizenship statistics" 2499:from the original on 18 August 2021 2371:"Australian Citizenship by Descent" 1311: 908:are overseas while enlisted in the 850:Acquisition and loss of citizenship 792:Australian Indian Ocean Territories 684:Heightened citizenship requirements 233:states and territories of Australia 13: 4267:from the original on 20 March 2023 4100:Parliamentary Library of Australia 4078:from the original on 26 March 2021 3851:from the original on 22 April 2021 3468:Fransman's British Nationality Law 3369:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x 3275:Doulman, Jane; Lee, David (2008). 3031:Swinburne University of Technology 3021:from the original on 18 March 2020 2982:from the original on 29 March 2020 2604:from the original on 22 April 2023 2339:from the original on 21 April 2023 1055:"Australian Citizenship Bill 2007" 967:Loss and resumption of citizenship 914:Australian Commonwealth Games team 756:, after which New Guinea became a 323:History of British nationality law 14: 7354: 4431: 4133:"Nationality in C Class Mandates" 4024:from the original on 3 April 2021 3627:Twentieth Century British History 2997:"The Issues Paper on Citizenship" 2969:Australasian Parliamentary Review 2383:from the original on 7 March 2021 724:Territory of Papua and New Guinea 7300: 6299: 6298: 5020:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4705:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3781:from the original on 16 May 2017 3576:from the original on 27 May 2019 3175:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2005.00358.x 2682: 2652: 2616: 2583: 2541: 2511: 2481: 2443: 2426:Foster, McAdam & Wadley 2017 2363: 1065:from the original on 27 May 2019 935:Pathway for New Zealand citizens 618:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 467:Immigration Restriction Act 1901 243:. Children born in Australia to 6165:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 4412:Australian Citizenship Act 2007 4212:. API Network. pp. 23–36. 3656:(Report). 1.0. United Kingdom: 3438:Melbourne University Law Review 3205:University of Western Australia 2778: 2753:Australian Citizenship Act 2007 2376:. Australian Embassy, Bangkok. 1929:Klapdor, Coombs & Bohm 2009 1841: 944:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement 526:British Commonwealth of Nations 201:Australian Citizenship Act 1948 21:Australian Citizenship Act 2007 7343:Foreign relations of Australia 6002:Federated States of Micronesia 5366:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 4841:Permanent resident (Australia) 4402: 3898:Quarterly Journal of Economics 1089: 1047: 1011: 540:Australian citizenship created 421:Federal Council of Australasia 282: 1: 4892:Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 4359:European University Institute 4015:University of New South Wales 3866:Citizenship in a Global World 3599:University of Wisconsin Press 3136:Citizenship in a Global World 1101:Attorney-General's Department 1000: 765:Permanent Mandates Commission 6283:British Overseas Territories 4877:British Nationality Act 1981 4326:Monash University Law Review 3864:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. 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(1984). 4043:University of Toulon 3756:Newcastle Law Review 3643:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67 3451:10.2139/ssrn.3367970 3142:. pp. 136–157. 3111:Taylor & Francis 2246:, pp. 268, 317. 940:New Zealand citizens 826:Burmese independence 634:Australian passports 597:Commonwealth citizen 591:Commonwealth citizen 478:Imperial common code 308:Colonial-era history 245:New Zealand citizens 94:Administered by 6915:Gross state product 6224:Permanent residency 6143:Loss of citizenship 6118:Caribbean Community 5371:Trinidad and Tobago 5356:St. Kitts and Nevis 5258:Antigua and Barbuda 4760:Trinidad and Tobago 3798:Kerr, Alan (2009). 3567:European Parliament 3526:Adelaide Law Review 3066:Denning Law Journal 3060:Bloch, Noa (2018). 3039:Blackstone, William 2731:, pp. 455–456. 2428:, pp. 471–472. 2299:, pp. 140–141. 1883:, pp. 182–183. 1775:, pp. 515–516. 1763:, pp. 508–509. 1649:, pp. 336–337. 1544:, pp. 553–554. 1508:, pp. 546–549. 1416:, pp. 527–528. 1314:, pp. 218–220. 1266:, pp. 169–170. 810:Straits Settlements 713:Territorial changes 522:Balfour Declaration 401:Imperial Parliament 159:Member(s) in charge 105:Legislative history 7233:Australian studies 7168:Australian English 6977:Telecommunications 6813:Government leaders 6756:Political ideology 5298:Dominican Republic 4870:Acts of Parliament 3870:Palgrave Macmillan 3140:Palgrave Macmillan 2666:. 1 January 2023. 2219:, pp. 60, 63. 925:citizenship pledge 901: 773:mainland Australia 695:Australian monarch 691:citizenship pledge 658:Australia Act 1986 622:Common Travel Area 606:oath of allegiance 396:Acts of Parliament 241:permanent resident 7288: 7287: 7241: 7240: 7063:Human trafficking 7000: 6999: 6882: 6881: 6682:Foreign relations 6622: 6621: 6486: 6485: 6433:Asian Australians 6314: 6313: 6288:Open border with 6131: 6130: 5985: 5984: 5464: 5463: 5384:US Virgin Islands 5311: 5035:Equatorial Guinea 4905: 4904: 4856:UK right of abode 4334:Monash University 4297:978-1-8494-6884-8 4188:978-0-8014-8440-7 3887:978-0-333-80266-3 3815:978-1-9212-4172-7 3695:978-0-77661-597-4 3688:. pp. 9–18. 3492:(May–June 2006). 3490:French, Robert S. 3481:978-1-84592-095-1 3412:978-0-71906-003-8 3331:978-0-86840-556-8 3207:: 139–149. 1951. 3012:Monash University 2878:Law & History 2719:, pp. 22–23. 2461:(Press release). 2440:, pp. 21–22. 2404:, pp. 18–19. 2327:(22 April 2023). 2234:, pp. 72–73. 2183:, pp. 11–12. 2156:, pp. 54–55. 2093:, pp. 51–52. 2069:, pp. 26–27. 1994:, pp. 48–49. 1955:, pp. 92–93. 1943:, pp. 35–36. 1637:, pp. 10–11. 1484:, pp. 86–88. 1389:, pp. 39–43. 1365:, pp. 71–72. 1278:, pp. 58–59. 1203:, pp. 55–56. 1152:, pp. 41–42. 1128:, pp. 10–11. 738:German New Guinea 699:Citizenship tests 214: 213: 7350: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7296: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7130:Waste management 7011: 7010: 6932:Household income 6893: 6892: 6855:Governor-General 6665:Electoral system 6633: 6632: 6497: 6496: 6365: 6364: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6302: 6301: 6148:Denaturalization 6037:Papua New Guinea 6022:Marshall Islands 5704: 5703: 5309: 5248: 5247: 4950: 4949: 4939:Nationality laws 4932: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4897:Ireland Act 1949 4861:Windrush scandal 4685:Papua New Guinea 4502:Nationality laws 4469: 4462: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4426: 4416: 4397: 4372: 4370: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4231: 4221: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4054: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4007:UNSW Law Journal 4004: 3994: 3959: 3948:10.2307/40203326 3926: 3891: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3753: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3707: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3660:. 21 July 2017. 3655: 3646: 3618: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3564: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3515: 3513: 3485: 3470:(3rd ed.). 3462: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3392: 3380: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3300: 3291:978-186287-682-8 3283: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3188: 3186: 3151: 3130: 3095: 3085: 3056: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3004:People and Place 3001: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2981: 2966: 2956: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2875: 2866: 2815: 2813: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2639: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1034: 1023: 1015: 929:local government 921:citizenship test 802:Christmas Island 779:Papua New Guinea 345:British subjects 257:British subjects 250:English language 188:26 February 2007 180:26 February 2007 172:30 November 2006 146:28 November 2006 136:28 November 2006 71: 30: 18: 17: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7237: 7198:Public holidays 7139: 7083:Life expectancy 6996: 6878: 6829: 6618: 6590: 6576:Protected areas 6482: 6421: 6354: 6345: 6315: 6310: 6274: 6248: 6229:Right of return 6190: 6127: 6090: 6084: 6047:Solomon Islands 5981: 5947:Northern Cyprus 5942:North Macedonia 5875: 5710: 5695: 5460: 5389: 5239: 4941: 4936: 4906: 4901: 4865: 4806:Belonger status 4794: 4730:Solomon Islands 4496: 4478: 4473: 4434: 4429: 4405: 4400: 4343: 4341: 4318:Stephen, Ninian 4307: 4305: 4298: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4229: 4198: 4196: 4189: 4157: 4155: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4095: 4081: 4079: 4051:10.4000/osb.433 4027: 4025: 4021: 4002: 3983:10.2307/2607413 3940:SAGE Publishing 3915:10.2307/1879468 3888: 3854: 3852: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3751: 3745:Kaye, Stuart B. 3734: 3732: 3725: 3696: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3653: 3623:Hansen, Randall 3607:10.2307/3147015 3579: 3577: 3573: 3562: 3544: 3542: 3482: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3390: 3341: 3339: 3332: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3281: 3261: 3259: 3214: 3212: 3167:Wiley-Blackwell 3102:The Round Table 3047:. Vol. 1. 3024: 3022: 3018: 2999: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2964: 2903: 2901: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2741:Rubenstein 2005 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1941:Chesterman 2005 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1611: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1459: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1270: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1228:Blackstone 1765 1226: 1222: 1214: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1177:Gosewinkel 2008 1175: 1171: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1086:, pp. 2–3. 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 986: 969: 937: 897:Andrew Metcalfe 884:Prime Minister 878: 857: 852: 828: 794: 788: 754:First World War 750:German colonies 730: 720: 715: 686: 614:British Islands 593: 587:British subject 583: 542: 480: 452: 446: 433: 333:New South Wales 325: 319:British subject 315: 310: 285: 229:came into force 126:9 November 2005 67: 59: 56: 51: 50: 12: 11: 5: 7356: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7310: 7309: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6992:Welfare system 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6967:Superannuation 6964: 6962:Stock exchange 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6925:Public housing 6920:Home ownership 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6867:Prime Minister 6864: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6825:Shadow Cabinet 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6805: 6803:Public Service 6800: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6684: 6679: 6677:Federal budget 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Climate change 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6438:Constitutional 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6296: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160:Naturalization 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6113:Nordic Council 6110: 6105: 6103:European Union 6100: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6066:American Samoa 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5977:United Kingdom 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5880:Rest of Europe 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5746:Czech Republic 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5708:European Union 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5225:Western Sahara 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5015:Congo Republic 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4775:United Kingdom 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4432:External links 4430: 4428: 4427: 4417: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4373: 4354: 4314: 4296: 4277: 4222: 4205: 4187: 4168: 4127: 4088: 4055: 4034: 3995: 3960: 3927: 3892: 3886: 3861: 3832: 3814: 3795: 3741: 3723: 3708: 3704:j.ctt1ckpgmh.6 3694: 3677: 3647: 3619: 3591:Land Economics 3586: 3555: 3516: 3486: 3480: 3463: 3432: 3411: 3381: 3348: 3330: 3311: 3290: 3272: 3225: 3193:"Commonwealth" 3189: 3152: 3131: 3096: 3057: 3035: 2992: 2957: 2914: 2867: 2839:10.1086/386266 2816: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2681: 2651: 2615: 2582: 2570: 2540: 2510: 2480: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2362: 2350: 2325:Hipkins, Chris 2313: 2301: 2284: 2280:McDermott 2009 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2232:McDermott 2009 2221: 2217:McDermott 2009 2209: 2205:McDermott 2009 2197: 2193:McDermott 2009 2185: 2173: 2171:, p. 461. 2169:O'Connell 1954 2158: 2154:McDermott 2009 2143: 2141:, p. 460. 2139:O'Connell 1954 2131: 2127:McDermott 2009 2119: 2117:, p. 334. 2107: 2103:McDermott 2009 2095: 2091:McDermott 2009 2083: 2071: 2059: 2057:, p. 455. 2047: 2045:, p. 452. 2035: 2033:, p. 450. 2023: 2011: 1996: 1984: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1919:, p. 171. 1909: 1907:, p. 654. 1897: 1895:, p. 640. 1885: 1870: 1840: 1828: 1826:, p. 333. 1813: 1801: 1799:, p. 175. 1789: 1787:, p. 181. 1777: 1765: 1750: 1738: 1736:, p. 862. 1723: 1711: 1699: 1697:, p. 278. 1687: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1624: 1620:McDermott 2009 1609: 1594: 1592:, p. 831. 1582: 1580:, p. 823. 1570: 1558: 1556:, p. 139. 1546: 1534: 1522: 1520:, p. 552. 1510: 1498: 1496:, p. 522. 1486: 1474: 1457: 1442: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1355: 1343: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1302:, p. 287. 1292: 1280: 1268: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1230:, p. 362. 1220: 1218:, p. 286. 1205: 1193: 1181: 1169: 1167:, p. 336. 1154: 1142: 1130: 1118: 1088: 1076: 1046: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 992: 985: 982: 968: 965: 936: 933: 877: 874: 856: 853: 851: 848: 827: 824: 808:, then to the 787: 784: 719: 716: 714: 711: 685: 682: 582: 579: 541: 538: 479: 476: 448:Main article: 445: 442: 432: 429: 376:naturalisation 349:United Kingdom 341:British Empire 314: 311: 309: 306: 284: 281: 273:United Kingdom 269:British Empire 212: 211: 204: 203: 197: 196: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 177:Second reading 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 134: 132:Second reading 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 73: 72: 69:No. 20 of 2007 65: 61: 60: 58: 57: 54: 44: 43: 42: 39: 38: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7355: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098:Ethnic groups 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937:Manufacturing 6935: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Republicanism 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746:National debt 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6307: 6306: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6290:Schengen Area 6287: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239:Statelessness 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6171:Ius sanguinis 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6123:African Union 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091:organizations 6089:International 6087: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062:United States 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Liechtenstein 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5713:Schengen Area 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5376:United States 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5075:Guinea-Bissau 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3730: 3726: 3724:0-7146-8298-5 3720: 3716: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498:Amicus Curiae 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2767:, p. 22. 2766: 2765:Thwaites 2017 2761: 2754: 2749: 2743:, p. 23. 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2717:Thwaites 2017 2713: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2580:, p. 29. 2579: 2578:Thwaites 2017 2574: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2438:Thwaites 2017 2434: 2427: 2422: 2416:, p. 18. 2415: 2414:Thwaites 2017 2410: 2403: 2402:Thwaites 2017 2398: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2360:, p. 19. 2359: 2358:Thwaites 2017 2354: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2282:, p. 62. 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2207:, p. 50. 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 61. 2194: 2189: 2182: 2181:Thwaites 2017 2177: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2140: 2135: 2129:, p. 53. 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2105:, p. 52. 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2081:, p. 41. 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2021:, p. 17. 2020: 2019:Thwaites 2017 2015: 2009:, p. 16. 2008: 2007:Thwaites 2017 2003: 2001: 1993: 1988: 1982:, p. 15. 1981: 1980:Thwaites 2017 1976: 1974: 1967:, p. 79. 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1837: 1836:Thwaites 2017 1832: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1811:, p. 17. 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1715: 1709:, p. 16. 1708: 1703: 1696: 1695:Mansergh 1952 1691: 1685:, p. 73. 1684: 1679: 1672: 1671:Thwaites 2017 1667: 1661:, p. 70. 1660: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1635:Thwaites 2017 1631: 1629: 1622:, p. 71. 1621: 1616: 1614: 1607:, p. 21. 1606: 1605:Thwaites 2017 1601: 1599: 1591: 1590:Fransman 2011 1586: 1579: 1578:Fransman 2011 1574: 1568:, p. 69. 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1530:Karatani 2003 1526: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1482:Karatani 2003 1478: 1472:, p. 10. 1471: 1470:Thwaites 2017 1466: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1453:Thwaites 2017 1449: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1428:, p. 10. 1427: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1402:Thwaites 2017 1398: 1396: 1388: 1387:Bennett 2001a 1383: 1376: 1375:Thwaites 2017 1371: 1364: 1363:Spagnolo 2015 1359: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1339:Thwaites 2017 1335: 1333: 1326:, p. 61. 1325: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1290:, p. 71. 1289: 1288:Spagnolo 2015 1284: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1254:, p. 55. 1253: 1252:Karatani 2003 1248: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1201:Karatani 2003 1197: 1191:, p. 41. 1190: 1189:Karatani 2003 1185: 1179:, p. 13. 1178: 1173: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1151: 1150:Karatani 2003 1146: 1139: 1138:Thwaites 2017 1134: 1127: 1122: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1010: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 981: 977: 973: 964: 960: 956: 952: 950: 945: 941: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 898: 895: 891: 887: 886:Julia Gillard 882: 873: 871: 865: 861: 847: 843: 839: 836: 832: 823: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 793: 783: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 729: 725: 710: 708: 702: 700: 696: 692: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 650: 648: 642: 640: 635: 630: 627: 626:Great Britain 623: 619: 615: 609: 607: 603: 598: 592: 588: 578: 574: 570: 567: 562: 560: 555: 551: 547: 537: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 513: 511: 506: 502: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 475: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 451: 441: 439: 428: 426: 422: 417: 413: 411: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 324: 320: 305: 303: 298: 294: 290: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 246: 242: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 209: 205: 202: 198: 195: 191: 187: 185:Third reading 183: 179: 175: 171: 169:First reading 167: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 143: 142:Third reading 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 123: 122:First reading 119: 116: 113: 111:Introduced by 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81:15 March 2007 80: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 37: 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 7266:Bibliography 7153:Architecture 7110:Prostitution 7093:Demographics 7058:Homelessness 7032: 6957:Reserve Bank 6771:Conservatism 6719:Constitution 6687:Human rights 6645:Constitution 6596:Subdivisions 6377:Bibliography 6304: 6270:Soviet Union 6265:Ancient Rome 6260:Nazi Germany 6186:Repatriation 6176: 6169: 6136:By procedure 5996: 5671:Turkmenistan 5626:Saudi Arabia 5190:South Africa 5175:Sierra Leone 4980:Burkina Faso 4946:By continent 4735:South Africa 4720:Sierra Leone 4514: 4442: 4420: 4410: 4381: 4377: 4348:– via 4342:. Retrieved 4329: 4325: 4306:. Retrieved 4282: 4269:. Retrieved 4237: 4233: 4209: 4197:. Retrieved 4173: 4162:– via 4156:. Retrieved 4143: 4137: 4119:. Retrieved 4080:. Retrieved 4067: 4063: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4010: 4006: 3970: 3964: 3935: 3931: 3902: 3896: 3865: 3853:. Retrieved 3840: 3824:. Retrieved 3800: 3789:– via 3783:. Retrieved 3759: 3755: 3733:. Retrieved 3713: 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3630: 3626: 3594: 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3549:– via 3543:. Retrieved 3530: 3524: 3501: 3497: 3467: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3386: 3356: 3352: 3340:. Retrieved 3316: 3303:. Retrieved 3277: 3266:– via 3260:. Retrieved 3239: 3235: 3219:– via 3213:. Retrieved 3200: 3196: 3162: 3156: 3135: 3106: 3100: 3069: 3065: 3043: 3029:– via 3023:. Retrieved 3007: 3003: 2984:. Retrieved 2972: 2968: 2924: 2918: 2908:– via 2902:. Retrieved 2881: 2877: 2826: 2820: 2797: 2791: 2779:Publications 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700:. Retrieved 2696:The Guardian 2694: 2684: 2672:. Retrieved 2654: 2642:. Retrieved 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2595: 2585: 2573: 2561:. Retrieved 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2513: 2501:. Retrieved 2483: 2471:. Retrieved 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385:. Retrieved 2365: 2353: 2341:. Retrieved 2304: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 1987: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1917:Bellino 2020 1912: 1900: 1888: 1861:. Retrieved 1843: 1838:, p. 9. 1831: 1824:Stephen 2000 1804: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1741: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1673:, p. 2. 1666: 1654: 1647:Stephen 2000 1642: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1542:Baldwin 2001 1537: 1525: 1518:Baldwin 2001 1513: 1506:Baldwin 2001 1501: 1494:Baldwin 2001 1489: 1477: 1455:, p. 7. 1438:Baldwin 2001 1433: 1421: 1414:Baldwin 2001 1409: 1404:, p. 6. 1382: 1377:, p. 5. 1370: 1358: 1353:, p. 9. 1346: 1341:, p. 4. 1319: 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1264:Bellino 2020 1259: 1247: 1242:, p. 8. 1235: 1223: 1196: 1184: 1172: 1165:Stephen 2000 1145: 1140:, p. 3. 1133: 1121: 1109:. Retrieved 1091: 1079: 1067:. Retrieved 1049: 1037:. Retrieved 1013: 978: 974: 970: 961: 957: 953: 938: 918: 905:by conferral 902: 866: 862: 858: 844: 840: 829: 795: 777: 762: 731: 703: 687: 655: 651: 643: 631: 610: 594: 575: 571: 563: 543: 534: 514: 507: 503: 499:denaturalise 492: 481: 460: 453: 438:Australasian 434: 418: 414: 393: 365: 326: 286: 254: 237: 216: 215: 207: 163:Ian Campbell 77:Royal assent 45: 15: 7228:Anglosphere 7068:Immigration 7033:Citizenship 6900:Agriculture 6786:Nationalism 6729:Enforcement 6702:Transgender 6536:Earthquakes 6524:Environment 6458:Immigration 6387:Archaeology 6244:Travel visa 6202:Citizenship 6027:New Zealand 5871:Switzerland 5826:Netherlands 5636:South Korea 5616:Philippines 5596:North Korea 5476:Afghanistan 5380:Puerto Rico 5303:El Salvador 5195:South Sudan 5080:Ivory Coast 4700:Saint Lucia 4670:New Zealand 4520:The Bahamas 4403:Legislation 4336:: 333–338. 4244:: 855–874. 4150:: 458–461. 3977:: 277–291. 3942:: 505–521. 3909:: 218–224. 3658:Home Office 3601:: 333–338. 3537:: 449–478. 3445:: 456–505. 3363:: 508–524. 3246:: 143–153. 3184:11343/28577 3113:: 639–654. 2888:: 166–192. 2833:: 522–556. 2804:: 281–300. 2755:, s. 21(6). 2729:Gillis 2020 2055:Gillis 2020 2043:Gillis 2020 2031:Gillis 2020 1809:Dutton 2002 1746:Hansen 1999 1707:Dutton 2002 1351:Irving 2004 1126:French 2006 293:nationality 289:citizenship 283:Terminology 267:within the 89:1 July 2007 7317:Categories 7218:Television 7188:Literature 7073:Irreligion 7053:Healthcare 7048:Euthanasia 7028:Censorship 6835:Government 6781:Liberalism 6751:Parliament 6463:Indigenous 6453:Federation 6443:Diplomatic 6417:Since 1945 6382:Prehistory 5957:San Marino 5937:Montenegro 5902:Azerbaijan 5816:Luxembourg 5681:Uzbekistan 5651:Tajikistan 5556:Kyrgyzstan 5551:Kazakhstan 5511:East Timor 5486:Bangladesh 5308:Greenland 5283:Costa Rica 5185:Somaliland 5170:Seychelles 5135:Mozambique 5120:Mauritania 5105:Madagascar 5060:The Gambia 4995:Cape Verde 4715:Seychelles 4655:Mozambique 4585:The Gambia 4525:Bangladesh 4368:1814/46449 4344:13 October 4308:15 October 4199:13 October 4164:HeinOnline 4158:14 October 4121:6 February 4098:(Report). 4045:: 89–108. 4028:13 October 3826:14 October 3772:7128733924 3735:12 October 3565:(Report). 3545:25 October 3426:7 February 3342:13 October 3305:13 October 3268:HeinOnline 3252:5544675238 3215:12 October 3025:14 October 2986:19 October 2910:HeinOnline 2674:2 February 2644:14 October 2563:25 October 2533:25 October 2503:25 October 2473:24 October 2451:Alex Hawke 2311:, s. 3(2). 2079:Moore 1984 2067:Moore 1984 1992:Betts 1994 1965:Bloch 2018 1953:Bloch 2018 1905:Bloom 2011 1893:Bloom 2011 1863:24 October 1773:Lloyd 1998 1761:Evans 1972 1719:McKay 2008 1111:8 February 1084:Kondo 2001 1039:25 October 1024:(Report). 1001:References 790:See also: 752:until the 742:New Guinea 722:See also: 662:High Court 585:See also: 385:denization 372:common law 317:See also: 261:federation 47:Long title 7307:Australia 7125:Squatting 7078:Languages 7043:Education 7023:Aged care 6987:Transport 6796:Socialism 6776:Far-right 6766:Christian 6761:Anarchism 6724:Judiciary 6660:Donations 6655:Elections 6566:Mountains 6514:Continent 6492:Geography 6412:1901–1945 6407:1851–1900 6402:1788–1850 6348:Australia 6195:By result 5997:Australia 5811:Lithuania 5641:Sri Lanka 5631:Singapore 5611:Palestine 5521:Indonesia 5456:Venezuela 5401:Argentina 5361:St. Lucia 5346:Nicaragua 5321:Guatemala 5125:Mauritius 4740:Sri Lanka 4725:Singapore 4650:Mauritius 4515:Australia 4388:: 67–75. 4210:Loyalties 4108:1328-7478 4082:7 January 4074:: 26–54. 4017:: 50–74. 3766:: 57–71. 3637:: 67–95. 3169:: 30–39. 3127:154726067 3092:202310868 3076:: 79–99. 3053:747740286 3014:: 46–50. 2953:205550491 2931:: 33–54. 2929:Routledge 2894:2652-4201 2702:17 August 2268:Kerr 2009 2256:Kerr 2009 2244:Kerr 2009 1881:Paul 1997 1785:Paul 1997 1734:Ryan 2001 1683:Wade 1948 1659:Wade 1948 1566:Wade 1948 1324:Kaye 1996 1276:Kaye 1996 1006:Citations 890:Secretary 870:Stateless 814:Singapore 748:remained 616:with the 495:coverture 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