1475:
1466:
invasion theory, suggested that
Gallienus was the only one responsible for defeating the barbarian invasions, including the victory at Naissus. His view had been broadly accepted since then, but modern scholarship usually attributes the final victory to Claudius II. The single invasion theory has been also rejected in favour of the two separate invasions. The narrative below follows the latter view but the reader must be warned that the evidence is too confused for an entirely safe reconstruction.
1457:
and extracts in ninth-century
Byzantine compilations. Despite his importance for the period, Dexippus has been declared a "poor" source by the modern historian David S. Potter. To make matters worse, the works making use of Dexippus (and likely another unknown contemporary source) provide an almost
1682:
The Goths were engaged near
Naissus by a Roman army advancing from the north. The battle most likely took place in 268, and was fiercely contested. Large numbers on both sides were killed but, at the critical point, the Romans tricked the Goths into an ambush by pretended flight. Some 50,000 Goths
1557:
In the past, the battle on the Nessos was identified as the Battle of
Naissus, but modern scholarship has rejected this view. On the contrary, there is a theory that the victory at Nessos was so decisive that Claudius' efforts against the Goths (including the battle of Naissus) were no more than a
1465:
As a consequence, controversy still exists on the number of invasions and the order of events and to which reign those events must be attributed. Therefore, there is a dispute over who was the
Emperor and head of the army at the time of the battle. In 1939, Andreas Alföldi, preferring the single
1409:
The result was a great Roman victory which, combined with the effective pursuit of the invaders in the aftermath of the battle and the energetic efforts of the future
Emperor Aurelian, largely removed the threat from Germanic tribes in the Balkan frontier for the following decades.
1704:. The members of the pirate fleet, after the failed attacks on Crete and Rhodes, retreated and many of them suffered a similar end. However the plague also affected the pursuing Romans and Emperor Claudius, who died from it in 270.
1699:
where an epidemic affected the entrapped Goths. After a bloody but inconclusive battle, they escaped but were pursued again until they surrendered. Prisoners were admitted to the army or given land to cultivate and become
1695:. Soon, many of them and their pack animals, distressed as they were by the harassment of the Roman cavalry and the lack of provisions, died of hunger. The Roman army methodically pursued and surrounded the survivors at
1617:
claim a total number of 2,000–6,000 ships and 325,000 men. This is probably a gross exaggeration but remains indicative of the scale of the invasion. After failing to storm some towns on the coasts of the western
1418:
As is often the case in the history of the Roman Empire in the troubled third century, it is very difficult to reconstruct the course of events around the battle of
Naissus. Surviving accounts of the period, including
1719:
in the West were so urgent that the victory at
Naissus could only serve as a temporary relief for the troubled Empire. In 271, after Aurelian repelled another Gothic invasion, he abandoned the province of
1570:
in the summer of 268 in a plot led by high officers in his army, Claudius was proclaimed emperor and headed to Rome to establish his rule. Claudius' immediate concerns were with the
192:
1486:" tribes (as our sources anachronistically call them) into Roman territory between 267 and 269. The first wave came during the reign of Gallienus in 267 and started when the
1462:'s dynasty added more confusion by attributing all the calamities to the reign of Gallienus to avoid blemishing the memory of Claudius (supposed ancestor of the dynasty).
1683:
were allegedly killed or taken captive. It seems that
Aurelian, who was in charge of all Roman cavalry during reign of Claudius, led the decisive attack in the battle.
1711:("conqueror of the Goths"). However devastating the defeat, the battle did not entirely break the military strength of the Gothic tribes. Besides, the troubles with
185:
2162:
178:
1585:
In the meantime, the second and larger sea-borne invasion had started. An enormous coalition of "Scythians"—actually consisting of Goths (
2216:
1538:, pushed the invaders to the north where they were intercepted by the Roman army under Gallienus. He won an important victory near the
868:
1903:
mentions
Scythians, Greuthungi, Tervingi, Gepids, Peucini, Celts and Heruli. Zosimus names Scythians, Heruli, Peucini and Goths.
2221:
2211:
2226:
1797:
John Bray, p.284–285, Pat Southern, p.109. Also see Alaric Watson, p.215, David S. Potter, p.266, H. Wolfram, p.54
1666:, it retreated to the Balkan interior at the news that the emperor was advancing. On their way, they plundered Doberus (
1642:. Part of their fleet was wrecked, either because of Gothic inexperience in sailing through the violent currents of the
1550:, with the aid of the Dalmatian cavalry. Reported barbarian casualties were 3,000 men. Subsequently, the Heruli leader
765:
2153:
2136:
2122:
2108:
2094:
20:
2231:
895:
1018:
2050:
1872:, Frezouls et Jouffroy, p.81–86. (as cited in D. Potter, p.642). This view is in agreement with A. Alfoldi
1707:
The psychological impact of this victory was so strong that Claudius became known to posterity as Claudius II
877:
537:
555:
1691:
A large number of Goths managed to escape towards Macedonia, initially defending themselves behind their
1403:
1068:
712:
703:
694:
202:
35:
1543:
640:
2236:
1221:
1559:
1145:
918:
478:
783:
297:
272:
2206:
1515:
968:
528:
2063:
2022:
2000:
1579:
1032:
1009:
774:
667:
622:
474:
235:
1453:. The text of Dexippus has survived only indirectly, through quotations in the fourth-century
934:
1562:
in place and hastily left for Italy, intending to suppress the revolt of his cavalry officer
1459:
1402:). The events around the invasion and the battle are an important part of the history of the
1163:
631:
402:
329:
1658:. While their main force had constructed siege works and was close to taking the cities of
1388:
1349:
1172:
859:
730:
564:
464:
411:
123:
8:
1992:
1614:
1490:, raiding on 500 ships, ravaged the southern Black Sea coast and unsuccessfully attacked
1420:
613:
1866:
A propos de Claude II: Les invasion gothiques de 269–270 et le role de l' empereur
2246:
1639:
1527:
1478:
Map of the Gothic invasions of 267–269 AD (according to the two invasions theory)
1340:
814:
679:
593:
581:
510:
2241:
2149:
2132:
2118:
2104:
2090:
1667:
1293:
1280:
1233:
1199:
1098:
989:
573:
501:
379:
370:
352:
306:
226:
1458:
radically different interpretation of events. The imperial propaganda in the age of
2037:
2014:
1701:
1696:
1445:
1436:
1254:
1050:
742:
248:
2055:
1523:
1428:
1317:
1190:
1181:
792:
546:
391:
216:
2141:
1154:
1059:
170:
2195:
2177:
2164:
1716:
1631:
1582:, he was finally able to take care of the invasions in the Balkan provinces.
1474:
1392:
1385:
1378:
805:
361:
44:
2049:, Loeb Classical Library, 1921–1932 (English translation), on-line at
2201:
1659:
1598:
1539:
1374:
1136:
102:
68:
1627:
1482:
The battle of Naissus came about as a result of two massive invasions of "
1663:
1127:
1114:
447:
341:
137:
39:
16:
Battle between the Goths and the Romans under Emperor Gallienus (268/269)
1724:
north of the Danube in order to rationalize the defense of the Empire.
1647:
1586:
1551:
1503:
1499:
1123:
832:
656:
438:
429:
420:
288:
1788:, vol 12, chapter 6, p.165–231, Cambridge University Press, 1939
2148:(transl. by Thomas J. Dunlap), University of California Press, 1988.
1671:
1643:
1635:
1619:
1590:
1491:
1483:
1381:
1208:
1000:
754:
683:
604:
284:
261:
119:
1646:
or because it was defeated by the Roman navy. They then entered the
1606:
1571:
1563:
1535:
1450:
1395:
1284:
1087:
1041:
977:
943:
823:
320:
316:
127:
1712:
1495:
1329:
959:
850:
841:
1692:
1655:
1623:
1602:
1594:
1575:
1547:
1531:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1487:
577:
490:
76:
1399:
72:
1721:
1651:
1567:
1370:
1305:
519:
133:
107:
1758:
John Bray, p.283, David S. Potter, p.641–642, n.4.
1558:
mopping-up operation. After his victory, Gallienus left
1449:, rely principally on the lost history of the Athenian
2072:
Patrologia Graeca, ed. J.P.Migne, Paris, 1864, vol 134
1650:
and a detachment ravaged the Aegean islands as far as
2087:
Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics
727:
Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)
1534:. Then an Athenian militia, led by the historian
2193:
1806:John Bray, p.286–288, Alaric Watson, p.216
1514:and sacked several cities of the southern Greek
200:
1776:John Bray, p.279. Also David S. Potter, p.263
186:
2115:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
1823:
1821:
1566:. After Gallienus was assassinated outside
1851:
1849:
869:Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi
193:
179:
1818:
1815:Zosimus, see also George Syncellus, p.716
1578:and Italy. After he defeated them in the
2101:The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395
1605:—assembled at the mouth of river Tyras (
1473:
1846:
911:Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni
2194:
2031:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
2009:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
904:Postumus' Campaign against the Franks
174:
2078:
1506:, where they ravaged the islands of
1946:John Bray, p.282. See Zosimus, 1.46
13:
2217:Battles involving the Roman Empire
1985:
1369:in 268 or 269 was the defeat of a
860:Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus
14:
2258:
1749:David S. Potter, p.232–234
1740:David S. Potter, p.232–233
1341:Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia
896:Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus
739:Scythian invasion (259–260)
2011:, ed. Bekker, Weber, Bonn, 1837
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1906:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1858:
1830:
1554:came to terms with the Romans.
1502:but managed to escape into the
1294:Usurpation of Julius Saturninus
1099:Usurpation of Victorinus Junior
1010:Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius
2129:Aurelian and the Third Century
1809:
1800:
1791:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1715:in the east and the breakaway
978:Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus
721:Gothic invasion (256–257)
1:
2038:Scriptores Historiae Augustae
1980:
1913:Scriptores Historiae Augustae
1837:Scriptores Historiae Augustae
1786:The Cambridge Ancient History
1677:
1469:
878:Usurpation of Macrianus Minor
824:Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia
793:Usurpation of Macrianus Major
724:Invasion of Shapur (258)
1727:
1686:
1498:. They were defeated by the
565:Usurpation of Julius Priscus
7:
2222:Battles involving the Goths
2212:Crisis of the Third Century
1404:Crisis of the Third Century
1069:Palmyrene invasion of Egypt
935:Assassination of Odaenathus
204:Crisis of the Third Century
36:Crisis of the Third Century
10:
2263:
2227:Military history of Serbia
2067:
2026:
2004:
1542:, on the boundary between
1413:
477:and death of Philip &
227:Death of Alexander Severus
18:
2089:, Wakefield Press, 1997.
2033:, ed. Dindorf, Bonn, 1829
1634:), the invaders attacked
1560:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus
1441:Selection of Chronography
1137:Rebellion of Felicissimus
448:Usurpation of Silbannacus
212:
156:
143:
113:
96:
50:
33:
28:
1433:Epitome of the Histories
784:Usurpation of Regalianus
520:Gothic invasion of Cniva
439:Usurpation of Jotapianus
430:Usurpation of Pacatianus
421:Usurpation of Sponsianus
273:Year of the Six Emperors
2232:Serbia in the Roman era
1870:Les empereurs illyriens
1316:Carus' invasion of the
1209:Usurpation of Faustinus
1001:Usurpation of Laelianus
833:Campaigns of Odaenathus
529:Carpi invasion of Dacia
262:Usurpation of Quartinus
1973:David S. Potter, p.270
1767:David S. Potter, p.266
1580:Battle of Lake Benacus
1479:
1019:Augustodunum Haeduorum
944:Usurpation of Maeonius
775:Usurpation of Ingenuus
114:Commanders and leaders
88:Decisive Roman victory
1477:
851:Usurpation of Balista
842:Usurpation of Quietus
403:Invasion of the Carpi
330:Invasion of the Carpi
157:Casualties and losses
2146:History of the Goths
1964:Alaric Watson, p.216
1389:Claudius II Gothicus
412:Secular Games of 248
249:Usurpation of Magnus
19:For other uses, see
2174: /
2131:, Routledge, 2003.
2117:, Routledge, 2001.
2103:, Routledge, 2004.
2060:Epitome historiarum
2027:Ἐκλογὴ χρονογραφίας
1955:G. Syncellus, p.720
1827:G. Syncellus, p.717
1601:, led again by the
887:Pannonian Rebellion
538:Nicopolis ad Istrum
130:(cavalry commander)
45:Roman–Germanic Wars
1574:, who had invaded
1516:province of Achaea
1480:
1272:Sarmatian Invasion
1107:Junthungi Invasion
815:Death of Saloninus
605:Death of Hostilian
594:Trebonianus Gallus
511:Decian persecution
298:Battle of Carthage
2099:Potter, David S.
2079:Secondary sources
2047:Vita Divi Claudii
2043:Vita Gallieni Duo
1917:Vita Divi Claudii
1391:) and the future
1373:coalition by the
1367:Battle of Naissus
1362:
1361:
1200:Razing of Palmyra
1042:Capture of Athens
990:Claudius Gothicus
952:Scythian Invasion
927:Scythian Invasion
502:Plague of Cyprian
465:Decius' Rebellion
353:Sabinianus Revolt
307:Siege of Aquileia
169:
168:
92:
91:
29:Battle of Naissus
2254:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2127:Watson, Alaric.
2069:
2068:Ἐπιτομὴ ἱστοριῶν
2028:
2015:George Syncellus
2006:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1901:Historia Augusta
1897:
1891:
1890:John Bray, p.290
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1709:Gothicus Maximus
1611:Augustan History
1455:Augustan History
1446:Augustan History
1437:George Syncellus
1354:
1345:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1289:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1092:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1051:Palmyrene Empire
1046:
1037:
1028:
1014:
1005:
994:
982:
973:
964:
955:
948:
939:
930:
923:
914:
907:
900:
890:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
797:
788:
779:
770:
759:
747:
735:
717:
708:
699:
688:
672:
661:
649:
645:
641:Interamna Nahars
636:
627:
618:
614:Mariades' Revolt
609:
598:
586:
569:
560:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
506:
495:
483:
469:
460:
456:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
396:
384:
375:
366:
357:
346:
334:
325:
311:
302:
293:
277:
266:
257:
253:
244:
240:
231:
221:
207:
205:
195:
188:
181:
172:
171:
52:
51:
26:
25:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2142:Wolfram, Herwig
2113:Southern, Pat.
2081:
2076:
2070:), book 12, in
1988:
1986:Primary sources
1983:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1864:T. Forgiarini,
1863:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1689:
1680:
1472:
1416:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1332:
1320:
1318:Sasanian Empire
1308:
1296:
1287:
1273:
1266:
1265:Vandal Invasion
1257:
1245:
1244:Gothic Invasion
1236:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1090:
1078:
1077:Vandal Invasion
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1012:
1003:
992:
980:
971:
962:
953:
946:
937:
928:
921:
912:
905:
898:
892:
888:
884:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
795:
786:
777:
768:
757:
745:
733:
715:
706:
697:
686:
670:
659:
647:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
596:
584:
567:
558:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
504:
493:
481:
473:
467:
458:
454:
450:
441:
432:
423:
414:
405:
394:
392:Philip the Arab
382:
373:
364:
355:
344:
332:
323:
309:
300:
291:
275:
264:
255:
251:
242:
238:
229:
219:
217:Maximinus Thrax
208:
203:
201:
199:
126:
80:
42:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:History of Niš
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:260s conflicts
2204:
2157:
2156:
2139:
2125:
2111:
2097:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2053:
2034:
2012:
2007:), book 1, in
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1905:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1857:
1845:
1841:Vita Gallienii
1829:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1471:
1468:
1415:
1412:
1398:near Naissus (
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1325:
1324:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1279:Usurpation of
1277:
1270:
1250:
1249:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1007:
985:
984:
975:
966:
957:
950:
941:
932:
925:
916:
909:
902:
893:
885:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
790:
781:
772:
750:
749:
740:
737:
728:
725:
722:
719:
710:
701:
675:
674:
652:
651:
638:
629:
620:
611:
589:
588:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
486:
485:
471:
462:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
387:
386:
377:
368:
359:
337:
336:
327:
313:
304:
295:
269:
268:
259:
246:
233:
213:
210:
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159:
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81:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
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2190:
2187:
2178:43.3°N 21.9°E
2155:
2154:0-520-06983-8
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:0-415-30187-4
2134:
2130:
2126:
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2123:0-415-23943-5
2120:
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2112:
2110:
2109:0-415-10058-5
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:1-86254-337-2
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2065:
2064:Ancient Greek
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Lacus Curtius
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2024:
2023:Ancient Greek
2020:
2019:Chronographia
2016:
2013:
2010:
2002:
2001:Ancient Greek
1998:
1997:Historia Nova
1994:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1937:Zosimus, 1.45
1934:
1928:Zosimus, 1.42
1925:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1896:
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1881:Zosimus, 1.40
1878:
1871:
1867:
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1855:Zosimus, 1.43
1852:
1850:
1842:
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1833:
1824:
1822:
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1794:
1787:
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1773:
1764:
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1718:
1717:Gallic Empire
1714:
1710:
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1698:
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1684:
1675:
1673:
1669:
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1657:
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1632:Marcianopolis
1629:
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1596:
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1116:
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1017:
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979:
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861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
806:Gallic Empire
804:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
756:
744:
741:
738:
732:
729:
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723:
720:
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711:
705:
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696:
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669:
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639:
633:
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624:
621:
615:
612:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:
595:
583:
579:
576:and death of
575:
572:
566:
563:
557:
556:Philippopolis
554:
548:
545:
539:
536:
530:
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419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
400:
399:
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393:
381:
378:
372:
369:
363:
362:Fall of Hatra
360:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
331:
328:
322:
318:
314:
308:
305:
299:
296:
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286:
282:
281:
280:
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263:
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228:
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177:
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106:
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100:
95:
87:
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83:
78:
74:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
21:Battle of Niš
2159:
2145:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2086:
2085:Bray, John.
2071:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2018:
2008:
1996:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1708:
1706:
1697:Mount Haemus
1690:
1681:
1660:Thessalonica
1610:
1584:
1556:
1540:Nestos River
1518:, including
1481:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1375:Roman Empire
1366:
1364:
1327:
1326:
1303:
1302:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1230:
1085:
1084:
1038:(268 or 269)
1033:Lake Benacus
1023:
987:
986:
960:Heruli Raids
752:
751:
713:Dura-Europos
695:Thessalonica
677:
676:
654:
653:
591:
590:
488:
487:
389:
388:
339:
338:
271:
270:
214:
165:Catastrophic
103:Roman Empire
97:Belligerents
71:(modern-day
69:Roman Empire
34:Part of the
2181: /
2005:Νέα Ἱστορία
1664:Cassandreia
1640:Chrysopolis
1460:Constantine
1425:New History
1128:Tetricus II
1115:Domitian II
704:Thermopylae
632:Barbalissos
342:Gordian III
138:Cannabaudes
124:Claudius II
40:Gothic Wars
2196:Categories
2183:43.3; 21.9
1981:References
1678:The battle
1648:Aegean Sea
1587:Greuthungi
1552:Naulobatus
1504:Aegean Sea
1500:Roman navy
1470:Background
1443:, and the
1124:Tetricus I
731:Mediolanum
657:Aemilianus
289:Gordian II
283:Revolt of
58:268 or 269
2247:Gallienus
1728:Citations
1687:Aftermath
1672:Pelagonia
1644:Propontis
1636:Byzantium
1620:Black Sea
1591:Thervingi
1544:Macedonia
1492:Byzantium
1382:Gallienus
1346:(284-285)
1335:(283-285)
1328:Reign of
1311:(282-283)
1304:Reign of
1269:(276-278)
1260:(276-282)
1253:Reign of
1248:(276-277)
1239:(275-276)
1232:Reign of
1146:Placentia
1133:(271–274)
1093:(270–275)
1086:Reign of
1056:(270–273)
1029:(268/269)
995:(268–270)
988:Reign of
956:(267–269)
949:(266–267)
931:(265–266)
919:Ctesiphon
901:(261–262)
838:(260–267)
811:(260–274)
760:(260–268)
755:Gallienus
753:Reign of
689:(253–260)
684:Gallienus
678:Reign of
655:Reign of
599:(251–253)
592:Reign of
525:(250–251)
516:(250–251)
507:(250–270)
496:(249–251)
489:Reign of
479:Philip II
408:(245–247)
397:(244–249)
390:Reign of
347:(238–244)
340:Reign of
335:(238–239)
315:Reign of
285:Gordian I
222:(235–238)
215:Reign of
120:Gallienus
67:Naissus,
2242:Aurelian
1622:and the
1607:Dniester
1572:Alemanni
1564:Aureolus
1536:Dexippus
1484:Scythian
1451:Dexippus
1396:Aurelian
1285:Proculus
1088:Aurelian
802:259–261)
766:Caesarea
680:Valerian
582:Etruscus
321:Balbinus
317:Pupienus
236:Harzhorn
144:Strength
128:Aurelian
63:Location
2169:21°54′E
2166:43°18′N
2056:Zonaras
1993:Zosimus
1713:Zenobia
1670:?) and
1668:Paionia
1615:Zosimus
1609:). The
1599:Peucini
1524:Corinth
1496:Cyzicus
1429:Zonaras
1421:Zosimus
1414:Sources
1393:Emperor
1386:Emperor
1379:Emperor
1330:Carinus
1281:Bonosus
1234:Tacitus
1222:Châlons
1024:Naissus
668:Antioch
623:Nisibis
574:Abritus
380:Misiche
371:Resaena
152:unknown
149:unknown
136:and/or
2152:
2135:
2121:
2107:
2093:
2045:&
2029:), in
1843:, 13.8
1702:coloni
1693:laager
1656:Rhodes
1624:Danube
1603:Heruli
1597:, and
1595:Gepids
1576:Raetia
1548:Thrace
1532:Sparta
1530:, and
1520:Athens
1512:Skyros
1508:Lemnos
1488:Heruli
1377:under
1371:Gothic
1353:
1350:Margum
1344:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1288:
1283:&
1274:
1267:
1258:
1255:Probus
1246:
1237:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1142:(270s)
1140:
1131:
1126:&
1118:
1109:
1102:
1091:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1060:Bostra
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1013:
1004:
993:
981:
972:
969:Athens
963:
954:
947:
938:
929:
922:
913:
906:
899:
889:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
800:
796:
787:
778:
769:
758:
746:
743:Edessa
734:
716:
707:
698:
687:
671:
660:
648:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
597:
585:
578:Decius
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
505:
494:
491:Decius
482:
475:Verona
468:
459:
455:
451:
442:
433:
426:(240s)
424:
415:
406:
395:
383:
374:
365:
356:
345:
333:
324:
319:&
310:
301:
292:
287:&
276:
265:
256:
252:
243:
239:
230:
220:
85:Result
77:Serbia
1919:, 6.4
1868:, in
1722:Dacia
1652:Crete
1628:Tomis
1568:Milan
1528:Argos
1355:(285)
1323:(283)
1306:Carus
1299:(280)
1290:(280)
1276:(278)
1227:(274)
1205:(273)
1196:(272)
1191:Emesa
1187:(272)
1182:Immae
1178:(272)
1173:Tyana
1169:(271)
1164:Pavia
1160:(271)
1151:(271)
1120:(271)
1111:(271)
1104:(271)
1081:(270)
1074:(270)
1065:(270)
1047:(269)
1015:(269)
1006:(269)
983:(268)
974:(267)
965:(267)
940:(267)
924:(263)
915:(263)
908:(262)
891:(261)
883:(261)
874:(261)
865:(261)
856:(261)
847:(261)
829:(260)
820:(260)
789:(260)
780:(260)
771:(260)
748:(260)
736:(259)
718:(256)
709:(254)
700:(254)
673:(253)
662:(253)
637:(253)
628:(252)
619:(252)
610:(251)
587:(251)
570:(251)
561:(250)
552:(250)
547:Beroe
543:(250)
534:(250)
484:(249)
470:(249)
444:(249)
435:(248)
417:(248)
385:(244)
376:(243)
367:(241)
358:(240)
326:(238)
312:(238)
303:(238)
294:(238)
278:(238)
267:(235)
232:(235)
162:Light
134:Cniva
108:Goths
2150:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2091:ISBN
1899:The
1662:and
1654:and
1638:and
1613:and
1589:and
1546:and
1510:and
1494:and
1384:(or
1365:The
1218:273)
1155:Fano
682:and
650:253)
580:and
461:253)
453:(249
258:235)
245:235)
55:Date
43:and
2202:268
1593:),
1400:Niš
1214:(c.
798:(c.
254:(c.
241:(c.
122:or
73:Niš
2198::
2144:.
2066::
2058:,
2041:,
2025::
2017:,
2003::
1995:,
1915:,
1848:^
1839:,
1820:^
1674:.
1630:,
1526:,
1522:,
1439:'
1435:,
1431:'
1427:,
1423:'
1406:.
646:(c
457:or
75:,
2062:(
2021:(
1999:(
1626:(
194:e
187:t
180:v
79:)
23:.
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