Aurelian - Knowledge

1517: 45: 1330: 1322: 1233: 1139: 1487:. Aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread, and adding olive oil, salt, and pork to the products distributed to the populace. These products had been distributed sporadically before. Aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price – a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the Romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole. 774: 1155: 1032: 819: 1225:, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Apollonius implored: "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!" Aurelian spared Tyana, and it paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the Emperor would not exact revenge upon them. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the 915: 641:, the emperor at the time, for providing him with such a talented deputy. Crinitus adopted Aurelian as his heir, either voluntarily or possibly through force. Emperor Valerian attended the adoption ceremony which took place in the baths of Byzantium. Following this, Crinitus disappeared from the historical record. A painting showing Ulpius Crinitus alongside Aurelian has been found in the 1409:, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian wanted to eliminate this, and put Felicissimus on trial. The 797:, only to find themselves trapped and surrounded. The harsh conditions now exacerbated their shortage of food. However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out. 532:). These two propositions, together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome, inspired the notion that this could explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as emperor. However, it seems that this extrapolation of unverifiable facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that. 1439:, marked the end of the revolt, even if at a high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony. 669:, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. However, during the siege the Emperor was assassinated. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple — which is plausible. In 268 or 269 Aurelian and his cavalry participated in the victory of Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor 928:

threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength of the state. Also, the economic substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this, an epidemic swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the army and for agriculture.

1508:, in 271. If Aurelian "did suppress this food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform." Indeed, around this time, Aurelian reformed the Cura Annonae to replace the dole of grain by a dole of bread, salt and pork, as well as subsidized prices for other goods such as oil and wine. 927:

had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars

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The determined Goths killed many of the oncoming infantry and were only prevented from slaughtering them all when Aurelian finally charged in with his Dalmatian cavalry. The Goths still managed to escape and continued their march through Thrace. The Roman army continued to follow the Goths during the

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It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of society – albeit a citizen – he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood

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During the reign of Claudius, Aurelian was promoted rapidly: he was given command of the elite Dalmatian cavalry and soon promoted to overall head of the army after the emperor and what had been Emperor Claudius' own position before his acclamation. The war against Aureolus and the concentration of

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Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. He restored many public buildings, reorganized the management of the food reserves, set fixed prices for the most important goods, and prosecuted misconduct by the public

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Eventually Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects.

1020:—who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions. 804:

Emperor Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. Aurelian used his cavalry to great effect, breaking the Goths into smaller groups which were easier to handle. By late summer the

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when they heard of emperor Claudius' approach, causing them to abandon the siege and pillage north-eastern Macedonia. Aurelian intercepted the Goths with his Dalmatian cavalry and defeated them in a series of minor skirmishes, killing as many as three thousand of the enemy. Aurelian continued to

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Claudius was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers outside Mediolanum. The new emperor immediately ordered the Senate to deify Gallienus. Next, Claudius began to distance himself from those responsible for his predecessor's assassination, ordering the execution of those directly involved.

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Aurelian was a military commander, and during his reign he tried to keep legions' fidelity; this coin celebrated the CONCORDIA MILITVM, "concord of the soldiers" – in other words, harmony between the emperor and the military. Legend: IMP. C. AVRELIANVS AVG. / CONCORDIA MILITVM – XXIQ

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Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. However, the majority of the Goths escaped and began retreating south the way they had come. For the rest of year, Aurelian harassed the enemy with his Dalmatian cavalry.

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was still besieged in Mediolanum and sought reconciliation with the new emperor, but Claudius had no sympathy for a potential rival. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself.

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Goths were defeated: any survivors were stripped of their animals and booty and were levied into the army or settled as farmers in frontier regions. Aurelian had no time to relish his victories; in late August news arrived from Sirmium that emperor Claudius was dead.

1462:. Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The Emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins before their introduction. 888:

in Sirmium. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own

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However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, he had been strict and had handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of his (called Eros by

2265:, xxxiii,21. Other sources do not cite Aurelian among those who conspired against Gallienus, though different sources have claimed that he was the one who called Gallienus out of his tent under a proposed "conspiracy" at the point Gallienus was stabbed. 1364:

as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. The centre of the cult was

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which could indicate Italian settler ancestry — and even this is contested — his rise to the highest ranks is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities.

1343:("Restorer of the World"). This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. In four years, Aurelian had secured the frontiers of the Empire and reunified it. 788:

Now stranded in Roman territory, the Goths' lack of provisions began to take its toll. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into

1255:, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered. More honors came his way; he was now known as 520:(tenant farmer) who worked the lands of a senator named Aurelius. Aurelian's father was probably a veteran of the Roman army. He married the daughter of Aurelius from whom Aurelian received his name via his mother. The 1516: 8411: 1956: 1666:

Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus pius felix invictus Augustus, pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus, Gothicus maximus, Parthicus maximus, Carpicus maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul III,

1922: 1556:) had told a lie on a minor issue. In fear of what the emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution and showed it to collaborators. The 1294:

was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the Empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. Instead, the two seem to have conspired so that when the armies met at the

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offices than that pursued by ex-rankers, although not necessarily less laborious. However, although Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his

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Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure, the exploits detailed in the

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wrote that he died at the age of 61, implying a birth in 214. However, his chronicle is often described as "too frequently unreliable", meaning that his statement may not be completely accurate.

884:, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about August or September (older sources argue for May) by the 461:

and are considered unreliable. Comparative research with other sources from his era has rendered some details more secure than others. Aurelian was born on 9 September, a date recorded in the

441:("master and god"), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. His successes were instrumental in ending the crisis, earning him the title 1939: 568:, while not always impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is demonstrably an invention typical of that author. However, he was probably associated with 545:– the three steps of the equestrian military career – one of the routes to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service. This could be a more expeditious route to senior military and 1190:. The Syrian queen cut off Rome's shipments of grain, and in a matter of weeks, the Romans started running low on bread. In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as Emperor, while 1302:

that autumn, Tetricus simply deserted to the Roman camp and Aurelian easily defeated the Gallic army facing him. Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a

1090:. However, the menace of the Germanic people and a Germanic invasion was still perceived by the Romans as likely; therefore Aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around 541:

if it is assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military service and that he enlisted as an equestrian. This would have opened up for him the

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With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems – recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the

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The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. The Brucheion (Royal Quarter) in Alexandria was burned to the ground. This section of the city once contained the

757:. Claudius immediately dispatched Aurelian to the Balkans to contain the invasion as best he could until Claudius could arrive with his main army. The Goths were besieging 730:

unhindered, they entered northern Italy and began pillaging the area. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the

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lent itself to a legend: Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st-century philosopher

1118:, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as it was too difficult and expensive to defend. He reorganized a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former 1536:), presented an opportunity to attack the Sassanid Empire, and in 275 Aurelian set out for another campaign against the Sassanids. On his way, he suppressed a revolt in 1074:(January 271). When the news of the defeat arrived in Rome, it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians, but Aurelian attacked the Alamanni camping near the 216: 3002: 8406: 766:

where emperor Claudius had assembled his main army. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy.

572:'s cavalry army and shone as an officer of that elite unit because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of the reign of 3337: 3159: 1958:

When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods

1422:, thus disaffecting the population to the emperor. This rebellion also had the support of some senators, probably those who had supported the election of 8252: 2238: 1415:

incited the mint workers to revolt: the rebellion spread in the streets, even if it seems that Felicissimus was killed immediately, presumably executed.

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argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized

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The first actions of the new Emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern

1206:("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army to be strong enough. 2521: 1389: 209: 1435:("urban cohorts"), reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the 2286:

J. Bray (1997), pp. 279–288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram,

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During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the

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on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year, and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as

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The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader

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in 274, ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death, although this is just speculative. Sources hint at an

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Rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 BC, and for free since 58 BC through the

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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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spring and summer of 270. Meanwhile, a devastating plague swept through the Balkans, killing many soldiers in both armies.

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were: (i) prefecture of a cohort of auxiliary infantry; (ii) tribunate of a legionary cohort; and (iii) prefecture of an

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Illyria and Thrace, Ulpius had fallen ill, so he ordered Aurelian to deal with the invaders. Aurelian was designated as

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paras 5.5–6, 6.3–5, and 7.1–2. If he ever was a tribune of a legion as suggested in 7.1–2 it could not have been with

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as his successor. Additionally, some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death.

951:, which was successful in defending against the Sassanid threat. The western provinces, those facing the 881: 614: 348: 2139:

Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire by Daniël Den Hengst

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in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the

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The Crest-Wave of Evolution A Course of Lectures in History, Given in the Raja-Yoga College, 1918-1919

1540:– possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus – and defeated barbarian marauders in 1296: 312: 8376: 8093: 5864: 4655: 4623: 4448: 3628: 3387: 1731: 1071: 836: 268: 20: 8386: 5938: 5709: 5571: 4665: 4618: 4165: 3812: 3107: 1366: 7778: 7693: 7670: 5987: 5849: 5786: 5575: 5375: 5191: 4473: 4453: 4227: 4107: 3395: 1727: 1684: 1573: 1456:), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver 1009: 981: 969: 829: 1329: 1321: 1299: 8282: 8272: 7820: 7799: 7718: 6632: 6492: 6102: 5736: 5696: 5490: 5432: 5316: 5120: 4783: 4743: 4722: 4628: 3418: 1315: 1183: 1175: 944: 731: 689: 642: 251: 2600: 1840: 8292: 7768: 7733: 7713: 7703: 7665: 6265: 6169: 5523: 4677: 4672: 4648: 4643: 4559: 4396: 4384: 4155: 3780: 2941: 1895: 1377: 1271: 1083: 968:

In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defence of

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A very large number of rare gold coins of Aurelian have been discovered as part of the

1384:("God and born ruler") on some of his coins, a style also later adopted by Diocletian. 1179: 1162:

In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the

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The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor

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place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Macedonia (overlapping with

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would mint coins with the legends XI or IA, signalling a 10% of silver in the alloy.

1246:: the rising sun/star of Augustus. Legend: IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG. / ORIENS AVG. – XIR. 653:

Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor

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De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families

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The war against the Palmyrene Empire is described in Zosimus, 1,50,1–1,61,1, and

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in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire.

1274:, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain. 665:, his former general and now usurper for the throne. Driving Aureolus back into 8175: 7973: 7934: 7652: 7608: 7477: 6561: 6487: 6317: 6189: 6149: 5897: 5749: 5714: 5704: 5638: 5593: 5475: 5470: 5050: 5029: 4995: 4268: 4232: 4177: 4070: 3993: 3891: 3885: 3817: 3797: 3551: 3511: 3309: 1595: 1564:, fearing punishment from the emperor, murdered him shortly after October 275 ( 1251:

After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper

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Die römischen Kaiser : 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian

2679: 2329: 1661: 1569: 1466: 1303: 1290:. Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" 1283: 1147: 1138: 1082:, and forcing them to re-cross the Po river; Aurelian finally routed them at 1046:

The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. In 271, the

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in battle. Aurelian used the resources gained from the battles to enrich the

411: 406:. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the 359:

invasions and internal revolts. Born in modest circumstances, most likely in

344: 119: 59: 2694:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 923–924. 1973: 1801: 939:. The eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of the city of 7939: 7773: 7763: 7738: 7590: 7540: 7499: 7225: 7137: 7025: 6938: 6918: 6837: 6802: 6797: 6683: 6622: 6332: 6154: 6144: 6107: 6062: 5976: 5966: 5956: 5872: 5588: 5465: 5274: 5215: 5075: 5022: 4927: 4483: 4278: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4018: 3880: 3521: 3358: 3316: 3006:, volume 9 (V.1), Metzlerscher Verlag (Stuttgart, 1903), columns 1347–1419. 2993: 2526: 1878: 1483: 1444: 1436: 1406: 1361: 1017: 885: 763: 758: 602: 529: 468: 352: 187: 183: 3167:. The Classical World. Vol. 94. London: Routledge. pp. 284–286. 3110:(1924). "Zur Chronologie der römischen Kaiser von Decius bis Diocletian". 773: 379:

then ruled for three months, before Aurelian took the empire for himself.

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In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the

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at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a

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Aurelian returned to Rome and won his last honorific from the Senate –

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Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae

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seized power with support of the Senate. With an act typical of the

818: 8170: 8165: 8154: 8036: 8029: 7983: 7955: 7949: 7914: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7494: 7434: 7277: 7249: 6842: 6772: 6584: 6570: 6550: 6512: 6424: 6369: 6327: 6159: 6129: 6092: 6037: 5882: 5759: 5664: 5608: 5503: 5410: 5404: 5393: 5359: 5243: 5229: 5222: 5209: 5173: 4913: 4418: 4200: 4092: 4045: 4005: 3987: 3907: 3842: 3822: 3792: 3765: 3760: 3745: 3735: 3613: 3608: 3556: 3531: 3526: 3491: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3014:

Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie

2745: 2541: 1719: 1545: 1533: 1525: 1496: 1458: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1025: 989: 711: 702: 662: 610: 434: 395: 383: 8147: 8086: 7929: 7613: 7424: 7418: 7406: 7287: 7282: 7219: 7198: 7043: 6995: 6895: 6885: 6610: 6507: 6477: 6459: 6448: 6431: 6383: 6376: 6307: 6229: 5877: 5685: 5671: 5583: 5534: 5440: 5383: 5334: 5167: 5157: 5137: 5070: 4920: 4799: 4352: 4055: 3962: 3875: 3730: 3506: 2981:

Compendium excerpt: Claudius to Diocletian 268–284 (12th century)

2777: 1625: 1470: 1171: 1167: 1127: 1075: 1067: 985: 940: 778: 738: 622: 618: 606: 599: 479: 426:, and monetary reforms attempting to curb the devaluation of the 391: 123: 4811: 1400:

Aurelian's reign records the only uprising of mint workers. The

1369:, built in 274 and dedicated on December 25 of that year in the 914: 737:

While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the

8054: 7924: 7561: 7444: 7049: 7020: 6890: 6865: 6657: 6591: 6417: 6410: 6337: 6292: 6286: 6112: 6032: 5618: 5445: 5398: 5352: 5324: 5250: 5128: 5087: 4969: 4934: 4906: 4124: 3981: 3863: 3635: 3501: 2761: 2683: 1491: 1252: 1119: 1101: 790: 750: 742: 723: 719: 360: 2872: 2630:. New haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. pp. 118–119. 1579:

Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing

8140: 7919: 7909: 7887: 7545: 6454: 6442: 6355: 6272: 6123: 6057: 5719: 5388: 5346: 5340: 5132: 5091: 4962: 4955: 4941: 3725: 3496: 3486: 3466: 1756: 1395: 1214: 958: 746: 674: 666: 630: 387: 375:

became emperor until his own death in 270. Claudius' brother

19:

This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see

2551: 1325:

A Radiate of Aurelian, obverse. Legend: IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG.

7892: 7882: 7272: 7147: 6348: 5678: 5498: 5480: 5365: 5147: 5142: 4976: 4768: 3471: 3461: 2437: 2435: 2109:

The Reign of Emperor Gallienus: The Apogee of Roman Cavalry

2067: 1333:

A Radiate of Aurelian, reverse. Legend: ORIENS AVG. – EXXI.

1091: 1063: 727: 419: 1418:

The Palmyrene rebellion in Egypt had probably reduced the

584:

The existence of Ulpius Crinitus has been doubted by many

6097: 2884: 2239:"LacusCurtius: Templum Solis (Platner & Ashby, 1929)" 1682:

Had Aurelian's family been enfranchised by virtue of the

1240:

defeat the Palmyrene Empire, and celebrates ORIENS AVG –

1142:

The Roman Empire by 271 A.D before the reconquest of the

1000:. The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several 590: 486:"which he founded so that he would have been a Moesian". 7318: 3141:

Aurelian and Probus: The Soldier Emperors Who Saved Rome

2432: 2014: 1972:

Wijnendaele, Jeroen W. P.; Hanaghan, Michael P. (2021).

355:

after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of

26:"Aurelianus" redirects here. For the genus of bugs, see 2787: 2563: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2389: 2387: 2374: 2372: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2038: 2026: 1023: 455:

Many details about Aurelian's early life come from the

3089:

Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284

3003:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

2447: 1442:

His monetary reformation included the introduction of

1174:. Zenobia had carved out her own empire, encompassing 2799: 2602:

Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome

2306: 2304: 1862: 1860: 506:

like several other emperors of the late 3rd century (

2420: 2399: 2384: 2369: 2352: 2268: 1820: 1624:

in France is named after Aurelian. Originally named

171:

Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus

2459: 1971: 1808: 1133: 510:) all of whom shared a common military background. 2653:The decline and fall of the Roman empire. Volume I 2301: 1857: 1360:Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god 692:. They are known to have had a daughter together. 3223:The Roman Emperor Aurelian: Restorer of the World 3112:Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 3062:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services. 3031: 3017:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1158:The route of Aurelian's campaign against Palmyra. 1114:. However, he decided to abandon the province of 947:, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the 793:. As winter set in, the Goths retreated into the 8318: 3060:A biography of the Emperor Aurelian (AD 270–275) 2955:Aurelianus Life of Aurelian Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 2522:"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague" 1426:, and thus had something to fear from Aurelian. 1277: 1209:Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but 621:of the Third Legion. He used his force of 2,500 8407:Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard 2471: 2217:. New York, NY: Psychology Press. p. 172. 1924:The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Constantinople 1560:Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the 1217:surrendered to him with little resistance. The 1066:. Aurelian, who was in Pannonia to control the 909: 528:", whose worship Aurelian promoted as Emperor ( 2970:(published in 1814), book 1, (5th–6th century) 975: 762:harass the enemy, driving them northward into 386:after a devastating war. He also defeated the 4784: 3403: 3226:. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. 2605:. University of Michigan Press. p. 167. 1608:between Aurelian's death and the election of 1594:There is some evidence that Aurelian's wife, 1568:began his reign in November or December), in 1504:was the last known official in charge of the 210: 3069:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 2938:, xxxv "Epitome de Caesaribus" (4th century) 2859:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 1961:. University of Michigan Press. p. 258. 1671:, pater patriae, proconsul, restitutor orbis 1476: 1102:Defeat of the Goths and abandonment of Dacia 605:. Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of 410:in 273. The following year he conquered the 2625: 2167:. New York: Psychology Press. p. 113. 1786:. Yale University Press. pp. 375–376. 1586: 1410: 1338: 1307: 1262: 1256: 1241: 1201: 1195: 688:, about whom little is known. She was from 657:' entourage. In 268 Gallienus travelled to 645:, adding to the veracity of his existence. 563: 442: 4791: 4777: 3410: 3396: 1838: 1396:Felicissimus' rebellion and coinage reform 1286:which had already been reduced in size by 1054:and sacking the villages; they passed the 217: 203: 2709:(in German). München: Beck. p. 250. 2674: 2672: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 1448:containing 5% silver. They bore the mark 859:Learn how and when to remove this message 49:Bust of Aurelian, formerly identified as 8201: 3066: 3057: 2908:. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon. 2678: 2598: 2073: 2044: 2032: 1920: 1515: 1490:Aurelian is believed to have terminated 1328: 1320: 1231: 1194:, the son of Zenobia, held the title of 1153: 1137: 1030: 913: 772: 3138: 3085: 3010: 2510:. Vol. II. Loeb Classical Library. 2453: 2441: 2105: 2020: 1779: 741:reporting large-scale attacks from the 588:. If he did exist he would have been a 576:, he seems to have been its commander. 478:describes him both as a Pannonian from 347:who reigned from 270 to 275 during the 224: 8319: 7348: 6713: 5815: 4841: 3157: 2890: 2878: 2805: 2793: 2704: 2669: 2650: 2569: 2557: 2483: 2426: 2414: 2393: 2378: 2363: 2328:Körner, Christian (23 December 2008). 2327: 2310: 2274: 2212: 2162: 2135: 1937: 1866: 8200: 7317: 6682: 5784: 4810: 4772: 3391: 3219: 3143:. Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military. 2903: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2142:. BRILL. pp. 91, 119, 204, 206. 2131: 2129: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2082: 1893: 1814: 637:. After the battle, Crinitus thanked 422:, the abandonment of the province of 198: 7853: 3254:On coins of Aurelian with the title 3044:from the original on 20 October 2006 2986: 2628:How Rome fell: death of a superpower 2340:from the original on 2 December 2010 1954: 1236:Aurelian and the personification of 841:adding citations to reliable sources 812: 2973: 2477: 1355: 1050:moved towards Italia, entering the 535: 13: 3213: 3032:Körner, Christian (20 July 2001). 2926: 2626:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2009). 2316: 2206: 2181: 2126: 2079: 1660:His full name, with honorific and 1628:, Aurelian rebuilt and renamed it 1086:. For this, he received the title 648: 579: 382:During his reign, he defeated the 14: 8428: 3241: 3106: 2992: 2465: 1826: 1524:The deaths of the Sassanid Kings 695: 3058:Saunders, Randall Titus (1992). 2848:, London: Routledge, pp, 139-140 2505: 1134:Conquest of the Palmyrene Empire 876:When Claudius died, his brother 871: 817: 43: 2896: 2851: 2838: 2826:Trésors monétaires, volume XXIV 2820:The Lava Treasure of Roman Gold 2811: 2771: 2755: 2739: 2723: 2698: 2644: 2619: 2592: 2575: 2534: 2514: 2499: 2280: 2256: 2231: 2156: 2099: 2050: 1965: 1948: 1931: 1927:. Cavendish Square. p. 28. 1745: 1712: 1695: 1676: 1502:Titus Flavius Postumius Quietus 828:needs additional citations for 524:describes her as "priestess of 3161:Aurelian and the Third Century 2846:Aurelian and the Third Century 2215:Aurelian and the Third Century 2165:Aurelian and the Third Century 2106:Syvänne, Ilkka (30 May 2019). 1944:. Floating Press. p. 764. 1914: 1887: 1872: 1832: 1773: 1654: 1: 8342:3rd-century murdered monarchs 7811:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 2546:Historia Augusta – Aurelianus 1780:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (1992). 1766: 1278:Conquest of the Gallic Empire 467:. The 6th-century chronicler 450: 340: 336: 114: 16:Roman emperor from 270 to 275 4798: 3334:T. Flavius Postumius Quietus 2946:Breviarium historiae Romanae 2906:Cenabum, Aurelianis, Orléans 2902:For an exact etymology, see 2540:Zosimus, 1,48f.; Eutropius; 1380:. He appears with the title 1110:, and assuming the title of 1024:Defending Italy against the 910:The Roman Empire in the 270s 777:Ruins of Imperial Palace at 710:forces in Italy allowed the 7: 8362:Crisis of the Third Century 8352:Ancient assassinated people 7744:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 2861:(London: Routledge, 2015), 2136:Hengst, Daniël den (2010). 2064:as that unit never existed. 1692:would have been "Aurelius". 1452:(or its Greek numeral form 976:Reunification of the empire 882:Crisis of the Third Century 447:("Restorer of the World"). 349:Crisis of the Third Century 117:November (?) 275 (aged ~61) 10: 8433: 8347:3rd-century Roman emperors 6643:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 6027:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 5791:Second Intermediate Period 4683:Constantine XI Palaiologos 4634:Andronikos III Palaiologos 4521:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 3071:. Routledge. p. 125. 2599:Stoneman, Richard (1994). 1921:Anderson, Zachary (2015). 1346: 1267:("Restorer of the East"). 808: 514:describes his father as a 333:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus 159:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus 25: 18: 8392:3rd-century Roman consuls 8305: 8207: 8196: 8094:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 7838: 7784:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 7679: 7651: 7636: 7599: 7571: 7531: 7513: 7463: 7396: 7381: 7339: 7335: 7313: 7263: 7240: 7173: 7096: 7034: 6986: 6971: 6904: 6851: 6763: 6748: 6704: 6700: 6689:Third Intermediate Period 6678: 6601: 6560: 6468: 6400: 6248: 6016: 6001: 5937: 5911: 5863: 5848: 5806: 5802: 5780: 5735: 5695: 5570: 5555: 5489: 5431: 5374: 5315: 5300: 5190: 5119: 5104: 5005: 4889: 4874: 4832: 4828: 4817:First Intermediate Period 4806: 4759: 4691: 4656:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 4624:Andronikos II Palaiologos 4449:Constantine IX Monomachos 4137: 4034: 3917: 3744: 3582: 3430: 3373: 3356: 3344: 3330: 3314: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3124:10.1515/apf.1924.7.1-2.30 3086:Peachin, Michael (1990). 2948:, IX. 13–15 (4th century) 2330:"Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)" 1990:10.1515/9783110742770-008 1839:Halsberghe, G.H. (1972). 1742:, i.e. through the ranks. 1732:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus 1615: 1477:Food distribution reforms 1094:that became known as the 625:, and the armies of four 235: 179: 170: 163: 158: 153: 149: 139: 129: 110: 97: 93: 83: 73: 65: 58: 42: 37: 21:Aurelian (disambiguation) 7806:Cleopatra VII Philopator 6063:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 4821: (<3150–2040 BC) 4619:Michael VIII Palaiologos 3038:De Imperatoribus Romanis 2881:, pp. 104–105, 225. 2734:De Mortibus Persecutorum 2705:Clauss, Manfred (2001). 1955:Fine, John V. A (2010). 1938:Morris, Kenneth (2009). 1842:The Cult of Sol Invictus 1647: 1598:, who had been declared 1511: 1473:, France, in the 1980s. 1078:, defeating them in the 684:Aurelian was married to 371:in 268. Following that, 8397:Murdered Roman emperors 7779:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 7694:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 5988:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 4474:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 4108:Tiberius II Constantine 3158:Watson, Alaric (1999). 3139:Syvänne, Ilkka (2020). 2904:Debal, Jacques (1996). 2844:Watson, Alaric (2004), 2691:Encyclopædia Britannica 2651:Gibbon, Edward (1993). 2213:Watson, Alaric (2004). 2163:Watson, Alaric (2004). 1897:Studies in John Malalas 1728:Publius Aelius Aelianus 1685:Constitutio Antoniniana 1610:Marcus Claudius Tacitus 1500:program. Roman prefect 1016:, and the rebellion of 8367:Deified Roman emperors 7821:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 7800:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 7794:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 7749:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 7719:Arsinoe III Philopator 6633:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 6103:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 6043:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 5634:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 4629:Michael IX Palaiologos 3366:with Capitolinus (274) 3067:Southern, Pat (2001). 2750:Historia Ecclesiastica 2560:, pp. 51–54, 217. 1718:Compare the career of 1640:), which evolved into 1587: 1521: 1411: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1308: 1263: 1257: 1247: 1242: 1202: 1196: 1159: 1151: 1043: 920: 785: 732:Battle of Lake Benacus 564: 443: 332: 7769:Ptolemy X Alexander I 7734:Ptolemy VI Philometor 7714:Ptolemy IV Philopator 7709:Berenice II Euergetes 7704:Ptolemy III Euergetes 7666:Philip III Arrhidaeus 6175:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 6170:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 5524:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4723:Thessalonian emperors 4717:Trapezuntine emperors 4678:John VIII Palaiologos 4673:Manuel II Palaiologos 4644:John VI Kantakouzenos 4560:Andronikos I Komnenos 4397:Constantine Lekapenos 3425:and empresses regnant 3092:. Amsterdam: Gieben. 2979:Compendium of History 2936:Epitome de Caesaribus 2243:penelope.uchicago.edu 1900:. BRILL. p. 76. 1894:Croke, Brian (1990). 1738:(certainly) who rose 1709:of auxiliary cavalry. 1636:("city of Aurelian", 1519: 1429:Aurelian ordered the 1382:deus et dominus natus 1378:Edict of Thessalonica 1332: 1324: 1272:Library of Alexandria 1235: 1157: 1141: 1072:ambush near Placentia 1034: 917: 776: 714:to break through the 106:or Sirmium (Pannonia) 8202:Dynastic genealogies 7826:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 7122:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 7036:High Priests of Amun 6538:Merankhre Mentuhotep 6240:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 6235:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 6088:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 5795: (2040–1550 BC) 5514:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 4661:John VII Palaiologos 4609:Theodore II Laskaris 4469:Constantine X Doukas 4409:Nikephoros II Phokas 3306:Flavius Antiochianus 3220:White, John (2015). 3208:on 18 February 2020. 3011:Kienast, D. (2017). 2784:, Book 7, Chapter 23 2548:xxi,1–3 and xviii,2. 2288:History of the Goths 1883:Book 12, chapter 30. 1734:(both probably) and 1420:grain supply to Rome 837:improve this article 671:Claudius II Gothicus 343:November 275) was a 8402:People from Sirmium 7724:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7661:Alexander the Great 6693: (1550–664 BC) 6215:Mershepsesre Ini II 6210:Merkawre Sobekhotep 5604:Neferkare IV Khendu 4592:Theodore I Laskaris 4577:Alexios III Angelos 4555:Alexios II Komnenos 4479:Romanos IV Diogenes 4434:Romanos III Argyros 4380:Romanos I Lekapenos 3377:M. Claudius Tacitus 3348:M. Claudius Tacitus 3338:Junius Veldumnianus 2966:Translation of the 2893:, pp. 113–116. 2544:, FGrH IIA 460 F7; 2076:, pp. 129–130. 2062:Legio VII Gallicana 2058:vita Divi Aureliani 1520:Aureus of Aurelian. 1316:Lucania et Bruttium 1264:Restitutor Orientis 1223:Apollonius of Tyana 1186:and large parts of 722:. Marching through 627:Germanic chieftains 565:vita Divi Aureliani 482:and as a native of 367:, until Gallienus' 101:9 September 214 (?) 8061:Trebonianus Gallus 6648:Senakhtenre Ahmose 6266:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 6220:Sewahenre Senebmiu 6195:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 5624:Neferkare V Tereru 5594:Neferkare III Neby 5262:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 4711:Britannic emperors 4705:Palmyrene emperors 4639:John V Palaiologos 4582:Alexios IV Angelos 4531:Constantine Doukas 4526:Alexios I Komnenos 4514:Constantine Doukas 4497:Michael VII Doukas 4459:Michael VI Bringas 4025:Romulus Augustulus 3648:Trebonianus Gallus 3641:Herennius Etruscus 3423:Byzantine emperors 3352:Julius Placidianus 3298:Political offices 3250:, at Wildwinds.com 2817:Sylvianne Estiot, 2468:, pp. 46, 50. 1522: 1335: 1327: 1248: 1160: 1152: 1088:Germanicus Maximus 1062:and moved towards 1044: 998:Germanicus Maximus 921: 786: 502:. Aurelian was an 496:Dacia Mediterranea 464:Chronograph of 354 8417:Damnatio memoriae 8382:Illyrian emperors 8314: 8313: 8301: 8300: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8108:Claudius Gothicus 8002:Severus Alexander 7969:Septimius Severus 7834: 7833: 7632: 7631: 7377: 7376: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7016:Osorkon the Elder 6967: 6966: 6744: 6743: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6638:Nubkheperre Intef 6518:Sekhemre Shedwast 6140:Sehetepkare Intef 6068:Semenkare Nebnuni 5997: 5996: 5844: 5843: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5551: 5550: 5529:Netjerkare Siptah 5451:Neferirkare Kakai 5296: 5295: 5100: 5099: 4870: 4869: 4766: 4765: 4604:John III Vatatzes 4550:Manuel I Komnenos 4289:Michael I Rangabe 4133: 4132: 3975:Petronius Maximus 3574:Severus Alexander 3542:Septimius Severus 3386: 3385: 3374:Succeeded by 3370:Marcellinus (275) 3331:Succeeded by 3288:Succeeded by 3233:978-1-4738-4569-5 3150:978-1-5267-6750-9 2987:Secondary sources 2915:978-2-7297-0554-1 2867:978-0-415-73807-1 2796:, pp. 52–53. 2716:978-3-406-47288-6 2662:978-0-679-42308-9 2637:978-0-300-13719-4 2572:, pp. 54–55. 2444:, pp. 43–44. 2149:978-900-417-438-2 2119:978-1-5267-4522-4 2112:. Pen and Sword. 2023:, pp. 29–30. 1907:978-90-04-34462-4 1736:Traianus Mucianus 1634:Aureliana Civitas 1582:damnatio memoriae 1455: 1451: 1300:at Durocatalaunum 1297:Battle of Châlons 1258:Parthicus Maximus 1170:from the city of 1166:, ruled by Queen 972:and the Balkans. 869: 868: 861: 783:Sremska Mitrovica 679:Battle of Naissus 508:Illyrian emperors 373:Claudius Gothicus 321: 320: 193: 192: 175: 174: 51:Claudius Gothicus 8424: 8377:Gothicus Maximus 8308:List of pharaohs 8198: 8197: 7963:Pescennius Niger 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7759:Ptolemy IX Soter 7729:Cleopatra I Syra 7649: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7346: 7345: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7315: 7314: 7066:Djedkhonsuefankh 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6731: 6726: 6711: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6680: 6679: 6273:Qareh Khawoserre 6259:Yakbim Sekhaenre 6200:Mersekhemre Ined 6014: 6013: 6010: 6009: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5782: 5781: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4808: 4807: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4614:John IV Laskaris 4587:Alexios V Doukas 4572:Isaac II Angelos 4538:John II Komnenos 4464:Isaac I Komnenos 4424:Constantine VIII 4414:John I Tzimiskes 4141:Byzantine Empire 3915: 3914: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3345:Preceded by 3326:Pomponius Bassus 3303:Preceded by 3271:Preceded by 3263: 3262: 3248:Aurelian coinage 3237: 3209: 3207: 3201:. Archived from 3166: 3154: 3135: 3103: 3082: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3028: 3007: 2982: 2953:Historia Augusta 2920: 2919: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2768:, 263rd Olympiad 2759: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2685:"Aurelian" 2676: 2667: 2666: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2596: 2590: 2583:Historia Augusta 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2530:. November 2017. 2518: 2512: 2511: 2508:Historia Augusta 2503: 2497: 2494: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2367: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2103: 2097: 2088: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1891: 1885: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1777: 1760: 1749: 1743: 1722:who pursued the 1716: 1710: 1699: 1693: 1680: 1674: 1658: 1590: 1588:Divus Aurelianus 1562:Praetorian Guard 1453: 1449: 1432:cohortes urbanae 1414: 1356:Religious reform 1342: 1340:Restitutor Orbis 1313: 1266: 1260: 1245: 1205: 1199: 1164:Palmyrene Empire 1144:Palmyrene Empire 1130:as the capital. 1112:Gothicus Maximus 1039:, a gate in the 949:Palmyrene Empire 923:In 248, Emperor 864: 857: 853: 850: 844: 821: 813: 795:Haemus Mountains 718:along the upper 567: 560:Historia Augusta 536:Military service 522:Historia Augusta 476:Historia Augusta 458:Historia Augusta 446: 444:Restitutor Orbis 408:Palmyrene Empire 342: 338: 263:Italian Campaign 230: 219: 212: 205: 196: 195: 151: 150: 116: 47: 35: 34: 28:Aurelianus (bug) 8432: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8387:Illyrian people 8317: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8297: 8203: 8180: 8080:Macrianus Minor 8009:Maximinus Thrax 7945:Marcus Aurelius 7844: 7843: 7842: 7830: 7689:Ptolemy I Soter 7675: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7628: 7595: 7567: 7527: 7509: 7489:Psammetichus IV 7459: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7373: 7351: 7342: 7331: 7328:(664 BC–313 AD) 7327: 7326: 7297: 7259: 7236: 7232:Menkheperre Ini 7169: 7092: 7030: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6963: 6900: 6847: 6828:Neferneferuaten 6754: 6753: 6752: 6740: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6723:Pharaohs 6716: 6707: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6662: 6597: 6556: 6483:Sobekhotep VIII 6464: 6396: 6244: 6205:Sewadjkare Hori 6007: 6006: 6005: 5993: 5933: 5907: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5840: 5818: 5809: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5764: 5731: 5691: 5599:Djedkare Shemai 5561: 5560: 5559: 5547: 5485: 5427: 5370: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5292: 5186: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5096: 5001: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4866: 4844: 4835: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4802: 4797: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4699:Gallic emperors 4687: 4375:Constantine VII 4156:Constantine III 4143: 4140: 4129: 4038: 4030: 3969:Valentinian III 3957:Constantius III 3951:Priscus Attalus 3935:Constantine III 3921: 3913: 3803:Valerius Valens 3748: 3740: 3586: 3578: 3537:Didius Julianus 3517:Marcus Aurelius 3434: 3426: 3416: 3382: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3293: 3284: 3276: 3256:dominus et deus 3244: 3234: 3216: 3214:Further reading 3205: 3183: 3173:10.2307/4352566 3164: 3151: 3100: 3079: 3047: 3045: 3025: 2989: 2975:Joannes Zonaras 2933:Aurelius Victor 2929: 2927:Primary sources 2924: 2923: 2916: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2703: 2699: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2539: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2263:Aurelius Victor 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1970: 1966: 1953: 1949: 1936: 1932: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1892: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1794: 1783:Roman sculpture 1778: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1751:Later emperors 1750: 1746: 1717: 1713: 1700: 1696: 1681: 1677: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1638:cité d'Aurélien 1618: 1514: 1479: 1398: 1371:Campus Agrippae 1358: 1349: 1280: 1227:Sassanid Empire 1136: 1124:Dacia Aureliana 1104: 1029: 978: 925:Philip the Arab 912: 874: 865: 854: 848: 845: 834: 822: 811: 698: 651: 649:Under Gallienus 582: 580:Ulpius Crinitus 538: 500:Moesia Superior 492:John Xiphilinus 453: 439:dominus et deus 361:Moesia Superior 322: 317: 307:Gallic Campaign 231: 225: 223: 118: 102: 54: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8430: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8176:Maximinus Daza 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7935:Antoninus Pius 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7848: 7845:(30 BC–313 AD) 7836: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7646: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7609:Artaxerxes III 7605: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7478:Petubastis III 7475: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7402: 7400: 7391: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7333: 7332: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6981: 6973:3 Intermediate 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6758: 6755:(1550–1070 BC) 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6698: 6697: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6488:Neferhotep III 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6318:Sewadjkare III 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6287:Maaibre Sheshi 6283: 6280:'Ammu Ahotepre 6276: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6190:Merhotepre Ini 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Sobekhotep III 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6008:(1802–1550 BC) 6003:2 Intermediate 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5898:Mentuhotep III 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5855:(2040–1802 BC) 5850:Middle Kingdom 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5800: 5799: 5787:Middle Kingdom 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5750:Neferkare VIII 5747: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5715:Nebkaure Khety 5712: 5707: 5705:Meryibre Khety 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5639:Neferkamin Anu 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5562:(2181–2040 BC) 5557:1 Intermediate 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5476:Djedkare Isesi 5473: 5471:Menkauhor Kaiu 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5307:(2686–2181 BC) 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5114: 5111:(3150–2686 BC) 5106:Early Dynastic 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4826: 4825: 4804: 4803: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4658: 4653: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4518: 4494: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4454:Theodora (III) 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4350: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4316: 4304: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4269:Constantine VI 4266: 4261: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4233:Theodosius III 4230: 4225: 4220: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4178:Constantine IV 4175: 4170: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4036:Eastern Empire 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919:Western Empire 3912: 3911: 3904: 3892:Magnus Maximus 3888: 3886:Valentinian II 3883: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3818:Constantius II 3815: 3813:Constantine II 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3512:Antoninus Pius 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3435:27 BC – AD 235 3428: 3427: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3329: 3313: 3310:Virius Orfitus 3304: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3266:Regnal titles 3261: 3260: 3251: 3243: 3242:External links 3240: 3239: 3238: 3232: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3181: 3155: 3149: 3136: 3118:(1–2): 30–51. 3104: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3064: 3055: 3029: 3023: 3008: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2971: 2957: 2949: 2939: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2857:Pat Southern, 2850: 2837: 2810: 2808:, p. 130. 2798: 2786: 2770: 2754: 2738: 2722: 2715: 2697: 2682:, ed. (1911). 2680:Chisholm, Hugh 2668: 2661: 2643: 2636: 2618: 2611: 2591: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2533: 2513: 2498: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2456:, p. 222. 2446: 2431: 2419: 2398: 2383: 2368: 2351: 2315: 2300: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2230: 2223: 2205: 2180: 2173: 2155: 2148: 2125: 2118: 2098: 2078: 2066: 2056:For instance, 2049: 2047:, p. 109. 2037: 2035:, p. 107. 2025: 2013: 1998: 1964: 1947: 1930: 1913: 1906: 1886: 1871: 1856: 1831: 1819: 1817:, p. 139. 1807: 1792: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1744: 1726:with those of 1711: 1694: 1675: 1662:victory titles 1652: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1617: 1614: 1596:Ulpia Severina 1513: 1510: 1478: 1475: 1397: 1394: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1314:(governor) of 1279: 1276: 1243:oriens Augusti 1135: 1132: 1103: 1100: 1096:Aurelian Walls 1080:Battle of Fano 1076:Metaurus River 1041:Aurelian Walls 1037:Porta Asinaria 1028: 1022: 977: 974: 935:in 260 by the 911: 908: 873: 870: 867: 866: 825: 823: 816: 810: 807: 716:Rhaetian limes 697: 696:Under Claudius 694: 686:Ulpia Severina 650: 647: 629:to defeat the 581: 578: 537: 534: 484:Dacia Ripensis 452: 449: 428:Roman currency 416:Aurelian Walls 335:; 9 September 319: 318: 316: 315: 309: 308: 304: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 282: 281: 276: 271: 265: 264: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 236: 233: 232: 222: 221: 214: 207: 199: 191: 190: 181: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 161: 160: 156: 155: 147: 146: 143: 137: 136: 134:Ulpia Severina 131: 127: 126: 112: 108: 107: 104:Dacia Ripensis 99: 95: 94: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 56: 55: 48: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8429: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8309: 8304: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8199: 8195: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7754:Cleopatra III 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7556:Nepherites II 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7370: 7367: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7087:Psusennes III 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978:(1069–664 BC) 6974: 6970: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6944:Ramesses VIII 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:Amenhotep III 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6736: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:Seqenenre Tao 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Sobekemsaf II 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6578:Wepwawetemsaf 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:Merneferre Ay 6183: 6181: 6180:Wahibre Ibiau 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Sobekhotep IV 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Amenemhat III 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5903:Mentuhotep IV 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Mentuhotep II 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Wahkare Khety 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710:Neferkare VII 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Seth-Peribsen 5255: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200:Hotepsekhemwy 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4990:Double Falcon 4988: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4881:(pre-3150 BC) 4877: 4876:Protodynastic 4873: 4863: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4814: 4813:Protodynastic 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4758: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336:Theodora (II) 4334: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4243:Constantine V 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228:Anastasius II 4226: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:Theodosius II 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859:Valentinian I 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3781:Constantine I 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3771:Constantius I 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3381:Aemilianus II 3378: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3281:Roman emperor 3275: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258:(Section 1.9) 3257: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3182:0-415-07248-4 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:Stein, Arthur 3105: 3101: 3099:90-5063-034-0 3095: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3078:0-415-23944-3 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054:(Korner:2001) 3043: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3024:9783534132898 3020: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2994:Groag, Edmund 2991: 2990: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2968:Historia Nova 2965: 2964:Historia Nova 2961: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2834:9782717724929 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2506:Magh, David. 2502: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2429:, p. 46. 2428: 2423: 2417:, p. 45. 2416: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2396:, p. 44. 2395: 2390: 2388: 2381:, p. 43. 2380: 2375: 2373: 2366:, p. 42. 2365: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2296:0-520-06983-8 2293: 2289: 2283: 2277:, p. 41. 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2224:0-415-30187-4 2220: 2216: 2209: 2194: 2193:topostext.org 2190: 2184: 2176: 2174:0-415-30187-4 2170: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2075: 2074:Saunders 1992 2070: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2045:Saunders 1992 2041: 2034: 2033:Saunders 1992 2029: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1999:9783110742770 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793:0-300-04631-6 1789: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1570:Caenophrurium 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467:Lava Treasure 1463: 1461: 1460: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1341: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284:Gallic Empire 1275: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:fall of Tyana 1216: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1156: 1149: 1148:Gallic Empire 1145: 1140: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 973: 971: 966: 964: 963:Gallic Empire 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 926: 916: 907: 905: 904: 898: 896: 892: 887: 883: 879: 872:Rise to power 863: 860: 852: 842: 838: 832: 831: 826:This section 824: 820: 815: 814: 806: 802: 798: 796: 792: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 765: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 707: 704: 693: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 646: 644: 643:Temple of Sol 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:Goths invaded 612: 608: 604: 601: 597: 593: 592: 587: 577: 575: 571: 566: 562: 561: 555: 552: 548: 547:procuratorial 544: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518: 513: 512:Pseudo-Victor 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:Pseudo-Victor 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 465: 460: 459: 448: 445: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:Gallic Empire 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 369:assassination 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:Roman emperor 334: 330: 326: 314: 311: 310: 306: 305: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285:Palmyrene War 284: 283: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 262: 261: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 242: 238: 237: 234: 229: 220: 215: 213: 208: 206: 201: 200: 197: 189: 185: 182: 178: 169: 166: 162: 157: 152: 148: 144: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 120:Caenophrurium 113: 109: 105: 100: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 60:Roman emperor 57: 52: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8092: 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III 7989:Diadumenian 7789:Cleopatra V 7643:(332–30 BC) 7638:Hellenistic 7581:Nectanebo I 7473:Cambyses II 7455:Psamtik III 7413:Tefnakht II 7215:Takelot III 7210:Osorkon III 7205:Shoshenq VI 7159:Pedubast II 7143:Shoshenq IV 7116:Shoshenq II 7081:Pinedjem II 7071:Menkheperre 7006:Psusennes I 6959:Ramesses XI 6949:Ramesses IX 6934:Ramesses VI 6924:Ramesses IV 6871:Ramesses II 6833:Tutankhamun 6808:Thutmose IV 6788:Thutmose II 6778:Amenhotep I 6750:New Kingdom 6685:New Kingdom 6544:Senusret IV 6528:Dedumose II 6503:Nebiriau II 6498:Nebiryraw I 6493:Mentuhotepi 6298:Khakherewre 6225:Merkheperre 6135:Imyremeshaw 6118:Sedjefakare 6073:Sehetepibre 6048:Ameny Qemau 5982:Sobekneferu 5962:Senusret II 5947:Amenemhat I 5929:Iyibkhentre 5659:Neferirkare 5654:Neferkauhor 5461:Shepseskare 5302:Old Kingdom 5288:Khasekhemwy 5268:Neferkara I 5237:Weneg-Nebty 5082:Scorpion II 4725:(1224–1242) 4719:(1204–1461) 4508:Konstantios 4385:Christopher 4358:Constantine 4348:Michael III 4329:Constantine 4312:Constantine 4294:Theophylact 4223:Philippicus 4173:Constans II 4098:Justinian I 3994:Severus III 3942:Constans II 3696:Claudius II 3672:Silbannacus 3619:Gordian III 3594:Maximinus I 3562:Diadumenian 2998:Domitius 36 2891:Watson 1999 2879:Watson 1999 2869:, page 181. 2806:Watson 1999 2794:Watson 1999 2782:Historiarum 2570:Watson 1999 2558:Watson 1999 2427:Watson 1999 2415:Watson 1999 2394:Watson 1999 2379:Watson 1999 2364:Watson 1999 2311:Watson 1999 2275:Watson 1999 2189:"ToposText" 1867:Watson 1999 1829:, col. 157. 1606:interregnum 1445:antoniniani 1288:Claudius II 1192:Vaballathus 1150:by Aurelian 1108:Cannabaudes 1058:, occupied 903:res publica 781:, today in 673:) over the 661:and fought 623:auxiliaries 574:Claudius II 245:Claudius II 226:Battles of 165:Regnal name 74:Predecessor 8337:275 deaths 8332:214 births 8321:Categories 8161:Diocletian 8115:Quintillus 8068:Aemilianus 8023:Gordian II 7995:Elagabalus 7816:Arsinoe IV 7699:Arsinoe II 7624:Darius III 7551:Psammuthes 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7483:Darius I 7435:Necho II 7278:Shebitku 7250:Tefnakht 6843:Horemheb 6773:Ahmose I 6585:Pantjeny 6571:Senebkay 6551:Pepi III 6513:Bebiankh 6370:Shenshek 6328:Nebsenre 6160:Sihathor 6130:Khendjer 6093:Renseneb 6038:Nerikare 5883:Intef II 5760:Merykare 5665:Wadjkare 5609:Merenhor 5504:Userkare 5411:Menkaure 5405:Bikheris 5394:Djedefre 5360:Qahedjet 5244:Wadjenes 5230:Horus Sa 5223:Nubnefer 5210:Nynetjer 5174:Sneferka 4914:Ni-Neith 4800:Pharaohs 4739:Usurpers 4734:Augustae 4692:See also 4597:Nicholas 4419:Basil II 4216:Tiberius 4201:Leontius 4189:Tiberius 4166:Tiberius 4144:610–1453 4139:Eastern/ 4093:Justin I 4046:Arcadius 4006:Olybrius 3988:Majorian 3929:Honorius 3908:Eugenius 3843:Vetranio 3793:Licinius 3766:Galerius 3761:Maximian 3746:Dominate 3736:Numerian 3706:Aurelian 3679:Valerian 3624:Philip I 3614:Balbinus 3609:Pupienus 3557:Macrinus 3532:Pertinax 3527:Commodus 3492:Domitian 3457:Claudius 3452:Caligula 3447:Tiberius 3442:Augustus 3285:270–275 3042:Archived 2824:Also in 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5535:Neferka 5519:Pepi II 5441:Userkaf 5335:Sanakht 5158:Anedjib 5138:Hor-Aha 5071:Iry-Hor 5065:Shendjw 5037:Pen-Abu 4921:Hat-Hor 4843:Dynasty 4749:Eastern 4649:Matthew 4543:Alexios 4391:Stephen 4353:Basil I 4238:Leo III 4113:Maurice 4056:Marcian 4039:395–610 3963:Joannes 3922:395–480 3876:Gratian 3749:284–610 3731:Carinus 3711:Tacitus 3587:235–285 3507:Hadrian 3363:274–275 3291:Tacitus 3191:4352566 2960:Zosimus 2778:Orosius 2752:7.30.20 2496:Korner. 2478:Zonaras 2298:, p. 54 2248:23 June 1984:: 273. 1753:Tacitus 1642:Orléans 1626:Cenabum 1622:Orléans 1601:Augusta 1566:Tacitus 1554:Zosimus 1546:Germany 1471:Corsica 1347:Reforms 1304:senator 1172:Palmyra 1168:Zenobia 1128:Serdica 1126:, with 1068:Vandals 1010:Urbanus 986:Vandals 957:of the 941:Palmyra 895:usurper 886:legions 809:Emperor 779:Sirmium 739:Balkans 677:at the 607:Italica 603:legions 594:of the 517:colonus 480:Sirmium 392:Vandals 313:Châlons 257:Naissus 124:Thracia 88:Tacitus 69:270–275 8288:Argead 8135:Probus 8055:Decius 8050:Philip 7925:Trajan 7653:Argead 7562:Muthis 7515:XXVIII 7495:Xerxes 7363:female 7341:Period 7050:Piankh 7021:Siamun 6891:Siptah 6866:Seti I 6706:Period 6658:Kamose 6592:Snaaib 6562:Abydos 6418:Semqen 6411:Sharek 6363:Sheneh 6343:'Apepi 6338:Bebnum 6293:Nehesy 6113:Sebkay 6033:Sonbef 5830:female 5808:Period 5619:Nikare 5509:Pepi I 5446:Sahure 5399:Khafre 5384:Snefru 5353:Sedjes 5325:Djoser 5251:Senedj 5129:Narmer 5088:Narmer 4970:Wazner 4935:Hsekiu 4907:Ny-Hor 4856:female 4834:Period 4511:& 4487:& 4394:& 4365:Leo VI 4341:Thekla 4297:& 4264:Leo IV 4186:& 4125:Phocas 4081:Marcus 4066:Leo II 3982:Avitus 3899:Victor 3864:Valens 3854:Jovian 3849:Julian 3721:Probus 3656:& 3636:Decius 3584:Crisis 3502:Trajan 3230: 3197: 3189: 3179: 3147: 3130: 3096: 3075: 3021: 2912: 2865: 2832: 2762:Jerome 2713: 2659: 2634: 2609: 2294: 2221: 2198:7 June 2171: 2146: 2116: 2006: 1996: 1978:Chiron 1904: 1800: 1790: 1664:, was 1616:Legacy 1574:Thrace 1492:Trajan 1253:Firmus 1120:Moesia 992:, and 982:Italia 970:Italia 791:Thrace 753:, and 751:Gepids 743:Heruli 724:Raetia 720:Danube 619:legate 402:, and 339:214 – 239:Under 130:Spouse 8141:Carus 7920:Nerva 7910:Titus 7888:Galba 7855:XXXIV 7840:Roman 7619:Arses 7546:Hakor 7465:XXVII 7175:XXIII 6765:XVIII 6725:(male 6455:Apepi 6443:Khyan 6356:Wazad 6124:Wegaf 6058:Iufni 5912:Nubia 5720:Setut 5542:Nefer 5389:Khufu 5347:Khaba 5341:Nebka 5205:Nebra 5133:Menes 5092:Menes 5044:Stork 5007:Upper 4963:Neheb 4956:Thesh 4942:Khayu 4891:Lower 4307:Leo V 4274:Irene 4061:Leo I 3726:Carus 3497:Nerva 3487:Titus 3467:Galba 3419:Roman 3324:with 3206:(PDF) 3195:S2CID 3187:JSTOR 3165:(PDF) 3128:S2CID 2466:Stein 2004:S2CID 1827:Groag 1757:Carus 1690:nomen 1648:Notes 1512:Death 1215:Tyana 1184:Egypt 1176:Syria 1116:Dacia 1084:Pavia 959:Rhine 954:limes 945:Syria 943:, in 747:Goths 690:Dacia 675:Goths 659:Italy 631:Goths 611:Spain 551:nomen 424:Dacia 404:Carpi 388:Goths 329:Latin 301:Emesa 296:Immae 291:Tyana 279:Pavia 154:Names 141:Issue 66:Reign 7974:Geta 7893:Otho 7883:Nero 7601:XXXI 7586:Teos 7533:XXIX 7398:XXVI 7383:Late 7360:male 7320:Late 7273:Piye 7242:XXIV 7148:Pami 7098:XXII 6687:and 6603:XVII 6349:Nuya 6018:XIII 5827:male 5789:and 5679:Khui 5576:VIII 5499:Teti 5481:Unas 5366:Huni 5168:Qa'a 5148:Djet 5143:Djer 5051:Bull 5030:Fish 4996:Wash 4977:Mekh 4853:male 4663:(w. 4646:(w. 4594:(w. 4565:John 4562:(w. 4540:(w. 4528:(w. 4499:(w. 4481:(w. 4382:(w. 4355:(w. 4338:(w. 4326:(w. 4309:(w. 4291:(w. 4252:(w. 4213:(w. 4180:(w. 4163:(w. 4115:(w. 4078:(w. 4071:Zeno 3938:(w. 3895:(w. 3686:(w. 3650:(w. 3638:(w. 3626:(w. 3559:(w. 3552:Geta 3472:Otho 3462:Nero 3421:and 3228:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3145:ISBN 3094:ISBN 3073:ISBN 3050:2006 3019:ISBN 2910:ISBN 2863:ISBN 2830:ISBN 2711:ISBN 2657:ISBN 2632:ISBN 2607:ISBN 2346:2011 2292:ISBN 2250:2020 2219:ISBN 2200:2020 2169:ISBN 2144:ISBN 2114:ISBN 1994:ISBN 1902:ISBN 1851:2018 1798:OCLC 1788:ISBN 1755:and 1701:The 1538:Gaul 1306:and 1261:and 1213:and 1200:and 1092:Rome 1064:Fano 1035:The 919:mint 728:Alps 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